Editing German spring offensive

{{Short description|WWI military offensive along the Western Front}}
{{About|the World War I German offensive of 1918||Spring offensive (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = German spring offensive
| partof            = the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] of [[World War I]]
| campaign          = 
| image             = Western front 1918 german.jpg
| image_size        = 300
| caption           = 
| date              = 21 March – 18 July 1918
| place             = Northern [[French Third Republic|France]]; [[West Flanders]], [[Belgium]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|50|00|10|N|02|39|10|E|type:event_region:FR|display=inline,title}}
| result            = See [[#Aftermath|Aftermath]]
| combatant1        = {{flagcountry|German Empire}}
| combatant2        = {{ubl|{{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}|{{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|{{flag|British Empire}} }}
   |{{*}}{{flagcountry|size=21px|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} 
   |{{*}}{{flagcountry|size=21px|Australia}}
   |{{*}}{{flagcountry|size=21px|Dominion of New Zealand}}
   |{{*}}{{flagcountry|size=21px|Canada|1907}}
   |{{*}}{{flagcountry|size=21px|Union of South Africa|1912}}
   |{{*}}{{flagcountry|size=21px|Dominion of Newfoundland}}}}
|{{flag|United States|1912}}|{{flagcountry|First Portuguese Republic}}|{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Belgium}} [[Belgian government at Sainte-Adresse|Belgium]]}}

| commander1        = {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Paul von Hindenburg]]{{efn|Chief of the German Great General Staff}}<br />{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Erich Ludendorff]]{{efn|First Quartermaster General }}<br />{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Wilhelm, German Crown Prince|Crown Prince Wilhelm]]{{efn|Commander of [[Army Group German Crown Prince (German Empire)|Army Group German Crown Prince]]}}<br />{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Max von Gallwitz]]{{efn|Commander of [[Army Group Gallwitz (German Empire)|Army Group Gallwitz]]}}<br />{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria|Rupprecht of Bavaria]]{{efn|Commander of [[Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria]]}}<br />{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg|Albrecht of Württemberg]]{{efn|Commander of [[Army Group Duke Albrecht (German Empire)|Army Group Duke Albrecht]]}}
| commander2  = {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Ferdinand Foch]]{{efn|Allied Commander}}<br />{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Philippe Pétain]]{{efn|Chief of Staff of the French Army}}<br />{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Émile Fayolle]]{{efn|Commander of Army Group Reserve}}<br />{{flagicon|French Third Republic}}  [[Louis Franchet d'Esperey|Louis d'Esperey]]{{efn|Commander of Army Group North}}<br />{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Paul Maistre]]{{efn|Commander of Army Group Centre}}<br />{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[Noël Édouard, vicomte de Curières de Castelnau|Noël Castelnau]]{{efn|Commander of Army Group East}}<br />{{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Douglas Haig]]{{efn|Commander of BEF}}<br />{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Albert I of Belgium|King Albert I]]{{efn|Commander of Army Group Flanders}}<!--Ple note that Dominion commanders answered to Haig-->
| strength1         = 
| strength2         = 
| casualties1       = {{flagicon|German Empire}} 688,341 casualties<ref>Churchill, "The World Crisis, Vol. 2", p.963. German casualties from "Reichsarchiv 1918"</ref>
| casualties2       = {{ubl|{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} 433,000<ref>Churchill, "The World Crisis, Vol. 2", p.963. French casualties from "Official Returns to the Chamber, March 29, 1922"</ref>|{{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} 418,374<ref>Churchill, "The World Crisis, Vol. 2", p.963. British casualties from "Military Effort of the British Empire"</ref>|{{flagicon|First Portuguese Republic}} 7,000{{sfn|Edmonds|Davies|Maxwell-Hyslop|1995|pp=147–148, 168}}|{{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} 5,000<ref name="Bligny">{{cite web|url=http://www.cndp.fr/crdp-reims/memoire/lieux/1GM_CA/cimetieres/italiens/bligny.htm|title=Le souvenir de la 1ère GM en Champagne-Ardenne – Le cimetière italien de Bligny présenté par Jean-Pierre Husson|website=www.cndp.fr|access-date=2 September 2018|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510090259/http://www.cndp.fr/crdp-reims/memoire/lieux/1GM_CA/cimetieres/italiens/bligny.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>|'''Total''': 863,374 casualties}}
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Western Front (World War I)}} 
{{Campaignbox Spring Offensive (World War I)}}
| territory         = German armies make gains along sections of the Western Front.
}}

