Editing GroenLinks

{{Short description|Political party in the Netherlands}}
{{title language|nl|italic=no}}
{{use British English|date=September 2017}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox political party
| country          = the Netherlands
| native_name      = GroenLinks
| native_name_lang = nl
| abbreviation     = GL
| logo             = GroenLinks logo (1994–present).svg
| logo_size        = 250px
| colorcode        = {{Political party data|color}}
| leader1_title    = Leader
| leader1_name     = [[Jesse Klaver]] ([[Leader of GroenLinks|list]])
| leader2_title    = Chair
| leader2_name     = Katinka Eikelenboom<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parool.nl/binnenland/katinka-eikelenboom-nieuwe-voorzitter-groenlinks~a4623286/ |title=Katinka Eikelenboom nieuwe voorzitter GroenLinks |website=Het Parool |date=16 February 2019 |language=nl |access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref>
| leader3_title    = Leader in the [[Senate (Netherlands)|Senate]]
| leader3_name     = {{Nowrap|[[Paul Rosenmöller]] ([[GroenLinks-PvdA|GL–PvdA]])}}
| leader4_title    = Leader in the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]
| leader4_name     = {{Nowrap|[[Frans Timmermans]] ([[GroenLinks-PvdA|GL–PvdA]])}}
| leader5_title    = Leader in the [[European Parliament]]
| leader5_name     = [[Bas Eickhout]]
| merger           = [[Rainbow (Netherlands)|Rainbow]]: [[Pacifist Socialist Party|PSP]], [[Communist Party of the Netherlands|CPN]], [[Political Party of Radicals|PPR]] and [[Evangelical People's Party (Netherlands)|EVP]]<ref name="parlement.com">{{citation|title=GroenLinks|work=[[Parlement.com]]|url=http://www.parlement.com/9291000/modulesf/g3cnesx5|publisher=[[Leiden University]]|access-date=2008-04-29}}</ref>
| foundation       = {{start date|1990|11|24|df=y}} (as a party)
| membership_year  = January 2025
| membership       = {{increase}} 46,508<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.rug.nl/research/dnpp/themas/ledentallen/ledental-2025 |date = 10 March 2025 |access-date = 7 April 2025 |language = nl |website = [[University of Groningen]] |publisher = Documentation Centre Dutch Political Parties |title = Ledentallen Nederlandse politieke partijen per 1 januari 2025 |trans-title = Membership of Dutch political parties as of 1 January 2025 }}</ref>
| ideology         = {{ubl|[[Green politics]]<ref name="PEE">{{cite web|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|year=2021|title=Netherlands|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|access-date=22 March 2021|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/netherlands.html}}</ref>|[[Progressivism]]|[[Social&nbsp;democracy]]<ref name="volkskrant.nl">{{cite web|url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/van-poppodia-naar-de-bedrijfskantine-klaver-wil-van-groenlinks-brede-volkspartij-maken~a4540954/|title=Van poppodia naar de bedrijfskantine - Klaver wil van GroenLinks brede volkspartij maken|date=22 November 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://stukroodvlees.nl/de-ideologische-herprofilering-van-groenlinks-na-28-jaar-de-gehoopte-doorbraak//|title=De ideologische herprofilering van GroenLinks: na 28 jaar de gehoopte doorbraak?|date=8 December 2017 }}</ref>}}
| position         = {{Nowrap|[[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netherlands |url=https://europeelects.eu/netherlands/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Europe Elects |language=en-US}}</ref> to [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Terry|first=Chris|date=11 May 2014|url=https://www.demsoc.org/2014/05/11/greenleft-gl/|title=GreenLeft (GL)|website=The Democratic Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327225738/https://www.demsoc.org/2014/05/11/greenleft-gl/|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="volkskrant.nl"/>}}
| youth_wing       = [[DWARS]]
| think_tank       = Bureau de Helling
| international    = [[Global Greens]]
| regional         = [[Benelux Parliament|Socialists, Greens and Democrats]]
| national         = [[GroenLinks–PvdA]]
| european         = [[European Green Party]]
| europarl         = [[Greens–European Free Alliance]]
| colours          = {{color box|{{party color|GroenLinks}}|border=darkgray}} Green<br />{{color box|#DD2132|border=darkgray}} Red
| headquarters     = Partijbureau GroenLinks <br /> Sint Jacobsstraat 12, [[Utrecht]]
| website          = {{Political party data|website}}
<!-- Values obtained from Wikidata; to edit, see https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667680 -->
| seats1_title     = 
| seats1           = 
| seats2_title     = 
| seats2           = 
| seats3_title     = [[Provincial council (Netherlands)|Provincial councils]]
| seats3           = {{Composition bar|49|570|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| seats4_title     = [[European Parliament]]
| seats4           = {{Political party data|seat composition bar|EP}}
| seats5_title     = [[King's Commissioner]]s
| seats5           = {{Composition bar|0|12|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| seats6_title     = [[Benelux Parliament]]
| seats6           = {{Composition bar|2|21|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
}}
'''{{langr|nl|GroenLinks}}''' ({{IPA|nl|ɣrunˈlɪŋks}}, {{literally|GreenLeft}}; '''GL''') is a [[Green politics|green]]<ref name="PEE"/> [[List of political parties in the Netherlands|political party]] in the [[Netherlands]].

