Editing Geri's Game

{{distinguish|Gerald's Game}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Geri's Game
| image = Geri's Game poster.jpg
| alt = Poster for Geri's Game 
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Jan Pinkava]]
| producer = [[Karen Dufilho-Rosen|Karen Dufilho]]
| writer = Jan Pinkava
| starring = [[Bob Peterson (filmmaker)|Bob Peterson]]
| music = [[Gus Viseur]]
| editing = Jim Kallett
| studio = [[Pixar Animation Studios]]
| distributor = [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]]{{efn|name=Disney|Distributed by [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]] through the [[Walt Disney Pictures]] banner.}}
| released = {{film date|1997|11|24|[[Laemmle Theatres|Laemmle's Monica Theater]]|1998|11|25|with ''[[A Bug's Life]]''|ref1=<ref name="TFLPremiere"/>}}
| runtime = 5 minutes
| country = United States
}}
'''''Geri's Game''''' is a 1997 American animated [[short film]] produced by [[Pixar]] and written and directed by [[Jan Pinkava]]. The film was Pixar's first film to feature a human as its main character. The character later made an appearance in ''[[Toy Story 2]]'' as "The Cleaner", where he was voiced by [[Jonathan Harris]] and [[Bob Peterson (filmmaker)|Bob Peterson]].

''Geri's Game'' was released eight years after ''[[Knick Knack]]'', the last short by Pixar to that point, made as part of an effort to reignite the [[List of Pixar shorts|studio's short film series]], which had been put on standby in order to focus on the creation of television commercials as well as the studio's first feature film, which would become the first-ever [[Feature film|full-length]] computer-animated film, ''[[Toy Story]]''. A dedicated [[research and development]] team worked alongside the filmmakers to devise ways to get around the burdens of animating a human character, leading to an in-house [[computer simulation]] to mimic the natural [[Cloth simulation|movement of clothing]] on a character. [[Subdivision surface]] [[3D modeling|modeling]], a technique partly pioneered by [[Edwin Catmull]] in 1978 but mostly ignored in favor of [[Non-uniform rational B-spline|NURBS]] surfaces, was used to bestow natural movement and realistic skin [[Texture (computer graphics)|textures]] on Geri.

''Geri's Game'' premiered on November 24, 1997, winning an [[Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Animated Short Film]] the following year. It was the first film distributed by [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]] to win that award since 1969's ''[[It's Tough to Be a Bird]]''. It was later shown with the theatrical release of Pixar's second feature film, ''[[A Bug's Life]]'', the following year, and became part of a Pixar tradition of pairing shorts with feature films.

==Plot==
In a park, an old man named Geri sets up a chessboard. There is no one else in the park for him to play with, so he proceeds to play [[chess]] against himself, playing the parts of both participants by moving to opposite sides of the board and either removing or replacing his glasses. The "participant" without the glasses, and playing as the [[White and Black in chess|Black]], is aggressive and confident, while the "participant" with the glasses who plays [[White and Black in chess|White]] is timid and makes several mistakes. The camera work at one point makes it look like there are two Geri’s playing the game. Black Geri captures all of White Geri's pieces except the [[king (chess)|king]], at which point White Geri fakes a heart attack and falls to the ground, startling Black Geri. Black Geri takes his own pulse and looks under the table to check on White Geri; all the while, White Geri secretly turns the board around, so Black Geri now has the [[bare king]], and White Geri has the black pieces. He gets up and reveals to Black Geri that he is alright and takes his turn. Black Geri [[resign (chess)|concedes defeat]] and gives White Geri the prize: his false teeth. The film ends with the camera zooming out to remind the audience that there is only one Geri.

