Editing Gerald Edelman

{{Short description|American biologist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image             = Gerald Edelman.jpg
| birth_name        = Gerald Maurice Edelman
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1929|7|1}}
| birth_place       = New York City, U.S.
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|2014|5|17|1929|7|1}}
| death_place       = [[La Jolla, California]], U.S.
| field             = [[Immunology]]<br />[[Neuroscience]]<br />[[Philosophy of mind]]
| work_institutions = 
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = [[Paul David Gottlieb]], [[Olaf Sporns]]
| known_for         = 
| influences        = 
| influenced        = 
| prizes            = [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1972)
| spouse            = {{Marriage|Maxine M. Morrison|1950}}
| education         = [[Ursinus College]] ([[B. S.|BS]])<br />[[University of Pennsylvania]] ([[M. D.|MD]])<br />[[Rockefeller University]] ([[PhD]])
}}
'''Gerald Maurice Edelman''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|d|əl|m|ən}}; July 1, 1929 – May 17, 2014) was an American [[biologist]] who shared the 1972 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] for work with [[Rodney Robert Porter]] on the [[immune system]].<ref name="Nobel Prize">{{Nobelprize|name=Gerald M. Edelman|access-date=2020-10-11}}</ref>  Edelman's Nobel Prize-winning research concerned discovery of the structure of [[antibody]] molecules.<ref name="Edelman1961">[http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=13889151 Structural differences among antibodies of different specificities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508235645/http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed |date=May 8, 2006 }} by G. M. Edelman, B. Benacerraf, Z. Ovary and M. D. Poulik in ''Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A'' (1961) volume 47, pages 1751-1758.</ref>  In interviews, he has said that the way the components of the immune system evolve over the life of the individual is analogous to the way the components of the brain evolve in a lifetime. There is a continuity in this way between his work on the immune system, for which he won the [[Nobel Prize]], and his later work in [[neuroscience]] and in [[philosophy of mind]].

==Early life and education==
Gerald Edelman was born in 1929<ref name=natureobituary>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/510474a| title = Gerald Edelman (1929–2014) Biologist who won Nobel for solving antibody structure| journal = Nature| volume = 510| issue = 7506| page = 474| year = 2014| last1 = Rutishauser | first1 = Urs|bibcode = 2014Natur.510..474R| pmid=24965643| doi-access = free}}</ref> in [[Ozone Park, Queens, New York]], to [[Ashkenazi Jews|Jewish]] parents, [[physician]] Edward Edelman, and Anna (née Freedman) Edelman, who worked in the insurance industry.<ref name="Nobel Bio">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1972/edelman-bio.html |title=Gerald M. Edelman: Biography |website=Les Prix Nobel en 1972 |editor=Odelberg, Wilhelm |year=1973 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=September 27, 2007}} (Including Addendum, May 2005.)</ref> He studied violin for years, but eventually realized that he did not have the inner drive needed to pursue a career as a concert violinist, and decided to go into medical research instead.<ref>Edelman's remarks in 2008 radio interview with physicist [[Michio Kaku]] (host of ''Exploration'').</ref> He attended public schools in New York, graduating from [[John Adams High School (Queens)|John Adams High School]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ravo|first1=Nick|title=Attention Bewilders Queens High School|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/07/nyregion/attention-bewilders-queens-high-school.html|work=New York Times|date=January 7, 1987}}</ref> and then attended [[Ursinus College]], where he graduated ''magna cum laude'' with a [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in 1950. He received an [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] from the [[University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine]] in 1954.<ref name="Nobel Bio" />

==Career==
After a year at the Johnson Foundation for Medical Physics, Edelman became a [[residency (medicine)|resident]] at the [[Massachusetts General Hospital]]; he then practiced medicine in France while serving with [[Army Medical Department (United States)|US Army Medical Corps]].<ref name="Nobel Bio" /> In 1957, Edelman joined the [[Rockefeller University|Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research]] as a graduate fellow, working in the laboratory of Henry Kunkel and receiving a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in 1960.<ref name="Nobel Bio" /> The institute made him the assistant (later associate) dean of graduate studies; he became a professor at the school in 1966.<ref name="Nobel Bio" /> In 1992, he moved to [[California]] and became a professor of [[neurobiology]] at [[The Scripps Research Institute]].<ref name="Edelman CV">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1972/edelman-cv.pdf |title=Gerald M. Edelman: Curriculum Vitae |access-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref>

