Editing Goji

{{short description|Fruit of Lycium barbarum}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Lycium barbarum - Wolfberries China 7-05.jpg|thumb|right|220px|''Lycium barbarum'' berries (Tibetan goji) from [[Ningxia]]]]
[[File:Lycium chinense(siamak sabet) (1).jpg|thumb|right|220px|''Lycium chinense'' berries (Chinese wolfberry)]]

'''Goji''', '''goji berry''', or '''wolfberry''' ({{zh|c=枸杞|p=gǒuqǐ| [[wolfberry]]}}) is the sweet fruit of either ''[[Lycium barbarum]]'' or ''[[Lycium chinense]]'', two closely related species of [[Lycium|boxthorn]] in the nightshade family, [[Solanaceae]].<ref name="Flint-1997"/> ''L.&nbsp;barbarum'' and ''L.&nbsp;chinense'' fruits are similar but can be distinguished by differences in taste and sugar content.<ref name="Lee-2014">{{cite journal | last1=Lee | first1=HW | last2=Kim | first2=YH | last3=Kim | first3=YH | last4=Lee | first4=GH | last5=Lee | first5=MY | title=Discrimination of Lycium chinense and Lycium barbarum by taste pattern and betaine analysis | journal=International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine | volume=7 | issue=8 | year=2014 | issn=1940-5901 | pmid=25232386 | pmc=4161546 | pages=2053–9}}</ref>

Goji berries are primarily cultivated in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Xinjiang in China, where the unique climate and soil conditions contribute to their vibrant color and nutrient-rich profile.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xinhua Headlines: How a magic berry transformed China's vast wilderness in its northwest |url=https://english.news.cn/20240811/a8b2b2f28bb646729a42b560cf8a1b4d/c.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=english.news.cn |language=en}}</ref>

Both of these species are native to East Asia,<ref name="Flint-1997">{{cite book |first1 = Harrison Leigh |last1 = Flint |chapter = ''Lycium barbarum'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1_fAywb_bkC&pg=PA326 |title = Landscape plants for eastern North America: exclusive of Florida and the immediate Gulf Coast |publisher = John Wiley & Sons |location = Chichester |year = 1997 |page=326 |isbn=978-0-471-59919-7}}</ref> and have been long used in traditional [[East Asian cuisine]]. In the United States, [[variety (botany)|varieties]] of the genus, ''[[Lycium]]'', are given the common names, ''desert-thorn'' and ''Berlandier's wolfberry'' for the species, ''Lycium berlandieri''.<ref name="USDA-2024a">{{cite web |title=Lycium (from Search) |url=https://plants.usda.gov/home/basicSearchResults?resultId=39ba57ad-a8a0-401c-ab9e-0a18a3df33dc |publisher=US Department of Agriculture |access-date=7 June 2024 |date=2024}}</ref>

The fruit has also been an ingredient in East Asian traditional medicine, namely [[traditional Chinese medicine|traditional Chinese]], [[traditional Japanese medicine|Japanese]], and [[traditional Korean medicine|Korean medicine]] since at least the 3rd&nbsp;century&nbsp;AD.<ref name="Lee-2014"/><ref name="Kawahara-2011">Nobuo Kawahara, ed. (2011): "[http://www.nihs.go.jp/dpp/FHH/pdf/FHH_compar_table_with_intro_ver1_20110414.pdf Comparative Studies on Pharmacopoeial Definitions, Requirements and Information for Crude Drugs among FHH Member Countries in 2007]".  ''Western Pacific Regional Forum for the Harmonization of Herbal Medicines'' (FHH). Online document, accessed on 12 June 2018.</ref> In [[pharmacopoeia|pharmacopeias]], the fruit of the plant is called by the [[Latin]] name ''lycii fructus'' and the leaves are called ''herba lycii''.<ref name="Lycii fructus-2019">"[https://www.edqm.eu/sites/default/files/indexlatin93e-june2017.pdf Lycii fructus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103192543/http://www.edqm.eu/sites/default/files/indexlatin93e-june2017.pdf |date=3 January 2019 }}", ''European Pharmacopoea 9.3'', page 4812</ref><ref name="Ray Upton-2010">Ray Upton et al., editors (2010): "[https://archive.org/stream/AmericanHerbalPharmacopoeiaBotanicalPharmacognosyMicroscopicCharacterizationOfBotanicalMedicines/American%20Herbal%20Pharmacopoeia%20Botanical%20Pharmacognosy%20Microscopic%20Characterization%20of%20Botanical%20Medicines#page/n491/mode/2up/search/lycii ''Lycium chinense'' Mill, ''L. barbarum'' L., Lycium fruit, ''Lycii fructus'']". In ''American Herbal Pharmacopoeia Botanical Pharmacognosy: Microscopic Characterization Of Botanical Medicines'', page 468. Published by CRC Press.</ref>