It was formed on 1 March 1989 from the merger of four [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] parties: the [[Communist Party of the Netherlands]], the [[Pacifist Socialist Party]], the [[Political Party of Radicals]] and the [[Evangelical People's Party (Netherlands)|Evangelical People's Party]], which shared left-wing and progressive ideals and had previously co-operated in the [[Rainbow (Netherlands)|Rainbow]] coalition for the [[1989 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|1989 European Parliament election]]. After disappointing results in the [[1989 Dutch general election|1989]] and [[1994 Dutch general election|1994 general elections]], the nascent party fared particularly well in the [[1998 Dutch general election|1998]] and [[2002 Dutch general election|2002 elections]] under the leadership of [[Paul Rosenmöller]], who came to be seen as the unofficial [[Leader of the Opposition]] against the [[first Kok cabinet]], a [[Purple (government)|purple government]]. The party's number of seats fell from 10 to 4 seats in the [[2012 Dutch general election|2012 election]], before increasing to 14 in [[2017 Dutch general election|2017]] and falling back to 8 in [[2021 Dutch general election|2021]].

After the 2021 general election, the party intensified cooperation with the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] (PvdA) in an alliance called [[GroenLinks–PvdA]]. The two parties participated in the [[2023 Dutch general election|2023 general election]] with a joint candidate list, and currently have a joint parliamentary group of 25 seats.

Despite the fact that the two are members of separate European political groups, Groenlinks as a member of [[Greens–European Free Alliance]] and PvdA as a member of the [[Party of European Socialists]], the parties campaigned together as GroenLinks-PvdA for the [[2024 European Parliament election]].

GroenLinks describes itself as "[[green politics|green]]", "[[social justice|social]]" and "[[Toleration|tolerant]]".<ref name="GroeiMee">{{Citation
|last=Vendrik
|first=Kees
|author-link=Kees Vendrik
 |author2=Bart Snels |display-authors=etal
|title=Groei Mee. Programma van GroenLinks. Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 22 november 2006
|work=GroenLinks
|date=18 November 2006
|location=Utrecht
|url=http://www.groenlinks.nl/programma
}}</ref> The party's voters are concentrated in larger cities, particularly in [[college town]]s.

==History==

===Before 1989: predecessors===
GroenLinks was founded in 1989 as a merger of four parties that were to the [[left-wing politics|left]] of the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] (PvdA), a [[social democracy|social-democratic]] party which has traditionally been the largest [[centre-left]] party in the Netherlands. The founding parties were the (formerly-communist) [[Communist Party of the Netherlands]] (CPN), the [[Pacifist Socialist Party]] (PSP), which originated in the [[peace movement]], the [[green politics|green]]-influenced [[Political Party of Radicals]] (PPR), originally a progressive Christian party, and the [[christian left|progressive Christian]] [[Evangelical People's Party (Netherlands)|Evangelical People's Party]].<ref name="Moldenhauer2001">{{cite book|author=Gebhard Moldenhauer|title=Die Niederlande und Deutschland: einander kennen und verstehen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_h-NPz1T8C&pg=PA113|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Waxmann Verlag|isbn=978-3-89325-747-8|pages=113–}}</ref> These four parties were frequently classified as "small left"; to indicate their marginal existence. In the [[1972 Dutch general election|1972 general election]], these parties won sixteen seats (out of 150); in the [[1977 Dutch general election|1977 general election]], they only won six. From that moment on, members and voters began to argue for close cooperation.<ref name="Koole">{{Citation
|last=Koole
|first=Ruud
|author-link=Ruud Koole
|title=Politieke Partijen in Nederland. Onstaan en ontwikkeling van partijen en partijenstelsel
|publisher=Spectrum
|year=1995
|location=Utrecht
}}</ref>

From the 1980s onwards, the four parties started to cooperate in municipal and provincial elections. As fewer seats are available in these representations, a higher percentage of votes is required to gain a seat. In the [[1984 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|1984 European election]], the PPR, CPN and PSP formed the [[Green Progressive Accord]] that entered as one into the [[1984 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|European elections]]. They gained one seat, which rotated between the PSP and PPR. Party-members of the four parties also encountered each other in [[grassroots]] extraparliamentary protest against [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]] and [[Netherlands and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons]]. More than 80% of the members of the PSP, CPN and PPR attended at least one of the two [[Hollanditis|mass protests against the placement of nuclear weapons]], which took place in 1981 and 1983.<ref name="Illusie">{{Citation
|last=Lucardie
|first=Paul
|author-link=Paul Lucardie
 |author2=Wijbrandt van Schuur |author3=Gerrit Voerman
|title=Verloren Illusie, Geslaagde Fusie? GroenLinks in Historisch and Politicologische Perspectief
|publisher=DSWO-press
|year=1999
|location=Leiden
}}</ref>

