Editing Graciliano Ramos

{{Short description|Brazilian writer and politician (1892–1953)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Graciliano Ramos
| image              = Graciliano Ramos, 1940.tif
| alt                = 
| caption            = Ramos in 1940
| birth_name         = Graciliano Ramos de Oliveira
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1892|10|27|mf=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Quebrangulo]], [[Alagoas]], [[Brazil]]
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1953|3|20|1892|10|27|mf=y}}
| death_place        = [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
| nationality        = Brazilian
| other_names        = Feliciano de Olivença <br> Almeida Cunha
| citizenship        = 
| education          = 
| alma_mater         = 
| occupation         = [[Novelist]], [[politician]], [[journalist]]
| years_active       = 
| employer           = 
| organization       = 
| known_for          = 
| notable_works      = ''[[Vidas Secas]]'', ''[[Angústia]]'', ''[[São Bernardo (novel)|São Bernardo]]'', ''[[A Terra dos Meninos Pelados]]''
| style              = 
| height             = {{convert|1.75|m}}<ref>[http://www.graciliano.com.br/grporelemesmo.html Graciliano Ramos por ele mesmo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726105612/http://www.graciliano.com.br/grporelemesmo.html |date=2011-07-26 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
| title              = Mayor of [[Palmeira dos Índios]]
| term               = 1928–1930
| predecessor        = 
| successor          = 
| party              = [[Brazilian Communist Party]]
| movement           = 
| opponents          = 
| boards             = 
| spouse             = Maria Augusta de Barros (1915–1920) (her death) <br> Heloísa Leite de Medeiros (1928–1953) (his death)
| partner            = 
| children           = Márcio Ramos (1916–1950) <br> Júnio Ramos (1917–1975) <br> Múcio Ramos (1919–1994) <br> Maria Ramos (1920–1980) <br> Ricardo Ramos (1929–1992) <br> Roberto Ramos (1930)<ref>Roberto died six months after his birth.</ref><br> Luísa Ramos (1931–2022) <br> Clara Ramos (1932–1993)
| parents            = Sebastião Ramos de Oliveira (died 1934) <br> Maria Amélia Ramos (died 1943)
| relatives          = 
}}

'''Graciliano Ramos de Oliveira''' ({{IPA|pt|ɡɾasiliˈɐ̃nu ˈʁɐ̃muz dʒi oliˈvejɾɐ}}) (October 27, 1892 – March 20, 1953) was a Brazilian [[Literary modernism|modernist]] writer, politician and journalist. He is known worldwide for his portrayal of the precarious situation of the poor inhabitants of the Brazilian ''[[sertão]]'' in his novel ''[[Vidas secas]]''. His characters are complex, nuanced, and tend to have pessimistic world views, from which Ramos deals with topics such as the lust for power (the main theme in ''São Bernardo''), misogyny (a key point in ''Angústia''), and infidelity. His protagonists are mostly lower-class men from northeastern Brazil, which are often aspiring writers (such as in ''Caetés''), or illiterate country workers, all of which usually have to deal with poverty and complex social relations.

Like fellow writers [[Jorge Amado]] and [[Erico Verissimo]], Ramos was part of Brazil's second generation of modernist writers, in what is known as "1930s modernism". A lifelong supporter of [[communist]] ideas, he was affiliated with the original [[Brazilian Communist Party]].

==Life==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2018}}
Graciliano Ramos de Oliveira was born in the city of [[Quebrangulo]], in the Brazilian state of [[Alagoas]], on October 27, 1892, to Sebastião Ramos de Oliveira and Maria Amélia Ramos. Graciliano was the oldest of the couple's 16 children.<ref>[http://www.graciliano.com.br/vida_arvore.html Árvore genealógica de Graciliano Ramos] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328122131/http://www.graciliano.com.br/vida_arvore.html |date=2014-03-28 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref>

He would spend most part of his childhood travelling through different cities of [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Brazil]]. After finishing high school in [[Maceió]], he became a collaborator of the newspaper ''Jornal de Alagoas'' in 1909, where he published a [[sonnet]] called "Céptico" under the pen name '''Almeida Cunha''', and some other texts under many different pseudonyms. He also published texts in the magazine ''O Malho'', under the pen name '''Feliciano de Olivença''', and founded a short-lived periodical named ''Echo Viçosense'' in 1906.