==Development==
''Geri's Game'' was Pixar's first original short film since 1989, when ''[[Knick Knack]]'' was released. It was directed and written by [[Jan Pinkava]], who joined the studio in 1993 to work on their [[TV commercials]] while the other directors and writers were preoccupied with the production of ''[[Toy Story]]'', and had been continuously approaching executive producer [[Darla K. Anderson]] with the proposal that the studio make a new short film.<ref name="20 years">{{cite web|title='Geri's Game' Turns 20: Director Jan Pinkava Reflects On The Game-Changing Pixar Short|date=25 November 2017|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/cgi/geris-game-turns-20-director-jan-pinkava-reflects-game-changing-pixar-short-154646.html|publisher=Cartoor Brew|access-date=November 26, 2017}}</ref>

=== Initial conception ===
Work on the short began shortly after the release of ''[[Toy Story]]'' and during early production of ''[[A Bug's Life]]'', when [[Ed Catmull]] decided that the studio should resurrect its short films production as a way to bring new animators and storytellers into Pixar, and as a way to further push [[research and development]] for the studio.<ref name="New Face">{{cite magazine|last=Robertson |first=Barbara |title=Meet Geri: The New Face of Animation |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/glmiller/public/computational-geometry/15-852-F08/RelatedWork/meet-geri.pdf |magazine=Computer Graphics World |date=February 1998 |access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref> For the first of these shorts, which would be the first one made in 8 years, Catmull wanted Pixar to create a story which featured a human as its central protagonist. Upon Anderson's suggestion, he reached out to Pinkava to direct the short.<ref name="20 years" /> According to Pinkava himself, Catmull said he could direct the short as long as it starred a human character and had a serviceable story behind it.<ref name="20 years" />

When trying to brainstorm a concept, Pinkava asked himself if he would be able to come up with a story that featured only one character, which would both give it an artistic edge and make development easier on the technical side of things, as coming up with just a single stylized, but credible, human character was hard enough.<ref name="New Face" /><ref name="20 years" /> He designed an elderly character {{En dash}} belonging to the polar opposite age sector of Billy,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tin Toy 1988 Film Short Pixar|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7x4qUKWCf0|access-date=February 25, 2021|website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> the infant character in ''[[Tin Toy]]'', and one of Pixar's earliest attempts at creating a human character. He felt it would be interesting to animate a character with the body language of an old man, similar to how Billy was animated with the gesticulations of a baby.

=== Story evolution ===
After spending time [[storyboarding]] and [[brainstorming]] ideas, Pinkava came up with three different concepts starring an elderly male character; one of these concepts was about him playfully riding up and down an elevator, while another one involved him playing a game of [[chess]] against himself. The latter idea was inspired by Pinkava and his elderly relatives' love of chess—particularly his grandfather, an avid chess player who would often play rounds of the game with only himself.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Jan|url=http://www.pixar.com/artistscorner/jan/interview.html|publisher=Pixar|access-date=August 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304214836/http://www.pixar.com/artistscorner/jan/interview.html|archive-date=March 4, 2012|date=February 2002}}</ref><ref name="20 years" />

Pinkava [[Pitch (filmmaking)|pitched]] an early [[animatic]] version of the chess story, and was turned down and given a second chance to restart and further develop the story. After giving a second pitch with a more structured plot, the project was [[green-lit]] and [[Karen Dufilho-Rosen|Karen Dufilho]] was issued to produce the project.<ref name="20 years" />

Pinkava, who grew up in [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], was inspired by the works of Czech filmmaker and storywriter [[Jiří Trnka]], particularly his [[stop-motion]] puppet films; Trnka's characters, usually human ones, were [[marionette]] puppets that had vastly [[stylization|stylized]] body and facial features, which Pinkava similarly applied somewhat to Geri's character design, with facial attributes such as his nose and chin.<ref name="20 years"/> Pinkava did several [[maquette]]s of different designs for Geri before settling on his final appearance, which he then sculpted into a (3D) clay model that was baked by [[Jerome Ranft]] and digitally scanned into Pixar's animation software. (Ranft initially was the clay sculptor for the character, working on his head and hands, but after receiving continuous suggestions on how to tweak the model, he reportedly handed the sculpting utensil to Pinkava, simply telling him, "You do it," while smiling.)<ref name="20 years"/>

