Editing Georg Trakl

{{Short description|Austrian poet (1887–1914)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> 
| image         = Georg Trakl.jpg
| alt           = 
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| pseudonym     = 
| birth_name     = 
| birth_date     = {{Birth date|1887|2|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place    = [[Salzburg]], [[Duchy of Salzburg]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_date     = {{death date and age|1914|11|3|1887|2|3|df=yes}}
| death_place    = [[Kraków]], [[Austria-Hungary]] (now [[Poland]])
| resting_place = 
| occupation    = Poet, [[pharmacist]], writer
| language      = 
| education     = 
| alma_mater    = [[University of Vienna]]
| period        = 
| genre         = 
| subject       = 
| movement      = [[Expressionism]]
| notableworks  = 
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[[File:Trakl Mirabell Garden.jpg|thumb|250px|A poem by Trakl inscribed on a plaque in [[Mirabell Palace|Mirabell Garden]], Salzburg.]]

'''Georg Trakl''' ({{IPA|de-AT|ˈtraːkl̩|lang}}; 3 February 1887 – 3 November 1914) was an [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian]] poet and the brother of the pianist [[Grete Trakl]]. He is considered one of the most important Austrian [[Expressionism|Expressionists]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/?id=19&autor=Trakl,%20%20Georg&autor_vorname=%20Georg&autor_nachname=Trakl |title=Georg Trakl |language=de |work=[[Project Gutenberg]] |publisher=Spiegel Online |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503024322/http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/?id=19&autor=Trakl,%20%20Georg&autor_vorname=%20Georg&autor_nachname=Trakl |archive-date=3 May 2010}}</ref> He is perhaps best known for his poem "[[Grodek]]", which he wrote shortly before he died of a [[cocaine]] [[drug overdose|overdose]].

==Life and work==
Trakl was born and lived the first 21 years of his life in [[Salzburg]]. His father, Tobias Trakl (11 June 1837, Ödenburg/[[Sopron]]&nbsp;– 1910),<ref>Hardware dealer Tobias Trakl from [[Kingdom of Hungary|West Hungary]] relocated to [[Wiener Neustadt]] for professional reasons. [http://www.gedichte.xbib.de/biographie_Trakl.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114607/http://www.gedichte.xbib.de/biographie_Trakl.htm|date=19 July 2011}}, {{cite web |title=Georg Trakl – ELibraryAustria |url=http://www.elib.at/www/wiki/index.php/Georg_Trakl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516115335/http://elib.at/www/wiki/index.php/Georg_Trakl |archive-date=16 May 2009 |access-date=2009-05-31}}, [http://www.hausarbeiten.de/faecher/vorschau/102499.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811034906/http://www.hausarbeiten.de/faecher/vorschau/102499.html|date=11 August 2009}}, [http://www.zeit.de/1995/04/Wenn_einem_die_Welt_entzweibricht]</ref> was a hardware dealer from [[Hungary]]. His mother, Maria Catharina Halik (17 May 1852, [[Wiener Neustadt]]&nbsp;– 1925), was a housewife of partly [[Czech (people)|Czech]] descent who struggled with [[substance use disorder]]. She left her son's education to a French ''gouvernante'', who brought Trakl into contact with French language and literature at an early age. His sister [[Grete Trakl]] was a musical prodigy with whom he shared artistic endeavors.  Poems allude to an incestuous relationship between the two.<ref>Marty Bax: ''Immer zu wenig Liebe. Grete Trakl. Ihr feinster Kuppler. Ihre Familie.'' Amsterdam 2014, E-Book {{cite web |url=http://dx.nu/Trakl/100 |title=Immer zu wenig Liebe. Grete Trakl. Ihr feinster Kuppler. Ihre Familie - Art, Culture, History - BaxBooks - Books |access-date=2014-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141115132207/http://dx.nu/Trakl/100 |archive-date=15 November 2014}}.</ref>

Trakl attended a [[Catholic]] elementary school, although his parents were [[Protestant]]s. He matriculated in 1897 at the Salzburg Staatsgymnasium, where he had problems in [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], and mathematics, for which he had to repeat one year and then leave without [[Matura]]. At age 13, Trakl began to write poetry.

