Editing George Walker (composer)

{{Short description|American classical composer}}
{{Other people|George Walker}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name                = George Walker
| image               = File:George Theophilus Walker.jpg
| image_size          = 
| caption             = Walker seated at the piano ({{circa|early 1940s}})
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1922|06|27}}
| birth_place         = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2018|8|23|1922|6|27}}
| death_place         = [[Montclair, New Jersey]], U.S.
| occupation          = {{hlist|[[Composer]]|singer|[[pianist]]|arranger}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Helen Walker-Hill]]|1960|1975|reason=divorced}}
| children            = 2 ([[Gregory T.S. Walker|Gregory]] and [[Ian Walker (playwright)|Ian]])
}}

'''George Theophilus Walker''' (June 27, 1922 – August 23, 2018) was an American composer, pianist, and organist,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Terry|first=Mickey|date=Autumn 2000|title=An Interview with George Walker|jstor=742584|journal=The Musical Quarterly|volume=84|issue=3|pages=377|doi=10.1093/mq/84.3.372}}</ref> and the first African American to win the [[Pulitzer Prize for Music]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/tomserviceblog/2015/aug/27/george-walker-african-american-composer-pulitzer-prize|title= George Walker: the great American composer you've never heard of|work=The Guardian|date=August 27, 2015|access-date=August 25, 2018}}</ref> which he received for his work ''[[Lilacs (Walker)|Lilacs]]'' in 1996.<ref name="De Lerma">De Lerma, Dominique-Rene. [http://www.dramonline.org/albums/african-heritage-symphonic-series-vol-ii/notes "African Heritage Symphonic Series"]. Liner note essay. [[Cedille Records]] CDR061.</ref> Walker was married to pianist and scholar [[Helen Walker-Hill]] between 1960 and 1975. Walker was the father of two sons, violinist and composer [[Gregory T.S. Walker]] and playwright [[Ian Walker (playwright)|Ian Walker]].<ref>Walker, George (2009), ''Reminiscences of an American Composer and Pianist'', Scarecrow Press, {{ISBN|978-0810869400}}, p. 153.</ref>

== Biography ==
Walker was first exposed to music at the age of five when he began to play the piano. A graduate of [[Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.)]], he was admitted to the [[Oberlin Conservatory]] at fourteen, and later to the [[Curtis Institute of Music]] to study piano with [[Rudolf Serkin]], chamber music with [[William Primrose]] and [[Gregor Piatigorsky]], and composition with [[Rosario Scalero]], teacher of [[Samuel Barber]]. He received his doctorate from the [[Eastman School of Music]] at the [[University of Rochester]]. Walker taught at [[Rutgers University]] in New Jersey for several years, retiring in 1992.<ref>[https://newmusicusa.org/nmbx/george-walker-concise-and-precise/ "George Walker in conversation with Frank J. Oteri"], Oteri.</ref>

Walker's first major orchestral work was the ''Address for Orchestra''. His ''[[Lyric for Strings]]'' is his most performed orchestral work. He composed many works including five sonatas for piano, a mass, cantata, many songs, choral works, organ pieces, sonatas for cello and piano, violin and piano and viola and piano, a [[brass quintet]] and a [[woodwind quintet]]. He published over 90 works and received commissions from the [[New York Philharmonic]], [[Boston Symphony]], [[Cleveland Orchestra]], [[Philadelphia Orchestra]], and many other ensembles. He was the recipient of six honorary doctoral degrees.

Walker died on August 23, 2018, in [[Montclair, New Jersey]], at the age of 96.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/deceptivecadence/2018/08/24/641606061/george-walker-trailblazing-american-composer-dies-at-96 "George Walker, Trailblazing American Composer, Dies At 96"], NPR.</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
In 1996, Walker became the first black composer to receive the Pulitzer Prize in Music for his work, ''Lilacs'' for voice and orchestra, premiered by the Boston Symphony, [[Seiji Ozawa]] conducting. Washington, D.C. Mayor [[Marion Barry]] proclaimed June 17, 1997, as "George Walker Day" in the nation's capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parkviewdc.com/2012/12/24/george-walker-prominent-composer-washingtonian-grew-up-on-sherman-avenue|title=George Walker: Prominent Composer & Washingtonian Grew Up on Sherman Avenue|publisher=Park View, D.C.|date=December 24, 2012|access-date=October 1, 2016}}</ref>

In 1997, Walker was awarded the [[Order of the Long Leaf Pine]] by [[North Carolina Governor]] [[Jim Hunt]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Moss|first=Gary|title=Composer Gets Warm Welcome|newspaper=The Fayetteville Observer|date=November 4, 1997}}</ref>