After his Nobel prize award, Edelman began research into the regulation of primary [[cellular process]]es, particularly the control of cell growth and the development of [[multi-celled organism]]s, focusing on cell-to-cell interactions in early [[embryonic development]] and in the formation and function of the nervous system. These studies led to the discovery of [[cell adhesion molecules]] (CAMs), which guide the fundamental processes that help an animal achieve its shape and form, and by which nervous systems are built. One of the most significant discoveries made in this research is that the precursor [[gene]] for the neural cell adhesion molecule gave rise in evolution to the entire molecular system of [[adaptive immunity]].<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1972/edelman-bio.html Nobelprize.org - Gerald M. Edelman biography]</ref>

For his efforts, Edelman was an elected member of both the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1968) and the [[American Philosophical Society]] (1977).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gerald Maurice Edelman |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/gerald-maurice-edelman |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Gerald+Edelman&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

==Nobel Prize==
While in Paris serving in the Army, Edelman read a book that sparked his interest in [[antibody|antibodies]].<ref name="Frontiers">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/saf/1101/features/edelman.htm |title=Frontiers Profile: Gerry Edelman |website=[[PBS]] |access-date=September 27, 2007 |date=November 21, 2000 |archive-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928124744/https://www.pbs.org/saf/1101/features/edelman.htm/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He decided that, since the book said so little about antibodies, he would investigate them further upon returning to the United States, which led him to study [[physical chemistry]] for his 1960 Ph.D.<ref name="Frontiers" /> Research by Edelman and his colleagues and [[Rodney Robert Porter]] in the early 1960s produced fundamental breakthroughs in the understanding of the antibody's chemical structure, opening a door for further study.<ref name="Nobel Press Release">{{cite press release |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972 |publisher=Karolinksa Institutet |date=October 1972 |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1972/press.html |access-date=September 27, 2007 |quote=Their discoveries represent clearly a break-through that immediately incited a fervent research activity the whole world over ...}}</ref> For this work, Edelman and Porter shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1972.<ref name="Nobel Prize" />

In its Nobel Prize press release in 1972, the [[Karolinska Institutet]] lauded Edelman and Porter's work as a major breakthrough:

{{blockquote|The impact of Edelman's and Porter's discoveries is explained by the fact that they provided a clear picture of the structure and mode of action of a group of biologically particularly important substances. By this they laid a firm foundation for truly rational research, something that was previously largely lacking in immunology. Their discoveries represent clearly a break-through that immediately incited a fervent research activity the whole world over, in all fields of immunological science, yielding results of practical value for clinical diagnostics and therapy.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1972/press.html Karolinska Institutet press release, October 1972]</ref>}}

===Disulfide bonds===
[[File:Anticorps.png|thumb|right|272px|Diagram illustrating the [[disulfide bond]]s (red) that link the [[Immunoglobulin light chain|light]] (green) and [[Immunoglobulin heavy chain|heavy]] (blue) protein subunits of [[Immunoglobulin G]] (IgG) molecules. This diagram also illustrates the relative positions of the variable (V) and constant (C) domains of an IgG molecule. The heavy and light chain variable regions come together to form antigen binding sites at the end of the two symmetrical arms of the antibody.]]
Edelman's early research on the structure of antibody proteins revealed that [[Disulfide bond#Occurrence in proteins|disulfide bonds]] link together the protein subunits.<ref name="Edelman1961"/> The protein subunits of antibodies are of two types, the larger heavy chains and the smaller light chains. Two light and two heavy chains are linked together by disulfide bonds to form a functional antibody.

