Editing Golden Gate

{{Short description|Strait between the Marin and San Francisco peninsulas in California, United States}}
{{About|the strait|the bridge|Golden Gate Bridge|other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name               = Golden Gate
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| other_name         = Chrysopylae<br />Boca del Puerto de San Francisco
| image              = Wpdms usgs photo golden gate.jpg
| alt                = 
| caption            = A map showing the location of the Golden Gate strait
| image_bathymetry   = Scientific_Investigations_Map_2917.jpg
| alt_bathymetry     = 
| caption_bathymetry = Perspective view looking southwest over the Golden Gate Bridge toward the Pacific Ocean.
| location           = Between San Francisco Peninsula and Marin Headlands
| group              = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|37.81|-122.50|region:US-CA_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}}
| type               = strait
| etymology          = 
| part_of            = 
| inflow             = 
| outflow            = 
| oceans             = 
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| length             = 
| width              = {{convert|3|mi}}
| min_width          = {{convert|1.1|mi|km}}
| area               = 
| depth              = 
| max-depth          = {{convert|115|m|ft|sp=us}}<ref name="under bridge">{{cite web|title=Under the Golden Gate Bridge - Views of the Sea Floor Near the Entrance to San Francisco Bay, California|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/2006/2917/|website=pubs.usgs.gov|publisher=Department of the Interior|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>
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| shore              = 
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| islands            = 
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| benches            = 
| cities             = [[San Francisco]], CA
| pushpin_map             = San Francisco Bay Area
| pushpin_label_position  = <!-- left, right, top or bottom -->
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
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}}

The '''Golden Gate''' is a [[strait]] on the west coast of North America that connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="USGS">{{cite web|title=GNIS Detail - San Francisco Bay|url=https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID%2CP3_TITLE:1654951%2CSan+Francisco+Bay|website=geonames.usgs.gov|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior|access-date=28 November 2017|language=en-us|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041728/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID%2CP3_TITLE:1654951%2CSan+Francisco+Bay|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is defined by the headlands of the [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula, and, since 1937, has been spanned by the [[Golden Gate Bridge]]. The entire shoreline and adjacent waters throughout the strait are managed by the [[Golden Gate National Recreation Area]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=SAN FRANCISCO NORTH, CA|journal=USGS US Topo 7.5 - Minute Map|date=2015|url=https://store.usgs.gov/product/495928|access-date=29 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>

== Geology ==
During the [[Last Glacial Period|last ice age]], when sea level was several hundred feet lower, the waters of the glacier-fed [[Sacramento River]] and the [[San Joaquin River]] scoured a deep channel through the bedrock on their way to the ocean. (A similar process created the undersea [[Hudson Canyon]] off the coast of [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[New Jersey]].) The strait is well known today for its depth and powerful tidal currents from the Pacific Ocean. Many small [[whirlpools]] and [[Eddy (fluid dynamics)|eddies]] can form in its waters. With its strong currents, rocky [[reefs]] and [[fog]], the Golden Gate is the site of [[Ships lost in San Francisco|over 100 shipwrecks]].<ref>{{cite web|title= SUBMERGED CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT GOLDEN GATE NATIONAL RECREATION AREA GULF OF 'THE FARALLONES NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY and POINT REYES NATIONAL SEASHORE|author = JAMES P. DELGADO|author2=STEPHEN A. HALLER |publisher=[[NOAA]] |url=https://archive.org/stream/submergedcultura00delgrich/submergedcultura00delgrich_djvu.txt|access-date=23 August 2023|year = 1989|quote=The tidal and submerged lands within the two parks and marine sanctuary contain approximately 151 shipwrecks.}}</ref>

== Climate ==
[[File:Golden Gate with fog.jpg|thumb|Fog rolls into [[San Francisco Bay]] through the Golden Gate, almost obscuring [[Alcatraz Island]]]]
[[File:Satellite view of fog over the Golden Gate.jpg|thumb|Fog obscures the Golden Gate as it spills into San Francisco Bay in this satellite image]]

The Golden Gate is often shrouded in [[San Francisco fog|coastal fog]], especially during the summer. Heat generated in the [[California Central Valley]] causes air there to rise, creating a low pressure area that pulls in cool, moist air from over the Pacific Ocean. The Golden Gate forms the largest break in the hills of the [[California Coast Ranges|California Coast Range]], allowing a persistent, dense stream of fog to enter the bay there.<ref name="Steele1888">{{cite book|author=James William Steele|title=Rand, McNally & Co.'s New Overland Guide to the Pacific Coast: California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_i2koAAAAYAAJ|year=1888|publisher=Rand, McNally|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_i2koAAAAYAAJ/page/n182 175]}}</ref> Although there is no weather station on Golden Gate proper, the area has a [[mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Csb'') with very narrow temperature fluctuations, cool summers and mild winters. For the nearest weather station see the weatherbox of [[San Francisco#Climate|San Francisco]]. The Golden Gate Bridge being nearer the ocean and at elevation indicate it being cooler during summer days. Nearer the San Francisco urban core, the temperatures resemble the official [[NOAA]] weather station instead.

