Editing Gossypium

{{short description|Genus of flowering plants in the mallow family Malvaceae}}
{{Redirect|Cotton plant|the city in the United States|Cotton Plant, Arkansas}}
{{for|information on cotton production, industry, history, and applications|cotton}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image=Gossypium herbaceum 002.JPG
|image_caption=Flower of ''[[Gossypium herbaceum]]''
|taxon=Gossypium
|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?5113 |title=Genus: ''Gossypium'' L |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2007-03-12 |access-date=2011-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717055733/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?5113 |archive-date=2011-07-17}}</ref>
|display_parents=2
|subdivision_ranks=Species
|subdivision=See text.
|synonyms=
*''Erioxylum'' <small>Rose & Standl.</small>
*''Ingenhouzia'' <small>DC.</small>
*''Notoxylinon'' <small>Lewton</small>
*''Selera'' <small>Ulbr.</small>
*''Sturtia'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''Thurberia'' <small>A.Gray</small>
*''Ultragossypium'' <small>Roberty</small>
|synonyms_ref=<ref name="GRIN" />
|type_species=''[[Gossypium arboreum]]''
|type_species_authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''''Gossypium''''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|ɒ|ˈ|s|ɪ|p|i|ə|m}})<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Gossypium |access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the tribe [[Gossypieae]] of the [[Malva|mallow]] family, [[Malvaceae]], from which [[cotton]] is harvested. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the [[Old World|Old]] and [[New World]]s. There are about 50 ''Gossypium'' species,<ref name="wendel1">{{cite book |vauthors= Wendel JF, Brubaker C, Alvarez I, Cronn R, McD-Stewart J |display-authors=3|year=2009 |chapter=Evolution and Natural History of the Cotton Genus |editor=Andrew H. Paterson |title=Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models |volume=3 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-70810-2_1|isbn=978-0-387-70809-6}}</ref> making it the largest genus in the tribe Gossypieae, and new species continue to be discovered.<ref name="wendel1" /> The name of the genus is derived from the Arabic word ''goz'', which refers to a soft substance.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC |title=The Names of Plants |first=D. |last=Gledhill |edition=4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86645-3 |year=2008 |page=182}}</ref> 

Cotton is the primary [[natural fibre]] used by humans today, amounting to about 80% of world natural fibre production.<ref>{{cite book |author=Townsend, Terry |date=2020 |chapter=1B - World natural fibre production and employment |title=Handbook of Natural Fibres |edition=2 |volume=1 |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |pages=15–36 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-818398-4.00002-5 |isbn=9780128183984 |s2cid=212822506}}</ref> Where cotton is cultivated, it is a major oilseed crop and a main protein source for animal feed. Cotton is thus of great importance for agriculture, industry and trade, especially for [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] countries in Africa, South America and Asia. Consequently, the genus ''Gossypium'' has long attracted the attention of scientists.

The origin of the genus ''Gossypium'' is dated to around 5–10&nbsp;million years ago.<ref name="senchina">{{cite journal |vauthors=Senchina DS, Alvarez I, Cronn RC, Liu B, Rong J, Noyes RD, Paterson AH, Wing RA, Wilkins TA, Wendel JF |display-authors=3|date=2003 |title=Rate variation among nuclear genes and the age of polyploidy in Gossypium |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=633–643 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msg065 |pmid=12679546 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Gossypium'' species are distributed in [[arid]] to [[semiarid]] regions of the tropics and subtropics. Generally [[shrubs]] or shrub-like plants, the species of this genus are extraordinarily diverse in [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] and [[adaptation]], ranging from fire-adapted, [[herbaceous]] [[perennials]] in Australia to trees in Mexico.<ref name="wendel1" /> Most wild cottons are [[ploidy|diploid]], but a group of five species from America and Pacific islands are tetraploid, apparently due to a single hybridization event around 1.5 to 2 million years ago.<ref name="senchina" /> The tetraploid species are ''[[Gossypium hirsutum|G. hirsutum]]'', ''[[Gossypium tomentosum|G. tomentosum]]'', ''[[Gossypium mustelinum|G. mustelinum]]'', ''[[Gossypium barbadense|G. barbadense]]'', and ''[[Gossypium darwinii|G. darwinii]]''.

