Editing Grain elevator

{{Short description|Grain storage building}}
{{Infobox building
| name             = Grain elevator
| alternate_names  = 
| image            = Cargill dock 03.jpg
| image_alt        = Cargill grain elevator, [[Campbell, Wisconsin]]
Cylindrical Concrete Elevator- The Peavey-Haglin Elevator Design
| image_size       = 
| caption          = [[Grain hopper trailer]]s lined up to unload at the [[Cargill]] grain elevator in [[La Crosse County, Wisconsin|La Crosse]] for [[barge]]s <br /> 
[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cargill%20french%20island.webm (Click for aerial video)]
}}
[[File:Railroad grain elevator 04.jpg|thumb|262px|[[Rail transport|Railroad]] grain terminal in [[Hope, Minnesota]]]]

A '''grain elevator''' or '''grain terminal''' is a facility designed to stockpile or store grain. In the [[grain trade]], the term "grain elevator" also describes a tower containing a [[bucket elevator]] or a [[pneumatic conveyor]], which scoops up [[grain]] from a lower level and deposits it in a [[silo]] or other storage facility.

In most cases, the term "grain elevator" also describes the entire elevator complex, including receiving and testing offices, [[Rail weighbridge|weighbridges]], and storage facilities. It may also mean organizations that operate or control several individual elevators, in different locations. In Australia, the term describes only the lifting mechanism. <!-- (''See'' "Usage", below.) -->

Before the advent of the grain elevator, grain was usually handled in bags rather than in bulk (large quantities of loose grain). The Dart elevator was a major innovation—it was invented by [[Joseph Dart]], a merchant, and [[Robert Dunbar]], an engineer, in 1842, in [[Buffalo, New York]]. Using the steam-powered flour mills of [[Oliver Evans]] as their model, they invented the marine leg, which scooped loose grain out of the hulls of ships and elevated it to the top of a marine tower.<ref name="American Colossus">{{cite book|title=American Colossus: The Grain Elevator 1843 to 1943|first=William J.|last=Brown|publisher=Colossal Books|year=2013|isbn=978-0578012612}}</ref>

Early grain elevators and bins were often built of framed or cribbed wood, and were prone to fire. In 1899 Frank H. Peavey "The Elevator King' along with [[Charles F. Haglin]], invented the modern grain elevator. The first [[Peavey–Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator|Peavey-Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator]] still stands today in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. The Peavey invented elevator was the first cylindrical concrete grain elevator in the world and is now widely used across Canada and the US.  

Grain elevator bins, tanks, and silos are now usually made of steel or reinforced concrete. Bucket elevators are used to lift grain to a distributor or consignor, from which it falls through spouts and/or [[conveyor]]s and into one or more bins, silos, or tanks in a facility. When desired, silos, bins, and tanks are emptied by gravity flow, sweep [[auger conveyor|auger]]s, and conveyors. As grain is emptied from bins, tanks, and silos, it is conveyed, blended, and weighted into trucks, [[railroad car]]s, or [[barge]]s for shipment.

==Usage and definitions==
[[File:Saskatchewan, grain elevator, Kodachrome by Scott Williams.jpg|thumb|Saskatchewan Wheat Pool No. 7, [[Thunder Bay]], Ontario]]
In [[Australian English]], the term "grain elevator" is reserved for elevator towers, while a receival and storage building or complex is distinguished by the formal term "receival point" or as a "wheat bin" or "silo". Large-scale grain receival, storage, and [[logistics]] operations are known in Australia as bulk handling.

In Canada, the term "grain elevator" is used to refer to a place where farmers sell grain into the global grain distribution system, and/or a place where the grain is moved into rail cars or ocean-going ships for transport. Specifically, several types of grain elevators are defined under Canadian law, in the ''Canadian Grain Act'', section 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grainscanada.gc.ca/wa-aw/geic-sgc/help-aider-eng.htm |title=Descriptions of types of grain elevators licensed by the Canadian Grain Commission |publisher=Grainscanada.gc.ca |date=2010-01-12 |access-date=2013-03-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120014736/http://grainscanada.gc.ca/wa-aw/geic-sgc/help-aider-eng.htm |archive-date=2013-11-20 }}</ref>
* Primary elevators (called "country elevators" before 1971) receive grain directly from producers for storage, forwarding, or both.
* Process elevators (called "mill elevators" before 1971) receive and store grain for direct manufacture or processing into other products.
* Terminal elevators receive grain on or after official inspection and weighing and clean, store, and treat grain before moving it forward.
* Transfer elevators (including "Eastern elevators" from the pre-1971 classification) transfer grain that has been officially inspected and weighed at another elevator. In the Eastern Division, transfer elevators also receive, clean, and store eastern or foreign grain.