After quitting high school, Trakl worked for a pharmacist for three years and decided to adopt pharmacy as a career; this facilitated access to drugs, such as morphine and cocaine. It was during this time that he experimented with [[playwriting]], but his two short plays, ''All Souls' Day'' and ''Fata Morgana'', were not successful. However, from May to December 1906, Trakl published four prose pieces in the ''[[feuilleton]]'' section of two Salzburg newspapers. All cover themes and settings found in his mature work. This is especially true of "Traumland" (Dreamland), in which a young man falls in love with a dying girl who is his cousin.<ref>Sieglinde Klettenhammer, ''Georg Trakl in Zeitungen und Zeitschriften seiner Zeit: Kontext und Rezeption'' (Vienna: Inst. für Germanistik, 1990).</ref>

In 1908, Trakl moved to [[Vienna, Austria|Vienna]] to study pharmacy, and became acquainted with some local artists who helped him publish some of his poems. Trakl's father died in 1910, soon before Trakl received his pharmacy certificate; thereafter, Trakl enlisted in the army for a year-long stint. His return to civilian life in Salzburg was unsuccessful and he re-enlisted, serving as a pharmacist at a hospital in [[Innsbruck, Austria|Innsbruck]]. There he became acquainted with a group of avant-garde artists involved with the well-regarded literary journal ''Der Brenner'', a journal that began the Kierkegaard revival in the German-speaking countries. [[Ludwig von Ficker]], the editor of  ''Der Brenner'' (and son of the historian [[Julius von Ficker]]), became his patron; he regularly printed Trakl's work and endeavored to find him a publisher to produce a collection of poems. The result of these efforts was ''Gedichte'' ''(Poems)'', published by Kurt Wolff in [[Leipzig]] during the summer of 1913. Ficker also brought Trakl to the attention of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], who anonymously provided him with a sizable stipend so that he could concentrate on his writing.

At the beginning of [[World War I]], Trakl served in the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]] and was sent as a [[Physician|medical officer]] to attend soldiers on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]]. Trakl suffered frequent bouts of depression. On one such occasion during the [[Battle of Gródek (1914)|Battle of Gródek]] (fought in autumn 1914 at [[Horodok, Lviv Oblast|Gródek]], then in the [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]]), Trakl had to steward the recovery of some ninety soldiers wounded in the fierce campaign against the Russians. He tried to shoot himself from the strain, but his comrades prevented him. Hospitalized at a military hospital in [[Kraków]] and observed closely, Trakl lapsed into worse depression and wrote to Ficker for advice. Ficker convinced him to communicate with Wittgenstein. Upon receiving Trakl's note, Wittgenstein travelled to the hospital, but found that Trakl had died of a cocaine overdose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/4956922/Georg-Trakl-Twenty-Poems|title=Georg Trakl: Twenty Poems|author=James Wright and Robert Bly|via=Scribd|date=22 August 2008|access-date=22 April 2009|archive-date=7 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407005332/http://www.scribd.com/doc/4956922/Georg-Trakl-Twenty-Poems|url-status=dead}}</ref> Trakl was buried at Kraków's [[Rakowicki Cemetery]] on 6 November 1914, but on 7 October 1925, as a result of the efforts by Ficker, his remains were transferred to the municipal cemetery of [[Innsbruck]]-[[Mühlau (Innsbruck)|Mühlau]] (where they now repose next to Ficker's).

