Editing Graphonomics

{{Use American English|date = January 2019}}
{{Short description|Study of handwriting and drawing}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = January 2019}}
{{distinguish|Graphology}}
'''Graphonomics''' is the interdisciplinary field directed towards the scientific analysis of the [[handwriting]] process, product, and other graphic skills.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kao|first=H|title=Graphonomics: Contemporary Research in Handwriting (Advances in Psychology)|year=1986|publisher=Elsevier Science Ltd; 1 edition (September 1986)}}</ref><sup>,</sup><ref>
{{cite journal
| last1       = Van Gemmert
| first1      = Arend
| last2      = Contreras-Vidal
| first2     = Jose
| date       = October 2015
| title      = Graphonomics and its contribution to the field of motor behavior: A position statement
| url        = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167945715001323
| journal    = Human Movement Science
| volume     = 43
| issue      = 
| pages      = 165–168
| doi        = 10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.017
| pmid = 26365103
| access-date = September 18, 2020
| url-access= subscription
}}
</ref>

Researchers in [[handwriting recognition]], [[Questioned document examination|forensic handwriting examination]], [[kinesiology]], [[psychology]], [[computer science]], [[artificial intelligence]], [[paleography]] and [[neuroscience]] cooperate in order to achieve a better understanding of the human [[skill]] of handwriting.  Research in graphonomics generally involves [[handwriting movement analysis]]<ref>{{citation 
|journal=Advances in Graphonomics|last=Van Gemmert|title=Studies on Fine Motor Control, Its Development and Disorders Human Movement Science 25.4-5 (2006): 447-53}}</ref> in one form or another.

==History and conferences==
The first international conference relating to graphonomics was held in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, in July 1982.<ref name=IGSconf>{{cite web|url=http://www.graphonomics.org/pastconf.php|title=IGS Past Conferences|publisher=International Graphonomics Society|accessdate=11 January 2011|archive-date=October 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027172934/http://www.graphonomics.org/pastconf.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>  The term 'graphonomics' was used there for the first time.<ref>
{{Citation
  | editor-last = Kao  | editor-first = H.S.R.  
  | editor2-last = van Galen  | editor2-first = G.P.
  | editor3-last = Hoosain  | editor3-first = R. 
  | title = Graphonomics: Contemporary Research in Handwriting
  | place = Amsterdam, the Netherlands
  | publisher = Elsevier Science Publishers
  | series = Advances in Psychology
  | volume = 37
  |date=September 1986
  | chapter = Preface
  | pages = v
  | language = 
  | isbn = 0-444-70047-1
  | quote = During the [Nijmegen, 1982] Workshop week, an informal coinage of the word ''Graphonomics'' was greeted with enthusiastic reception by participants and a unifying concept to signify the multidisciplinary nature of the new science of handwriting research.}}</ref>

The second conference was held in July 1985 in Hong Kong<ref name=IGSconf /> and, at that meeting, a decision was taken to form the '''International Graphonomics Society'''.<ref name=IGSorigin>{{cite web|url=http://www.graphonomics.org/origin.php|title=Graphonomics Origin|publisher= International Graphonomics Society|accessdate=11 January 2011}}
</ref> The IGS became a legal non-profit organization under Netherlands law on January 30, 1987.<ref name=IGSorigin/>