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2014}}
[[File:Port Perry grain mill and elevator circa 1930.jpg|thumb|The Port Perry mill and grain elevator,'' circa'' 1930: Built in 1873, it is the oldest grain elevator in Canada and remains a major landmark to this day. The line of the PW&PP Railway can be seen in the foreground.]]
[[File:Grain elevator in Wrentham Alberta.jpg|thumb|right|Typical "wood-cribbed" design for grain elevators throughout [[Western Canada]], a common design used from the early 1900s to mid-1980s: The former Ogilvie Flour Mill elevator in [[Wrentham, Alberta]], was built in 1925.]]
Both necessity and the prospect of making money  gave birth to the steam-powered grain elevator in [[Buffalo, New York]], in 1843. Due to the completion of the [[Erie Canal]] in 1825, Buffalo enjoyed a unique position in American geography. It stood at the intersection of two great all-water routes; one extended from [[New York Harbor]], up the [[Hudson River]] to [[Albany, New York|Albany]], and beyond it, the Port of Buffalo; the other comprised the [[Great Lakes]], which could theoretically take boaters in any direction they wished to go (north to [[Canada]], west to [[Michigan]] or [[Wisconsin]], south to [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] and [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], or east to the [[Atlantic Ocean]]). All through the 1830s, Buffalo benefited tremendously from its position. In particular, it was the recipient of most of the increasing quantities of grain (mostly wheat) that was being grown on farms in [[Ohio]] and [[Indiana]], and shipped on [[Lake Erie]] for trans-shipment to the Erie Canal. If Buffalo had not been there, or when things got backed up there, that grain would have been loaded onto boats at Cincinnati and shipped down the [[Mississippi River]] to [[New Orleans]].<ref name="American Colossus"/>

By 1842,  Buffalo's port facilities clearly had become antiquated. They still relied upon techniques that had been in use since the European [[Middle Ages]]; work teams of [[stevedore]]s use [[block and tackle]]s and their own backs to unload or load each sack of grain that had been stored ashore or in the boat's hull. Several days, sometimes even a week, were needed to serve a single grain-laden boat. Grain shipments were going down the Mississippi River, not over the Great Lakes/Erie Canal system.

A merchant named Joseph Dart Jr., is generally credited as being the one who adapted [[Oliver Evans]]' grain elevator (originally a manufacturing device) for use in a commercial framework (the trans-shipment of grain in bulk from lakers to canal boats), but the actual design and construction of the world's first steam-powered "grain storage and transfer warehouse" was executed by an engineer named Robert Dunbar. Thanks to the historic [[Dart's Elevator]] (operational on 1 June 1843), which worked almost seven times faster than its nonmechanized predecessors, Buffalo was able to keep pace with—and thus further stimulate—the rapid growth of American agricultural production in the 1840s and 1850s, but especially after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], with the coming of the [[rail transport|railroads]].<ref name="American Colossus"/>

[[File:Burrus.JPG|thumb|right|A 1928 Burrus Elevator steel-reinforced concrete elevator with 123 silos shown just prior to demolition in 2004]]

The world's second and third grain elevators were built in Toledo, Ohio, and [[Brooklyn]], New York, in 1847. These fledgling American cities were connected through an emerging international grain trade of unprecedented proportions. Grain shipments from farms in Ohio were loaded onto ships by elevators at Toledo; these ships were unloaded by elevators at Buffalo that shipped their grain to canal boats (and, later, rail cars), which were unloaded by elevators in Brooklyn, where the grain was either distributed to [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] flour mills or loaded for further shipment to [[England]], the [[Netherlands]], or [[Germany]]. This eastern flow of grain, though,  was matched by an equally important flow of people and capital in the opposite direction, that is, from east to west. Because of the money to be made in grain production, and of course, because of the existence of an all-water route to get there, increasing numbers of immigrants in Brooklyn came to Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois to become farmers. More farmers meant more prairies turned into farmlands, which in turn meant increased grain production, which of course meant that more grain elevators would have to be built in places such as Toledo, Buffalo, and Brooklyn (and Cleveland, [[Chicago]], and [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]]). Through this loop of productivity set in motion by the invention of the grain elevator, the United States became a major international producer of wheat, corn, and oats.<ref name="American Colossus"/>

In the early 20th century,  concern arose about monopolistic practices in the grain elevator industry, leading to testimony before the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] in 1906.<ref name=ICC>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RW9MAAAAMAAJ&dq=Robert+Watke&pg=PA35 Testimony taken by Interstate Commerce Commission, October 15 – November 23, 1906, in matter of relations of common carriers to the grain trade, 59th Congress, Senate Document #278, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1907, pp. 28, 34–35].</ref> This led to several grain elevators being burned down in Nebraska, allegedly in protest.<ref name=ICC/>

[[File:Grain elevators on a farm in Israel.jpg|thumb|left|Silos connected to a grain elevator on a farm in [[Israel]]]]
Today, grain elevators are a common sight in the grain-growing areas of the world, such as the [[North America]]n [[prairie]]s. Larger terminal elevators are found at distribution centers, such as Chicago and [[Thunder Bay]], Ontario, where grain is sent for processing, or loaded aboard trains or ships to go further afield.

Buffalo, New York, the world's largest grain port from the 1850s until the first half of the 20th century, once had the United States' largest capacity for the storage of grain in over 30 concrete grain elevators located along the inner and outer harbors. While several are still in productive use, many of those that remain are presently idle. In a nascent trend, some of the city's inactive capacity has recently come back online, with an [[ethanol]] plant started in 2007 using one of the previously mothballed elevators to store corn. In the early 20th century, Buffalo's grain elevators inspired modernist architects such as [[Le Corbusier]], who exclaimed, "The first fruits of the new age!" when he first saw them. Buffalo's grain elevators have been documented for the [[Historic American Buildings Survey|Historic American Engineering Record]] and added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. Currently, [[Enid, Oklahoma]], holds the title of most grain storage capacity in the United States.