The '''German spring offensive''', also known as '''''Kaiserschlacht''''' ("Kaiser's Battle") or the '''Ludendorff offensive''', was a series of [[German Empire|German]] attacks along the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] during the [[World War I|First World War]], beginning on 21 March 1918. Following [[American entry into World War I|American entry into the war]] in April 1917, the Germans decided that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] before the United States could ship soldiers across the Atlantic and fully deploy its resources. The [[Imperial German Army|German Army]] had gained a temporary advantage in numbers as nearly 50 [[Division (military)|division]]s had been freed by the Russian defeat and withdrawal from the war with the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]].

There were four German offensives, codenamed ''[[Operation Michael|Michael]]'', ''[[Operation Georgette|Georgette]]'', ''Gneisenau'', and ''Blücher-Yorck''. ''Michael'' was the main attack, which was intended to break through the Allied lines, outflank the British forces (which held the front from the [[Somme River]] to the [[English Channel]]) and defeat the British Army. Once that was achieved, it was hoped that the French would seek [[armistice]] terms. The other offensives were subsidiary to ''Michael'' and were designed to divert Allied forces from the main offensive effort on the Somme. No clear objective was established before the start of the offensives and once the operations were underway, the targets of the attacks were constantly changed, depending on the tactical situation.

Once they began advancing, the Germans struggled to maintain the momentum, partly due to logistical issues. The fast-moving [[Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany)|stormtrooper]] units could not carry enough food and ammunition to sustain themselves for long, and the army could not move in supplies and reinforcements fast enough to assist them. The Allies concentrated their main forces in the essential areas (the approaches to the Channel Ports and the rail junction of [[Amiens]]). Strategically worthless ground, which had been devastated by years of conflict, was left lightly defended. Within a few weeks, the danger of a German breakthrough had passed, though related fighting continued until July.

The German Army made the deepest advances either side had made on the Western Front since 1914. They re-took much ground that they had lost in 1916–17 and took some ground that they had not yet controlled. Despite these apparent successes, they suffered heavy casualties in return for land that was of little strategic value and hard to defend. The offensive failed to deliver a blow that could save Germany from defeat, which has led some historians{{Who|date=December 2020}} to describe it as a [[Pyrrhic victory]]. In July 1918, the Allies regained their numerical advantage with the arrival of American troops. In August, they used this and improved tactics to launch a counteroffensive. The ensuing [[Hundred Days Offensive]] resulted in the Germans losing all of the ground that they had taken in the Spring Offensive, the collapse of the [[Hindenburg Line]], and the capitulation of [[German Empire|Germany]] that November.

==German preparations==

===Strategy===
[[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Comparative numbers of German and Allied front-line infantry from April to November 1918.<ref>Leonard P. Ayers, ''The war with Germany: a statistical summary'' (1919) p 104 [https://archive.org/stream/warwithgermanyst00ayreuoft#page/n1/mode/1up online]</ref>]]

The German High Command—in particular General [[Erich Ludendorff]], the Chief Quartermaster General at [[Oberste Heeresleitung]], the supreme army headquarters—has been criticised by military historians{{who|date=November 2010}} for the failure to formulate sound and clear strategy. Ludendorff privately conceded that Germany could no longer win a [[Attrition warfare|war of attrition]], yet he was not ready to give up the German gains in the west and east and was one of the main obstacles to the German government's attempts to reach a settlement with the Western Allies.<ref>Martin Kitchen, ''The German Offensive of 1918'' (2001)</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2021}}

Although Ludendorff was unsure whether the Americans would enter the war in strength, at a meeting of the Chiefs of Staff of the German armies on the Western Front on 11 November 1917, he decided to launch an offensive.<ref>Blaxland, p.25</ref> The German government and Field Marshal [[Paul von Hindenburg]], nominally the Chief of the General Staff, were not party to the planning process. Eventually it was decided to launch [[Operation Michael]] near [[Saint-Quentin, Aisne|Saint-Quentin]], at the hinge between the French and British armies, and strike north to Arras. The main reason for the choice was tactical expediency. The ground on this sector of the front would dry out much sooner after the winter and spring rains and would therefore be easier to advance across. It was also a line of least resistance as the British and French armies were weak in the sector.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The intention was not to reach the [[English Channel]] coast, but to break through the Allied lines and roll up the flank of the British army from the south, pushing it back toward the Channel ports or destroying it if the British chose to stand and fight. Further operations such as [[Operation Georgette]] and Operation Mars were designed to strike further north to seize the remaining Allied ports in Belgium and France while diverting Allied forces from ''Michael''. However, these remained only secondary and weaker operations, subordinate to ''Michael''.<ref>Middlebrook 1983, pp. 30–34.</ref>