Since about 2000, goji berry and derived products have become common in [[developed country|developed countries]] as health foods or [[alternative medicine]] remedies, extending from exaggerated and unproven claims about their health benefits.<ref name="MedlinePlus-2024">{{cite web |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/1025.html |title = Lycium |date = 4 January 2024 |work = MedlinePlus |publisher=National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health |access-date = 7 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="CBCNews-2007"/><ref name="USDC-2009"/>

== Etymology and naming==
The genus name ''Lycium'' was assigned by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in 1753.<ref name="ITIS-2011">{{Cite web|title=Lycium L.|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=30531#null|publisher=Interagency Taxonomic Information System|date=2011|access-date=14 October 2020}}</ref> The [[Latin]] name ''lycium'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] word λυκιον (''lykion''), used by [[Pliny the Elder]] (23–79) and [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] (ca. 40–90) for a plant known as dyer's buckthorn, which was probably a ''[[Rhamnus (plant)|Rhamnus]]'' species. The Greek word refers to the ancient region of [[Lycia]] (Λυκία) in [[Anatolia]], where that plant grew.<ref name="Austin-2004">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eS7lX_rC3GEC |first=D. F. |last=Austin |title=Florida Ethnobotany |publisher=CRC Press |year=2004 |isbn=9780849323324 |pages=677}}</ref><ref name="Huxley-1992">Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.</ref>

The common English name, ''wolfberry'',<ref name="ITIS-2011" /><ref name="NRCS">{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=LYBA4&display=31 |title = Scientific classification for ''Lycium barbarum'' L. |author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work = Natural Resources Conservation Service |publisher = US Department of Agriculture |access-date = 13 April 2013}}</ref> has an unknown origin. It may have arisen from the mistaken assumption that the Latin name ''Lycium'' was derived from Greek λύκος (''lycos''), meaning "wolf".<ref name="Smal-2012">{{cite book|last1=Smal|first1=Ernest|title=Top 100 Exotic Food Plants|date=2012|publisher=CRC Press|pages=249|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Au3RBQAAQBAJ&q=lycos+wolfberry&pg=PA249|access-date=12 September 2015|isbn=9781439856888}}</ref><ref name="Gross-2007"/>

In the English-speaking world, the name ''goji berry'' has been used since around 2000.<ref name="MedlinePlus-2024"/><ref name="UKFSA-2007" /><ref name="UKFAS-2007"/> The word ''goji'' is an approximation of the pronunciation of ''gǒuqǐ'' ([[pinyin]] for [[wikt:枸杞|枸杞]]), the name for the berry-producing plant ''L.&nbsp;chinense'' in several Chinese dialects.<ref name="Gross-2007"/> In Japanese, it is known as 枸杞 (''kuko''), usually written in kana as クコ.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

In technical botanical nomenclature, ''L.&nbsp;barbarum'' is called '''matrimony vine''', while ''L.&nbsp;chinense'' is '''Chinese desert-thorn'''.<ref name="ITIS-2011"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=LYCIU|title=Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Genus ''Lycium'' L.|publisher=US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Services|date=2017|access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> In the United States, various common names are used for ''Lycium'' species and varieties, such as desert-thorn, boxthorn, matrimony vine, and wolfberry.<ref name="USDA-2024a"/>