[[File:Grain elevator8089.JPG|thumb|right|Corrugated-steel [[Grain bin|grain bins]] and cable-guyed grain elevator at a grain elevator in [[Hemingway, South Carolina]]]]
In farming communities, each town had one or more small grain elevators that served the local growers. The classic grain elevator was constructed with wooden cribbing and had nine or more larger square or rectangular bins arranged in 3 × 3 or 3 × 4 or 4 × 4 or more patterns. Wooden-cribbed elevators usually had a driveway with truck scale and office on one side, a rail line on the other side, and additional grain-storage annex bins on either side.

In more recent times with improved transportation, centralized and much larger elevators serve many farms. Some of them are quite large. Two elevators in [[Kansas]] (one in [[Hutchinson, Kansas|Hutchinson]] and one in [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]]) are half a mile long. The loss of the grain elevators from small towns is often considered a great change in their identity, and efforts to preserve them as heritage structures are made. At the same time, many larger grain farms have their own grain-handling facilities for storage and loading onto trucks.

[[File:GrainElevatorEsthervilleIA2006-05-20.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Old wooden cribbed grain elevator and livestock feedmill in [[Estherville, Iowa]]]]
Elevator operators buy grain from farmers, either for cash or at a contracted price, and then sell [[futures contract]]s for the same quantity of grain, usually each day. They profit through the narrowing "basis", that is, the difference between the local cash price, and the futures price, that occurs at certain times of the year.

Before economical truck transportation was available, grain elevator operators sometimes used their purchasing power to control prices. This was especially easy, since farmers often had only one elevator  within a reasonable distance of their farms. This led some governments to take over the administration of grain elevators. An example of this is the [[Saskatchewan Wheat Pool]]. For the same reason, many elevators were purchased by [[cooperatives]].

[[File:NS grain elevator.JPG|right|thumb|These houses in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], Nova Scotia were constructed in the 1990s long after the elevator had been constructed and are vulnerable due to their location. In the summer of 2003, an explosion at this elevator sparked a fire that took seven hours to extinguish.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/grain-elevator-explosion-rocks-halifax-1.403637 |work=CBC News |title=Grain elevator explosion rocks Halifax |date=2003-08-08}}</ref>]]

A recent problem with grain elevators is the need to provide separate storage for ordinary and [[genetically modified]] grain to reduce the risk of accidental mixing of the two.

In the past, grain elevators sometimes experienced [[dust explosion|silo explosions]]. Fine powder from the millions of grains passing through the facility would accumulate and mix with the oxygen in the air. A spark could spread from one floating particle to the other, creating a chain reaction that would destroy the entire structure. (This dispersed-fuel explosion is the mechanism behind [[thermobaric weapons|fuel-air bombs]].) To prevent this, elevators have very rigorous rules against [[tobacco smoking|smoking]] or any other open flame. Many elevators also have various devices installed to maximize ventilation, safeguards against overheating in belt conveyors, legs, bearings, and [[electrical equipment in hazardous areas|explosion-proof electrical devices]] such as [[electric motor]]s, switches, and [[electric light|lighting]].

[[File:Elevators, Edon, Ohio.jpg|thumb|left|Jump-formed concrete annex silos on the left and slip-formed concrete mainhouse at an elevator facility in [[Edon, Ohio]]]]
Grain elevators in small Canadian communities often had the name of the community painted on two sides of the elevator in large block letters, with the name of the elevator operator emblazoned on the other two sides. This made identification of the community easier for rail operators (and incidentally, for lost drivers and pilots). The old community name often remained on an elevator long after the town had either disappeared or been amalgamated into another community; the grain elevator at [[Ellerslie, Edmonton|Ellerslie, Alberta]], remained marked with its old community name until it was demolished, which took place more than 20 years after the village had been annexed by [[Edmonton]].

One of the major historical trends in the grain trade has been the closure of many smaller elevators and the consolidation of the grain trade to fewer places and among fewer companies. For example, in 1961, 1,642 "country elevators" (the smallest type) were in Alberta, holding {{convert|3452240|t|ST|abbr=off}} of grain. By 2010, only 79 "primary elevators" (as they are now known) remained, holding {{convert|1613960|t|ST|abbr=off}}.
{{Clear}}

Despite this consolidation, overall storage capacity has increased in many places. In 2017, the United States had {{convert|25|e9USbu|km3|order=flip|abbr=off}} of storage capacity, a growth of 25% over the previous decade.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Huffstutter|first1=P. J.|last2=Plume|first2=Karl|title=Grains piled on runways, parking lots, fields amid global glut|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-grains-storage-analysis-idUSKBN17D0EO|access-date=12 April 2017|work=Reuters|date=11 April 2017}}</ref>

==Elevator Alley==
[[File:Elevator Alley.jpg|thumb|right|A view along Buffalo's "Elevator Alley".]]
The city of Buffalo is not only the birthplace of the modern grain elevator, but also has the world's largest number of extant examples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://urbandesignproject.ap.buffalo.edu/projects/gr_el/indHerConf.htm |title=Grain Elevator Conference |website=Urban Design Project |publisher=State University of New York at Buffalo |access-date=22 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032622/http://urbandesignproject.ap.buffalo.edu/projects/gr_el/indHerConf.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> A number of the city's historic elevators are clustered along "Elevator Alley", a narrow stretch of the [[Buffalo River (New York)|Buffalo River]] immediately adjacent to the harbor. The alley runs under Ohio Street and along Childs Street in the city's First Ward neighborhood.<ref>{{cite book |title=Elevator Alley |publisher=Furnace Press |author1=Cook, Michael |author2=Papciak, Bryan |year=2010 |isbn= 9780977274260}}</ref>

==Elevator row==
{{See also|Inglis Grain Elevators National Historic Site}}

In Canada, the term "elevator row" refers to a row of four or more [[corn crib|wood-crib]] [[prairie]] grain elevators.