The constant changing of operational targets once the offensive was underway gave the impression the German command had no coherent strategic goal. Any capture of an important strategic objective, such as the Channel ports, or the vital railway junction of [[Amiens]], would have occurred more by chance than by design.<ref>Brown 1998, p. 184.</ref><ref>Robson 2007, p. 93.</ref>{{incomplete short citation|date=June 2021}}

===Changes in tactics===
The German army had concentrated many of its best troops into stormtrooper units, trained in [[infiltration tactics]] to infiltrate and bypass enemy front line units, leaving these strong points to be "mopped-up" by follow-up troops. The stormtrooper tactic was to attack and disrupt enemy headquarters, [[artillery]] units and supply depots in the rear areas, as well as to occupy territory rapidly.<ref>Simpson 1995, pp. 117–118.</ref>{{incomplete short citation|date=June 2021}}<!--All of the Western front armies had evolved like this since early 1915 by obtaining the theory, equipment and training.--> Each major formation "creamed off" its best and fittest soldiers into storm units; several complete divisions were formed from these elite units. This process gave the German army an initial advantage in the attack, but meant that the best formations would suffer disproportionately heavy casualties, while the quality of the remaining formations declined as they were stripped of their best personnel to provide the stormtroops. The Germans also failed to arm their forces with a mobile exploitation force, such as cavalry, to exploit gains quickly. This tactical error meant the infantry had to keep up an exhausting tempo of advance.<ref>Simpson 1995, p. 124.</ref>{{incomplete short citation|date=June 2021}} Notwithstanding the effectiveness of the stormtroopers, the following German infantry often made attacks in large traditional waves and suffered heavy casualties.<ref>Simpson 1995, p. 123.</ref>{{incomplete short citation|date=June 2021}}

To enable the initial breakthrough, Lieutenant Colonel [[Georg Bruchmüller]],<ref name="Bruchmüller">[http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/bruchmuller.htm Bruchmüller] biography.</ref> a German artillery officer, developed the ''{{ill|Feuerwalze|de|Feuerwalze (Militär)}}'', (literally: rolling fire, rolling barrage)<ref>(Anon.) (1918) [https://books.google.com/books?id=0nEmAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA417 "Organization of a rolling barrage in the German Army"], ''The Field Artillery Journal'' (U.S. Army), '''8''' :  417–421.</ref> an effective and economical [[creeping barrage]] scheme.<ref>Zabecki, 2006, p 56</ref> There were three phases: first, a brief bombardment on the enemy's command and communications (headquarters, telephone exchanges, etc.); then, destruction of their artillery; lastly an attack upon the enemy front-line infantry defences. Bombardment would always be brief so as to retain surprise. Bruchmüller's tactics were made possible by the vast numbers of heavy guns—with correspondingly plentiful amounts of ammunition for them—which Germany possessed by 1918{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}.

==Allied preparations==

===Defensive tactics===
In their turn, the Allies had developed defences in depth, reducing the proportion of troops in their front line and pulling reserves and supply dumps back beyond German artillery range. This change had been made after experience of the successful German use of defence in depth during 1917.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In theory, the front line was an "outpost zone" (later renamed the "forward zone"), lightly held by snipers, patrols and machine-gun posts only. Behind, out of range of German field artillery, was the "battle zone" where the offensive was to be firmly resisted, and behind that again, out of range of all but the heaviest German guns, was a "rear zone" where reserves were held ready to counter-attack or seal off penetrations. In theory, a British infantry division (with nine infantry battalions) deployed three battalions in the outpost zone, four battalions in the battle zone and two battalions in the rear zone.<ref>Blaxland, p.28</ref>

This change had not been completely implemented by the Allies. In particular, in the sector held by the [[Fifth Army (United Kingdom)|British Fifth Army]], which they had recently taken over from French units, the defences were incomplete and there were too few troops to hold the complete position in depth. The rear zone existed as outline markings only, and the battle zone consisted of battalion "redoubts" which were not mutually supporting (allowing stormtroopers to penetrate between them).{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Operation Michael==<!-- This section is linked from [[Western Front (World War I)]] -->
{{Main article|Operation Michael}}
On 21 March 1918, the Germans launched a large offensive against the British Fifth Army and the right wing of the [[Third Army (United Kingdom)|British Third Army]].

