Editing Goose barnacle

{{Short description|Type of barnacle}}
{{distinguish|Barnacle goose}}
{{Paraphyletic group
| auto = yes
| image = Pollicipes cornucopia.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Pollicipes pollicipes]]''
| taxon = Pedunculata
| authority = [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1818
}}

'''Goose barnacles''', also called '''percebes''', '''turtle-claw barnacles''', '''stalked barnacles''', '''gooseneck barnacles''', are [[filter feeding|filter-feeding]] [[crustacean]]s that live attached to hard surfaces of [[rock (geology)|rock]]s and [[flotsam]] in the ocean [[intertidal zone]]. Goose barnacles formerly made up the taxonomic [[order (taxonomy)|order]] '''Pedunculata''', but the group has been found to be [[polyphyletic]], with its members scattered across multiple orders of the infraclass [[Thoracica]].<ref name=Chan2021/><ref name=Buckeridge2006/><ref name=worms/>

== Biology ==
[[File:Gooseneckbarnacles.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Lepas anatifera]]'' in [[Thailand]]]]
[[File:Goose Barnacles in a cave south of Cannon Beach, Oregon, Aug 2016.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|Gooseneck barnacles reaching down from the top of a tidal cave in Oregon]]

Some species of goose barnacles such as ''[[Lepas anatifera]]'' are [[pelagic]] and are most frequently found on [[:wikt:tidewrack|tidewrack]] on oceanic coasts. Unlike most other types of [[barnacles]], intertidal goose barnacles (e.g. ''[[Pollicipes pollicipes]]'' and ''[[Pollicipes polymerus]]'') depend on water motion rather than the movement of their [[cirrus (biology)|cirri]] for feeding, so are found only on exposed or moderately exposed coasts.

== Spontaneous generation ==
{{main|Barnacle goose myth}}
[[File:PSM V04 D585 The goose tree.jpg|thumb|upright|"The goose-tree" from [[John Gerard|Gerard's]] ''Herbal'' (1597), displaying the belief that goose barnacles produced barnacle geese.]]
In the days before [[bird]]s were known to [[bird migration|migrate]], [[barnacle geese]], ''Branta leucopsis'', were thought to have developed from this crustacean through [[spontaneous generation]], since they were never seen to [[nest]] in temperate Europe,<ref name="Allaby">{{cite book |author=Michael Allaby |year=2009 |title=Animals: from Mythology to Zoology |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-8160-6101-3 |chapter=Barnacles |pages=75–77 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtKZ12YN9qcC&pg=PT91}}</ref> hence the [[English language|English]] names "goose barnacle" and "barnacle goose", and the scientific name ''[[Lepas anserifera]]'' ({{langx|la|[[:wikt:anser|anser]]}}, "goose"). The confusion was prompted by their similarities in colour and shape. Because they were often found on [[driftwood]], the barnacles were assumed to be attached to branches before they fell in the water. The [[archdeacon]] of [[Brecon]], [[Gerald of Wales]], made this claim in his ''[[Topographia Hiberniae]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beatrice White |year=1945 |title=Whale-hunting, the barnacle goose, and the date of the "Ancrene Riwle". Three notes on Old and Middle English |journal=[[The Modern Language Review]] |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=205–207 |doi=10.2307/3716844 |jstor=3716844}}</ref>

Since barnacle geese were thought to be "neither flesh, nor born of flesh", they were allowed to be eaten on [[Meat-free day|days when eating meat was forbidden]] by some [[Christianity|Christian churches]],<ref name="Allaby"/> though it was not universally accepted. [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] examined barnacles and noted no evidence of any bird-like embryo in them, and the secretary of [[Lev of Rozmital]] wrote a very skeptical account of his reaction to being served the goose at a fast-day dinner in 1456.<ref>Henisch, Bridget Ann, ''Fast and Feast: Food in Medieval Society.'' The Pennsylvania State Press, University Park. 1976. {{ISBN|0-271-01230-7}}, pp. 48–49.</ref>