In 1998, he received the Composers Award from the Lancaster Symphony and the letter of Distinction from the American Music Center for "his significant contributions to the field of contemporary American Music".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/Historical-List-of-American-Music-Center-Award-Recipients|title=Historical List of American Music Center Award Recipients|website=NewMusicBox.org|date=May 7, 2003|access-date=October 1, 2016|archive-date=November 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123134256/http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/Historical-List-of-American-Music-Center-Award-Recipients/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2_current.php |title=American Academy of Arts and Letters – Current Members |website=Artsandletters.org |access-date=October 30, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624004136/http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2_current.php |archive-date=June 24, 2016 }}</ref> The following year, George Walker was inducted into the [[American Classical Music Hall of Fame]]. [Walker Autobiography, p.&nbsp;164]

Over the next several years, he received the Dorothy Maynor Outstanding Arts Citizen Award (2000), Classical Roots Award from the Detroit Symphony (2001), the A.I. Dupont Award from the Delaware Symphony (2002) the Washington Music Hall of Fame (2002), and the Aaron Copland ASCAP Award (2012). He was the recipient of two Guggenheim Fellowships,<ref name="ReferenceA">Scarlet Letter 1924 (Rutgers University yearbook), Special Collections and University Archives, Rutgers University Libraries.</ref> two Rockefeller Fellowships,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> a [[Fromm Foundation]] commission, two Koussevitsky Awards, and an American Academy of Arts and Letters Award,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artsandletters.org/awards2_search.php |title=American Academy of Arts and Letters – Awards Search |website=Artsandletters.org |access-date=October 1, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624004057/http://www.artsandletters.org/awards2_search.php |archive-date=June 24, 2016 }}</ref> as well as honorary doctorate degrees from Lafayette College (1982), Oberlin College (1983), Bloomfield College (1996), Montclair State University (1997), Curtis Institute of Music (1997), Spelman College (2001), and the Eastman School of Music where he gave the Commencement Address (2012).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rochester.edu/commencement/2012/eastman/|title=Commencement 2012 :: University of Rochester|website=Rochester.edu|access-date=October 1, 2016|archive-date=October 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003145154/https://rochester.edu/commencement/2012/eastman/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
His autobiography, ''Reminiscences of an American Composer and Pianist'', was released in 2009 by Scarecrow Press.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Walker|url=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780810869400|title=Reminiscences of an American Composer and Pianist, By George Walker, 9780810869400 |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|access-date=October 1, 2016}}</ref>

== Music ==
Unwilling to conform to a specific style, Walker drew from his diverse knowledge of previous music to create something which he could call his own.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/39218854|title=George Walker|last=Edwards|first=Amber|year=1991|via=Vimeo|access-date=November 6, 2018}}</ref> While a work such as ''Spatials for Piano'' uses twelve-tone serial techniques,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Flandreau|first=Suzanne|date=June 2010|title=Review of: Reminiscences of an American Composer and Pianist by George Walker|jstor=40856228|journal=Notes|volume=66|pages=759}}</ref> Walker could also compose in the style of popular music such as in his song “Leaving.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Terry|first=Mickey|date=Autumn 2000|title=An Interview with George Walker|jstor=742584|journal=The Musical Quarterly|volume=84|issue=3|pages=383|doi=10.1093/mq/84.3.372}}</ref> According to Mickey Terry, traces of old black spirituals can also be found in his Violin Sonata No. 2.<ref name="Terry 381">{{Cite journal |last=Terry |first=Mickey |date=Autumn 2000 |title=An Interview with George Walker |journal=The Musical Quarterly |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=381 |doi=10.1093/mq/84.3.372 |jstor=742584}}</ref> D. Maxine Sims has stated that Walker's piano technique is also reflected in his works, such as his ''Piano Sonata No. 2''. This sonata contains changing meters, [[syncopation]], and [[bitonality|bitonal]] writing which all present great challenges for a performer to overcome.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sims|first=D.|date=Spring 1976|title=An Analysis and Comparison of Piano Sonatas by George Walker and Howard Swanson|jstor=1214404|journal=The Black Perspective in Music|volume=4|issue=1|pages=70–81|doi=10.2307/1214404}}</ref> BBC Radio 3 devoted five hours to Walker's music as "Composer of the Week" in October, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000cztq|title = Composer of the Week - George Walker (1922-2018) - la Boulangerie - BBC Sounds}}</ref>

