Editing Geometric abstraction

{{Short description|Form of abstract art involving geometry}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2016}}
[[File:František Kupka, 1912, Amorpha, fugue en deux couleurs (Fugue in Two Colors), 210 x 200 cm, Narodni Galerie, Prague.jpg|thumb|[[František Kupka]], ''Amorpha, Fugue en deux couleurs'' (''Fugue in Two Colors''), 1912, oil on canvas, 210 x 200 cm, [[National Gallery in Prague]]]]
[[File:Kazimir Malevich, 1915, Black Suprematic Square, oil on linen canvas, 79.5 x 79.5 cm, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow.jpg|thumb|[[Kazimir Malevich]], ''[[Black Square (painting)|Black Square]]'', 1915, oil on linen, 79.5 x 79.5 cm, [[Tretyakov Gallery]], Moscow]]
'''Geometric abstraction''' is a form of [[abstract art]] based on the use of geometric forms sometimes, though not always, placed in [[Perspective (visual)|non-illusionistic]] space and combined into non-objective (non-representational) compositions. Although the genre was popularized by [[avant-garde]] artists in the early twentieth century, similar motifs have been used in art since ancient times.

==History==
Geometric abstraction is present among many cultures throughout history both as decorative motifs and as art pieces themselves. [[Islamic art]], in its prohibition of depicting religious figures, is a prime example of this geometric pattern-based art, which existed centuries before the movement in Europe and in many ways influenced this Western school. Aligned with and often used in the architecture of Islamic civilations spanning the 7th century-20th century, geometric patterns were used to visually connect spirituality with science and art, both of which were key to Islamic thought of the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Yahya |last2=Embi |first2=Mohamed Rashid Bin |date=2013-06-01 |title=Evolution of Islamic geometric patterns |journal=Frontiers of Architectural Research |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=243–251 |doi=10.1016/j.foar.2013.03.002 |issn=2095-2635|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Scholarly analysis==
[[File:Piet Mondriaan, 1939-1942 - Composition 10.jpg|thumb|alt=Piet Mondriaan abstract painting "Composition No. 10" from 1939 to 1942|[[Piet Mondrian]], ''Composition No. 10'', 1939–1942, oil on canvas]]
Throughout 20th-century art historical discourse, critics and artists working within the [[reductionism|reductive]] or pure strains of abstraction have often suggested that geometric abstraction represents the height of a non-objective art practice, which necessarily stresses or calls attention to the root plasticity and two-dimensionality of painting as an artistic medium. Thus, it has been suggested that geometric abstraction might function as a solution to problems concerning the need for modernist painting to reject the illusionistic practices of the past while addressing the inherently two dimensional nature of the picture plane as well as the canvas functioning as its support. [[Wassily Kandinsky]], one of the forerunners of pure non-objective painting, was among the first modern artists to explore this geometric approach in his abstract work. Other examples of pioneer abstractionists such as [[Kasimir Malevich]] and [[Piet Mondrian]] have also embraced this approach towards abstract painting. Mondrian's painting "Composition No. 10" (1939–1942) clearly defines his radical but classical approach to the construction of horizontal and vertical lines, as Mondrian wrote, "constructed with awareness, but not with calculation, led by high intuition, and brought to harmony and rhythm."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mondrian's Philosophy of Visual Rhythm|last=Tosaki|first=Eiichi|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=978-9402411980|pages=110}}</ref>

Just as there are both two-dimensional and three-dimensional geometries, the abstract sculpture of the 20th century was of course no less affected than painting by geometricizing tendencies. [[Georges Vantongerloo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=6091|title=The Collection: Georges Vantongerloo|publisher=The Museum of Modern Art|access-date=April 24, 2015}}</ref> and [[Max Bill]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/14/obituaries/max-bill-85-painter-sculptor-and-architect-in-austere-style.html|author=Smith, Roberta|date=December 14, 1994|title=Max Bill, 85, Painter, Sculptor And Architect in Austere Style|work=New York Times|access-date=April 24, 2015}}</ref> for example, are perhaps best known for their geometric sculpture, although both of them were also painters; and indeed, the ideals of geometric abstraction find nearly perfect expression in their titling (e.g., Vantongerloo's "Construction in the Sphere") and pronouncements (e.g., Bill's statement that "I am of the opinion that it is possible to develop an art largely on the basis of mathematical thinking.") Expressionist abstract painting, as practiced by artists such as [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Franz Kline]], [[Clyfford Still]], and [[Wols]], represents the opposite of geometric abstraction.

==Relationship with music==

Abstract art has also historically been likened to [[music]] in its ability to convey emotional or expressive feelings and ideas without reliance upon or reference to recognizable objective forms already existent in reality. [[Wassily Kandinsky]] has discussed this connection between music and painting, as well as how the practice of classical composition had influenced his work, at length in his seminal essay ''Concerning the Spiritual in Art''. (1912)

==Selected artists==
{{No references|section|date=August 2024}}
Artists who have worked extensively in geometric abstraction include:

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* [[Nadir Afonso]]
* [[Josef Albers]]
* [[Richard Anuszkiewicz]]
* [[Mino Argento]]<ref>The [[Archives of American Art]], [[Smithsonian]], [[Betty Parsons]] Gallery Papers, Reel 4087–4089: Exhibition Records, Reel 4108: Artists Files, last names A–B.</ref>
* [[Hans Arp]]
* [[Rudolf Bauer (artist)|Rudolf Bauer]]
* [[Willi Baumeister]]
* [[Karl Benjamin]]
* [[Max Bill]]
* [[Ilya Bolotowsky]]
* [[Patrick Henry Bruce]]
* [[Kenneth Wayne Bushnell]]
* [[Norman Carlberg]]
* [[Ilya Chashnik]]
* [[Joseph Csaky]]
* [[Nassos Daphnis]]
* [[Ronald Davis]]
* [[Robert Delaunay]]
* [[Sonia Delaunay]]
* [[Tony DeLap]]
* [[:fr:Jean Dewasne|Jean Dewasne]]
* [[Burgoyne Diller]]
* [[David Diao]]
* [[Ding Yi (artist)|Ding Yi]]
* [[Thomas Downing (painter)|Thomas Downing]]
* [[Lorser Feitelson]]
* [[María Freire]]
* [[Günter Fruhtrunk]]
* [[Albert Gleizes]]
* [[Frederick Hammersley]]
* [[Erwin Hauer]]
* [[Mary Henry (artist)|Mary Henry]]
* [[Gottfried Honegger]]
* [[Bryce Hudson]]
* [[Al Held]]
* [[Auguste Herbin]]
* [[Carmen Herrera]]
* [[Hans Hofmann]]
* [[Budd Hopkins]]
* [[Wassily Kandinsky]]
* [[Ellsworth Kelly]]
* [[Hilma af Klint]]
* [[Ivan Kliun]]
* [[František Kupka]]
* [[Ronnie Landfield]]
* [[Pat Lipsky]]
* [[El Lissitzky]]
* [[Michael Loew]]
* [[Peter Lowe (artist)|Peter Lowe]]
* [[Kazimir Malevich]]
* [[Robert Mangold]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masheck |first=Joseph |date=March 1974 |title=A Humanist Geometry |url=https://www.artforum.com/features/a-humanist-geometry-209802/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030190818/https://www.artforum.com/features/a-humanist-geometry-209802/ |archive-date=October 30, 2023 |access-date=April 15, 2025 |website=[[Artforum]] |pages=39-43 |type=March 1974 magazine, article reproduced online}}</ref>
* [[Agnes Martin]]
* [[Kenneth Martin (English painter)|Kenneth Martin]]
* [[John McLaughlin (artist)|John McLaughlin]]
* [[Peter Hugo McClure]]
* [[László Moholy-Nagy]]
* [[Vera Molnár]]
* [[Piet Mondrian]]
* [[François Morellet]]
* [[Aurélie Nemours]]
* [[Barnett Newman]]
* [[Ben Nicholson]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kauffmann |first=C. M. |date=May 1978 |title=Abstract Water-Colours of the 1930's |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/879198 |journal=[[The Burlington Magazine]] |volume=120 |issue=902 |pages=293 |jstor=879198 }}</ref>
* [[Marion Nicoll]]
* [[Kenneth Noland]]
* [[Alejandro Otero]]
* [[Rinaldo Paluzzi]]
* [[I. Rice Pereira]]
* [[Francis Picabia]]
* [[Harvey Quaytman]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ken |date=April 15, 2002 |title=Harvey Quaytman, 64, Painter Known for Geometric Works |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/15/arts/harvey-quaytman-64-painter-known-for-geometric-works.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227031207/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/15/arts/harvey-quaytman-64-painter-known-for-geometric-works.html |archive-date=December 27, 2024 |access-date=April 13, 2025 |website=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>
* [[Ad Reinhardt]]
* [[Jack Reilly (artist)|Jack Reilly]]
* [[Bridget Riley]]
* [[Ivo Ringe]]
* [[Dorothea Rockburne]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Karen |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Mathematical Ratios, Papered, Folded and Cut |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/13/arts/design/dorothea-rockburnes-drawings-at-the-museum-of-modern-art.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317222357/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/13/arts/design/dorothea-rockburnes-drawings-at-the-museum-of-modern-art.html |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |access-date=April 17, 2025 |website=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>
* [[Alexander Rodchenko]]
* [[Morgan Russell]]
* [[Sean Scully]]
* [[Victor Servranckx]]
* [[Leon Polk Smith]]
* [[Julian Stanczak]]
* [[Henryk Stażewski]]
* [[Jeffrey Steele (artist)|Jeffrey Steele]]
* [[Frank Stella]]
* [[Sophie Taeuber-Arp]]
* [[Leo Valledor]]
* [[Theo van Doesburg]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Denker |first=Susan A. |title=De Stijl: 1917–1931, Visions of Utopia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/776588 |journal=[[Art Journal (College Art Association journal)|Art Journal]] |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=244 |jstor=776588}}</ref>
* [[Georges Vantongerloo]]
* [[Victor Vasarely]]
* [[Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart]]
* [[Charmion von Wiegand]]
* [[Zanis Waldheims]]
* [[Gordon Walters]]
* [[Neil Williams (artist)|Neil Williams]]
* [[Stanton Macdonald-Wright]]
* [[Peter Young (artist)|Peter Young]]
* [[Larry Zox]]
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==See also==
{{Portal|Art}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[American Abstract Artists]]
*[[Concrete art]]
*[[Formalism (art)]]
*[[Hard-edge painting]]
*[[Lyrical Abstraction]]
*[[Post-painterly abstraction]]
*[[Shaped canvas]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Geometric abstraction}}
* [https://idmoz.org/Science/Math/Geometry/Sculpture_and_Art Sculpture and Art websites] at [[DMOZ]]
* [https://www.belart-gallery.com/post/famous-geometric-abstract-artists Famous geometric abstract artists of the 20th century]

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{{Geometric abstraction}}
{{Minimal art}}
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[[Category:Modern art]]
[[Category:Abstract art]]
[[Category:Contemporary art movements]]