==Themes and motifs==
While Trakl's very earliest poems are more philosophical and do not deal as much with the real world, most of his poems are either set in the evening or have evening as a motif.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Russell E. |date=January 1969 |title=Time of Day in Early Expressionist Poetry |journal=PMLA |publisher=Modern Language Association |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=20–28 }}</ref> Silence is also a frequent motif in Trakl's poetry, and his later poems often feature the silent dead, who are unable to express themselves.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lyon |first=James K.. |date=Winter 1970 |title=Georg Trakl's Poetry of Silence |journal=Monatshefte |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=340–356 }}</ref>

==Bibliography ==
'''Selected titles'''
* ''Gedichte'' (''Poems''), 1913
* ''Sebastian im Traum'' (''Sebastian in the Dream''), 1915
* ''Der Herbst des Einsamen'' (''The Autumn of The Lonely One''), 1920
* ''Gesang des Abgeschiedenen'' (''Song of the Departed''), 1933

'''Literary works in English'''
* ''Decline: 12 Poems'', trans. Michael Hamburger, Guido Morris / [[Latin Press]], 1952
* ''Twenty Poems of George Trakl'', trans. James Wright & Robert Bly, The Sixties Press, 1961
* ''Selected Poems'', ed. [[Christopher Middleton (poet)|Christopher Middleton]], trans. [[Robert Grenier (poet)|Robert Grenier]] ''et al.'', Jonathan Cape, 1968<ref>[[Library of Congress]] catalogue listing, retrieved 2011-06-25.</ref>
* ''Georg Trakl: Poems'', trans. Lucia Getsi, Mundus Artium Press, 1973
* ''Georg Trakl: A Profile'', ed. Frank Graziano, Logbridge-Rhodes, 1983
* ''Song of the West: Selected Poems'', trans. Robert Firmage, North Point Press, 1988
* ''The Golden Goblet: Selected Poems of Georg Trakl, 1887–1914'', trans. Jamshid Shirani & A. Maziar, Ibex Publishers, 1994
* ''Autumn Sonata: Selected Poems of Georg Trakl'', trans. Daniel Simko, Asphodel Press, 1998
* ''Poems and Prose, Bilingual edition'', trans. Alexander Stillmark, Libris, 2001
** Re-edition: ''Poems and Prose. A Bilingual Edition'', Northwestern University Press, 2005
* ''To the Silenced: Selected Poems'', trans. Will Stone, [[Arc Publications]], 2006
* ''In an Abandoned Room: Selected Poems by Georg Trakl'', trans. Daniele Pantano, Erbacce Press, 2008
* ''The Last Gold of Expired Stars: Complete Poems 1908 - 1914'', trans. Jim Doss & Werner Schmitt, Loch Raven Press, 2011
* ''Song of the Departed: Selected Poems of George Trakl'', trans. Robert Firmage, [[Copper Canyon Press]], 2012
* "[http://www.unf.edu/mudlark/mudlark53/reidel.html Uncommon Poems and Versions by Georg Trakl", trans. James Reidel, Mudlark No. 53, 2014]
* ''Poems'', trans. James Reidel, Seagull Books, 2015
* ''Sebastian Dreaming'', trans. James Reidel, Seagull Books, 2016
* ''A Skeleton Plays Violin'', trans. James Reidel, Seagull Books, 2017
* ''Autumnal Elegies: Complete Poetry'', trans. Michael Jarvie, 2019
*''Surrender to Night: The Collected Poems'' ''of Georg Trakl'', trans. Will Stone, Pushkin Collection 2019
*''Collected Poems'', trans. James Reidel, Seagull Books 2019
*''Georg Trakl: The Damned'', trans. Daniele Pantano, Broken Sleep Books 2023

'''Critical studies'''
* Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis, ''Blossoming Thorn: Georg Trakl's Poetry of Atonement'', Bucknell University Press, 1987, {{ISBN|978-0838751022}}
* Richard Millington, ''Snow from Broken Eyes: Cocaine in the Lives and Works of Three Expressionist Poets'', Peter Lang AG, 2012
* Richard Millington, ''The Gentle Apocalypse: Truth and Meaning in the Poetry of Georg Trakl'', Camden House, 2020
* [[Hans Joachim Schliep]], ''on the Table Bread and wine- poetry and Religion in the works of Georg Trakl'', Lambert Academic Publishing (LAP), 2020, {{ISBN|978-6200537300}}