{{blockquote|The artillery bombardment began at 4.40am on March 21. The bombardment [hit] targets over an area of {{convert|150|sqmi|km2|disp=sqbr}}, the biggest barrage of the entire war. Over 1,100,000 shells were fired in five hours...<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_sommeII.html|title=Second battle of the Somme, 21 March-4 April 1918|website=www.historyofwar.org|access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref>}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-P1013-316, Westfront, deutscher Panzer in Roye.jpg|thumb|German [[A7V]] tank at [[Roye, Somme|Roye]], March 1918]]

The German armies involved were—from north to south—the [[17th Army (German Empire)|Seventeenth Army]] under [[Otto von Below]], the [[2nd Army (German Empire)|Second Army]] under [[Georg von der Marwitz]] and the [[18th Army (German Empire)|Eighteenth Army]] under [[Oskar von Hutier]], with a Corps (Gruppe Gayl) from the [[7th Army (German Empire)|Seventh Army]] supporting Hutier's attack. Although the British had learned the approximate time and location of the offensive, the weight of the attack and of the preliminary bombardment was an unpleasant surprise. The Germans were also fortunate in that the morning of the attack was foggy, allowing the stormtroopers leading the attack to penetrate deep into the British positions undetected.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

By the end of the first day, the British had lost 7,512 dead and 10,000 wounded and the Germans had broken through at several points on the front of the British Fifth Army. After two days the Fifth Army was in full retreat. As they fell back, many of the isolated "redoubts" were left to be surrounded and overwhelmed by the following German infantry. The right wing of Third Army became separated from the retreating Fifth Army, and also retreated to avoid being outflanked.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Ludendorff failed to follow the correct stormtrooper tactics, as described above. His lack of a coherent strategy to accompany the new tactics was expressed in a remark to [[Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria]]—commander of [[Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria|one of his Army Groups]]—in which he stated, "We chop a hole. The rest follows." Ludendorff's dilemma was that the most important parts of the Allied line were also the most strongly held. Much of the German advance was achieved where it was not strategically significant. Because of this, Ludendorff continually exhausted his forces by attacking strongly entrenched British units. At [[Arras]] on 28 March, he launched a hastily prepared attack (Operation Mars) against the left wing of the British Third Army, to try to widen the breach in the Allied lines. In this sector, the British defences in depth were complete and fully manned, some of the opening German bombardment hit only empty positions and there was no fog to give cover to the attacking stormtroopers. After a day, the Germans had achieved only minor gains and had suffered heavy casualties. Operation Mars was immediately cancelled.<ref>Blaxland, pp.84-86</ref>

The German breakthrough had occurred just to the north of the boundary between the French and British armies. The French commander-in-chief, General [[Philippe Pétain]], sent reinforcements to the sector too slowly in the opinion of the British commander-in-chief, Field Marshal [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Douglas Haig]], and the British government, though the historian Elizabeth Greenhalgh disputes this, arguing that Petain sent the six additional divisions quicker than had been arranged with Haig – in 2 days instead of 4 – and arranging for extra divisions several times – 12 divisions on 23 March and 13 on the 25/26 March – before requests came in from Haig.<ref>Greenhalgh 2004, pp. 771–820.</ref> The Allies reacted by appointing the French General [[Ferdinand Foch]] to coordinate all Allied activity in France, and subsequently as commander-in-chief of all Allied forces everywhere.

