Editing Goosefish

{{short description|Family of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Cuvier-84-Baudroie.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Lophius piscatorius]]''
| image2 = Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.ART.837 - Lophiomus setigerus (Vahl) - Kawahara Keiga - 1823 - 1829 - Siebold Collection - pencil drawing - water colour.jpeg
| image2_caption= ''[[Lophiomus setigerus]]''
| taxon = Lophiidae
| display_parents = 3
| parent_authority = [[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1912<ref name = Regan>{{cite journal |author=C. T. Regan |year=1912 |title=The classification of the teleostean fishes of the order Pediculati |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology |series=8 |volume=9 |pages=277–289 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18639034#page/289/mode/1up}}</ref>
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1810
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = see text
}}

'''Goosefishes''', sometimes called '''anglers''' or '''monkfishes''',  are a [[Family (biology)|family]], the '''Lophiidae''', of marine [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fishes]] belonging to the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Lophiiformes]], the anglerfishes. The family includes 30 recognized species. These fishes are found in all the world's oceans except for the Antarctic Ocean.

==Taxonomy==
The goosefish family, Lophiidae, was first proposed as a genus in 1810 by the French [[polymath]] and [[naturalist]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]].<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of recent fishes | url = https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–230| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The Lophiidae is the only family in the [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] [[suborder]] '''Lophioidei''', this is one of 5 suborders of the Lophiiformes.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |author1=Nelson, J.S. |author1-link=Joseph S. Nelson |author2=Grande, T.C. |author3=Wilson, M.V.H. |year=2016 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |place=Hoboken, NJ |pages=508–518 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |lccn=2015037522 |oclc=951899884 |ol=25909650M |doi=10.1002/9781119174844}}</ref> The Lophioidei is considered to be the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] of the suborders in the order.<ref name = Misaki>{{cite journal |author1=Masaki Miya |author2=Theodore W Pietsch |author2-link=Theodore Wells Pietsch III |author3=James W Orr |author4=Rachel J Arnold |author5=Takashi P Satoh |author6=Andrew M Shedlock |author7=Hsuan-Ching Ho |author8=Mitsuomi Shimazaki |author9=Mamoru Yabe |author10=Mutsumi Nishida |year=2010 |title=Evolutionary history of anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes): a mitogenomic perspective |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |issue=58 |page=58 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-58|doi-access=free |pmid=20178642 |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10...58M |pmc=2836326 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The goosefish family, Lophiidae, takes its name from its [[type genus]], ''Lophius''. ''Lophius'' means "mane" and is presumably a reference to the first 3 spines of the first dorsal fin which are tentacle like, with 3 smaller spines behind them.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web |url=https://etyfish.org/lophiiformes1/ |title=Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 1): Families LOPHIIDAE, ANTENNARIIDAE, TETRABRACHIIDAE, LOPHICHTHYIDAE, BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE, CHAUNACIDAE and OGCOCEPHALIDAE |author=Christopher Scharpf |date=14 November 2022 |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}</ref>

==Genera==
The goosefish family, Lophiidae, contains the following extant genera:<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Lophidae|access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref>
{{Linked genus list
| Lophiodes | [[George Brown Goode|Goode]] & [[Tarleton Hoffman Bean|Bean]], 1896
| Lophiomus | [[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1883
| Lophius | [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| ''[[Sladenia (fish)|Sladenia]]'' | [[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1908
}}