===Molecular models of antibody structure===
Using experimental data from his own research and the work of others, Edelman developed molecular models of antibody proteins.<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 14173001
| year = 1964
| last1 = Edelman | first1 = G.
| last2 = Gally | first2 = J.
| title = A Model for the 7S Antibody Molecule
| volume = 51
| issue = 5
| pages = 846–853
| pmc = 300172
| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.51.5.846
|bibcode = 1964PNAS...51..846E | doi-access = free
}}</ref> A key feature of these models included the idea that the [[antigen]] binding domains of antibodies ([[Fragment antigen-binding|Fab]]) include [[amino acid]]s from both the [[Immunoglobulin light chain|light]] and [[Immunoglobulin heavy chain|heavy]] protein subunits. The inter-chain disulfide bonds help bring together the two parts of the antigen binding domain.

===Antibody sequencing===
Edelman and his colleagues used [[Cyanogen bromide#Protein cleavage|cyanogen bromide]] and [[protease]]s to fragment the antibody protein subunits into smaller pieces that could be analyzed for determination of their [[Protein sequencing|amino acid sequence]].<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 5650389
| year = 1968
| last1 = Cummingham | first1 = B.
| last2 = Gottlieb | first2 = P.
| last3 = Konigsberg | first3 = W.
| last4 = Edelman | first4 = G.
| title = The covalent structure of a human gamma G-immunoglobulin. V. Partial amino acid sequence of the light chain
| volume = 7
| issue = 5
| pages = 1983–1994
| journal = Biochemistry
| doi = 10.1021/bi00845a049
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 4177258
| year = 1968
| last1 = Gottlieb | first1 = P. D.
| last2 = Cunningham | first2 = B. A.
| last3 = Waxdal | first3 = M. J.
| last4 = Konigsberg | first4 = W. H.
| last5 = Edelman | first5 = G. M.
| title = Variable regions of heavy and light polypeptide chains of the same gammaG-immunoglobulin molecule
| volume = 61
| issue = 1
| pages = 168–175
| pmc = 285919
| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.61.1.168
|bibcode = 1968PNAS...61..168G | doi-access = free
}}</ref> At the time when the first complete antibody sequence was determined (1969)<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 5257969
| year = 1969
| last1 = Edelman | first1 = G. M.
| last2 = Cunningham | first2 = B. A.
| last3 = Gall | first3 = W. E.
| last4 = Gottlieb | first4 = P. D.
| last5 = Rutishauser | first5 = U.
| last6 = Waxdal | first6 = M. J.
| title = The covalent structure of an entire gammaG immunoglobulin molecule
| volume = 63
| issue = 1
| pages = 78–85
| pmc = 534037
| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.63.1.78
|bibcode = 1969PNAS...63...78E | doi-access = free
}}</ref> it was the largest complete protein sequence that had ever been determined. The availability of amino acid sequences of antibody proteins allowed recognition of the fact that the body can produce many different antibody proteins with similar antibody constant regions and divergent antibody [[variable region]]s.

===Topobiology===
Topobiology is Edelman's theory which asserts that morphogenesis is driven by differential adhesive interactions among heterogeneous cell populations and it explains how a single cell can give rise to a complex multi-cellular organism. As proposed by Edelman in 1988, topobiology is the process that sculpts and maintains differentiated tissues and is acquired by the energetically favored segregation of cells through heterologous cellular interactions.

==Theory of consciousness==
{{See also|Secondary consciousness}}

In his later career, Edelman was noted for his theory of [[consciousness]], documented in a trilogy of technical books and in several subsequent books written for a general audience, including ''Bright Air, Brilliant Fire'' (1992),<ref>{{cite journal|author=Tauber, Alfred I.|author-link=Alfred I. Tauber|title=Review of ''Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the matter of the mind'' by Gerald M. Edelman|date=November 19, 1992|journal=N Engl J Med|volume=327|issue=21|pages=1535–1536|doi=10.1056/NEJM199211193272119}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind'' by Gerald Edelman|journal=Kirkus Reviews|date=April 20, 1992|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/gerald-m-edelman/bright-air-brilliant-fire/}}</ref> ''[[A Universe of Consciousness]]'' (2001, with [[Giulio Tononi]]), ''[[Wider than the Sky]]'' (2004) and ''Second Nature: Brain Science and Human Knowledge'' (2007).

In ''Second Nature'' Edelman defines human consciousness as:
: "... what you lose on entering a dreamless deep sleep ... deep anesthesia or coma ... what you regain after emerging from these states. [The] experience of a unitary scene composed variably of sensory responses ... memories ... situatedness ..."