The [[Evangelical People's Party (Netherlands)|Evangelical People's Party]] was a relatively new party, founded in 1981, as a splinter group from the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]], the largest party of the Dutch [[centre-right]]. During its period in parliament, 1982–1986, it had trouble positioning itself between the small left parties (PSP, PPR and CPN), the PvdA and the CDA.<ref name="Illusie"/>

{{Green politics sidebar}}
The increasingly close cooperation between PPR, PSP, CPN and EVP, and the ideological change that accompanied it was not without internal dissent within the parties. The ideological change that CPN made from [[Stalinism|official communism]] to '[[reformism]]' led to a split in the CPN; and the subsequent founding of the [[League of Communists in the Netherlands]] in 1982. In 1983, a group of "deep" Greens split from the PPR to found [[The Greens (Netherlands)|The Greens]]. The CPN and the PPR wanted to form an [[electoral alliance]] with the PSP for the 1986 elections. This led to a crisis within the PSP, in which [[Parliamentary group leader|chair of the parliamentary party]] (''Fractievoorzitter'') [[Fred van der Spek]], who opposed cooperation, was replaced by [[Andrée van Es]], who favoured cooperation. Van der Spek left the PSP to found his own [[Party for Socialism and Disarmament]]. The 1986 PSP [[Political convention|congress]], however, rejected the electoral alliance.

In the [[1986 Dutch general election|1986 general election]], all four parties lost seats. The CPN and the EVP disappeared from parliament. The PPR was left with two and the PSP with one seat. While the parties were preparing to enter in the 1990 elections separately, the pressure to cooperate increased. In 1989, the PPR, CPN and PSP entered the [[1989 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|1989 European Parliament election]] with a single list, called the [[Rainbow (Netherlands)|Rainbow]]. [[Joost Lagendijk]] and [[Leo Platvoet]], both PSP party board members, initiated an internal referendum in which the members of the PSP declared to support leftwing cooperation (70% in favour; 64% of all members voting). Their initiative for left-wing cooperation was supported by an open letter from influential members of [[trade union]]s (such as [[Paul Rosenmöller]] and [[Karin Adelmund]]), of [[environmental movement]]s (e.g., [[Jacqueline Cramer]]) and from [[arts]] (such as [[Rudi van Dantzig]]). This letter called for the formation of a single [[progressivism|progressive]] party to the left of the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]]. Lagendijk and Platvoet had been taking part in informal meetings between prominent PSP, PPR and CPN-members, who favoured cooperation. Other participants were PPR chairman [[Bram van Ojik]] and former CPN leader [[Ina Brouwer]]. These talks were called "F.C. Sittardia" or Cliché bv.<ref name="Illusie" />

In the spring of 1989, the PSP party board initiated formal talks between the CPN, the PSP and the PPR about a common list for the upcoming general elections. It soon became clear that the CPN wanted to maintain an independent communist identity and not merge into a new left-wing formation. This was reason for the PPR leaving the talks. Negotiations about cooperation were reopened after the fall of the [[second Lubbers cabinet]] and the announcement that elections would be held in the autumn of that year. This time the EVP was included in the discussion. The PPR was represented for a short while by an informal delegation led by former chair [[Wim de Boer]], because the party board did not want to be seen re-entering the negotiations it had left only a short while earlier. In the summer of 1989, the [[party congress]]es of all four parties accepted to enter the elections with a shared programme and list of candidates. Additionally, the association GroenLinks (Dutch: ''Vereniging GroenLinks''; VGL) was set up to allow sympathisers, not member of any of the four parties to join. Meanwhile, the [[1989 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|European elections of 1989]] were held, in which the same group of parties had entered as a single list under the name "[[Rainbow (Netherlands)|Rainbow]]". In practice, the merger of the parties had now happened and the party GroenLinks was officially founded on 24 November 1990.<ref name="Koole" /><ref name="Illusie" />

===1989–1994: completion of the merge and first term in parliament===
[[File:GreenLeft-1989.jpg|thumb|left|1989 election poster showing the old logo in which the pink lines and the blue spaces forming allude to a [[peace sign]].]]
In the [[1989 Dutch general election|1989 elections]], the PPR, PSP, CPN and EVP entered in the elections with one single list called Groen Links<!--with space before 1992-->. In the Netherlands, parties usually participate in the elections with one list for the whole country. The candidates on top of the list get the priority for the distribution of seats won. The GroenLinks list of candidates was organised in such a way that all the parties were represented and new figures could enter. The PPR, which had been the largest party in 1986 got the top candidate (the [[lead candidate]], [[Ria Beckers]]) and the number five; the PSP got the numbers two and six, the CPN the number three and the EVP number eleven. The first independent candidate was [[Paul Rosenmöller]], trade unionist from Rotterdam, on the fourth place. In the elections, the party doubled its seats in comparison to 1986 (from three to six), but the expectations had been much higher.<ref name="Illusie"/> In the 1990 municipal elections, the party fared much better, strengthening the resolve to cooperate.<ref name="Koole"/>