== Uses ==
===Traditional East Asian cuisine===
Young wolfberry [[Shoot (botany)|shoot]]s and [[leaf|leaves]] are harvested commercially as a [[leaf vegetable]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Isabelle, M. |author2=Lee, B.L. |author3=Lim, M.T. |author4=Koh, W.-P. |author5=Huang, D. |author6=Ong, C.N. |year=2010 |title = Antioxidant activity and profiles of common vegetables in Singapore |journal = Food Chemistry |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=993–1003 |doi = 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.038}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dong, J. |author2=Lu, D. |author3=Wang, Y. |year=2009 |title=Analysis of flavonoids from leaves of cultivated ''Lycium barbarum'' L. |journal=Plant Foods for Human Nutrition |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=199–204 |doi=10.1007/s11130-009-0128-x|pmid=19655256 |s2cid=2830104 }}</ref> The berries are used in dishes as either a [[garnish (food)|garnish]] or a source of sweetness.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Turrell |first1=Claire |title=The berry that keeps Asia looking young |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200226-the-berry-that-keeps-asia-looking-young |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Food===
[[File:Goji berries.jpg|thumb|Fresh goji berries (the wrinkling is due to [[postharvest]] dehydration)]]
[[File:Lycium chinense MHNT.jpg|thumb|right|265px|Dried goji berries]]
[[File:WolfberrySeedOil.png|thumb|right|Oil extracted from the seeds of ''[[Lycium barbarum]]'']]
Since the early 21st century, the dried fruit, occasionally compared to [[raisin]]s, has been marketed as a health food, with unsupported [[health claim]]s about its benefits.<ref name="MedlinePlus-2024"/><ref name="Gross-2007">{{cite web |url=https://www.newhope.com/natural-product-trends/food-and-beverage |title = Goji: what it is... and isn't |author = Gross PM|year=2007|publisher=NewHope Network, Penton Media Inc.}}</ref><ref name="UKFSA-2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/gojiberriesrep.pdf |title=Goji Berries |date=June 2007 |publisher=UK Food Standards Agency, Novel Foods, Additives and Supplements Division |access-date=13 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120203800/http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/gojiberriesrep.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2012 }}</ref> In the wake of those claims, dried and fresh goji berries were included in many snack foods and [[food supplements]], such as [[granola]] bars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nutraceuticalsworld.com/issues/2010-01/view_features/raising-the-bar-on-chocolate-/ |title = Raising the Bar (on Chocolate)|author = Baltazar A|date = January 2010 |work = Nutraceuticals World |publisher=Rodman Media |access-date = 13 April 2013}}</ref> There are products of whole and ground wolfberry seeds and seed oil.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Marketing controversies==

Exaggerated claims about the health benefits of goji berry and derived products have triggered strong reactions from government regulatory agencies. In 2019&ndash;2020, the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) placed two Goji product distributors on notice with [[FDA warning letter|warning letters]] about unproven therapeutic benefits.<ref name="USDA-2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/lets-talk-health-inc-576771-08062019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909072455/https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/lets-talk-health-inc-576771-08062019|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2019|title=FDA warning letter to Let's Talk Health, Inc.|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration, Division of Human and Animal Food Operations|date=6 August 2019|accessdate=9 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="USDA-2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/happy-hour-vitamins-593770-07232020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925233402/https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/happy-hour-vitamins-593770-07232020|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2020|title=FDA warning letter to Happy Hour Vitamins|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration, Division of Human and Animal Food Operations|date=23 July 2020|accessdate=9 September 2024}}</ref> The advertisers' statements were in violation of the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act [21 USC/321 (g)(1)]<ref name="USDA-2024">{{cite web |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=1&showFR=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021115035947/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=1&showFR=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 November 2002|title=Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Food and Drugs|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|date=22 March 2024|accessdate=9 September 2024}}</ref> because they "establish[ed] the product as a drug intended for use in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease" when goji ingredients have had no such scientific evaluation. Additionally stated by the FDA, the goji products are "not [[generally recognized as safe and effective]] for the referenced conditions" and therefore must be treated as a "new drug" under Section 21(p) of the Act.<ref name="USDA-2019"/><ref name="USDA-2020"/> New drugs may not be legally marketed in the United States without prior approval of the FDA.<ref name="USDA-2019"/><ref name="USDA-2020"/>