In the early pioneer days of [[Western Canada]]'s prairie towns, when a good farming spot was settled, many people wanted to make money by building their own grain elevators. This brought in droves of private grain companies. Towns boasted dozens of elevator companies, which all stood in a row along the railway tracks. If a town were lucky enough to have two railways, it was to be known as the next [[Montreal]]. Many elevator rows had two or more elevators of the same company. Small towns bragged of their large elevator rows in promotional pamphlets to attract settlers. With so much competition in the 1920s, consolidation began almost immediately, and many small companies were merged or absorbed into larger companies.

In the mid-1990s, with the cost of grain so low, many private elevator companies once again had to merge, this time causing thousands of "prairie sentinels" to be torn down. Because so many grain elevators have been torn down, Canada has only two surviving elevator rows; one located in [[Inglis, Manitoba]], and the other in [[Warner, Alberta]]. The [[Inglis Grain Elevators National Historic Site]] has been protected as a [[National Historic Sites of Canada]]. The [[Warner elevator row]] is, as of 2019, not designated a historic site, and is still in use as commercial grain elevators.

==Elevator companies==
[[File:History and Institutions- with illustrations and sketches of banking, wholesale manufacturing and professional interests of Toledo, Ohio - DPLA - 92f742d33d4dcde003ea49375198e699 (page 34) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Lake Shore Elevator seen in Toledo, Ohio in 1895]]

===Australia===
* [[ABB Grain]] was founded as a [[mutual company]], the Australian Barley Board, in 1939, by [[barley]] growers in [[South Australia]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]; after [[demutualization]], it was acquired by Viterra (see below) in 2009; Australian Bulk Alliance, a joint venture between ABB and [[Sumitomo]], operates facilities in some areas.
* [[CBH Group]], a co-operative company, was established by grain growers in [[Western Australia]], in 1933.
* [[GrainCorp]] was established by the [[government of New South Wales]] in 1917, as Government Grain Elevator, and was [[privatisation|privatized]] in 1992.

===Canada===
All companies operating elevators in Canada are licensed by the [[Canadian Grain Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grainscanada.gc.ca/licensee-licence/licensed-agreees-eng.htm |title=licences |publisher=Grainscanada.gc.ca |date=2002-05-05 |access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref>

* [[Agricore United]] was taken over by Saskatchewan Wheat Pool in 2007.
* [[Alberta Farmers' Co-operative Elevator Company]] merged into United Grain Growers in 1917.
* [[Alberta Pacific Grain Company]] was taken over by Federal Grain Co. in 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vanishingsentinels.blogspot.com/2005/12/remaining-alberta-pacific-grain.html |title=Vanishing Sentinels |publisher=Vanishingsentinels.blogspot.com |date=2005-12-30 |access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref>
* [[Alberta Wheat Pool]] merged with Manitoba Pool Elevators in 1997.
* [[Cargill]] was established in 1865 by [[W.W. Cargill]].
* [[Federal Grain]] was sold to the three provincial wheat pools in 1972.
* [[Grain Growers' Grain Company]] merged into United Grain Growers in 1917.
* [[Lake of the Woods Milling Company]]
* [[Manitoba Pool Elevators]]  merged with Alberta Wheat Pool in 1997.
* [[Parrish & Heimbecker]] was established in 1909 by the two families of [[William Parrish]] and [[Norman G. Heimbecker]].
* [[Paterson GlobalFoods|Paterson Grain]] was established in 1908 as the N. M. Paterson Co.
* [[Richardson International]] was established in 1857 by James Richardson; it is also known as Richardson Pioneer.
* [[Saskatchewan Co-operative Elevator Company]] was taken over by the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool in 1926.
* [[Saskatchewan Wheat Pool]] took over Agricore United in 2007 to form Viterra.
* [[United Grain Growers]] was taken over by Agricore United in 2001.
* [[Viterra]] was established after the take-over of Agricore United by the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool.

===Sweden===
* In Sweden, the vast majority of grain elevators belong to the [[Lantmännen]] co-operative movement, owned by grain-growing farmers.

===United States===
[[File:General Mills facility detail, Idaho Falls, Idaho.jpg|thumb|upright|[[General Mills]] grain-distribution facility detail, [[Idaho Falls, Idaho]]]]

* [[ADM Milling]]
* [[Cargill]]
* [[General Mills]]
* [[Monarch Engineering Co.]] (builder)
* [[Montana Elevator Co.]]
* [[Perdue Farms|Perdue Agribusiness]]
* [[Scoular]]
* [[Smithfield Foods|Smithfield Grain]]
* [[Southern States Cooperative]]
* [[Tyson Foods|Tyson]]
* [[United Grain Growers]]

===Denmark===
* [[FM Bulk Handling - Fjordvejs]]

==Notable grain elevators==
This is a list of grain elevators that are either in the process of becoming [[heritage sites]] or [[museum]]s, or have been preserved for future generations.