== Legacy ==
=== Poetry of Trakl in music ===
* Norwegian band Ulver uses a translated version of Trakl’s ''Helian'' on the song named ''Helian (Trakl)'' from the 2024 album ''Liminal Animals''
* Experimental black metal artist Jute Gyte uses the entirety of Trakl’s “Helian” on the (2021) album with the same name
* The band Dead Eyed Sleeper uses Trakl's poem ''Menschheit'' as lyrics to the song of the same name, on the 2016 album ''[https://deadeyedsleeper.bandcamp.com/album/gomorrh Gomorrh]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Dead Eyed Sleeper - Menschheit {{!}} Studioclip|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bZXqf7KE90|language=en|access-date=2021-04-22}}</ref>
*Paul Hindemith: Die Junge Magd - Sechs Gedichte von Georg Trakl für eine Altstimme mit Flöte, Klarinette und Streichquartett, opus 23 Nr.2
* ''6 Lieder nach Gedichten von Georg Trakl, Op. 14'' by [[Anton Webern]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://imslp.org/wiki/6_Lieder_nach_Gedichten_von_Georg_Trakl,_Op.14_(Webern,_Anton)|title=6 Lieder nach Gedichten von Georg Trakl, Op.14 (Webern, Anton) - IMSLP/Petrucci Music Library: Free Public Domain Sheet Music|website=imslp.org|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>
* [[Peter Maxwell Davies]]: ''Revelation and Fall'', Monodrama for soprano and instrumental ensemble, 1966.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Revelation and Fall|url=http://www.maxopus.com/work_detail.aspx?key=200|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414174605/http://www.maxopus.com/work_detail.aspx?key=200|archive-date=2015-04-14|website=maxopus.com}}</ref>
* [[Wilhelm Killmayer]] set several of his poems in [[Song cycles (Killmayer)|two song cycles]], ''{{lang|de|Trakl-Lieder}}'' in 1993<ref name="Trakl">{{cite web
| url = http://www.schott-international.com/shop/php/Proxy.php?purl=/essh/1/show,39072.html
| title = Trakl-Lieder I
| publisher = [[Schott Music|Schott]]
| language = de
| access-date = 23 August 2017
}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and ''{{lang|de|Schweigen und Kindheit}}'' in 1996.<ref name="Trakl 2">{{cite web
| url = http://www.schott-international.com/shop/php/Proxy.php?purl=/essh/1/show,39483.html
| title = Schweigen und Kindheit
| publisher = [[Schott Music|Schott]]
| language = de
| access-date = 24 August 2017
}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Heinz Winbeck]]: Symphony No. 3 ''Grodek'' for alto, speaker, and orchestra (1988)
* ''[[Sebastian im Traum]]'', 2004 orchestral composition by [[Hans Werner Henze]] based on Trakl's work.
* Russian composer [[David Tukhmanov]] wrote a triptych for mezzo-soprano and piano titled ''Dream of Sebastian, or Saint Night'', which is based on the poems of Trakl. The first performance took place in 2007.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.tuxmanov.ru/ Official site of David Fyodorovich Tukhmanov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316010442/http://www.tuxmanov.ru/ |date=16 March 2013 }}</ref>
*''Kristalliner Schrei'', a 2014 setting of three poems from ''Gedichte'' for mezzo-soprano and string quartet, by Henry Breneman Stewart<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/henry-breneman-stewart/verfall-and-de-profundis|title=Verfall And De Profundis|access-date=27 January 2019|via=soundcloud.com}}</ref>
*French composer [[Denise Roger]] (1924-2005) used Trakl’s texts in her songs “Rondel” and “Gesang einer gefangenen Amsel.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denise Isabelle Roger Song Texts {{!}} LiederNet |url=https://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_settings.html?ComposerId=24282 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=www.lieder.net}}</ref>
* ''Trakl Gedichte'' by [[Philippe Manoury]] published by [[Éditions Durand]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mediatheque.cite-musique.fr/masc/?INSTANCE%3DCITEMUSIQUE%26URL%3D%2FClientBookLineCIMU%2Frecherche%2FNoticeDetailleByID.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419124012/http://mediatheque.cite-musique.fr/masc/?INSTANCE=CITEMUSIQUE&URL=%2Fclientbooklinecimu%2Frecherche%2FNoticeDetailleByID.asp |archive-date=19 April 2014}}</ref>
* ''Wild Winter: Lament V'' by Thea Musgrave

