Editing Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph

[[File:STS31 carries Hubble to orbit edit.jpg|thumb|[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']] heads into orbit during its 1990 [[STS-31]] mission with the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] and its original instrument suite, including the High Resolution Spectrograph.]]
[[Image:Out with the Old- Replacing the High Resolution Spectrograph (1997) (3824) (crop).jpg|thumb|right|GHRS being removed during Servicing Mission 2. (1997)]]
The '''Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph''' (GHRS or HRS) was an ultraviolet [[spectrograph]] installed on the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] during its original construction, and it was launched into space as part of that space telescope aboard the [[Space Shuttle]] ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'' on April 24, 1990 ([[STS-31]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1992ASPC...33..243B|title=1992ASPC...33..243B Page 243|journal=Research Amateur Astronomy|bibcode=1992ASPC...33..243B |access-date=2017-03-02|last1=Brandt |first1=John C. |year=1992 |volume=33 |page=243 }}</ref> The instrument is named after 20th century rocket pioneer [[Robert H. Goddard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://passporttoknowledge.com/hst/about/easy.html |title=About the Telescope |work=Live from the Hubble Space Telescope |publisher=Passport to Knowledge |access-date=2017-02-22}}</ref>

One of the results was the discovery of tenuous atmosphere for Jupiter's moon [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] in 1995.<ref name="Hall1995"/> The gas was determined to be mostly of [[oxygen|molecular oxygen]] (O<sub>2</sub>).<ref name="Hall1995">{{Cite journal |last1 =Hall |first1 =D. T. |last2=Strobel |first2=D. F. |last3=Feldman |first3=P. D. |last4=McGrath |first4=M. A. |last5=Weaver |first5=H. A. |title=Detection of an oxygen atmosphere on Jupiter's moon Europa |doi=10.1038/373677a0 |journal=Nature |volume=373 |issue=6516 |pages=677–681 |year=1995 |pmid=7854447 |bibcode=1995Natur.373..677H|s2cid =4258306 }}</ref><ref name="EuropaOxygenJPL">{{cite web |first=Donald |last=Savage |author2=Jones, Tammy |author3=Villard, Ray |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1995/12/text/ |title=Hubble Finds Oxygen Atmosphere on Europa |access-date=17 August 2007 |publisher=NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory |date=23 February 1995 |work=Project Galileo}}</ref> The surface pressure of Europa's atmosphere is 0.1&nbsp;[[pascal (unit)|μPa]], or 10<sup>−12</sup> times that of the Earth.<ref name="McGrathChapter">{{cite book |last=McGrath |editor1=Pappalardo, Robert T. |editor2=McKinnon, William B. |editor3=Khurana, Krishan K. |title=Europa |date=2009 |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |isbn=978-0-8165-2844-8 |chapter=Atmosphere of Europa }}</ref>

An example GHRS use was to observe the local [[interstellar medium]] in the direction towards [[Capella]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=1993ApJ...402..694L Page 694|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|bibcode=1993ApJ...402..694L |last1=Linsky |first1=Jeffrey L. |last2=Brown |first2=Alexander |last3=Gayley |first3=Ken |last4=Diplas |first4=Athanassios |last5=Savage |first5=Blair D. |last6=Ayres |first6=Thomas R. |last7=Landsman |first7=Wayne |last8=Shore |first8=Steven N. |last9=Heap |first9=Sara R. |year=1993 |volume=402 |page=694 |doi=10.1086/172170 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph was removed from the Hubble Space Telescope during the February, 1997, Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' mission [[STS-82]] (also called SM-2 for Servicing Mission 2). It, and the [[Faint Object Spectrograph]],<ref name="Hubble instruments"/> were replaced by two new instruments installed during the mission,<ref name=nasaspaceflight1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/05/sts-125-eva-4-stis-repair-atlantis-tps-overview/|title=STS-125: Eight hour EVA-4 works STIS repair – Atlantis' TPS overview {{!}} NASASpaceFlight.com|website=www.nasaspaceflight.com|date=17 May 2009 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-02}}</ref> the [[Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer]] (NICMOS) and the [[Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sm3a.gsfc.nasa.gov/classrm-parts.html |title=SM3A |access-date=2008-09-03 |archive-date=2012-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109233324/http://sm3a.gsfc.nasa.gov/classrm-parts.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><!--note some sources conflict about which instrument GHRS was replaced by--><ref name="Hubble instruments">{{Cite web|url=http://sci.esa.int/hubble/34007-hubble-instruments/?fbodylongid=1455|title=Hubble instruments|website=sci.esa.int|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-03-02}}</ref>

==Instrument details==
*'''Instrument type''': [[Ultraviolet]] [[spectrograph]]
*'''[[Wavelength]] range''': 1150 to 3200 [[Angstrom|Å]] (105 to 320 [[nanometer|nm]])
*'''[[Spectral resolution|Resolving power]]''' 
** Low - 2,000 
** Medium - 25,000 
** High - 80,000 

A technical description of the construction and operation of the GHRS can be found in the GHRS instrument handbook. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stsci.edu/files/live/sites/www/files/home/hst/instrumentation/legacy/_documents/handbooks/GHRS%20Instrument%20Handbook_Version%206.0_6-1995.pdf |title=GHRS Handbook }} </ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.stsci.edu/hst/instrumentation/legacy#section-dd80ee06-7917-4262-b369-07fa606681f5 The Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph]
*[http://www.spacetelescope.org/about/general/instruments/ghrs.html ESA/Hubble]

{{Hubble Space Telescope}}

[[Category:Hubble Space Telescope instruments]]
[[Category:Spectrographs]]
[[Category:Space hardware returned to Earth intact]]


{{observatory-stub}}
{{US-spacecraft-stub}}