===Canada===

====Alberta====
[[File:UCHV elevator.jpg|thumb|upright|Home Grain Co. wooden cribbed elevator at the [[Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village]] in [[Alberta]]]]
[[File:Scandia 002a.jpg|thumb|upright|Alberta Wheat Pool elevator Ltd. wooden cribbed elevator at the [[Scandia Eastern Irrigation District Museum]] in [[Scandia, Alberta]]]]

* [[Acadia Valley, Alberta|Acadia Valley]] – [[Prairie Elevator Museum]], former [[Alberta Wheat Pool]] converted into a [[tea house]] and museum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdacadia.ab.ca/av.htm |title=Acadia Valley elevator |date=2009-08-16 |access-date=2013-03-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816195647/http://www.mdacadia.ab.ca/av.htm |archive-date=August 16, 2009}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2024}}
* [[Alberta Central Railroad Museum]] – former Alberta Wheat Pool, second-oldest standing grain elevator in Alberta, moved from [[Maskwacis|Hobbema]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abcentralrailway.com/ |title=Alberta Central Railroad Museum |publisher=Abcentralrailway.com |access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2024}}
* [[Castor, Alberta|Castor]] – former Alberta Pacific, restored into a museum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.albertasource.ca/carmn/museums/m_cdm.html |title=Castor elevator |publisher=Albertasource.ca |date=2010-12-08 |access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref>
* [[Big Valley, Alberta|Big Valley]] – Alberta Wheat Pool used as a museum complete with a train station and [[Railway roundhouse|roundhouse]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Dean Tiegs |url=http://www.canadiannorthern.ca/BigValley |title=Big Valley elevator |publisher=Canadiannorthern.ca |access-date=2013-03-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003121527/http://www.canadiannorthern.ca/BigValley |archive-date=2013-10-03 }}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2024}}
* [[Edmonton]] – [[Ritchie Mill]], former [[flour mill]] converted into restaurants, law offices, and [[Condominium (living space)|condominium]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmlo.com/ |title=Ritchie Mill – Edmonton |publisher=Rmlo.com |access-date=2013-03-28 |archive-date=2017-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730143615/http://www.rmlo.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Heritage Acres Farm Museum]] – restored United Grain Growers elevator moved from [[Brocket, Alberta|Brocket]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritageacres.org/ |title=Heritage Acres |publisher=Heritage Acres |access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2024}}
* [[Heritage Park Historical Village]], former Security Elevator Co. Ltd. moved from [[Shonts, Alberta|Shonts]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritagepark.ca/ |title=Calgary Heritage Park |publisher=Heritagepark.ca |access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2024}}
* [[Leduc, Alberta|Leduc]] – former Alberta Wheat Pool saved from demolition now a museum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leducelevator.com/ |title=Alberta Legacy Development Society – Leduc |publisher=Leducelevator.com |access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2024}}
* [[Mayerthorpe, Alberta|Mayerthorpe]] – 1966 Federal Grain Co., now an interpretive center<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mayerthorpe.ca/visiting |title=Mayerthorpe elevator |publisher=Mayerthorpe.ca |date=2012-12-06 |access-date=2013-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404224104/http://www.mayerthorpe.ca/visiting/ |archive-date=2016-04-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2024}}
* [[Meeting Creek, Alberta|Meeting Creek]] – a refurbished Alberta Wheat Pool, Pacific Grain elevator and CN train station<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiannorthern.ca/ |title=Meeting Creek elevator |publisher=Canadiannorthern.ca |access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2024}}
* [[Nanton, Alberta|Nanton]] – [[Canadian Grain Elevator Discovery Centre]], three elevators saved from demolition and preserved to educate visitors about the town's, and Alberta's, agricultural history<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nantonelevators.com/ |title=Canadian Grain Elevator Discovery Center – Nanton |publisher=Nantonelevators.com |access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2024}}
* [[Radway, Alberta|Radway]] – [[Krause Milling Co.]] restored into a museum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.townlife.com/1/businesses/6220/289/Radway-Krause-Grain-Elevator |title=Radway elevator |publisher=Townlife.com |date=2008-09-24 |access-date=2013-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224061206/http://www.townlife.com/1/businesses/6220/289/Radway-Krause-Grain-Elevator |archive-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Scandia, Alberta|Scandia]] – [[Scandia Eastern Irrigation District Museum]], 1920s Alberta Wheat Pool and stockyard now a museum
* [[South Peace Centennial Museum]], United Grain Growers moved from [[Albright, Alberta|Albright]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spcm.ca/ |title=South Peace Centennial Museum |publisher=Spcm.ca |access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2024}}{{Third-party inline|date=June 2024}}
* [[Spruce Grove]] – [[Spruce Grove Grain Elevator Museum]], former Alberta Wheat Pool, now a museum
* [[St. Albert, Alberta|St. Albert]] – [[St. Albert Grain Elevator Park]],<ref>[http://www.artsheritage.ca/heritagesites/ St. Albert Grain Elevator Park] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721075235/http://www.artsheritage.ca/heritagesites/ |date=July 21, 2009}}</ref> a 1906 Alberta Grain Co. and 1929 Alberta Wheat Pool Elevators now restored as a historic park<ref>[http://www.artsheritage.ca/heritagesites/ St. Albert elevator] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721075235/http://www.artsheritage.ca/heritagesites/ |date=July 21, 2009}}</ref>{{Third-party inline|date=June 2024}}
* [[Stettler, Alberta|Stettler]] – a 1920 Parrish and Heimbecker grain elevator, feed mill, and coal shed, last to stand in Alberta, now protected and restored as a museum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boomtowntrail.com/communities/display_town.php?town=Stettler |title=Stettler elevator |publisher=Boomtowntrail.com |access-date=2013-03-28 |archive-date=2012-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301120419/http://www.boomtowntrail.com/communities/display_town.php?town=Stettler |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village]] – former Home Grain Co. moved from [[Bellis, Alberta|Bellis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tapor.ualberta.ca/heritagevillage/ |title=Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village |publisher=Tapor.ualberta.ca |access-date=2013-03-28}}</ref>