In January 2007, marketing statements for a goji juice product were the subject of an investigative report by consumer advocacy program ''[[Marketplace (Canadian TV program)|Marketplace]]'' produced by Canadian [[Public broadcasting|public broadcaster]] [[CBC Television|CBC]].<ref name="CBCNews-2007">{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/marketplace/2007/01/goji.html |title = Getting Juiced |date=17 January 2007 |archive-date=2 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202031115/http://www.cbc.ca/marketplace/2007/01/goji.html |work=[[CBC News]] |url-status=dead |access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref> In the interview, Earl Mindell (then working for direct-marketing company ''[[FreeLife]] International, Inc.'') falsely claimed the [[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]] in New York had completed clinical studies showing that use of wolfberry juice would prevent 75% of human breast cancer cases.<ref name="CBCNews-2007"/>

Among the extreme claims used to market goji berries or its juice, often referred to as a "[[superfood|superfruit]]", is the unsupported story that a Chinese man named [[Li Qing Yuen]], who was said to have consumed wolfberries daily, lived to the age of 256 years (1677–1933). This claim originated in a 2003 booklet by [[Earl Mindell]], who also claimed goji had [[anticarcinogen|anti-cancer]] properties.<ref name="Mindell-2003">Earl Mindell and Rick Handel (2003), "Goji: The Himalayan Health Secret". Momentum Media, 58 pages. {{ISBN|978-0967285528}}</ref> The booklet contained false and unverified claims.<ref name="CBCNews-2007"/><ref name="Gross-2007"/>

On 29 May 2009, a [[class action lawsuit]] was filed against FreeLife in the [[United States District Court]] of [[Arizona]]. This lawsuit alleged false claims, misrepresentations, false and deceptive advertising, and other issues regarding FreeLife's Himalayan Goji Juice, GoChi, and TaiSlim products. This lawsuit sought remedies for consumers who had purchased the products over the years.<ref name="USDC-2009">{{cite web|title=Class action lawsuit against FreeLife International, Inc. |author=[[United States District Court]] for the District of Arizona |date=29 May 2009 |url=http://www.gojitrees.com/FreeLifeClassActionLawsuit%5B1%5D.pdf |access-date=31 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801124833/http://www.gojitrees.com/FreeLifeClassActionLawsuit%5B1%5D.pdf |archive-date=1 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Quackwatch|url=https://quackwatch.org/mlm/c/Freelife/suit/|title= Class-Action Suit Filed against FreeLife and Earl Mindell|date=10 September 2009|accessdate=9 September 2024 }}</ref> A settlement agreement was reached on 28 April 2010, where FreeLife took steps to ensure that its goji products were not marketed as "unheated" or "raw", and made a contribution to an educational organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://casetext.com/case/freelife-international-v-american-educ-mus-publ|title=Freelife International v. American Educational Music Publications, Inc.|publisher=CaseText for United States District Court, D. Arizona|date=1 October 2009|accessdate=9 September 2024}}</ref>

As with many other novel "health" foods and supplements, the lack of clinical evidence and poor quality control in the manufacture of consumer products prevent goji from being clinically recommended or applied.<ref name="Potterat-2010"/>

==Scientific research==
Because of the numerous effects claimed by [[traditional medicine]], there has been considerable [[basic research]] to investigate the biological properties of the fruit [[phytochemical]]s. The composition of the fruits, seeds, roots, and other constituents, such as [[polysaccharide]]s, has been analyzed, and [[extract]]s are under study.<ref name="Potterat-2010">{{cite journal|pmid=19844860|year=2010|last1=Potterat|first1=O|title=Goji (''Lycium barbarum'' and ''L. chinense''): Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and safety in the perspective of traditional uses and recent popularity|journal=Planta Medica|volume=76|issue=1|pages=7–19|doi=10.1055/s-0029-1186218|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, no biological effects or clinical effectiveness of consuming the fruit itself, its juice, or extracts have been confirmed, {{as of|2021|lc=yes}}.<ref name="MedlinePlus-2024"/><ref name="Gross-2007"/>