=== Technology ===
Geri's voice (vocal intonations) came from Pixar writer [[Bob Peterson (filmmaker)|Bob Peterson]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Geri's Game (1997)|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b811719c9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928010733/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b811719c9|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 28, 2016|publisher=British Film Institute|access-date=September 10, 2016}}</ref> Peterson wanted Pixar to be able to create a short that could technologically push the studio to new heights; specifically, he wanted Pixar to create a short film featuring a character that could display both convincing-looking skin and realistic cloth animation.<ref name="20 years" /> The first Pixar short film with a human main character, ''Geri's Game'' was produced with the goal of "[taking] human and [[cloth animation]] to new heights".<ref>[http://www.pixar.com/shorts/gg/behind.html ''Geri's Game'' - Behind the Scenes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414121059/http://www.pixar.com/shorts/gg/behind.html |date=2012-04-14 }} at Pixar</ref><ref>Robertson, Barbara. [http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/PDFs/meet-geri.pdf "Meet Geri: The New Face of Animation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511225647/http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/PDFs/meet-geri.pdf |date=2011-05-11 }}, ''Computer Graphics World'', 1998.</ref><ref>{{citation | first1= T | last1= DeRose | first2= M | last2= Kass | first3= T | last3= Truong | title= Subdivision surfaces in character animation | url= http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~decarlo/readings/derose98.pdf | work= Proceedings of [[SIGGRAPH]] 1998 | year= 1998 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070113014127/http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~decarlo/readings/derose98.pdf | archive-date= 2007-01-13 }}</ref> To achieve the goal of producing a believable 3D human character, two people were brought on to do research for the project: [[Michael Kass]], who did the calculations behind the physics for a dynamic cloth system, and Tony DeRose, who made use of [[subdivision surfaces]], a technique invented by Catmull in conjunction with [[Silicon Graphics]] founder [[James H. Clark|Jim Clark]], which allowed for more lifelike skin surfaces.<ref name="20 years" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Subdivision Surfaces in Character Animation|url=http://graphics.pixar.com/library/Geri/paper.pdf|website=graphics.pixar.com|access-date=14 April 2015}}</ref>

Previously, most 3D character surfaces were crafted using several [[non-uniform rational B-spline]]s (NURBS) that had to be "stitched" together, which made for less expressive movement and caused models to frequently tear. The use of subdivision surfacing, which renders a character's skin as one large surface, allowed for smoother object movement, as well as more intricate detail. DeRose had been working on the technology at the [[University of Washington]], and had already brought subdivision surfaces to [[CAD]] makers, who were ultimately unconvinced, and held their faith in NURBS, before bringing it to Pixar, which was much more receptive.<ref name="New Face" />

On the clothing side, after toiling endlessly by candlelight, Kass managed to create a system which could simulate the movement of cloth, at which point the team realized that the suit jacket they had modeled did not fit with Geri's movement outside of a default [[T-pose]]. According to Pinkava, [[Steve Jobs]], upon a hearing about the issue, had offered to help him by enlisting tailor [[Giorgio Armani]] to help them design an outfit for Geri, which he ultimately declined.<ref name="20 years" /> The development of a dynamic cloth simulator made several changes to the way that animators work; for instance, the animation, when completed, needed to be sent to the simulator, which would automatically insert Geri's jacket and calculate its movements, rather than being directly sourced to the [[3D rendering|renderer]] after being finished. Geri also needed to be animated 30 [[Film frame|frames]] in advance in order to get the simulation going, and animators could not "cheat" by having off-camera body parts go unanimated, as it would affect how the simulating program moved the clothing.<ref name="New Face" />

Like other Pixar shorts, ''Geri's Game'' contains no [[spoken dialogue]], and so is driven only by the actions and [[Facial expression|expressions]] of its main character. To further push the ability to convey the film's story, extra detail was put into Geri's facial [[Rigging (computer graphics)|rigging]] compared to previous rigging methods, with rigger Paul Aichele giving the character hundreds of face controls for animators to use.<ref name="20 years" /> These new, more detailed rigging methods went on to be used in ''[[A Bug's Life]]'', which was being worked on at the same time.<ref name="20 years" />