The first of Edelman's technical books, ''The Mindful Brain'' (1978),<ref>{{cite book| title=The Mindful Brain: Cortical Organization and the Group-selective Theory of Higher Brain Function| author=Gerald M. Edelman| publisher=MIT Press |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-262-05020-3}}</ref> develops his theory of [[Neural Darwinism]], which is built around the idea of plasticity in the neural network in response to the environment. The second book, ''Topobiology'' (1988),<ref>{{cite book| title=Topobiology: An Introduction to Molecular Embryology| author=Gerald M. Edelman| publisher=Basic Books| year=1988| isbn=978-0-465-08634-4| url=https://archive.org/details/topobiologyintro00edel}}</ref> proposes a theory of how the original neuronal network of a newborn's [[brain]] is established during development of the [[embryo]]. ''The Remembered Present'' (1990)<ref>{{cite book| title=The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of Consciousness| url=https://archive.org/details/rememberedpresen0000edel| url-access=registration| author=Gerald M. Edelman| publisher=Basic Books| year=1989| isbn=978-0-465-06910-1}}</ref> contains an extended exposition of his theory of [[consciousness]].

In his books, Edelman proposed a biological theory of consciousness, based on his studies of the immune system. He explicitly roots his theory within [[Charles Darwin]]'s Theory of [[Natural Selection]], citing the key tenets of Darwin's population theory, which postulates that individual variation within species provides the basis for the natural selection that eventually leads to the evolution of new species.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gerald M. Edelman |author2=Jean-Pierre Changeux |title=The Brain |publisher=Transaction Publishers| year=2001 |page=45}}</ref> He explicitly rejected [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)|dualism]] and also dismissed newer hypotheses such as the so-called [[computational theory of mind|'computational' model of consciousness]], which liken the brain's functions to the operations of a computer. Edelman argued that mind and consciousness are purely biological phenomena, arising from complex cellular processes within the brain, and that the development of consciousness and intelligence can be explained by Darwinian theory.

Edelman's theory seeks to explain consciousness in terms of the morphology of the brain. A brain comprises a massive population of neurons (approx. 100 [[billion]] cells) each with an enormous number of synaptic connections to other neurons. During development, the subset of connections that survive the initial phases of growth and development will make approximately 100 [[trillion (short scale)|trillion]] connections with each other. A sample of brain tissue the size of a match head contains about a billion connections, and if we consider how these neuronal connections might be variously combined, the number of possible permutations becomes hyper-astronomical – in the order of ten followed by millions of zeros.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gerald Edelman |title=Bright Air, Brilliant Fire |publisher=Penguin |year=1992 |page=17}}</ref> The young brain contains many more neural connections than will ultimately survive to maturity, and Edelman argued that this redundant capacity is needed because neurons are the only cells in the body that cannot be renewed and because only those networks best adapted to their ultimate purpose will be selected as they organize into neuronal groups.