Cultivated cottons are perennial shrubs, most often grown as annuals. Plants are 1–2&nbsp;m high in modern cropping systems, sometimes higher in traditional, multiannual cropping systems, now largely disappearing. The leaves are broad and lobed, with three to five (or rarely seven) lobes. The seeds are contained in a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] called a "boll", each seed surrounded by fibres of two types. These fibres are the more commercially interesting part of the plant and they are separated from the seed by a process called [[ginning]]. At the first ginning, the longer fibres, called staples, are removed and these are twisted together to form yarn for making thread and weaving into high quality textiles. At the second ginning, the shorter fibres, called "linters", are removed, and these are woven into lower quality textiles (which include the eponymous [[Lint (material)|lint]]). Commercial species of cotton plant are ''[[Gossypium hirsutum|G. hirsutum]]'' (97% of world production), ''[[Gossypium barbadense|G. barbadense]]'' (1–2%), ''[[Gossypium arboreum|G. arboreum]]'' and ''[[Gossypium herbaceum|G. herbaceum]]'' (together, ~1%).<ref>{{cite book |author=Chaudhry, M. R. |date=2010 |chapter=10 - Cotton Production and Processing |title=Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres |pages=219–234 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |isbn=9780470660324 |doi=10.1002/9780470660324.ch10}}</ref> Many varieties of cotton have been developed by selective breeding and hybridization of these species. Experiments are ongoing to cross-breed various desirable traits of wild cotton species into the principal commercial species, such as resistance to insects and diseases, and drought tolerance. Cotton fibres occur naturally in colours of white, brown, green, and some mixing of these.

==Selected species==
===Subgenus ''Gossypium''===
*''[[Gossypium anomalum]]'' <small>Wawra & Peyr.</small>
*''[[Gossypium arboreum]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> – tree cotton (India and [[Pakistan]])
*''[[Gossypium herbaceum]]'' <small>L.</small> – Levant cotton (southern Africa and the [[Arabian Peninsula]])

===Subgenus ''Houzingenia''===
*''[[Gossypium raimondii]]'' <small>Ulbr.</small> – one of the putative progenitor species of [[tetraploid]] cotton, alongside ''G. arboreum''
*''[[Gossypium thurberi]]'' <small>Tod.</small> – Arizona wild cotton ([[Arizona]] and northern Mexico)

===Subgenus ''Karpas''===
*''[[Gossypium barbadense]]'' <small>L.</small> – Creole cotton/Sea Island Cotton (tropical South America)
*''[[Gossypium darwinii]]'' <small>G.Watt</small> – Darwin's cotton ([[Galápagos Islands]])
*''[[Gossypium hirsutum]]'' <small>L.</small> – upland cotton (Central America, Mexico, the [[Caribbean]] and southern Florida)
*''[[Gossypium mustelinum]]'' <small>Miers ex G.Watt</small>
*''[[Gossypium tomentosum]]'' <small>[[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]] ex Seem</small> – ''Maʻo'' or Hawaiian cotton (Hawaii)

===Subgenus ''Sturtia''===
*''[[Gossypium australe]]'' <small>[[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell]]</small> (northwestern Australia)
*''[[Gossypium sturtianum]]'' <small>[[James Hamlyn Willis|J.H. Willis]]</small> – Sturt's desert rose (Australia)<ref>{{ITIS |id=21709 |taxon=''Gossypium'' |access-date=2011-09-08}}</ref><ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5113 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Gossypium'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2011-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121931/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?5113 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Formerly placed in genus ''Gossypium''===
*''[[Gossypioides brevilanatum]]'' <small>(Hochr.) J.B.Hutch.</small> (as ''G. brevilanatum'' <small>Hochr.</small>)
*''[[Gossypioides kirkii]]'' <small>(Mast.) J.B.Hutch.</small> (as ''Gossypium kirkii'' <small>Mast.</small>)
*''[[Kokia drynarioides]]'' <small>(Seem.) Lewton</small> (as ''G. drynarioides'' <small>Seem.</small>)<ref name="GRINSpecies" />

==''Gossypium'' genome==
{{Technical|section=Gossypium genome|date=January 2011}}
A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen ZJ, Scheffler BE, Dennis E, Triplett BA, Zhang T, Guo W, Chen X, Stelly DM, Rabinowicz PD, Town CD, Arioli T, Brubaker C, Cantrell RG, Lacape JM, Ulloa M, Chee P, Gingle AR, Haigler CH, Percy R, Saha S, Wilkins T, Wright RJ, Van Deynze A, Zhu Y, Yu S, Abdurakhmonov I, Katageri I, Kumar PA, Mehboob-Ur-Rahman, Zafar Y, Yu JZ, Kohel RJ, Wendel JF, Paterson AH |display-authors=3 |title=Toward sequencing cotton (Gossypium) genomes |journal=Plant Physiol |date=Dec 2007 |volume=145 |issue=4 |pages=1303–10 |doi=10.1104/pp.107.107672 |pmid=18056866 |pmc=2151711 |url=http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/content/full/145/4/1303}}</ref> in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, [[allotetraploidy|allotetraploid]] cotton. "Allotetraploid" means that the genomes of these cotton species comprise two distinct subgenomes, referred to as the At and Dt (the 't' for tetraploid, to distinguish them from the A and D genomes of the related diploid species). The strategy is to sequence first the D-genome relative of allotetraploid cottons, ''G. raimondii'', a wild South American ([[Peru]], [[Ecuador]]) cotton species, because of its smaller size due essentially to less repetitive DNA (retrotransposons mainly). It has nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once.{{Clarify|date=January 2011}} The A genome of ''G. arboreum'', the 'Old-World' cotton species (grown in India in particular), would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of ''G. raimondii'''s. Once both A and D genome sequences are assembled, then research could begin to sequence the actual genomes of tetraploid cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assemble independently into A and D sequences, respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.