In the period 1989–1991, the merger developed further. A board was organised for the party-in-foundation and also a 'GroenLinks Council', which was supposed to control the board and the parliamentary party and stimulate the process of merger. In this council, all five groups – CPN, PPR, PSP, EVP and the Vereniging Groen Links – had seats on ratio of the number of their members. Originally, the three youth organisations, the CPN-linked [[General Dutch Youth League]], the PSP-linked [[Pacifist Socialist Young Working Groups]] and the PPR-linked Political Party of Radical Youth refused to merge, but under pressure of the government (who controlled their subsidies) they did merge to form [[DWARS]].<ref name="DNPP1990">{{Citation
|last=Lucardie
|first=Paul
|author-link=Paul Lucardie
 |author2=Marjolein Nieboer |author3=Ida Noomen
|title=Kroniek 1990. Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 1990
|journal=Jaarboek DNPP
|publisher=DNPP
|location=Groningen
|year=1991
|url=http://www.rug.nl/dnpp/jaarboeken/jaarboek1990/index
|access-date=2008-04-28}}</ref> In 1990, some opposition formed against the moderate, green course of GroenLinks. Several former PSP members united in the "Left Forum" in 1992 – they would leave the party to join former PSP-leader Van der Spek to found the [[PSP'92]]. Similarly, former members of the CPN joined the [[League of Communists in the Netherlands]] to found the [[New Communist Party of the Netherlands|New Communist Party]] in the same year. In 1991, the congresses of the four founding parties (PSP, PPR, CPN and EVP) decided to officially abolish their parties.<ref name="Illusie"/>

GroenLinks had considerable problems formulating its own ideology. In 1990, the attempt to write the first manifesto of principles failed because of the difference between [[socialism|socialists]] and [[communism|communists]] on the one side and the more [[liberalism|liberal]] former PPR members on the other side.<ref name="DNPP1990"/> The second manifesto of principles – which was not allowed to be called that – was adopted after a lengthy debate and many amendments in 1991.<ref name="DNPP1990"/>

Although the party was internally divided, the GroenLinks parliamentary party was the only party in the Dutch parliament which opposed the [[Gulf War]].<ref name="DNPP1990"/> A debate within the party about the role military intervention led to a more-nuanced standpoint than the [[pacifism]] of some of its predecessors: GroenLinks would support [[peacekeeping]] missions as long as they were mandated by the [[United Nations]].<ref name="DNPP1990"/>

In the fall of 1990, MEP Verbeek announced that he would not, as he had promised, leave the European Parliament after two-and-a-half years to make room for a new candidate.<ref name="DNPP1990"/> He would continue as an independent and remain in parliament until 1994. In the [[1994 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|1994 European elections]], he would run unsuccessfully as top candidate of [[The Greens (Netherlands)|The Greens]].<ref name="DNPP1994">{{Citation
|last=Lucardie
|first=Paul
|author-link=Paul Lucardie
 |author2=J. Hippe |author3=G. Voerman
|title=Kroniek 1994. Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 1994
|journal=Jaarboek DNPP
|publisher=DNPP
|location=Groningen
|year=1995
|url=http://www.rug.nl/dnpp/jaarboeken/jaarboek1994/index
|access-date=2008-04-28}}</ref>

In 1992, party leader [[Ria Beckers]] left the [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]] because she wanted more private time. Peter Lankhorst replaced her as chair ad interim, but he announced that he would not take part in the internal elections.<ref name="Van Schuur">{{Citation
|last=Lucardie
|first=Paul
|author-link=Paul Lucardie
 |author2=W.H. van Schuur |author3=G. Voerman
|title=Paul of Ina, Kanttekeningen bij de keuze van de politiek leider door GroenLinks
|journal=Jaarboek DNPP
|publisher=DNPP
|location=Groningen
|year=1994
|url=http://www.rug.nl/dnpp/jaarboeken/jaarboek1993/index
|access-date=2008-04-28}}</ref>

===1994–2002: opposition during the purple cabinets===
[[File:GreenLeft-1994.jpg|thumb|left|1994 election posters showing the duo Rabbae/Brouwer. The text reads: "GroenLinks counts double"]]
Before the [[1994 Dutch general election|general election of 1994]], GroenLinks organised an internal election on the party's political leadership. Two duos entered: [[Ina Brouwer]] (former CPN) combined with [[Mohammed Rabbae]] (independent), while [[Paul Rosenmöller]] (independent) formed a combination with [[Leoni Sipkes]] (former PSP); there were also five individual candidates, including [[Wim de Boer]] (former chair of the PPR and member of the [[Senate (Netherlands)|Senate]]), [[Herman Meijer]] (former CPN, future chair of the party) and [[Ineke van Gent]] (former PSP and future MP).<ref name="Van Schuur"/>