===Neural Darwinism===
Edelman's theory of neuronal group selection, also known as '[[Neural Darwinism]]', has three basic tenets—Developmental Selection, Experiential Selection and Reentry.
# '''Developmental selection''' -- the formation of the gross anatomy of the brain is controlled by genetic factors, but in any individual the connectivity between neurons at the synaptic level and their organisation into functional neuronal groups is determined by somatic selection during growth and development. This process generates tremendous variability in the neural circuitry—like the [[fingerprint]] or the [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]], no two people will have precisely the same synaptic structures in any comparable area of brain tissue. Their high degree of functional plasticity and the extraordinary density of their interconnections enables neuronal groups to self-organise into many complex and adaptable "modules."  These are made up of many different types of neurons which are typically more closely and densely connected to each other than they are to neurons in other groups.
# '''Experiential selection''' -- Overlapping the initial growth and development of the brain, and extending throughout an individual's life, a continuous process of synaptic selection occurs within the diverse repertoires of neuronal groups. This process may strengthen or weaken the connections between groups of neurons and it is constrained by value signals that arise from the activity of the ascending systems of the brain, which are continually modified by successful output. Experiential selection generates dynamic systems that can 'map' complex spatio-temporal events from the sensory organs, body systems and other neuronal groups in the brain onto other selected neuronal groups. Edelman argues that this dynamic selective process is directly analogous to the processes of selection that act on populations of individuals in species, and he also points out that this functional plasticity is imperative, since not even the vast coding capability of entire human genome is sufficient to explicitly specify the astronomically complex synaptic structures of the developing brain.<ref>Gerald Edelman, ''Bright Air, Brilliant Fire'' (Penguin, 1992), p.224</ref>
# '''Reentry''' {{Main|Reentry (neural circuitry)}}—the concept of reentrant signalling between neuronal groups. He defines reentry as the ongoing recursive dynamic interchange of signals that occurs in parallel between brain maps, and which continuously interrelates these maps to each other in time and space ([http://www.acamedia.info/movs/edelman/reentrant_signaling.flv film clip]: Edelman demonstrates spontaneous group formation among neurons with re-entrant connections).<ref>Gerald Edelman: "[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7437432153763631391 From Brain Dynamics to Consciousness: A Prelude to the Future of Brain-Based Devices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106110348/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7437432153763631391|date=January 6, 2012}}", Video, IBM Lecture on Cognitive Computing, June 2006</ref> Reentry depends for its operations on the intricate networks of massively parallel reciprocal connections within and between neuronal groups, which arise through the processes of developmental and experiential selection outlined above. Edelman describes reentry as "a form of ongoing higher-order selection ... that appears to be unique to animal brains" and that "there is no other object in the known universe so completely distinguished by reentrant circuitry as the human brain."

==Evolution theory==
Edelman and Gally were the first to point out the pervasiveness of [[Degeneracy (biology)|degeneracy]] in biological systems and the fundamental role that degeneracy plays in facilitating evolution.<ref name="Edelman and Gally">{{cite journal |  author = Edelman and Gally | title =  Degeneracy and complexity in biological systems |  journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA | year = 2001 | volume = 98 | issue = 24 | pages = 13763–13768  | doi=10.1073/pnas.231499798| pmid =  11698650 |bibcode = 2001PNAS...9813763E |pmc = 61115| doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Later career===
[[File:Professor Gerald M. Edelman (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Edelman in 2010]]
Edelman founded and directed [[The Neurosciences Institute]], a nonprofit research center in [[San Diego]] that between 1993 and 2012 studied the biological bases of higher brain function in humans. He served on the scientific board of the World Knowledge Dialogue project.<ref name="WKD">
{{cite web |url=http://www.wkdialogue.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615035525/http://www.wkdialogue.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=June 15, 2006 |title=World Knowledge Dialogue |access-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref>

Edelman was a member of the [[USA Science and Engineering Festival]]'s advisory board.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/advisors |title=Advisors |access-date=February 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421005310/http://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/advisors/ |archive-date=April 21, 2010 }}</ref>

==Personal==
Edelman married Maxine M. Morrison in 1950.<ref name="Nobel Bio" /> They have two sons, [http://fineartamerica.com/profiles/eric-edelman.html Eric, a visual artist] in New York City, and [https://web.archive.org/web/20150723083207/http://www.sandiego.edu/cas/psy/faculty/biography.php?ID=1339 David, an adjunct professor of neuroscience] at [[University of San Diego]]. Their daughter, [http://www.judithedelman.com/news.swf Judith Edelman], is a [[bluegrass music|bluegrass]] musician,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://compassrecords.com/artist/judith-edelman/|title=Judith Edelman - Compass Records|access-date=July 6, 2022|publisher=[[Compass Records]]}}</ref> recording artist, and writer. Some observers{{Who|date=March 2012}} have noted that a character in [[Richard Powers]]' ''[[The Echo Maker]]'' may be a nod at Edelman.