== Biomedical research ==
One component of'' L. anatifera'' that continues to be researched today is the adhesive properties of its secretion. Following an observational study regarding the adhesive properties of goose barnacle, its adhesive gland cells were located inside the muscle layer on the back side of the main stalk (peduncle). These glands secrete protein-based adhesive to make attaching the barnacles to fixed or mobile entities possible. This research in the barnacle adhesive serves as inspiration to the healthcare community to conduct their own research in an attempt to improve medical adhesive.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gan |first1=Kesheng |last2=Liang |first2=Chao |last3=Bi |first3=Xiangyun |last4=Wu |first4=Jizhe |last5=Ye |first5=Zonghuang |last6=Wu |first6=Wenjian |last7=Hu |first7=Biru |date=2022-04-25 |title=Adhesive Materials Inspired by Barnacle Underwater Adhesion: Biological Principles and Biomimetic Designs |journal=Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology |language=English |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fbioe.2022.870445 |doi-access=free |issn=2296-4185 |pmc=9097139 |pmid=35573228}}</ref>

==As food==
[[File:Percebes.iguaria.jpg|thumb|Goose barnacles served in a Spanish restaurant in [[Madrid]].]]

In [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]], ''P. pollicipes'' is a widely consumed and expensive delicacy known as '''''percebes''''', which are harvested commercially on the northern Iberian coast, mainly in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[Asturias]], and on the southwestern Portuguese coast ([[Alentejo]]), as well as imported from other countries within its range of distribution, particularly from [[Morocco]]. A larger but less palatable species (''P. polymerus'') was also exported to Spain from [[Canada]] until 1999, when the Canadian government ceased exports due to depletion of stocks.

In Spain, ''percebes'' are lightly boiled in brine and served whole and hot under a napkin. To eat them, the diamond-shaped foot is pinched between thumb and finger and the inner tube pulled out of the scaly case. The claw is removed and the remaining flesh is swallowed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/730170/Percebes-Grail-trail.html |title=Percebes: Grail trail |date=23 April 2004 |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=2024-04-07}}</ref> Historically, the [[indigenous peoples of California]] ate the stem after cooking it in hot ashes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jpvrxVA0PGYC&dq=%22Strongylocentrotus+purpuratus%22+native&pg=PA91 ''The Natural World of the California Indians'']. By Robert F. Heizer and Albert B. Elsasser. Via books.google.com, Accessed 2024-04-07</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|32em|refs=
<ref name=worms>
{{Cite web| title=World Register of Marine Species, Thoracica
|url=http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1107
|website=marinespecies.org
| access-date=2021-08-26
}}</ref>

<ref name=Chan2021>
{{Cite journal
| title = The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms
|year = 2021
| last1 = Chan | first1 = Benny K. K.
| last2 = Dreyer | first2 = Niklas
| last3 = Gale | first3 = Andy S.
| last4 = Glenner | first4 = Henrik
| last5 = Ewers-Saucedo | first5 = Christine
| last6 = Pérez-Losada | first6 = Marcos
| last7 = Kolbasov | first7 = Gregory A.
| last8 = Crandall | first8 = Keith A.
| last9 = Høeg | first9 = Jens T.
| display-authors = 4
| journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
| volume = 193
| issue = 3
| pages = 789–846
| doi = 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160| doi-access = free
| hdl = 11250/2990967
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref>

<ref name=Buckeridge2006>
{{Cite journal
| title = A revision of the Iblidae and the stalked barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Thoracica), including new ordinal, familial and generic taxa, and two new species from New Zealand and Tasmanian waters
|year = 2006
| last1 = Buckeridge| first1 = John| last2 = Newman| first2 = William
| journal = Zootaxa
| volume = 1136
| page = 1
| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.1136.1.1| doi-access = free
}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Thoracica}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Thoracica}}

{{Edible crustaceans}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3689}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Barnacles]]
[[Category:Edible crustaceans]]
[[Category:Seafood in Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Arthropod common names]]