===Fossil taxa===
The following extinct taxa are also among those included in the family Lophiidae:<ref name = fossilworks>{{cite web |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=210689 |title=Family Lophiidae Cuvier (anglerfish) |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=Fossilworks}}</ref>
* Genus {{extinct}} ''[[Caruso (fish)|Caruso]]'' <small>Carnevale and Pietsch, 2012</small><ref name = C&P2012>{{cite journal |author=Carnevale, Giorgio |author2=Pietsch, Theodore |name-list-style=& |year=2012 |title=†''Caruso'', a new genus of anglerfishes from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy, with a comparative osteology and phylogeny of the teleost family Lophiidae |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=10 |pages=47–72 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2011.565083}}</ref> 
** {{extinct}} ''[[Lophius brachysomus|Caruso brachysomus]]'' <small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1835</small> 
* Genus {{extinct}} ''[[Emmachaere]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] and [[Charles Henry Gilbert|Gilbert]], 1919</small>
** {{extinct}} ''[[Emmachaere rhomalea]]'' <small>D. S. Jordan, 1921</small> 
* Genus {{extinct}} ''[[Eosladenia]]'' <small>Bannikov, 2004</small>
** {{extinct}} ''[[Eosladenia caucasica]]'' <small>[[Alexandre Fedorovich Bannikov|Bannikov]], 2004</small>
* Genus {{extinct}}  ''[[Sharfia mirabilis|Sharfia]]'' <small>Peitsch & Carnevale, 2011</small>
** {{extinct}}  ''[[Sharfia mirabilis]]'' <small>[[Theodore Wells Pietsch III|Pietsch]] & [[Giorgio Carnevale|Carnevale]], 2011</small><ref>{{cite web|title=Pietsch, Theodore W; Giorgio Carnevale,. "A New Genus and Species of Anglerfish (Teleostei: Lophiiformes: Lophiidae) from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy."|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2317026691.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611091351/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2317026691.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 11, 2014|publisher=[[Copeia]]. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists |accessdate=3 May 2012|date=March 14, 2011}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
Goosefishes in the family Lophiidae have flattened heads and bodies covered in thin skin<ref name = Fariña>{{cite journal |author1=A. C. Fariña |author2= M. Azevedo |author3=J. Landa |author4=R. Duarte |author5=P. Sampedro |author6=G. Costas |author7=M. A. Torres |author8=L. Cañás |name-list-style=and |year=2008 |title=''Lophius'' in the world: a synthesis on the common features and life strategies |journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science |volume=65 |issue= 7 |pages=1272–1280 |doi=10.1093/icesjms/fsn140}}</ref> and are further characterised by the possession of [[pelvic fin]]s with the first, spiny [[dorsal fin]] having its origin close to the rear of the head and this fin is supported by between one and three spines.<ref name = Nelson5/> The frontmost spine, the illicium, has a flap of flesh, the esca, at its tip and is used as a lure to attract prey to within reach of the cavernous mouth.<ref name = labnews>{{cite web |url=https://www.labnews.co.uk/article/2025853/image_of_distinction_anglerfish |title=Anglerfish |date=5 September 2016 |access-date=3 March 2024 |publisher=Laboratory News}}</ref> There are 4 [[pharyngobranchials]], the 4th being toothed, and they have a large [[pseudobranch]]. The body has no scales and the [[Frontal bone|frontal]] bones of the skull are fused. They have a very wide, flattened head, although ''Sladenia'' has a more rounded head, with well developed teeth. The lower jaw has a fringe of small flaps along its edge and these extend along the head onto the flanks. The second dorsal fin is supported by between 8 and 12 soft rays while the [[anal fin]] contains between 6 and 10 soft rays. Most taxa have 18 or 19 vertebrae but in ''Lophius'' this count is between 26 and 31.<ref name = Nelson5/> The opening to the gills os located to the rear of the pectoral fin base.<ref name = STRI>{{cite web |url=https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/caribbean/en/thefishes/taxon/759#:~:text=The%20lophiid%20anglerfishes%2C%20which%20reach,1st%20of%202%2D3%20isolated |title=Family: LOPHIIDAE, Anglerfishes, Goosefish, Goosefishes |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information system |publisher=[[Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute]]}}</ref> The largest species in the family is the angler (''[[Lophius piscatorius]]'') which has a maximum published [[standard length]] of {{cvt|200|cm}} while the smallest is ''[[Lophiodes fimbriatus]]'' with a maximum published standard length of {{cvt|7.5|cm}}.<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase family|family=Lophiidae|month=February|year=2024}}</ref>

[[Image:Lophius-americanus-aquarium.jpg|thumb|right|200px|American angler (''[[Lophius americanus]]'') at the [[New England Aquarium]]]]

==Distribution==
The goosefishes, family Lophiidae are found in the temperate, tropical, and subtropical Atlantic Indian and Pacific Oceans.<ref name = Fishbase/>

==Habitat and biology==
The goosefishes are typically found on soft substrates on the [[continental margin]], most frequently at depths greater than {{cvt|200|m}}, and there are species whichhave been found at depths greater than {{cvt|1000|m}}. A few species, such as the American angler (''[[Lophius americanus]]'') are found in shallower waters, sometimes moving into bays and estuaries with high-salinity water in the winter.<ref name = FAO>{{cite book |author=John H. Caruso |chapter=Order LOPHIIFORMES LOPHIIDAE Anglerfishes (goosefishes, monkfishes) |series=The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic |title=Volume 2: Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae) |editor=[[Kent E. Carpenter]] |pages=1043–1070 |year=2002| isbn=92-5-104826-6 |url=https://www.fao.org/3/y4161e/y4161e00.htm |publisher=FAO, Rome}}</ref> At least in the genus ''Lophius'' the females release their spawn enclosed within a gelatinous mass, which has been compared to the spawn of [[toad]]s in appearance, which floats. They have pelagic eggs and larvae with [[demersal]] juveniles and [[Benthic zone|benthic]] adults.<ref name = Caramaschi>{{cite journal |author1=Érica Pellegrini Caramaschi |author2=Marcelo Vianna | year=2009 |title=Biology and Ecology of Anglerfishes of the genus ''Lophius'' (Lophiidae, Lophiiformes) witgh emphasis in ''Lophius gastrophysus'' Miranda-Rineiro, 1915: Current Status |journal=Oecologia Brasiliensis - Artigos de revisão - Edição submissões espontâneas |language=Pt |volume=11 |issue=4 |url=https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/oa/article/view/5691}}</ref>

==Utilisation==
Goosefishes, particularly several of the large species in the genus ''Lophius'', commonly known as [[monkfish]]es in northern Europe, are important commercially fished species.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://tolweb.org/Lophiidae/21990 | title = Lophiidae | author = John H. Caruso | publisher = Tree of Life web project | year = 2005 | accessdate = 4 April 2006 }}</ref> The liver of monkfish, known as ''[[ankimo]]'', is considered a delicacy in Japan.<ref name = ankimo>{{cite web |url=https://www.justonecookbook.com/ankimo/ |title=Ankimo あん肝 |access-date=3 March 2024 |author=Nami |date=9 December 2018 |publisher=justonecookbook}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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[[Category:Lophiidae|*]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]
[[Category:Lophiiformes]]