Editing Greenstick fracture

{{Short description|Common long bone fracture in children}}
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| field           = Orthopedics<br>[[Pediatrics]]
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A '''greenstick fracture''' is a partial bone break that typically occurs in children due to their more flexible and resilient bone composition. This fracture pattern is characterized by a break on one side of the bone while the other side remains intact and bends, similar to breaking a young, green tree branch. Greenstick fractures most commonly affect the long bones of the forearm ([[Radius (bone)|radius]] and [[ulna]]) but can also occur in other long bones throughout the body. Treatment generally involves immobilization with a cast to allow proper bone healing, though in some cases, it may be necessary to realign the bone before casting.

==Signs and symptoms==
Children presenting with greenstick fractures typically exhibit localized pain, swelling, and tenderness over the affected area, with notable deformity that may be less pronounced than in complete fractures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Deepak S. |last2=Statuta |first2=Siobhan M. |last3=Ahmed |first3=Natasha |date=2021-03-15 |title=Common Fractures of the Radius and Ulna |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33719378 |journal=American Family Physician |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=345–354 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=33719378}}</ref> The patient often presents with a history of fall or trauma and demonstrates limited range of motion in the affected limb, accompanied by reluctance to use or bear weight on the injured body part. Physical examination usually reveals point tenderness, mild to moderate angulation, and intact soft tissues without complete displacement of the bone fragments. Unlike complete fractures, crepitus (grating sensation) is typically absent due to the partial nature of the break, and there may be preservation of some [[Periosteum|periosteal]] continuity on the intact side of the bone. Pain is usually significantly less than other types of fractures, but in a young child, may still be very distressing.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Boutis |first=Kathy |title=Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |year=2020 |edition=9th |chapter=Chapter 141: Pediatric Orthopedic Emergencies}}</ref>

On the side of the fracture that underwent tension, imaging may show [[bone cortex]] disruption. On the side that underwent compression, cortex may bulge outward, similar to a [[torus fracture]].<ref name=":0" />

==Risk factors==
The major risk factor for a greenstick fracture is young age. Children have softer bones, and engaged in sports and other activities that result in limb injury.<ref name=":1" />

The greenstick fracture pattern occurs as a result of bending forces. Activities with a high risk of falling are risk factors. [[Child abuse|Non-accidental injury]] more commonly causes spiral (twisting) fractures but a blow on the [[forearm]] or [[shinbone|shin]] could cause a greenstick fracture.

==Diagnosis==
Greenstick fractures are usually identified with ease on [[X-ray]] of the affected limb, showing a long bone fracture that does not cut all the way through.<ref name=":1" />

==Treatment==
Treatment of greenstick fractures typically begins with reduction (realigning bone segments) if the bone portions on either side of the fracture form an angle, as opposed to being straight and already aligned. This is followed by the application of a well-molded cast that immobilizes the joints above and below the fracture site. A follow-up X-ray should be performed 7-10 days after cast application, to ensure proper bone alignment and healing progression. Occasionally, to correct an angular deformity, more advanced techniques may be necessary to assist [[bone remodeling]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rhodes JT, Miller S, Skinner A, Tagawa A, De S |title=Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Pediatrics |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2025 |edition=27th |chapter=Chapter 26: Orthopedics}}</ref>

Some experts recommend the use of simple [[Splint (medicine)|splinting]] rather than a cast.<ref name=":0" />

==Fossil record==
{{Main|Paleopathology}}
Evidence for greenstick fractures found in the fossil record is studied by [[paleopathologists]], specialists in ancient disease and injury. Greenstick fractures (willow breaks) have been reported in fossils of the large carnivorous dinosaur ''[[Allosaurus]] fragilis''.<ref name="molnar-pathology">{{cite book |last1=Molnar |first1=R. E. |chapter=Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey |pages=337–363 |editor1-first=Darren |editor1-last=Tanke |editor2-first=Kenneth |editor2-last=Carpenter |title=Mesozoic Vertebrate Life |date=2001 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-33907-2 }}</ref>

Greenstick fractures are found in the fossil remains of [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]], the most famous specimen of ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'', discovered in Ethiopia in 1974. Analysis of bone fracture patterns, which include a large number of greenstick fractures in the forearms, lower limbs, pelvis, thorax and skull, suggest that Lucy died from a vertical fall and impact with the ground.<ref name="lucy">{{cite journal |last1=Kappelman |first1=John |last2=Ketcham |first2=Richard A. |last3=Pearce |first3=Stephen |last4=Todd |first4=Lawrence |last5=Akins |first5=Wiley |last6=Colbert |first6=Matthew W. |last7=Feseha |first7=Mulugeta |last8=Maisano |first8=Jessica A. |last9=Witzel |first9=Adrienne |title=Perimortem fractures in Lucy suggest mortality from fall out of tall tree |journal=Nature |date=22 September 2016 |volume=537 |issue=7621 |pages=503–507 |doi=10.1038/nature19332 |pmid=27571283 |bibcode=2016Natur.537..503K |s2cid=4402700 }}</ref>

==References==
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==External links==
{{Commons category|X-rays of greenstick fractures|Greenstick fractures}}
* [https://archive.today/20121212180747/http://rad.usuhs.edu/medpix/kiosk_image.html?mode=kiosk&imid=25899&pt_id=8695&quiz=&page=&th=&map=%23pic Radiology] Greenstick vs Torus Fractures

{{Fractures}}

[[Category:Bone fractures]]