In 1914 he moved to [[Rio de Janeiro]], but had to return to Alagoas in September 1915, in order to live with his father, who became a salesman in the city of [[Palmeira dos Índios]]. Also in 1915, he married his first wife, Maria Augusta de Barros, having with her four children. Maria Augusta died in 1920, due to troubles during childbirth.

In 1927, Ramos was elected mayor of [[Palmeira dos Índios]]: he took office in 1928 and would abdicate his post in 1930. Mesmerized by the high literary quality of his prefecture reports, [[Augusto Frederico Schmidt]] would approach Ramos into publishing his first novel, ''[[Caetés (novel)|Caetés]]'', that Ramos started to write circa 1925. He would finish ''Caetés'' in 1930, but did not publish it until 1933. In 1928, he married his second wife, Heloísa Leite de Medeiros, having with her four more children.

From 1930 to 1936 he lived once again in Maceió. In 1934 he published the novel ''[[São Bernardo (novel)|São Bernardo]]'', and in the following year, he was arrested due to alleged (but never confirmed) participation in the [[Communist uprising of 1935]]. (Graciliano wrote an account of his time in prison named ''[[Memórias do Cárcere (Graciliano)|Memórias do Cárcere]]'', published a few months after his death in [[1953 in literature|1953]].) After being freed from prison, he publishes with the help of associates such as [[José Lins do Rego]] his most famous novel, ''[[Angústia]]''.

In 1938 he publishes ''[[Vidas Secas]]'' and moves definitely to Rio de Janeiro, where he became in 1945 a member of the [[Communist Party of Brazil]]. In the subsequent years, he travelled alongside his wife to countries such as France, Portugal, the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Czechoslovakia]]. Also in 1945 he published an account of his childhood years, named ''[[Infância]]''. Beginning in 1952, Graciliano's health gradually began to decline. He was diagnosed with [[lung cancer]] and, after an unsuccessful surgery, died on March 20, 1953. His wife Heloísa would die 46 years later, in [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], [[Bahia]].

Graciliano was survived by six children and his second wife.

===Religion===
Graciliano described himself as an [[Atheism|atheist]], although he enjoyed reading the [[Bible]]. {{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}

==Works==
[[File:Graciliano Ramos statue.jpg|thumb|right|Bronze sculpture of Graciliano Ramos located on the beach of [[Ponta Verde]] in [[Maceió]], [[Alagoas]]]]

===Novels===
* ''[[Caetés (novel)|Caetés]]'' ([[1933 in literature|1933]])
* ''[[São Bernardo (novel)|São Bernardo]]'' ([[1934 in literature|1934]])
* ''[[Angústia]]'' (''Anguish'') ([[1936 in literature|1936]])
* ''[[Vidas Secas]]'' (''Barren Lives'') ([[1938 in literature|1938]])
* ''[[Brandão Entre o Mar e o Amor]]'' (''Brandão Between the Sea and Love'') ([[1942 in literature|1942]] — written in partnership with [[Jorge Amado]], [[José Lins do Rego]], [[Aníbal Machado]] and [[Rachel de Queiroz]])

===Children's literature===
* ''[[A Terra dos Meninos Pelados]]'' (''The Naked Boys' Land'') (novel — [[1939 in literature|1939]])
* ''[[Histórias de Alexandre]]'' (''Alexandre's Stories'') (short story book — [[1944 in literature|1944]])
* ''[[Alexandre e Outros Heróis]]'' (''Alexandre and Other Heroes'') (posthumous — [[1962 in literature|1962]])

===Short story books===
* ''[[Histórias Incompletas]]'' (''Unfinished Stories'') ([[1946 in literature|1946]])
* ''[[Insônia (book)|Insônia]]'' (''Insomnia'') ([[1947 in literature|1947]])

===Memoirs===
* ''[[Infância]]'' ([[1945 in literature|1945]])
* ''[[Memórias do Cárcere (Graciliano)|Memórias do Cárcere]]'' (''Memories from Incarceration'') (posthumous, unfinished — [[1953 in literature|1953]])
* ''[[Viagem]]'' (''Travel'') (posthumous — [[1954 in literature|1954]])
* ''[[Viventes das Alagoas]]'' (''Living People from Alagoas'') (posthumous — [[1962 in literature|1962]])

===Chronicles===
* ''[[Linhas Tortas]]'' (''Squiggly Lines'') (posthumous — [[1962 in literature|1962]])

===Translations===
* ''[[Up from Slavery]]'' by [[Booker T. Washington]]
* ''[[The Plague (novel)|The Plague]]'' by [[Albert Camus]]