Some candidates ran in duos because they wanted to combine family life with politics. Brouwer, Rosenmöller and Sipkes already were MPs for GroenLinks, whilst Rabbae was new – he had been chair of the Dutch Centre for Foreigners. In the first round, the duos ended up ahead of the others, but neither had an [[absolute majority]]. A second round was needed, in which Brouwer and Rabbae won with 51%.<ref name="Van Schuur"/> Brouwer became the first candidate and Rabbae second, the second duo Rosenmöller and Sipkes occupied the following place followed by [[Marijke Vos]], former chair of the party. The idea of a dual [[Lead candidate|lead candidacy]] did not communicate well to the voters. GroenLinks lost one seat, leaving only five. Yet in the same election, the centre-left Labour Party also lost a lot of seats.<ref name="DNPP1994"/>

After the disappointing elections, Brouwer left parliament. She was replaced as party leader by [[Paul Rosenmöller]] and her seat was taken by [[Tara Singh Varma]].<ref name="DNPP1994"/> The charismatic Rosenmöller became the "unofficial leader" of the opposition against the [[first Kok cabinet]] because the largest opposition party, the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]], was unable to adapt well to its new role as opposition party.<ref name="Koole"/><ref name="Andeweg">{{Citation
|last=Andeweg
|first=R.B.
|author-link=Rudy Andeweg
 |author2=Galen Irwin
|title=Governance and Politics in the Netherlands
|publisher=Palgrave
|year=2002
|location=Basingstoke
}}</ref> Rosenmöller set out a new strategy: GroenLinks should offer alternatives instead of only rejecting the proposals made by the government.<ref name="Rosenmöller-parlement.com">{{citation
|title=Geschiedenis GroenLinks
|url=http://www.groenlinks.nl/partij/GLFolder.2004-04-07.5303
|access-date=2008-04-29
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627155841/http://www.groenlinks.nl/partij/GLFolder.2004-04-07.5303
|archive-date=2004-06-27
}}</ref><ref name="lagendijk">[[Joost Lagendijk|Lagendijk, Joost]] and [[Tom van der Lee]] "Doorbraak van de eeuwige belofte. Hoe GroenLinks vier jaar herkenbare oppositie omzette in verkiezingswinst", in Kramer, P., T. van der Maas and L. Ornstein (eds.) (1998). ''Stemmen in Stromenland. De verkiezingen van 1098 nader bekeken'' Den Haag: SDU</ref>

In the [[1998 Dutch general election|1998 general election]], GroenLinks more than doubled its seats to eleven. The charisma of "unofficial leader" Rosenmöller played an important role in this.<ref name="lagendijk"/> Many new faces entered parliament, including [[Femke Halsema]], a political talent who had left the Labour Party for GroenLinks in 1997.<ref name="DNPP1998">{{Citation
|last=Lucardie
|first=Paul
|author-link=Paul Lucardie
 |author2=B. de Boer |author3=I. Noomen |author4=G. Voerman
|title=Kroniek 1998. Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 1998
|journal=Jaarboek DNPP
|publisher=DNPP
|location=Groningen
|year=1999
|url=http://www.rug.nl/dnpp/jaarboeken/jaarboek1998/index
|access-date=2008-04-28}}</ref>
The party began to speculate openly about joining government after the elections of 2002.<ref name="DNPP2000">{{Citation
|last=Lucardie
|first=Paul
|author-link=Paul Lucardie
 |author2=B. de Boer |author3=I. Noomen |author4=G. Voerman
|title=Kroniek 2000. Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 2000
|journal=Jaarboek DNPP
|publisher=DNPP
|location=Groningen
|year=2001
|url=http://www.rug.nl/dnpp/jaarboeken/jaarboek2000/index
|access-date=2008-04-28}}</ref><ref name="Brader">{{Citation
|last=Brader
|first=Toof
|author-link=Toof Brader
|title=Als de Trêveszaal lonkt. Dubbelportret van GroenLinks
|publisher=Mets and Schilt
|year=2000
|location=Amsterdam
}}</ref>

The 1999 [[Kosovo War]] divided the party internally. The parliamentary party in the House of Representatives supported the [[NATO]] intervention, while the Senate parliamentary party was against the intervention. Several former PSP members within the House of Representatives parliamentary party began to openly speak out their doubts about the intervention. A compromise was found: GroenLinks would support the intervention as long as it limited itself to military targets. Prominent members of the founding parties including [[Marcus Bakker]] and [[Joop Vogt]] left the party over this issue.<ref name="DNPP1999">{{Citation
|last=Lucardie
|first=Paul
|author-link=Paul Lucardie
 |author2=B. de Boer |author3=I. Noomen |author4=G. Voerman
|title=Kroniek 1999. Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 1999
|journal=Jaarboek DNPP
|publisher=DNPP
|location=Groningen
|year=2000
|url=http://www.rug.nl/dnpp/jaarboeken/jaarboek1999/index
|access-date=2008-04-28}}</ref>