The success of Operation Michael led German infantry to advance too far from its supply bases and railheads. The stormtrooper units leading the advance carried supplies for only a few days, to avoid being overburdened, and relied on supplies delivered quickly from the rear. The advance was slowed by supply shortages, which gave Allied commanders more time to reinforce the threatened areas and to slow the advance still more.<ref>Brown 1998, p. 184</ref> German supply difficulties were made worse by the direction of advance, which crossed the wasteland created during the [[Battle of the Somme]] in 1916 and by [[Operation Alberich]], the German retirement to the [[Hindenburg Line]] from February to March 1917.<ref>Middlebrook 1983, pp. 347–348.</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R29407, Westfront, Stellungskrieg.jpg|thumb|left|Germans passing a captured British trench]]
After a few days, the German advance began to falter, as the infantry became exhausted and it became increasingly difficult to move artillery and supplies forward to support them. Fresh British and [[Australia]]n units were moved to the vital rail centre of Amiens and the defence began to stiffen. After fruitless attempts to capture Amiens, Ludendorff called off Operation Michael on 5 April. By the standards of the time, there had been a substantial advance. It was, however, of little value; a [[Pyrrhic victory]] in terms of the casualties suffered by the crack troops, as the vital positions of Amiens and Arras remained in Allied hands. The newly-won territory would later be difficult to defend against Allied counter-attacks.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The Allies lost nearly 255,000 men (British, British Empire and French). They also lost 1,300 artillery pieces and 200 tanks.<ref name=marix63>Marix Evans, p.63</ref> All of this could be replaced, either from French and British factories or from American manpower. German troop losses were 239,000 men, many of them specialist shocktroops (''Stoßtruppen'') who were irreplaceable.<ref name= marix63/> In terms of morale, the initial German jubilation at the successful opening of the offensive soon turned to disappointment, as it became clear that the attack had not achieved decisive results.

==''Georgette''==<!-- This section is linked from [[List of military operations]] -->
{{Main article|Battle of the Lys (1918)}}
[[File:British Lewis gun team Battle of Hazebrouck 1918 IWM Q 10902.jpg|thumb|British [[Lewis gun]] team on the bank of the Lys canal during Battle of [[Hazebrouck]], 15 April 1918]]
[[File:The German Spring Offensive, March-july 1918 Q6569.jpg|thumb|German prisoners being guarded by Australian troops, 23 April 1918.]]

''Michael'' had drawn British forces to defend Amiens, leaving the rail route through [[Hazebrouck]] and the approaches to the Channel ports of [[Calais]], [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] and [[Dunkirk]] vulnerable.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} German success here could choke the British into defeat.

The attack started on 9 April after a [[Creeping Barrage|creeping barrage]]. The main attack was made on the open and flat sector defended by the [[Portuguese Expeditionary Corps]]. After an entire year spent in the trenches, the Portuguese were tired and had suffered heavy losses. They were being replaced in the front line by fresh British divisions, an operation that was planned to be completed on 9 April, the same day as the Germans attacked the sector. The process of relief in place was poorly organized by the [[First Army (United Kingdom)|British First Army]]'s command, and the [[1st Division (Portugal)|Portuguese 1st Division]] had been withdrawn to the rear on 6 April, leaving the [[2nd Division (Portugal)|Portuguese 2nd Division]] to defend the entire sector alone. They were left with an extensive {{convert|7|mi|km|abbr=on}} front, without natural obstacles which might benefit the defence.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Hit hard by the bombardment and under the assault of eight German divisions, the Portuguese 2nd Division made a desperate defence, trying to hold their positions, which, however, were rapidly enveloped and overrun by the masses of German forces. The 2nd Division was virtually annihilated, losing more than 7,000 men. The [[40th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 40th Division]], on the northern flank of the Portuguese, also rapidly collapsed before the attack, opening a gap that further facilitated the envelopment of the Portuguese by the Germans. However, under much less pressure from the Germans and occupying good defensive positions protected by the La Bassée Canal, the [[55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division|British 55th Division]] on the southern flank of the Portuguese were able to hold much of their position throughout the battle.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The next day, the Germans widened their attack to the north, forcing the defenders of [[Armentières]] to withdraw before they were surrounded, and capturing most of [[Mesen|Messines]] Ridge. By the end of the day, the few British divisions in reserve were hard-pressed to hold a line along the [[Lys River|River Lys]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Without French reinforcements, it was feared that the Germans could advance the remaining {{convert|15|mi|km|abbr=on}} to the ports within a week. The commander of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF), Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, issued an "Order of the Day" on 11 April stating, "With our backs to the wall and believing in the justice of our cause, each one of us must fight on to the end."{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