==Safety==

===Interaction with drugs===
[[In vitro]] testing suggests that unidentified wolfberry [[phytochemical]]s in goji tea may inhibit [[metabolism]] of medications, such as those processed by the [[cytochrome P450]] [[Liver function tests|liver enzymes]].<ref name="MedlinePlus-2024" /> Such drugs include [[warfarin]] and drugs for [[diabetes]], [[tachycardia]] or [[hypertension]].<ref name="MedlinePlus-2024" />

===Pesticide and fungicide residues===
[[Organochloride|Organochlorine]] [[pesticide]]s are conventionally used in commercial wolfberry cultivation to mitigate infestation by insects. China's Green Food Standard, administered by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture's [[China Green Food Development Center]], permits some pesticide and herbicide use.<ref>[http://www.worldwatch.org/node/3887 Pathbreaking Newsletter Promotes Development of Organic Sector in China] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231112217/http://www.worldwatch.org/node/3887 |date=31 December 2006 }} Lila Buckley. Worldwatch Institute. 28 February 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200112/135682948.pdf GAIN Report #CH1072. Dueling Standards for Organic Foods 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020044953/http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200112/135682948.pdf |date=20 October 2012 }} Ralph Bean and Xiang Qing. USDA Global Agriculture Information Network Foreign Agricultural Service. 12 December 2001.</ref><ref>[http://www.itmonline.org/arts/organics.htm The Movement Toward Organic Herb Cultivation in China] Subhuti Dharmananda. Institute for Traditional Medicine. January 2004.</ref> Agriculture in the [[Tibetan plateau]] (where many "Himalayan" or "Tibetan"-branded berries supposedly originate) conventionally uses fertilizers and pesticides, making organic claims for berries originating there dubious.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tibetinfonet.net/content/update/124 |title=TibetInfoNet - Update |access-date=1 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019183130/http://www.tibetinfonet.net/content/update/124 |archive-date=19 October 2012 }} Staff Reporter. The commercial legend of goji. Selling a Chinese crop under the Tibetan flag. TibetInfoNet, 29 July 2007.</ref>

Since the early 21st century, high levels of [[insecticide]] residues (including [[fenvalerate]], [[cypermethrin]], and [[acetamiprid]]) and [[fungicide]] residues (such as [[Triazole|triadimenol]] and isoprothiolane), have been detected by the United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] in some imported wolfberries and wolfberry products of Chinese origin, leading to the seizure of these products.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/ora/fiars/ora_import_ia9908.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106154905/https://www.fda.gov/ora/fiars/ora_import_ia9908.html|title=IMPORT ALERT IA9908|archive-date=6 January 2008|work=fda.gov}}</ref>

== Cultivation and commercialization==
[[File:Goji dried berries.jpg|thumb|Dried goji berries on sale in a market in France]]
[[File:Goji Berries.jpg|thumb|right|235px|Defrosted goji berries]]
Wolfberries are most often sold in [[Dried fruit|dried form]].

When ripe, the oblong, red berries are tender and must be picked or shaken from the vine into trays to avoid spoiling. The fruits are preserved by drying them in full sun on open trays or by mechanical dehydration, employing a progressively increasing series of heat exposure over 48 hours.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

=== China ===
China is the main supplier of wolfberry products globally, with total exports generating US$120&nbsp;million in 2004. This production derived from {{convert|82,000|ha}} farmed nationwide, yielding 95,000 tons of wolfberries.<ref name="China Daily-2004"/>

The majority of commercially produced wolfberry (50,000 tons in 2013, accounting for 45% of China's total yield) comes from ''L. barbarum'' plantations in the [[Ningxia]] and [[Xinjiang]] in Northwestern China.<ref name="China Daily-2004"/> The cultivation is centered in [[Zhongning County]], Ningxia, where wolfberry plantations typically range between 40 and 400 hectares (100–1000 acres or 500–6000 ''[[Chinese units of measurement#Area|mu]]'') in area.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Ningxia goji has been cultivated along the fertile [[floodplains]] of the [[Yellow River]] for more than 700 years. They are sometimes described commercially as "red diamonds".<ref name="China Daily-2004">{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/chinagate/doc/2004-07/19/content_349679.htm |title = Wolfberry festival to be held in Ningxia |website=[[China Daily]] |date = 19 July 2004 |access-date = 5 February 2015}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=December 2021}} The region has developed an industrial association of growers, processors, marketers, and scholars of wolfberry cultivation to promote the berry's commercial and export potential.<ref name="People'sDaily–2001">{{cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/english/200108/19/eng20010819_77685.html|title=China's First Provincial-level Wolfberry Association Established |publisher = [[People's Daily]] – English |date=19 August 2001 |access-date=2 March 2015}}</ref> [[Ningxia]] goji is the variety used by practitioners of [[traditional Chinese medicine]].<ref name="People'sDaily–2001"/>