=== Poetry of Trakl in dance ===
* ''Silence Spoken: ...quiet answers to dark questions'', an intersemiotic translation of five poems by Trakl into dance, choreographed by Angela Kaiser, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pNxuBUQDEY&t=609s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/4pNxuBUQDEY| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Transformation of Evil - Featuring Lake Angela (Angela Parker/Kaiser)|last=Kevin Kaiser|access-date=27 January 2019|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

=== Movies related to Georg Trakl ===
* ''Tabu - Es ist die Seele ein Fremdes auf Erden'' (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1965131/|title=Tabu - Es ist die Seele ein Fremdes auf Erden|access-date=27 January 2019|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[List of Austrian writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Lindenberger, Herbert. ''Georg Trakl''. New York: Twayne, 1971.
* Sharp, Francis Michael. ''The Poet's Madness: A Reading of Georg Trakl''. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1981.

=== Online texts ===
* [http://redyucca.wordpress.com/category/georg-trakl/ Red Yucca – German Poetry in Translation] (trans. Eric Plattner)
* [http://leoyankevich.com/archives/22 Translation of Trakl Poem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927181105/http://leoyankevich.com/archives/22 |date=27 September 2020 }}
* [http://poemhunter.com/ebooks/redir.asp?ebook=53381&filename=georg_trakl_2012_2.pdf Translations of Trakl on PoemHunter — PDF]{{deadlink|date=August 2022}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050131131342/http://dreamsongs.com/NewFiles/Trakl.pdf Twenty Poems, trans. by James Wright and Robert Bly] — PDF file of a 1961 translation, listed in Bibliography
* [http://www.literaturnische.de/Trakl/english/index-trakl-e.htm The Complete Writings of Georg Trakl in English] – translations by Wersch and Jim Doss
* [http://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_author_texts.html?AuthorId=2828] Trakl texts set to music, translated by Bertram Kottmann
* {{Gutenberg author | id=33634| name=Georg Trakl}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Georg Trakl}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1149}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Wikisourcelang|de|Georg Trakl|Georg Trakl}}
{{commons category}}
* Photos of the graves of Ludwig von Ficker (left) and Georg Trakl (right) at the cemetery of Innsbruck-Mühlau: [https://royalscottfottish.files.wordpress.com/2015/11/bananartista_sulla-tomba-di-georg-trakl-innsbruck.jpg?w=768 Photo 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012622/https://royalscottfottish.files.wordpress.com/2015/11/bananartista_sulla-tomba-di-georg-trakl-innsbruck.jpg?w=768 |date=2 February 2018 }}, [http://www.mironde.com/litterata/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/151220Trakl8027.jpg Photo 2]

{{German literature}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trakl, Georg}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1914 suicides]]
[[Category:Writers from Salzburg]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Writers from Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Austrian male poets]]
[[Category:Austrian World War I poets]]
[[Category:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Expressionist poets]]
[[Category:German-language poets]]
[[Category:Modernist poets]]
[[Category:Drug-related suicides in Poland]]
[[Category:Austrian people of Hungarian descent]]
[[Category:Austrian people of Czech descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian male writers]]
[[Category:Austro-Hungarian Army officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel who died by suicide]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Duchy of Salzburg]]