However, the German offensive had stalled because of logistical problems and exposed flanks. Counterattacks by British, French and [[Anzac]] forces slowed and stopped the German advance. Ludendorff ended ''Georgette'' on 29 April.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

As with ''Michael'', losses were roughly equal, approximately 110,000 men wounded or killed, each.<ref name=marix81>Marix Evans, p.81</ref> Again, the strategic results were disappointing for the Germans. Hazebrouck remained in Allied hands and the Germans occupied a vulnerable [[Salients, re-entrants and pockets|salient]] under fire from three sides. The British abandoned the comparatively worthless territory they had captured at vast cost the previous year around [[Ypres]], freeing several divisions to face the German attackers.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==''Blücher–Yorck''==
[[File:The German Spring Offensive, March-july 1918 Q6677.jpg|thumb|French and British troops marching back through Passy-sur-Marne, 29 May 1918.]]

{{Main article|Third Battle of the Aisne}}
While ''Georgette'' ground to a halt, a new attack on French positions was planned to draw forces further away from the Channel and allow renewed German progress in the north. The strategic objective remained to split the British and the French and gain victory before American forces could make their presence felt on the battlefield. The Americans were originally deployed in the quiet [[Saint-Mihiel]] sector in Lorraine where they had their first significant engagement in the defence of [[Seicheprey]] on 20 April. After the British had held off the ''Michael'' advance on the Somme, the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|US 1st Division]] was moved to reinforce the line in that sector in mid-April and launched their first attack of the war on [[Battle of Cantigny|Cantigny on 28 May 1918]].<ref name="AHM30">{{cite book |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/030/30-22/CMH_Pub_30-22.pdf |title=American Military History |publisher=Center of Military History, US Army |year=2005 |editor=Richard W. Stewart |volume=II |page=30 |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908062649/https://history.army.mil/html/books/030/30-22/CMH_Pub_30-22.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The German attack took place on 27 May, between [[Soissons]] and [[Reims]]. The sector was partly held by four depleted British divisions which were "resting" after their exertions earlier in the year. In this sector, the defences had not been developed in depth, mainly due to the obstinacy of the commander of the French Sixth Army, General [[Denis Auguste Duchêne]].{{sfn|Edmonds|1939|pp=39–40}} As a result, the German creeping barrage was very effective and the Allied front, with a few notable exceptions, collapsed. Duchêne's massing of his troops in the forward trenches also meant there were no local reserves to delay the Germans once the front had broken. Despite French and British resistance on the flanks, German troops advanced to the [[Marne River]] and Paris seemed a realistic objective. There was a frenzied atmosphere in Paris, which German long-range guns had been shelling since 21 March, with many citizens fleeing and the government drawing up plans to evacuate to Bordeaux.<ref>Hart 2008, p.296</ref>

Yet again, losses were much the same on each side: {{nowrap|127,000 Allied}} and {{nowrap|130,000 German}} casualties up to 6 June.<ref name=marix105>Marix Evans, p.105</ref> German losses were again mainly from the difficult-to-replace assault divisions.

==''Gneisenau''==
Although Ludendorff had intended {{lang|de|Blücher-Yorck}} to be a prelude to a decisive offensive ({{lang|de|Hagen}}) to defeat the British forces further north, he made the error of reinforcing merely tactical success by moving reserves from Flanders to the Aisne, whereas Foch and Haig did not overcommit reserves to the Aisne.<ref>Hart 2008, p. 294</ref> Ludendorff sought to extend {{lang|de|Blücher-Yorck}} westward with Operation Gneisenau, intending to draw yet more Allied reserves south, widen the German salient and link with the German salient at Amiens.

The French had been warned of this attack (the Battle of Matz ({{langx|fr|Bataille du Matz}})) by information from German prisoners, and their defence in depth reduced the impact of the artillery bombardment on 9 June. Nonetheless, the German advance (consisting of 21 divisions attacking over a {{convert|23|mi|km|abbr=on}} front) along the Matz River was impressive, resulting in an advance of {{convert|9|mi|km}} despite fierce French and American resistance. At [[Compiègne]], a sudden French counter-attack on 11 June, by four divisions and 150 tanks (under General [[Charles Mangin]]) with no preliminary bombardment, caught the Germans by surprise and halted their advance. ''Gneisenau'' was called off the following day.<ref name=Hart298>Hart 2008, p. 298</ref>

Losses were approximately 35,000 Allied and 30,000 German.