== History ==
[[File:The Golden Gate, from Telegraph Hill, San Francisco LACMA M.91.359.75.jpg|thumb|The Golden Gate photographed from [[Telegraph Hill, San Francisco|Telegraph Hill]] by [[Carleton Watkins]] {{circa}}&nbsp;1868]]

Before Europeans arrived in the 18th century, the area around the strait and the bay was inhabited by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]{{snd}} the [[Ohlone]] people to the south and [[Coast Miwok]] to the north. Descendants of both tribes remain in the area.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ohlone are building a new homeland in the East Bay, 1 half-acre at a time |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/culture/article/The-Ohlone-are-building-a-new-homeland-in-the-15866001.php |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=15 November 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Another Perspective: Coast Miwok elder wants his Petaluma heritage to be respected |date=August 17, 2022 |url=https://www.petaluma360.com/article/entertainment/another-perspective-coast-miwok-elder-wants-his-petaluma-heritage-to-be-re |publisher=Argus-Courier |access-date=15 November 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref>

The opening to the strait was surprisingly elusive for early European explorers, presumably due to persistent summer fog. The strait is not recorded in the voyages of [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] nor [[Francis Drake]], both of whom may have explored the nearby coast in the 16th century in search of the fabled [[Northwest Passage]].{{citation needed|date = September 2019}} The strait is also unrecorded in observations by [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] [[galleon]]s on the [[Manila-Acapulco Galleon|Manila-Acapulco run]] from the [[Philippines]] that laid up in nearby [[Drakes Bay]] to the north. These rarely passed east of the [[Farallon Islands]] ({{convert|27|mi}} west of the Golden Gate), for fear of the possibility of rocks between the islands and the mainland.{{citation needed|date = September 2019}}

The first recorded observation of the strait occurred nearly two hundred years later than the earliest European explorations of the coast. In 1769, Sgt [[José Francisco Ortega]], the leader of a scouting party sent north along the [[San Francisco Peninsula]] by Don [[Gaspar de Portolá]] from their expedition encampment in San Pedro Valley to locate the [[Point Reyes]] headlands, reported back to Portolá that he could not reach the location because of the existence of the strait.<ref>Eldredge, Zoeth S. ''The beginnings of San Francisco''. San Francisco: Zoeth S. Eldredge, 1912, 31–32.</ref> On August&nbsp;5, 1775 [[Juan de Ayala]] and the crew of his ship ''San Carlos'' became the first Europeans known to have passed through the strait, anchoring in a cove behind [[Angel Island, California|Angel Island]], the cove now named in Ayala's honor. Until the 1840s, the strait was called the "Boca del Puerto de San Francisco" ("Mouth of the Port of San Francisco"). On July&nbsp;1, 1846, before the discovery of [[gold]] in [[California]], the entrance acquired a new name. In his memoirs, [[John C.&nbsp;Frémont]] wrote: "To this Gate I gave the name of 'Chrysopylae', or 'Golden Gate'; for the same reasons that the harbor of [[Byzantium]] was called Chrysoceras, or [[Golden Horn]]."<ref>Gudde, Erwin G. ''California Place Names'' (2004) University of California Press, London, England. {{ISBN|0-520-24217-3}}.</ref> He went on to comment that the strait was "a golden gate to trade with the Orient".<ref name="GGB name">{{cite web |title=What is a Name — The Golden Gate? |url=http://goldengatebridge.org/research/Name.php |website=Golden Gate Bridge |publisher=Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District |access-date=29 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Golden Gate from Lands End, San Francisco c1895.jpg|The Golden Gate as seen from off "Land's End" in Lincoln Park on the Northwest tip of the San Francisco Peninsula {{circa}}&nbsp;1895
File:San Francisco Golden Gate.jpg|San Francisco Bay and Golden Gate
File:Passing Through the Golden Gate, by William A. Coulter.jpg|Passing Through the Golden Gate, by William A.&nbsp;Coulter
File:Golden Gate, San Francisco, Calif (NYPL b12647398-66475).tiff|Postcard of the Golden Gate, {{circa}}&nbsp;1898–1904
</gallery>

=== 1920s ===
[[File:Golden Gate22-20c.jpg|thumb|150px|The Golden Gate, featured on a [[postage stamp]] [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States#The 1920s and 1930s|issued in 1923]]]]