The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids, as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies ([[Monsanto]] and [[Illumina (company)|Illumina]]), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of ''G. raimondii'' about 50x.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monsanto and Illumina Reach Key Milestone in Cotton Genome Sequencing |url=http://www.monsanto.com/newsviews/pages/monsanto-illumina-key-milestone-cotton-genome-sequencing.aspx |website=www.monsanto.com |access-date=2016-01-31 |last=APPDMZ\gyoung |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201042838/http://www.monsanto.com/newsviews/pages/monsanto-illumina-key-milestone-cotton-genome-sequencing.aspx |archive-date=2016-02-01}}</ref> They announced they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.

==Cotton pests and diseases==
[[File:Gorskii 04431u.jpg|250px|thumb|Cotton field in [[Sukhumi Botanical Garden]], photo ''circa'' 1912]]
[[File:Baumwollfeld bei Lagyna.jpg|250px|thumb|Cotton field in [[Greece]]]]

===Pests===
*[[Boll weevil]], ''Anthonomus grandis''
*[[Cotton aphid]], ''Aphis gossypii''
*[[Cotton stainer]], ''Dysdercus koenigii''
*[[Cotton bollworm]], ''Helicoverpa zea'', and [[native budworm]], ''Helicoverpa punctigera'', are caterpillars that damage cotton crops.
*: Some other [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) [[larva]]e also feed on cotton – see list of Lepidoptera that feed on cotton plants.
*[[Green mirid]] (''Creontiades dilutus''), a sucking insect
*[[Spider mite]]s, ''Tetranychus urticae'', ''T. ludeni'' and ''T. lambi''
*[[Thrips]], ''Thrips tabaci'' and ''Frankliniella schultzei''

===Diseases===
{{See also|List of cotton diseases}}
*[[Alternaria]] leaf spot, caused by ''[[Alternaria macrospora]]'' and ''[[Alternaria alternata]]''
*[[Anthracnose boll rot]], caused by ''[[Colletotrichum gossypii]]''
*[[Thielaviopsis|Black root rot]], caused by the fungus ''[[Thielaviopsis basicola]]''
*Blight caused by [[Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum|''Xanthomonas campestris'' pv. ''malvacearum'']]
*[[Fusarium boll rot]] caused by ''Fusarium'' spp.
*[[Phytophthora boll rot]], caused by ''[[Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica|''Phytophthora nicotianae'' var. ''parasitica'']]
*[[Sclerotinia boll rot]], caused by the fungus ''[[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum]]''
*[[Stigmatomycosis]], caused by the fungi ''[[Ashbya gossypii]]'', ''[[Eremothecium coryli]]'', ''(Nematospora coryli)'' and ''[[Aureobasidium pullulans]]''

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Cotton plant flower G. hirsutum.JPG|A ''Gossypium hirsutum'' flower, lateral view, growing in [[Barcelona]]
Càpsula obrint-se.JPG|The same ''G. hirsutum'' plant with the opening capsule
Cotton pollination 5892.JPG|''G. hirsutum'' flower with [[bumblebee]] pollinator, [[Hemingway, South Carolina]]
Hawn Cotton.jpg|''G. tomentosum'' boll
IPMtrap4854.JPG|Integrated pest management bollworm trap at a cotton field in [[Manning, South Carolina]]
Organic-agriculture biocontrol-cotton polistes-wasp.JPG|Natural biocontrol: predatory ''[[Polistes]]'' wasp looking for bollworms or other caterpillars on cotton plant in [[Hemingway, South Carolina]]
Cotton boll nearly ready for harvest.jpg|Cotton boll ready for harvest, [[South Carolina]]
Gossypium Sp. Brun MHNT.BOT.2018.28.8.jpg|''Gossypium'' Sp. Brun - [[MHNT]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Vegetable Lamb of Tartary]], a European legendary plant remotely based on cotton.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cicr.org.in/ Central Institute for Cotton Research] – ''located in India''.
{{Commons category|position=left|Gossypium}}
{{Wikispecies|position=left}}

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[[Category:Gossypium| ]]
[[Category:Cotton| ]]
[[Category:Fiber plants]]
[[Category:Energy crops]]
[[Category:Biofuels]]
[[Category:Fodder]]
[[Category:Non-food crops]]
[[Category:Malvaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]