Wolfberries are celebrated each August in Ningxia with an annual festival coinciding with the berry harvest.<ref name="XinhuaNewsAgency">[https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nx.xinhuanet.com%2F20050713%2Fgq.htm&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sl=zh-CN&tl=en] Xinhua News Agency, Opening ceremonies of Ningxia wolfberry festival, 3 August 2005.</ref> Originally held in Ningxia's capital, [[Yinchuan]], the festival has been based since 2000 in Zhongning County.<ref name="XinhuaNewsAgency"/>

Besides Ningxia, commercial volumes of wolfberries grow in the Chinese regions of [[Inner Mongolia]], Qinghai<!--What is the evidence for commercial volumes of wolfberries being produced in Qinghai?-->, [[Gansu]], Shaanxi, [[Shanxi]], and [[Hebei]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}

=== United Kingdom ===
''Lycium barbarum'' had been introduced in the United Kingdom in the 1730s by [[Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll|The Duke of Argyll]], but the plant was mostly used for hedges and decorative gardening.<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=22939}}</ref>

The UK [[Food Standards Agency]] (FSA) had initially placed goji berry in the Novel Foods list.<ref>[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1997/19971335.htm The Novel Foods and Novel Food Ingredients Regulations 1997]</ref> That classification would have required authorisation from the European Council and Parliament for marketing.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} However, on 18 June 2007, the FSA concluded that there was a significant history of consumption of the fruit before 1997, indicating its safety, and thus removed it from the list.<ref name="UKFAS-2007">{{Cite web |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2007/jun/goji |title=Responses on goji berries reviewed, ''UK Food Standards Agency'', June 2007 |access-date=18 June 2007 |archive-date=12 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412135908/http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2007/jun/goji |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Canada and United States ===
In the first decade of the 21st century, farmers in Canada and the United States began cultivating goji on a commercial scale to meet potential markets for fresh berries, juice, and processed products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.woodstocksentinelreview.com/2008/07/30/fairground-family-first-to-gamble-on-gojis |title=Fairground family first to gamble on gojis |last1=Boutin |first1=N |date=30 July 2008 |work=Woodstock Sentinel Review |publisher=Sun Media |access-date=14 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023432/http://www.woodstocksentinelreview.com/2008/07/30/fairground-family-first-to-gamble-on-gojis |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/features/food/la-fo-goji5-2009aug05,0,1276183.story |title=Goji taunts North American farmers |last1=Karp |first1=D |date=5 August 2009 |work=Los Angeles Times – Food |access-date=14 April 2013}}</ref>

=== Australia ===
Australia imports most of its goji berries from China, due to how expensive the Australian labour force is in comparison with the countries that have the largest share of the current market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2015-09-30/rural-nsw-goji/6814060|title=Hundreds of Australian farmers growing goji berries, but none selling yet|last=Wainwright|first=Sofie|date=30 September 2015|website=ABC Rural|language=en-AU|access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Food}}
* [[Gouqi jiu]]

== References ==
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{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|wolfberry|枸杞子}}
{{Commons category|Goji berries}}
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* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200020536 Flora of China citation for ''L. barbarum'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200020538 Flora of China citation for ''L. chinense'']
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LYBA4 United States Department of Agriculture]
* [http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Lycium+barbarum Plants For A Future database]
* [http://montana.plant-life.org/species/lyci_barba.htm Montana plant life.org]
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{{Dietary supplement}}



[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Dried fruit]]
[[Category:Edible Solanaceae]]
[[Category:Dietary supplements]]
[[Category:Herbs]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Lycium]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of East Asia]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Traditional Japanese medicine]]
[[Category:Traditional Korean medicine]]