In February 2001, [[Roel van Duijn]] and a few former members of [[The Greens (Netherlands)|The Greens]] joined GroenLinks.<ref name="DNPP2001"/>

In 2001, the integrity of former MP Tara Singh Varma came into doubt: it was revealed that she had lied about her illness and that she had made promises to [[development cooperation|development organisations]] which she did not fulfill. In 2000, she had left parliament because as she claimed, she had only a few months to live before she would die of cancer. The [[TROS]] program "Opgelicht" (In English "Framed") revealed that she had lied and that she did not have cancer.<ref name="DNPP2001">{{Citation
|last=Lucardie
|first=Paul
|author-link=Paul Lucardie
 |author2=B. de Boer |author3=I. Noomen |author4=G. Voerman
|title=Kroniek 2001. Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 2001
|journal=Jaarboek DNPP
|publisher=DNPP
|location=Groningen
|year=2002
|url=http://www.rug.nl/dnpp/jaarboeken/jaarboek2001/index
|access-date=2008-04-28}}</ref> Later, she apologised on public television and claimed she suffered from [[post-traumatic stress disorder]].<ref name="Varma-parlement.com">{{citation
|title=T. Oedayraj Singh Varma
|url=http://www.parlement.com/9291000/biof/02532
|access-date=2008-04-29}}</ref>

In the same year, the parliamentary party supported the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|invasion of Afghanistan]] after the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks of September 11]]. This invasion led to great upheaval within the party. Several former PSP members within the House of Representatives parliamentary party began to openly speak out their doubts about the intervention. Under pressure of internal opposition, led by former PSP members and the party's youth organisation [[DWARS]], the parliamentary party changed its position: the attacks should be cancelled.<ref name="DNPP2001"/>

===2002–present===
The [[2002 Dutch general election|2002 general election]] was characterised by changes in the political climate. The [[right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] political commentator [[Pim Fortuyn]] entered into politics. He had an anti-establishment message, combined with a call for restrictions on [[human migration|immigration]]. Although his critique was oriented at the [[second Kok cabinet]], Rosenmöller was one of the few politicians who could muster some resistance against his message. Days before the election, [[Assassination of Pim Fortuyn|Fortuyn was assassinated]]. Ab Harrewijn, GroenLinks MP and candidate also died.<ref name="DNPP2002">{{Citation
|last=Lucardie
|first=Paul
|author-link=Paul Lucardie
 |author2=J. Hippe |author3=G. Voerman
|title=Kroniek 2002. Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 2002
|journal=Jaarboek DNPP
|publisher=DNPP
|location=Groningen
|year=2003
|url=http://www.rug.nl/dnpp/jaarboeken/jaarboek2002/index
|access-date=2008-04-28}}</ref> Before and after the elections serious threats were made against Rosenmöller, his wife and his children. These events caused considerable stress for Rosenmöller.<ref name="Rosenmoller">{{Citation
|last=Rosenmöller
|first=Paul
|author-link=Paul Rosenmöller
|title=Een Mooie Hondenbaan
|publisher=De Balans
|year=2003
|location=Amersfoort
}}</ref> GroenLinks lost one seat in the election, although it had gained more votes than in the 1998 elections. Before the [[2003 Dutch general election|2003 general election]] Rosenmöller left parliament, citing the ongoing threats against his life and those of his family as the main reason. He was replaced as chair of the parliamentary party and top candidate by [[Femke Halsema]]. She was unable to keep ten seats and lost two.<ref name="DNPP2002"/>

In 2003, GroenLinks almost unanimously turned against the [[Iraq War]]. It took part in the [[Protests against the Iraq War|protests against the war]], for instance by organising its [[party congress]] in Amsterdam at the day of the large demonstration, with an interval allowing its members to join the protest.<ref name="DNPP2002"/>