===Miscellaneous===
* ''Garranchos'' (''Scribbles'') (posthumous — [[2012 in literature|2012]]; collection of previously unpublished texts of different genres by Ramos, compiled by Thiago Mio Salla)

==Film adaptations==
Ramos had four of his works adapted to cinema:
* ''[[Vidas Secas (film)|Vidas Secas]]'', a [[1963 in film|1963]] film by [[Nelson Pereira dos Santos]].
* ''[[S. Bernardo (film)|S. Bernardo]]'', a [[1972 in film|1971]] film by [[Leon Hirszman]].
* ''Insônia'', a [[1982 in film|1982]] [[anthology]] film composed by three shorts adapted from Ramos' eponymous book, directed by Emmanuel Cavalcanti, Luiz Paulino dos Santos, and Nelson Pereira dos Santos, which had previously adapted ''Vidas Secas''.
* ''[[Memoirs of Prison|Memórias do Cárcere]]'', a [[1984 in film|1984]] film also by Nelson Pereira dos Santos. [[Carlos Vereza]] portrayed Ramos in this film.

==Public domain==
The work of Graciliano Ramos entered the [[public domain]] on [[2024 in public domain|January 1, 2024]], after the [[2024 in public domain#Entering the public domain in countries with life + 70 years|70th anniversary of the author's death]], according to [[:wikisource:pt:Lei Federal do Brasil 9610 de 1998/III#Art. 41|Brazilian law]]. However, the family disputed this due to the fact that the author, at the time, still had a living daughter and maintained that, according to the Civil Code of 1916, the work remains protected for as long as she might have lived after 2024. For this reason, they signed a contract with Editora Record that will last until January 2029. However, it is uncertain whether the copyright will continue to be protected and according to Sonia Jardim, President of Record Group, in 2024 "there may be two editions of ''Vidas Secas'' in the market".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cultura.estadao.com.br/noticias/literatura,herdeiros-de-graciliano-ramos-e-record-renovam-contrato-para-alem-do-dominio-publico,70002513439|title=Herdeiros de Graciliano Ramos e Record renovam contrato para além do domínio público|trans-title=Heirs of Graciliano Ramos and Record renew contract beyond public domain|language=pt-BR|date=2018-09-22|access-date=2021-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922113651/https://cultura.estadao.com.br/noticias/literatura,herdeiros-de-graciliano-ramos-e-record-renovam-contrato-para-alem-do-dominio-publico,70002513439|archive-date=2018-09-22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishnews.com.br/materias/2020/11/12/ser-escritor-na-minha-familia-e-falta-de-imaginacao|title='Ser escritor na minha família é falta de imaginação'|trans-title=Being a writer in my family is a lack of imagination.|language=pt|date=2020-11-12|access-date=2021-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128023318/https://www.publishnews.com.br/materias/2020/11/12/ser-escritor-na-minha-familia-e-falta-de-imaginacao|archive-date=2020-11-28|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the last surviving daughter of Graciliano Ramos died in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morre, aos 90 anos, Luiza Ramos Amado; ela era a última filha viva do escritor Graciliano Ramos |url=https://g1.globo.com/ba/bahia/noticia/2022/02/07/ultima-filha-viva-do-escritor-graciliano-ramos-morre-na-bahia.ghtml |access-date=2023-02-09 |website=G1 |date=7 February 2022 |language=pt-br}}</ref> At the end of December 2023, the family announced that they would comply with Brazilian law.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rodrigues|first=Maria Fernandes|url=https://www.estadao.com.br/cultura/literatura/graciliano-ramos-em-dominio-publico-familia-entrega-os-pontos-e-editoras-revelam-primeiros-livros/|title=Graciliano Ramos em domínio público: família entrega os pontos e editoras revelam primeiros livros|date=2023-12-26|accessdate=2023-12-30|website=Estadão|lang=pt-br}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.graciliano.com.br}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramos, Graciliano}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]
[[Category:Brazilian atheists]]
[[Category:Brazilian communists]]
[[Category:Anti-revisionists]]
[[Category:Brazilian male novelists]]
[[Category:Brazilian communist writers]]
[[Category:Brazilian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Brazilian children's writers]]
[[Category:People from Alagoas]]
[[Category:Brazilian memoirists]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in Brazil]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Rio de Janeiro (state)]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Brazil]]
[[Category:English–Portuguese translators]]
[[Category:French–Portuguese translators]]
[[Category:Portuguese-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Brazilian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Brazilian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Brazilian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century memoirists]]