=== Staff ===
Like previous short films made by Pixar, ''Geri's Game'' was made by a temporary branch of Pixar employees, and was separate from the people working on the studio's feature films. It took roughly a year to produce, according to Pinkava, largely due to the amount of time allotted to developing the [[cloth simulation]].<ref name="20 years" /> While the short was being made, most of Pixar Studios was preoccupied with making ''A Bug's Life''. Despite this, there were 18 different animators<ref name="New Face" /> that worked on the project (including Pixar storywriter [[Pete Docter]], who contributed a few scenes out of sheer interest<ref name="20 years" />). Despite being preoccupied directing ''A Bug's Life'', [[John Lasseter]] suggested adding a scene in which Geri checks to make sure he is alright after seeing his alter ego stage a heart attack and keel over; Lasseter physically staged out the entire scene to Pinkava.<ref name="20 years" />

==Release==
''Geri's Game'' premiered on November 24, 1997 at [[Laemmle Theatres|Laemmle's]] Monica Theater in [[Santa Monica, California]].<ref name=TFLPremiere>{{cite news|title=Question: Where Can You Get a Glimpse of the Future of Animation?; Answer: At an Exclusive Screening - From the Makers of 'Toy Story' - Tonight!|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Question%3A+Where+Can+You+Get+a+Glimpse+of+the+Future+of+Animation%3F%3B...-a020009689|access-date=March 30, 2013|newspaper=The Free Library|date=November 24, 1997|author=Pixar Animation Studios|archive-date=March 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304173947/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Question%3a+Where+Can+You+Get+a+Glimpse+of+the+Future+of+Animation%3f%3b...-a020009689|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was also attached to the theatrical release of Pixar's second feature film, ''[[A Bug's Life]]'', in 1998,<ref name="Bug">{{cite news| last= Maslin| first= Janet| title= A Bug's Life (1998)|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C02E7DA1639F936A15752C1A96E958260|access-date=6 May 2012| newspaper=The New York Times|date=25 November 1998}}</ref> and subsequently featured on that film's [[VHS]] and [[DVD]] releases in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|title=The $152 Million Hit Movie That Broke All Thanksgiving Box Office Records |url=http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/press_box/news/19990129-71143.htm |publisher=Pixar |date=29 January 1999 |access-date=May 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230141634/http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/press_box/news/19990129-71143.htm |archive-date=December 30, 2010 }}</ref>

==Awards==
===1998===
* [[Academy Award]] – [[Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film|Best Animated Short Film]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The 70th Academy Awards (1998) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/70th-winners.html|publisher=The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 6, 2012}}</ref>
* Anima Mundi Animation Festival – Best Film x2
* [[Annecy International Animated Film Festival]] – Jan Pinkava 
* [[Annie Award]] – [[Annie Award for Best Animated Short Subject|Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Short Subject]]
* [[Florida Film Festival]] – Best Short
* World Animation Celebration – Best 3-D CGI by Professional Jan Pinkava 
* [[Zagreb World Festival of Animated Films]] – Internet Favourite

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.pixar.com/geris-game}} from Pixar
* {{IMDb title|0131409|Geri's Game}}
* {{TCMDb title|526369|Geri's Game}}

{{Pixar}}
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|title= Awards for ''Geri's Game''
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{{Academy Award Best Animated Short Film}}
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[[Category:1997 computer-animated films]]
[[Category:1997 American animated short films]]
[[Category:1997 in chess]]
[[Category:Animated films without speech]]
[[Category:Best Animated Short Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Animated Short Subject Annie Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about chess]]
[[Category:Pixar short films]]
[[Category:1990s Disney animated short films]]
[[Category:American sports films]]
[[Category:Films about old age]]