At the end of 2003, Halsema temporarily left parliament to give birth to her [[twins]]. During her absence [[Marijke Vos]] took her place as chair of the parliamentary party.<ref name="DNPP2004">{{Citation
|last=Lucardie
|first=Paul
|author-link=Paul Lucardie
 |author2=J. Hippe |author3=G. Voerman
|title=Kroniek 2004. Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 2004
|journal=Jaarboek DNPP
|publisher=DNPP
|location=Groningen
|year=2005
|url=http://www.rug.nl/dnpp/jaarboeken/jaarboek2004/index
|access-date=2008-04-28}}</ref> When she returned to parliament, Halsema started a discussion about the [[#Ideology|principles of her party]]. She emphasised individual freedom, [[Toleration|tolerance]], self-realisation and [[emancipation]]. In one interview she called her party "the last liberal party of the Netherlands"<ref>{{citation
|title=De laatste links-liberale partij van Nederland
| newspaper = NRC Handelsblad
|date =11 October 2005
}}</ref> This led to considerable attention of media and other observers, which speculated about an ideological change.<ref name="DNPP2004"/> In 2005 the party's scientific bureau published the book "Vrijheid als Ideaal" ("Freedom as Ideal") in which prominent opinion-makers explored the new political space and the position of the left within that space.<ref name="VID">[[Bart Snels|Snels, B.]] (ed.) (2007). ''Vrijheid als Ideaal.'' Nijmegen: SUN.</ref> During the congress of February 2007 the party board was ordered to organise a party-wide discussion about the party's principles.<ref name="congres2007">{{citation
|last=Doorduyn
|first=Yvonne
|title=Zo afhaken, dat is eens maar nooit weer; Het GroenLinks-congres laat zijn tanden zien, maar bijt niet
| newspaper = De Volkskrant
|date=5 February 2007
}}</ref>

During the European Elections congress of 2004, the candidacy committee proposed that the chair of the GroenLinks delegation, [[Joost Lagendijk]], should become the party's [[lead candidate]] in those elections. A group of members, led by Senator Leo Platvoet submitted a motion "We want to choose". They wanted a serious choice for such an important office. The party's board announced a new electoral procedure. During the congress [[Kathalijne Buitenweg]], an MEP and candidate, announced wish to be considered for the position of top candidate. She narrowly won the elections from Lagendijk. This came as a great surprise to all. Especially for Buitenweg who had not written an acceptance speech and read out Lagendijk's.<ref name="DNPP2004"/>

In May 2005, MP [[Farah Karimi]] wrote a book in which discussed in detail how she had taken part in the [[Iranian Revolution]], because this information was already known by the party board this did not lead to any upheaval.<ref name="Karimi">{{Citation
|last=Karimi
|first=Farah
|author-link=Farah Karimi
|title=Het geheim van het vuur
|publisher=Arena
|year=2005
|location=Amsterdam
}}</ref> In November 2005, the party board asked Senator Sam Pormes to give up his seat. Continuing rumours about his involvement with guerrilla-training in [[Yemen]] in the 1970s and the 1977 train hijacking by [[Maluku Islands|Moluccan]] youth and allegations of [[welfare fraud]] were harmful for the party, or at least so the party board claimed.

When Pormes refused to step down, the party board threatened to expel him. Pormes fought this decision. The party council of March 2006 sided with Pormes. Party chair Herman Meijer felt forced to resign. He was succeeded by Henk Nijhof who was chosen by the party council in May 2006. In November 2006 Pormes left the Senate, he was replaced by [[Goos Minderman]].<ref name="DNPP2006">{{Citation|last=Lucardie |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Lucardie |author2=J. Hippe |author3=R. Kroeze |author4=G. Voerman |title=Kroniek 2006. Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 2006 |journal=Jaarboek DNPP |publisher=DNPP |location=Groningen |year=2008 |url=http://www.rug.nl/dnpp/jaarboeken/jaarboek2006/index |access-date=2008-04-28 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

[[File:GreenLeft-2006.jpg|thumb|2006 election posters showing Halsema. The text reads: Grow along, GroenLinks. The turret is the official working office of the Dutch Prime Minister.]]

In the [[2006 Dutch municipal elections|2006 Dutch municipal election]], the party stayed relatively stable, losing only a few seats. After the elections GroenLinks took part in 75 local executives, including [[Amsterdam (municipality)|Amsterdam]] where MP [[Marijke Vos]] became an alderwoman.<ref name="DNPP2006"/>

In preparation of the [[2006 Dutch general election|2006 general election]] the party held a congress in October. It elected Halsema, again the only candidate, as the party's top candidate. MEP [[Kathalijne Buitenweg]] and comedian Vincent Bijlo were [[Lijstduwer|last candidates]]. In the 2006 elections the party lost one seat.<ref name="DNPP2006"/>

In the subsequent [[2006-2007 Dutch cabinet formation|cabinet formation]], an initial exploratory round among the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] (CDA), [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] (PvdA) and [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|Socialist Party]] (SP) failed, Halsema announced that GroenLinks would not be involved in further discussion at that point in time, as the party lost, was too small, and had less in common with CDA than the SP had.<ref name="DNPP2006"/> Following this decision an internal debate about the political course and the leadership of Halsema re-erupted. The debate does not just concern the series of lost elections and the decision not to participate in the formation talks, but also the elitist image of the party, the new [[green liberalism|liberal]] course, initiated by Halsema, and the lack of party democracy. Since the last weeks of January 2007 several prominent party members have voiced their doubts including former leader [[Ina Brouwer]], Senator [[Leo Platvoet]] and MEP [[Joost Lagendijk]].<ref name="congres2007"/> In reaction to this the party board has set up a commission led by former MP and chair of the PPR [[Bram van Ojik]]. They looked into the lost series of elections. In the summer of 2007 another committee was formed to organise a larger debate about the course of the party's principles, organisation and strategy. Van Ojik also led this committee. The committee implemented a motion already adopted by the party's congress in 2006 to re-evaluate the party's principle in light of the party's course started by Halsema in 2004.<ref name="DNPP2006"/> Over the course of 2007 and 2008 the committee organised an internal debate about the party's principles, organisation and strategy. In November 2008 this led to the adoption of a new manifesto of principles.