==Last German attack (''Marneschutz-Reims/Friedensturm'')==
{{Main article|Second Battle of the Marne}}
Ludendorff now postponed {{lang|de|Hagen}} and launched the German Seventh, First and Third Armies in the {{lang|de|Friedensturm}} (Peace Offensive) of 15 July, a renewed attempt to draw Allied reserves south from Flanders and to expand the salient created by {{lang|de|Blücher–Yorck}} eastwards.<ref name=Hart298/> An attack east of Rheims was thwarted by the French defence in depth. In many sectors, the Germans, deprived of any surprise as their fuel-starved air force had lost air superiority to the Allies, advanced no further than the French Forward Zone, and nowhere did they break the French Battle (Second) Zone.<ref>Hart 2008, p.299</ref>

Although German troops southwest of Rheims succeeded in crossing the River Marne, the French launched a major offensive of their own on the west side of the salient on 18 July, threatening to cut off the Germans in the salient. Ludendorff had to evacuate most of the {{lang|de|Blücher–Yorck}} salient by 7 August and {{lang|de|Hagen}} was finally cancelled.<ref>Hart 2008, p.300</ref> The initiative had clearly passed to the Allies, who were shortly to begin the [[Hundred Days Offensive]] which ended the war.

==Aftermath==
[[File:Western front Kaiser in trench 1918-04-04.jpg|thumb|The ''Kaiser'' on the way through a communication trench, 4 April 1918]]

===Analysis===
The ''Kaiserschlacht'' offensives had yielded large territorial gains for the Germans, in First World War terms. However, victory was not achieved and the German armies were severely depleted, exhausted and in exposed positions. The territorial gains were in the form of salients which greatly increased the length of the line that would have to be defended when Allied reinforcements gave the Allies the initiative. In six months, the strength of the German army had fallen from 5.1 million fighting men to 4.2 million.{{sfn|Edmonds|1939|p=306}} By July, the German superiority of numbers on the Western Front had sunk to 207 divisions to 203 Allied, a negligible lead which would be reversed as more American troops arrived.<ref name=Hart298/> German manpower was exhausted. The German High Command predicted they would need 200,000 men per month to make good the losses suffered. Returning convalescents could supply 70,000–80,000 per month but there were only 300,000 recruits available from the next annual class of eighteen-year-olds.{{sfn|Herwig|2014|p=407}} Even worse, they lost most of their best-trained men: stormtrooper tactics had them leading the attacks. Even so, about a million German soldiers remained tied up [[Eastern Front (World War I)|in the east]] until the end of the war.

The Allies had been badly hurt but not broken. The lack of a unified high command was partly rectified by the appointment of General Foch to the supreme command, and coordination would improve in later Allied operations.<ref>Baldwin 1962, pp. 141–143</ref> American troops were for the first time also used as independent formations.<ref>Marshall 1976, p. 57</ref>