Subsequently, an international conference, symposium and/or workshop has been held every two years.  Past events have been held in various locations with most events having a specific theme, as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://graphonomics.net/past-conferences/|title=Conferences > Past Conferences|publisher= International Graphonomics Society|accessdate=17 August 2022}}</ref> 
*Nijmegen, The Netherlands (1982), <U>Motor Aspects of Handwriting</U>
*Hong Kong (1985), <U>Graphonomics</U>
*Montreal, QC, Canada (1987), <U>Third International Symposium on Handwriting and Computer Applications</U>
*Trondheim, Norway (1989), Fourth IGS Conference. <U>The Development of Graphic Skills (DOGS)</U>
*Tempe, AZ, USA (1991), Fifth Handwriting Conference of the IGS. <U>Motor Control of Handwriting</U>
*Paris, France (1993), <u>Sixth International Conference on Handwriting and Drawing (ICOHD93)</U>
*London, ON, Canada (1995), Seventh Biennial Conference of the International Graphonomics Society. <u>Basic and Applied Issues in Handwriting and Drawing Research</U>.  Note: this conference was held jointly with Annual Symposium of the Association of Forensic Document Examiners
*Genoa, Italy (1997), Eighth Biennial Conference of the International Graphonomics Society. <u>Motor Control and Neuroscience</U>
*Singapore, Singapore (1999), 9th Biennial Conference of the International Graphonomics Society. <u>Written Oriental Languages</U>
*Nijmegen, The Netherlands (2001), Tenth Biennial Conference of the International Graphonomics Society. <u>Motor Disorders</U>
*Scottsdale, AZ, USA (2003), 11th Conference of the International Graphonomics Society. <u>Connecting Sciences Using Graphonomlc Research</U>
*Salerno, Italy (2005), 12th Biennial Conference of the International Graphonomics Society. <u>Advances in Graphonomics: Perceiving, Deciding, Acting</U>
*Melbourne, Australia (2007), <u>13th Conference of the International Graphonomics Society</U>
*Dijon, France (2009), 14th Biennial Conference of the International Graphonomics Society. <u>Advances in Graphonomics</u>
* Live Aqua Cancun, Mexico (2011), The 15th International Graphonomics Society Conference. <u>Translational Graphonomics</u>
* Naraa, Japan (2013), The 16th International Graphonomics Society Conference. <u>Learn from the Past</u>
* Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe (2015), The 17th International Graphonomics Society Conference. <u>Drawing, Handwriting Processing and Analysis: New Advances and Challenges</u>
* Gaeta, Italy (2017), 18th International Graphonomics Society Conference. <u>Graphonomics for e-citizens: e-health, e-society, e-education.</u>
* Cancun, Mexico (2019), The 19th International Graphonomics Society Conference. <u>Graphonomics and Your Brain on Art, Creativity and Innovation.</u>
* La Palmas De Gran Canaria, Spain (2021), The 20th Conference of the International Graphonomics Society. <u>Intertwining Graphonomics with Human movements.</u>
* University of Évora, Portugal, The 21st Conference of the International Graphonomics Society. <u>Graphonomics in Human Body Movement: Bridging Research and Practice from Motor Control to Handwriting Analysis and Recognition.</u><ref>{{cite web |title=IGS 2023: Conference of the International Graphonomics Society |url=https://graphonomics.net/IGS2023/ |publisher=IGS |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

==International Graphonomics Society==
As mentioned above, the IGS was created at the 1985 international conference with the main purpose being to coordinate and assist in the growth and development of the field of graphonomics in all its forms.<ref name=IGSorigin />  This has been done through conferences, workshops and publication of proceedings from those events.

==IGS Publications==
As the main academic body for graphonomics, the IGS publishes a biannual bulletin as well as proceedings of the biennial conference.  The '''Bulletin of the International Graphonomics Society''' is published by the IGS in March and November each year and it is the primary means of communication among IGS members and the public.  A complete list of past BIGS issues is available online.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://graphonomics.net/bigs/
|title=Bulletin of the International Graphonomics Society (BIGS) 
|publisher=International Graphonomics Society
|accessdate=13 January 2011
}}</ref>  Conference proceedings are published in the form of a peer-reviewed scientific journal or book shortly after each of the conferences.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.graphonomics.org/publications.php
|title=IGS Special Issues & Proceedings 
|publisher=International Graphonomics Society
|accessdate=13 January 2011
}}
</ref>

==Research topics==
Some research topics in graphonomics include:
*'''Handwriting regeneration''' - the simulated production of a given recording of handwriting movement. This is realized not using recorded kinematic or kinetic signals but by an abstracted model of human movement control.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tucha, Oliver, Lara Tucha, and Klaus W. Lange.|title=""Graphonomics, Automaticity and Handwriting Assessment." Literacy 42.3 (2008): 145-55. Print..}}</ref>
*'''Handwriting generation''' - the process of producing handwriting (e.g. pen tip) movements. This usually implies the use of a computer simulation model which can generate handwriting movement and/or shape, producing newly generated text in a manner similar to the handwriting of an individual person.
*'''Handwriting Production Fluency''' - Measures of the ability of handwriting in the integral of the absolute of the [[acceleration]] signal (velocity peaks), or alternatively the absolute of the integral of the [[Jerk (physics)|jerk]] time function.

== See also ==
* [[Graphemics]]
* [[Writing systems]]
* [[Grammatology]]
* [[Letterform]]
*[[Terminology in graphonomics]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://graphonomics.net/ International Graphonomics Society (IGS)]

[[Category:Penmanship]]
[[Category:Questioned document examination]]