====British Columbia====
* [[Creston, British Columbia|Creston]] – former [[Alberta Wheat Pool]] (1936) and [[United Grain Growers]] (1937) elevators on the edge of the downtown core in the [[Creston Valley]]. The two buildings were purchased by the [[Columbia Basin Trust]] in 2018. The wheat pool elevator was extensively refurbished and now includes an art gallery. The UGG elevator is beyond feasible conservation efforts however, and CBT has begun to deconstruct it in 2024, with care taken to re-purpose as much of the building materials as possible, including valuable first-growth timbers and historic equipment. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nelsonstar.com/e-editions?iid=f16f9c2c-8be3-45e8-bbaf-5061548f66c8&headline=V2VzdCBLb290ZW5heSBBZHZlcnRpc2VyLCBKdW5lIDIwLCAyMDI0&doc_id=240620102805-b4b05146e9fea20a53c1be1de3776f9e | title=E-Editions }}</ref>

====Manitoba====
[[File:Inglis grain elevators.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Inglis elevator row]], [[Inglis, Manitoba]]]]

* [[Inglis, Manitoba|Inglis]] – [[Inglis Grain Elevators National Historic Site]], last surviving elevator row in [[Manitoba]] with a total of four elevators. Now designated and protected as a [[National Historic Site of Canada]]
* [[Niverville, Manitoba|Niverville]] – Western Canada's first grain elevator, erected by [[William Hespeler]] in 1879<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG8pspLIukMC&q=william+hespeler&pg=PA475 |title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography: De 1921 à 1930 - Ramsay Cook, Jean Hamelin |access-date=2013-03-28|isbn=9780802090874 |last1=Cook |first1=Ramsay |year=2005 |publisher=University of Toronto Press }}</ref>

====Quebec====
* Silo No. 5, [[Montreal]] – This grain elevator was completed in four stages from 1906 to 1959 and was abandoned in 1994. With the demolition of Silo No. 1 and Silo No. 2, Silo No. 5 is now, along with the Old Port's conveyor pier tower, the last vestige of Old Montreal's 20th-century harbour panorama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca/rpcq/detail.do?methode=consulter&id=115142&type=bien#.XNbZCtNKjOQ|language=fr|title=Silo à grain no 5|website=Répertoire du patrimoine - culturel du Québec|access-date=21 November 2020|author=Laure Emery|date=2013}}</ref>

====Saskatchewan====
* [[Sukanen Ship Pioneer Village and Museum]] – former Victoria – McCabe moved from [[Mawer, Saskatchewan|Mawer]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sukanenmuseum.ca/frames.html |title=Sukanen Ship Pioneer Village & Museum |publisher=Sukanenmuseum.ca |access-date=2013-03-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218030233/http://www.sukanenmuseum.ca/frames.html |archive-date=2013-02-18 }}</ref>
* [[North Battleford Western Development Museum]], former Saskatchewan Wheat Pool moved from Keatley<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tpcs.gov.sk.ca/GrainElevatorStudy2010 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622031320/http://www.tpcs.gov.sk.ca/GrainElevatorStudy2010 |archive-date=2012-06-22 }}</ref>

===South Africa===
* [[Port of Cape Town]] – once the tallest building in Cape Town, now restored to become the [[Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa]]

===Switzerland===
[[File:Limmat - Swissmill Tower Zürich & Migros-Hochhaus - Käferberg-Waidspital 2016-05-17 19-06-28.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Swissmill Tower]], upper [[Limmat Valley]] in the Canton of Zürich]]

* [[Swissmill Tower]] in upper [[Limmat Valley]] in the Canton of Zürich – {{convert|118|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} high, rebuilt by April 2016.<ref name="limmattaler">{{cite web|url=http://www.limmattalerzeitung.ch/limmattal/zuerich/der-swissmill-tower-spaltet-zuerich-130228971|title=Der Swissmill-Tower spaltet Zürich|publisher=[[Limmattaler Zeitung]]|author=Florian Niedermann|language=de|date=2016-04-27|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
The [[Manchester Ship Canal]] grain elevator was completed in 1898.  It had a capacity of 40,000 tons and its automatic conveying and spouting system could distribute grain into 226 bins.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Otter |first1=Chris |title=Diet for a large planet |date=2020 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=USA |isbn=978-0-226-69710-9 |page=22 }}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Wheeler Elevator.jpg|thumb|upright|Wheeler Elevator, Buffalo]]
[[File:Ranchway Feeds mill, Fort Collins, Colorado.jpeg|thumb|Ranchway Feeds mill and elevator, [[Fort Collins, Colorado]] ]]
[[File:Circle B Grain Elevator.JPG|thumb|right|Circle B grain elevator, [[Concordia, Kansas]]]]
[[File:Graincoop.JPG|thumb|Historic Cooperative Elevator, a row of corrugated steel hopper bottom bins on the left and cribbed annex bins on the right, [[Crowell, Texas]]]]