Ironically, the offensive's initial success may have hastened Germany's defeat by undermining morale. German leadership had hitherto told their soldiers that food and other supply shortages were comparable on both sides. By breaking into Allied lines, the German soldiers realized that the Allies were in fact much better fed and supplied than they were, and thus that their leaders had been lying to them.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://acoup.blog/2021/09/17/collections-no-mans-land-part-i-the-trench-stalemate | title=Collections: No Man's Land, Part I: The Trench Stalemate | date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Journey's End]]'', a play set during the early stages of the offensive
* "[[Spring Offensive (poem)|Spring Offensive]]", a poem by [[Wilfred Owen]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=notes}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
===Books===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Baldwin |first=Hanson |title=World War I: An Outline History |year=1962 |publisher=Hutchinson |location=London |oclc=988365 }}
* Brown, Ian.(1998) ''British Logistics on the Western Front: 1914–1919''. Praeger Publishers, 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-275-95894-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Blaxland |first=Gregory |orig-year=1968 |year=1981 |title=Amiens 1918 |series=War in the Twentieth Century |location=London |publisher=W. H. Allen |isbn=0-352-30833-8}}
* {{cite book |series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title=Military Operations France and Belgium: 1918 March–April: Continuation of the German Offensives |volume=II |last1=Edmonds |first1=J. E. |author-link=James Edward Edmonds |last2=Davies |first2=H. R. |last3=Maxwell-Hyslop |first3=R. G. B. |year=1995 |orig-year=1937 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |location=London |edition=Imperial War Museum & Battery Press |isbn=978-0-89839-223-4}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Edmonds|1939}}
|series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents By Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title=Military Operations France and Belgium, 1918 May–July: The German Diversion Offensives and the First Allied Counter-Offensive |volume=III |last=Edmonds |first=J. E. |author-link=James Edward Edmonds |year=1994 |orig-year=1939 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London |edition=Imperial War Museum & Battery Press |isbn=978-0-89839-211-1}}
* Gray, Randal (1991) ''Kaiserschlacht, 1918: The Final German Offensive'', Osprey Campaign Series '''11''', London: Osprey, {{ISBN|1-85532-157-2}}
* [[Peter Hart (military historian)|Hart, Peter]] (2008). ''1918: A Very British Victory'', Phoenix Books, London. {{ISBN|978-0-7538-2689-8}}
* {{cite book |title=The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918 |first=Holger H. |last=Herwig | author-link = Holger Herwig|publisher=A&C Black |year=2014 |isbn=9781472508850}}
* [[Gerhard Hirschfeld]], Gerd Krumeich and Irina Renz (2018). ''1918. Die Deutschen zwischen Weltkrieg und Revolution'', Chr. Links Verlag, Berlin 2018, {{ISBN|978-3-86153-990-2}}. (in German)
* Kitchen, Martin. ''The German Offensive of 1918'' (2001)
* Marix Evans, Martin (2002) ''1918: The Year of Victories'', Arcturus Military History Series, London: Arcturus, {{ISBN|0-572-02838-5}}
* [[Middlebrook, Martin]]. ''The Kaiser's Battle: 21 March 1918: The First Day of the German Spring Offensive''. Penguin. 1983. {{ISBN|0-14-017135-5}}
* [[Zabecki, David T.]] (2006) ''The German 1918 Offensives. A Case Study in the Operational Level of War'', London: Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-35600-8}}

===Journals===
* Astore, William J. "The Tragic Pursuit of Total Victory." ''MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History'' (Autumn 2007) 20#1 pp 64–73.
* {{cite journal |jstor=3396728 |last=Greenhalgh |first=E. |title=Myth and Memory: Sir Douglas Haig and the Imposition of Allied Unified Command in March 1918 |journal=[[The Journal of Military History]] |volume=68 |issue=3 |date=July 2004 |pages=771–820 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2004.0112 |s2cid=159845369 |issn=0899-3718}}
* Phifer, Mike. "The Kaiser's blitz: The Germans launched a massive spring offensive in 1918 spearheaded by elite storm-troop units in a desperate Did to break the stalemate and win the war." ''Military Heritage'' (Fall 2020) 22#3 pp 54–63. 
* Terraine, John. "The March Offensive, 1918." ''History Today'' (Apr 1968) 18#4 pp 234–24.
* Kaulisch, Baldur. "Strategie Der Niederlage. Betrachtungen Zur Deutschen Frühjahrsoffensive 1918." ['Strategy of defeat. Observations on the German spring offensive, 1918'] ''Zeitschrift für Militärgeschichte'' (1968) 7#6 pp 661–675, in German.

{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Pitt |first=Barrie |title=1918: The Last Act |year=2013 |orig-year=1962 |series=Pen & Sword Military Classics |location=Barnsley, UK |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |isbn=9781783461721 |oclc=885305138}}
{{refend}}
*  Edmonds, James Edward, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210686/page/n7/mode/2up?q=Lloyd+George&view=theater ''History of the Great War, France and Belgium, 1918; The German March Offensive and its Preliminaries, Vol VII''], London: MacMillan, 1935

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kaiserschlacht}}
* Watson, Alexander: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/german_spring_offensives_1918 German Spring Offensives 1918], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/ 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].

{{World War I}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1918]]
[[Category:Battles of the Western Front (World War I)]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving the United States]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving France]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving Australia]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving New Zealand]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving Germany]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving Portugal]]
[[Category:1918 in France]]
[[Category:United States Marine Corps in World War I]]
[[Category:Battles of World War I involving Italy]]
[[Category:Wilhelm, German Crown Prince]]
[[Category:Paul von Hindenburg]]
[[Category:Philippe Pétain]]