==Major compositions==
Walker's ''[[wiktionary:oeuvre|oeuvre]]'' includes the following works:{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
*  ''A Red, Red Rose for Voice and Piano''
*  ''Abu for Narrator and Chamber Ensembles'' (Network for New Music commission)  
*  ''Address for Orchestra''
*  ''An Eastman Overture'' (Eastman School of Music commission) 
*  ''Antifonys for Chamber Orchestra''
*  ''Bleu for Unaccompanied Violin'' 
*  ''Cantata for Soprano, Tenor, Boys Choir, and Chamber Orchestra'' (Boys Choir of Harlem commission)
*  ''Canvas for Wind Ensemble and Narrator'' (College Band Directors National Association commission)
*  ''Cello Concerto'' (New York Philharmonic commission)
*  ''Concerto for Piano and Orchestra'' (National Endowment for the Arts Commission)
*  ''Concerto for Trombone and Orchestra'' (1957)
*  ''Concerto for Violin and Orchestra'' 
*  ''Da Camera'' (Musica Reginae commission)
*  ''Dialogus for Cello and Orchestra'' (Cleveland Orchestra commission) 
*  ''Emily Dickinson Songs''
*  ''Five Fancies for Clarinet and Piano Four Hands'' (David Ensemble commission) 
*  ''Foils for Orchestra (Hommage a Saint George'') (Eastman School of Music commission)
*  ''Folk Songs for Orchestra''
*  ''Guido's Hand'' (Xerox commission)
*  ''Hommage to Saint George'' (Eastman School of Music commission)
*  ''Hoopla: A Touch of Glee'' 
*  ''Icarus In Orbit'' 
*  ''In Praise of Folly'' 
*  ''[[Lilacs (Walker)|Lilacs]] for Voice and Orchestra'' 
*  ''[[Lyric for Strings]]''
*  ''Mass for Soloists, Chorus, and Orchestra'' (National Endowment for the Arts commission)
*  ''Modus'' (Cygnus Ensemble commission)
*  ''Movements for Cello and Orchestra'' 
*  ''Music for 3''
*  ''Music for Brass (Sacred and Profane)''
*  ''Music for Two Pianos''
*  ''Nine Songs for Voice and Piano''
*  ''Orpheus for Narrator and Chamber Orchestra'' 
*  ''Overture: In Praise of Folly''
*  ''Pageant and Proclamation'' (New Jersey Symphony commission) 
*  ''Perimeters for Clarinet and Piano''
*  ''Piano Sonata No. 1''
*  ''Piano Sonata No. 2'' 
*  ''Piano Sonata No. 3''
*  ''Piano Sonata No. 4''
*  ''Piano Sonata No. 5''
*  ''Poem for Soprano and Chamber Ensemble'' (National Endowment for the Arts commission)
*  ''Poeme for Violin and Orchestra'' (Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra premiere)	
*  ''Psalms for Chorus''
*  ''Serenata for Chamber Orchestra'' (Michigan Chamber Orchestra commission)
*  ''Sinfonia No. 1'' (Fromm Foundation commission)
*  ''Sinfonia No. 2'' (Koussevitsky commission)
*  ''Sinfonia No. 3''
*  ''Sinfonia No. 4'' 
*  ''Sinfonia No. 5 "Visions"'' (two versions, one with voices and one without)
*''Sonata for Cello and Piano''
*  ''Sonata for Two Pianos''
*  ''Sonata for Viola and Piano''
*  ''Sonata for Violin and Piano No. 1''
*  ''Spatials for Piano''
*  ''Spektra for Piano''
*  ''Spires for Organ''
*  ''String Quartet No. 1''
*  ''String Quartet No. 2''
*  ''Tangents for Chamber Orchestra'' (Columbus Pro Musica Chamber Orchestra commission)
*  ''Three Pieces for Organ''
*  ''Two Pieces for Organ''
*  ''Variations for Orchestra''
*  ''Violin and Piano Sonata No. 2'' 
*  ''Windset for Woodwind Quintet''

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://georgetwalker.com/  George Walker official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305044552/http://georgetwalker.com/ |date=March 5, 2013 }}
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/articles/george-walker-concise-and-precise/  A 2017 Conversation with George Walker (includes video excerpts)]
*[http://www.bruceduffie.com/walker.html George Walker interview by Bruce Duffie]
*[https://ethaniverson.com/interview-with-george-walker/ 2012 George Walker interview by Ethan Iverson] 
*[http://chevalierdesaintgeorges.homestead.com/walker.html George Theophilus Walker, African American Composer & Pianist] at AfriClassical.com
*[http://watch.njtvonline.org/video/2234924845 George Walker, Composer] Documentary produced by [[NJTV]]
*[http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/900hc George Walker Collection] at the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives and Rare Book Library
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBSuY94Vro4&t=2s 'Ep. 35: Legendary Pulitzer Prize winning American composer George Walker'] Interview by Tigran Arakelyan

{{PulitzerPrize Music 1991–2000}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walker, George}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century American classical composers]]
[[Category:African-American male classical composers]]
[[Category:American male classical composers]]
[[Category:Curtis Institute of Music alumni]]
[[Category:Eastman School of Music alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
[[Category:Oberlin College alumni]]
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Music winners]]
[[Category:Pupils of Rosario Scalero]]
[[Category:Albany Records artists]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Washington, D.C.]]