====Maryland====
* [[Baltimore and Ohio Locust Point Grain Terminal Elevator]], one of the largest [[terminal elevator|grain terminal elevators]] to be constructed in the early 20th century, with a capacity of {{convert|3.8|e9USbu|m3|order=flip|abbr=off}} in [[Baltimore, Maryland]]

====New York====
* [[American Grain Complex]], built between 1905 and 1931
* [[Cargill Pool Elevator]], previously named the Saskatchewan Cooperative Elevator was built in 1925 offered a total holding capacity of {{convert|2.1|e6USbu|m3|order=flip|abbr=off}} in 135 bins
* [[Concrete-Central Elevator]], [[Buffalo, New York]] – The largest transfer elevator in the world at the time of its completion in 1917
* [[Great Northern Elevator]], built in 1897 by the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railroad]]; demolished September 2022-May 2023.
* [[Wollenberg Grain and Seed Elevator]] – wooden "country style" elevator formerly located in Buffalo, New York; destroyed by fire in October 2006

====Illinois====
* [[Armour's Warehouse]] – constructed in 1861–62 on the north bank of the [[Illinois-Michigan Canal]] in [[Seneca, Illinois]]

====Iowa====
* [[Historic Ely Elevator]] - Also known as the Woitishek/King/Krob elevator and feed mill.  Constructed in 1900 in Ely, Iowa, and was in continuous use for 121 years.

====Minnesota====
* [[Ceresota Building]] was a receiving and public grain elevator built by the [[Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company]] in 1908 in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]]
* [[Peavey–Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator]], [[St. Louis Park, Minnesota]], built in 1899–1900
* [[Saint Paul Municipal Grain Terminal]], in St. Paul, Minnesota, on the NRHP

====North Dakota====
* [[North Dakota Mill and Elevator]], largest flour mill in the United States, located in [[Grand Forks, North Dakota]]

====Oklahoma====
* [[Ingersoll Tile Elevator]], elevator constructed of hollow red clay tiles, located in [[Ingersoll, Oklahoma]]

====Pennsylvania====
[[File:Philly Grain Elevator.JPG|thumb|upright|Reading Company Grain Elevator near [[Center City, Philadelphia]], now converted into offices]]

* [[Reading Company Grain Elevator]], export elevator in Philadelphia converted into offices

====South Dakota====
* [[Zip Feed Tower]], tallest occupiable structure in [[South Dakota]] from its construction in 1956–1957 until its demolition in December 2005

====Virginia====
* [[Sewell's Point]] grain elevator, export elevator built by the city of [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]] in 1922 to help the port of Norfolk better compete with other East Coast ports by providing a publicly owned facility to store and load grain at reasonable rates. It was sold to the [[Norfolk and Western]] railroad in 1929, and leased from N&W by [[Continental grain]] in 1952. The elevator originally held {{convert|750,000|USbu|m3|order=flip|abbr=on}} but was later expanded to {{convert|3500000|USbu|m3|order=flip|abbr=on}}. The elevator was taken over by [[Cargill]] in the late 1980s and abandoned around the turn of the 21st century. The elevator was demolished by [[Norfolk Southern]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pilotonline.com/business/article_350e6467-3fc7-5ee1-9333-6f17571b4a9f.html|title = From bust to boom: Deserted Norfolk facility to be exploded| date=2 August 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Southern States Cooperative|Southern States]] silos, a grain elevator in [[Richmond, Virginia]] originally built in the 1940s by [[Cargill]], and currently leased by [[Perdue Farms]] is the tallest structure south of the [[James River]] in the city of Richmond. The elevator was the site of the 3rd RVA Street Art Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richmond.com/article_a9030e8d-8a9a-5996-b723-020d0947a8d9.html?mode=image&photo=1|title=RVA Street Art Festival headed to Manchester silos|date=12 November 2014 |access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wtvr.com/2016/04/19/third-rva-street-art-festival-brings-flood-of-creativity-to-manchester/|title=Third RVA Street Art Festival brings flood of creativity to Manchester|date=19 April 2016|access-date=11 December 2016}}</ref>

====Wisconsin====
* [[Chase Grain Elevator]], tile grain elevator built in 1922. [[Sun Prairie, Wisconsin]] Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. It is the last remaining tile elevator in Wisconsin.

====Wyoming====
* [[Sheridan Flouring Mills, Inc.]], an industrial complex in [[Sheridan, Wyoming]]

==Elevator explosions==
{{See also|Dust explosion}}
Given a large enough suspension of combustible [[flour]] or [[cereal|grain]] dust in the air, a significant [[dust explosion|explosion]] can occur. The 1878 explosion of the [[Washburn "A" Mill]] in [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], killed 18, leveled two nearby mills, damaged many others, and caused a destructive fire that gutted much of the nearby milling district. (The Washburn "A" mill was later rebuilt and continued to be used until 1965.) Another example occurred in 1998, when the [[DeBruce Grain Elevator explosion|DeBruce grain elevator]] in [[Wichita, Kansas]], exploded and killed seven people.<ref name="debruce_grain_elevator_explosion">{{cite web|year=1998 |url=http://www.wichitagov.org/CityOffices/Fire/Photos/Gallery1.htm |title=June 8, 1998 - DeBruce Grain Elevator Explosion |work=[[Wichita, KS|City of Wichita]] |access-date=2007-06-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212012622/http://www.wichitagov.org/CityOffices/Fire/Photos/Gallery1.htm |archive-date=February 12, 2008}}</ref> An explosion on October 29, 2011, at the Bartlett Grain Company in [[Atchison, Kansas]], killed six people. Two more men received severe burns, but the remaining four were not hurt.<ref name=atchison>{{cite news
|url= http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/30/us/kansas-grain-explosion/index.html?hpt=hp_t2
|title= 3 killed, 3 missing after Kansas grain elevator explosion
|first= Joe
|last= Sutton
|date= October 30, 2011
|publisher= CNN.com
}}</ref>