The U.S. Post Office issued a [[postage stamp]] on May 1, 1923, celebrating ''The Golden Gate'', portraying the schooner [[USS W. F. Babcock (ID-1239)|USS ''Babcock'']] passing through an empty strait. The ''Babcock'' served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919, with San Francisco as its port of call.<ref name="USPS">{{cite web |last1=Juell |first1=Rod |title=Arago: 20-cent Golden Gate |url=https://arago.si.edu/category_2033936.html |website=arago.si.edu |publisher=Smithsonian Postal Museum |access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref>

=== Golden Gate Bridge ===
{{Main|Golden Gate Bridge}}
[[File:Golden Gate 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Golden Gate Bridge]], as seen from the [[Marin Headlands]] looking south]]

In 1933 construction began on the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], a [[suspension bridge]] connecting the city of [[San Francisco]] on the northern tip of the [[San Francisco Peninsula]] to [[Marin County, California|Marin County]]. Today it is part of both [[US Highway 101]] and [[California State Route 1|California Route&nbsp;1]]. 

The Bridge was the [[List of longest suspension bridge spans|longest suspension bridge span]] in the world when completed in 1937 and is an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco and the state of [[California]]. Since its completion the span has been surpassed by eighteen other bridges and remains second longest in the United States, after the [[Verrazano-Narrows Bridge]] in [[New York City]]. In 2007, it was ranked fifth on the ''[[List of America's Favorite Architecture according to the AIA|List of America's Favorite Architecture]]'' by the [[American Institute of Architects]].

== Navigation ==
The Golden Gate strait serves as the primary access channel for navigation to and from the San Francisco Bay, one of the largest cargo ports in the United States. Commercial ports includes the [[Port of Oakland]], the [[Port of Richmond (California)|Port of Richmond]], and the [[Port of San Francisco]]. Commercial cargo ships use the Golden Gate to access the San Francisco Bay, as well as barges, tankers, fishing boats, cruise ships, and privately owned boats, including wind-surfers and kite-boards. About 9000 ships moved through the Golden Gate in 2014, and a similar amount in 2015.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Golden Gate Ship Traffic|journal=Marine Exchange of the San Francisco Bay Region|date=2015|page=2}}</ref> The U.S Coast Guard maintains a [[Vessel Traffic Service]] to monitor and regulate vessel traffic through the Golden Gate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reducing Ship Strike Risk to Whales - Policy and Management| url=https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/protect/shipstrike/policy.html| website=sanctuaries.noaa.gov| publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref>

For navigational guidance, there are white and green lights on the center of the span of the Golden Gate Bridge.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chart 18649| url=http://www.charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/18649.shtml| website=www.charts.noaa.gov| publisher=National Ocean Service| access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref> Lighthouses with beacons and [[foghorns]] provide alerts at [[Point Bonita Lighthouse|Point Bonita]], [[Point Diablo Light|Point Diablo]], [[Lime Point Light|Lime Point]] and [[Mile Rocks Lighthouse|Mile Rocks]]. Before the Golden Gate Bridge was built, a lighthouse protected the south side of the strait at [[Fort Point Light, San Francisco|Fort Point]]. Buoys and radar reflectors provide additional navigational aid at various locations throughout the strait.<ref>{{cite journal|title=LIGHT LIST, PACIFIC COAST AND PACIFIC ISLANDS|journal=United States Coast Guard|date=2017|volume=VI|page=37|url=https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/lightLists/LightList%20V6.pdf|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=October 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026202416/https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/lightLists/LightList%20V6.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Golden Gate, Oakland, California]], a neighborhood
* [[Golden Gate Bridge]], which extends across the Golden Gate strait
* [[Golden Gate National Recreation Area]], a national park in the San Francisco Bay Area
* [[Golden Gate Park]] in San Francisco

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Golden Gate (strait)}}
{{Wikivoyage|San Francisco/Golden Gate}}
* [http://www.nps.gov/prsf/history/hrs/elpresid/elpresid.pdf National Park Service: Discovery of the Golden Gate]
* [http://www.virtualemotion.com/fullquicktime.aspx?language_id=2&n=239 Golden Gate 360 Image (QTVR)]
* [http://www.virtualemotion.com/gal2.aspx?language_id=2&n=241 Golden Gate 360 Image (Java)]
* [http://CPRR.org/Museum/Golden_Gate_c1895.html Digitally Restored Panoramic Composited View of The Golden Gate, Fort Point, and San Francisco Bay as seen from "Land's End" near Sutro Heights, c. 1895.]
* [https://vimeo.com/69445362 Adrift], time-lapse video by Simon Christen of fog pouring over the [[Marin Headlands]] and through the Golden Gate

{{SF Bay Area}}
{{San Francisco Bay watershed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bodies of water of Marin County, California]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of San Francisco]]
[[Category:Straits of California]]
[[Category:San Francisco Bay]]