===Health and death===
Later in his life, he had [[prostate cancer]] and [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="NYTobit">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/23/science/gerald-m-edelman-nobel-laureate-and-neural-darwinist-dies-at-84.html?_r=0|title=Gerald M. Edelman, Nobel Laureate and 'Neural Darwinist,' Dies at 84|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 23, 2014|date=May 23, 2014}}</ref> Edelman died on May 17, 2014, in [[La Jolla, California]], aged 84.<ref name=natureobituary/><ref name="death">{{cite web|url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/may/20/gerald-edelman-dies/|title=Gerald Edelman, Nobel laureate dies|publisher=U-T San Diego.com|access-date=May 21, 2014|date=May 20, 2014}}</ref><ref name=faz>{{cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/hirnforscher-gerald-edelman-gestorben-darwins-gehirn-12946590.html |title=Hirnforscher Gerald Edelman gestorben: Darwins Gehirn |newspaper=Faz.net |date=May 19, 2014 |access-date=January 18, 2019|last1=Müller-Jung |first1=Joachim }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''[[Neural Darwinism]]: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection'' (Basic Books, New York 1987). {{ISBN|0-19-286089-5}}
* ''Topobiology: An Introduction to Molecular Embryology'' (Basic Books, 1988, Reissue edition 1993) {{ISBN|0-465-08653-5}}
* ''The Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of Consciousness'' (Basic Books, New York 1990). {{ISBN|0-465-06910-X}}
* ''Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind'' (Basic Books, 1992, Reprint edition 1993). {{ISBN|0-465-00764-3}}
* ''The Brain'', Edelman and Jean-Pierre Changeux, editors, (Transaction Publishers, 2000). {{ISBN|0-7658-0717-3}}
* ''[[A Universe of Consciousness]]: How Matter Becomes Imagination'', Edelman and [[Giulio Tononi]], coauthors, (Basic Books, 2000, Reprint edition 2001). {{ISBN|0-465-01377-5}}
* ''[[Wider than the Sky]]: The Phenomenal Gift of Consciousness'' (Yale Univ. Press 2004) {{ISBN|0-300-10229-1}}
* ''Second Nature:  Brain Science and Human Knowledge'' (Yale University Press 2006) {{ISBN|0-300-12039-7}}

==See also==
* [[Biologically inspired computing]]
* [[Embodied philosophy]]
* [[Embodied cognition]]
* [[Reentry (neural circuitry)]]
* [[List of Nobel laureates]]
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |year=1994 |author=Smoliar, Stephen W. |chapter=Review of G.M. Edelman (book review) |editor1=William J. Clancey |editor2=Stephen W. Smoliar |editor3=Mark Stefik |title=Contemplating minds: a forum for artificial intelligence |place=Massachusetts |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVJ9xib-XxMC&pg=PA431 |pages=431–446 |isbn=978-0-262-53119-1 |access-date=May 21, 2010}} (originally published in ''[[Artificial Intelligence (journal)|Artificial Intelligence]]'' '''39''' (1989) 121–139.)

==External links==
* [http://www.webofstories.com/gl/gerald.edelman Gerald Edelman] telling his life story at [https://web.archive.org/web/20171020103457/http://www.webofstories.com/ Web Of Stories]
* [http://www.scripps.edu/research/faculty.php?rec_id=589 The Scripps Research Institute - Faculty: Gerald Edelman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109133838/http://www.scripps.edu/research/faculty.php?rec_id=589 |date=January 9, 2011 }}
* {{Nobelprize|name=Gerald M. Edelman}}
* [http://discovermagazine.com/2007/brain/cogitator "Evolution in Your Brain: Gerald Edelman says only the fittest neurons survive"] Interview in ''[[Discover Magazine]],'' July 2007
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071006072238/http://www.sdjewishjournal.com/stories/xarchive.php?id=417 "The Brain Doctor: Dr. Gerald Edelman is a Genius on a Spiritual Path"]- Profile in ''[[San Diego Jewish Journal]],'' October 2007
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7437432153763631391 "From Brain Dynamics to Consciousness"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106110348/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7437432153763631391 |date=January 6, 2012 }}, Video, IBM Lecture on Cognitive Computing, June 2006, inactive as of
*[[Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation]] June 15, 2013.
* [https://nobel.bh.org.il/en/persona/Gerald-Edelman/ Edelman Gerald] Nobel Luminaries – Jewish Nobel Prize Winners, on the [https://www.bh.org.il/ Beit Hatfutsot-The Museum of the Jewish People] Website.

{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1951-1975}}
{{1972 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry}}

{{Authority control}}

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