Almost any finely divided [[organic compound|organic]] substance becomes an [[explosive material]] when dispersed as an air suspension; hence, a very fine flour is dangerously explosive in air suspension. This poses a significant risk when milling grain to produce flour, so mills go to great lengths to remove sources of sparks. These measures include carefully sifting the grain before it is milled or ground to remove stones, which could strike sparks from the millstones, and the use of magnets to remove metallic debris able to strike sparks.

The earliest recorded flour explosion took place in an Italian mill in 1785, but many have occurred since. These two references give numbers of recorded flour and [[dust explosion]]s in the United States in 1994:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/historicpublications/Pubs/1994Dust_Explosions.pdf
|title=A report of grain dust explosions that took place in 1994
|access-date=2007-06-23
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070124104804/http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/historicpublications/Pubs/1994Dust_Explosions.pdf<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date= 2007-01-24}}</ref> and 1997<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/historicpublications/Pubs/1997Dust_Explosions.pdf
|title=A report of grain dust explosions that took place in 1997
|access-date=2007-06-23
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070124104816/http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/historicpublications/Pubs/1997Dust_Explosions.pdf<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date= 2007-01-24}}</ref> In the ten-year period up to and including 1997, there were 129 explosions.

==Media==
Canadian Prairie grain elevators were the subjects of the [[National Film Board of Canada]] documentaries ''Grain Elevator''<ref name="nfb1">{{cite web|title=Grain Elevator|url=http://www.nfb.ca/film/grain_elevator|work=Documentary film|publisher=[[National Film Board of Canada]]|access-date=22 July 2010}}</ref> and ''Death of a Skyline''.<ref name="NFB">{{cite news|url=http://www3.nfb.ca/collection/films/fiche/?id=51160|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120403041127/http://www3.nfb.ca/collection/films/fiche/?id=51160|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-04-03|title=Death of a Skyline|last=Smith|first=Bryan|year=2003|publisher=National Film Board of Canada|access-date=2009-03-19}}</ref>

During the sixth season of the [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]] series ''[[Ax Men]]'', one of the featured crews takes on the job of dismantling the Globe Elevator in Wisconsin. This structure was the largest grain-storage facility in the world when it was built in the 1880s.

==See also==
{{Portal|Agriculture}}
* [[Silo]]
* [[Grain bin]]
* [[Grain entrapment]]
* [[Granary]]
* [[Dust explosion]]
* [[List of grain elevators]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Carney, George O. "Grain Elevators in the United States and Canada: Functional or Symbolic?." ''Material Culture'' 27.1 (1995): 1-24. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/29763972 online]

* Ketchum, Milo Smith. ''The design of walls, bins and grain elevators'' (McGraw-Hill, 1919) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=483VAAAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA30&dq=grain+elevators&ots=Zdf6TGuCR-&sig=whwmRUWZu1cEc15QrObPEuqvUqA online].

* Lee, Guy A. "The historical significance of the Chicago grain elevator system." ''Agricultural History'' 11.1 (1937): 16-32. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3739439 online]

* Schnake, L. D., and James L. Driscoll. "Number and Physical Characteristics of Grain Elevators." (1978) [https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/142863/files/numberphysicalch22schn.pdf online].

==External links==
{{Commons category|Grain elevators}}
* [https://www.panoramio.com/user/2953093/tags/grain%20elevator?photo_page=1 Grain elevators in West Texas]
* [http://www.vators.com/ Complete Photographic Record of the Remaining Canadian Prairie Grain Elevators]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111020232840/http://www.vanishinglandmarks.com/ Vanishing Landmarks: Photographs of standing and demolished Grain Elevators with information and maps.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620135430/http://www.buffalohistoryworks.com/grain/ Grain Elevators: Buffalo's Lost Industry]
* [https://www.worldcat.org/profiles/BECHS/lists/771994?view=&count=100&se=ts&sd=asc&qt=sort_ts_asc%20target= Buffalo Grain Elevators]: A bibliography by The [[Buffalo History Museum]]
* [http://www.grainelevatorphotos.com/ Bruce Selyem, Grain Elevator Photographer]
* [http://www.year01.com/pixelgrain/ Pixelgrain: Mapping Transition in the Canadian Prairies]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=4ykDAAAAMBAJ&dq=1930+plane+%22Popular&pg=PA45 "Inside a Modern Grain Elevator"] ''Popular Science Monthly'', February 1930, p.&nbsp;45. Drawing of how 1930s grain elevator worked at sea ports.
* [https://ourgrandfathersgrainelevators.com/ Our Grandfathers' Grain Elevators blog with specifications of reinforced-concrete elevators]

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[[Category:Grain elevators| ]]
[[Category:Grain production]]