In August 2008, GroenLinks parliamentarian [[Wijnand Duyvendak]] published a book in which he admitted to a burglary of the Ministry of Economic Affairs in order to steal plans for nuclear power plants. This led to his resignation on 14 August, after media reported that the burglary also led to threats against [[Civil service|civil servants]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Inbraak EZ door Duyvendak leidde tot bedreiging |url=http://www.nrc.nl/binnenland/article1955113.ece/Inbraak_EZ_door_Duyvendak_leidde_tot_bedreiging |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919112156/http://www.nrc.nl/binnenland/article1955113.ece/Inbraak_EZ_door_Duyvendak_leidde_tot_bedreiging |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 September 2008 |publisher=NRC Handelsblad |date=14 August 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Duyvendak">{{Citation |title=Duyvendak legt Kamerlidmaatschap neer |url=http://www.nrc.nl/binnenland/article1955403.ece/Duyvendak_legt_Kamerlidmaatschap_neer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915051942/http://www.nrc.nl/binnenland/article1955403.ece/Duyvendak_legt_Kamerlidmaatschap_neer |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 September 2008 |publisher=NRC Handelsblad |date=14 August 2008 }}</ref> He was replaced by [[Jolande Sap]].<ref name="VendrikKlimaat">[http://start.groenlinks.nl/kees-vendrik-wordt-woordvoerder-milieu-klimaat-globalisering Kees Vendrik wordt woordvoerder Milieu, Klimaat & Globalisering] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916121700/http://start.groenlinks.nl/kees-vendrik-wordt-woordvoerder-milieu-klimaat-globalisering |date=2008-09-16 }} op GroenLinks.nl</ref>

In 2008, MEPs [[Joost Lagendijk]] and [[Kathalijne Buitenweg]] announced that they would not seek a new term in the European Parliament. The party had to elect a new [[lead candidate]] for the [[2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|2009 European elections]]. There were five candidates for this position: [[Amsterdam]] [[city councillor]] [[Judith Sargentini]], former MEP [[Alexander de Roo]], senator [[Tineke Strik]], environmental researcher [[Bas Eickhout]] and [[Niels van den Berge]] assistant of MEP Buitenweg. In an internal referendum Sargentini was elected. The [[party congress]] put Eickhout on a second position on the list.

On 18 April 2010, the party congress composed the list of candidates for the [[2010 Dutch general election|2010 general election]]. Two sitting MPs [[Ineke van Gent]] and [[Femke Halsema]] were granted dispensation to stand for a fourth term. Halsema was re-elected as party leader. Van Gent was put as fifth on the party list. All of the first five candidates were sitting MPs and four were women. Their other high newcomers were former Greenpeace director [[Liesbeth van Tongeren]] and chairman of [[Christian National Trade Union Federation|CNV]] youth [[Jesse Klaver]]. The party won 10 seats in the election and participated in the formation talks of a Green/[[Purple (government)|Purple government]]. Halsema resigned as party leader when these talks failed and was succeeded by [[Jolande Sap]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.libelle.nl/lifestyle/interview-met-femke-halsema/|title=Interview met Femke Halsema}}</ref>

In the [[2012 Dutch general election|2012 general election]], GroenLinks lost six seats and was left with four out of 150 seats. Following the disappointing result, Sap was forced to resign as party leader and was succeeded by [[Bram van Ojik]], who in turn handed his position to [[Jesse Klaver]] in 2015. Under Klaver's leadership, GroenLinks gradually rose in polls before climbing to an all-time high of 14 seats in the [[2017 Dutch general election|2017 general election]]. The party entered [[2017 Dutch cabinet formation|coalition talks]] with the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]], the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] and [[Democrats 66]], but the talks failed after Klaver demanded more refugees to be accepted.<ref>{{Cite news|website=RTL Nieuws|url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nederland/politiek/artikel/53791/reconstructie-zo-klapte-de-formatie-met-groenlinks|title=Reconstructie: zo klapte de formatie met GroenLinks|language=nl|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020194225/https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nederland/politiek/artikel/53791/reconstructie-zo-klapte-de-formatie-met-groenlinks|archive-date=October 20, 2021|date=June 12, 2017}}</ref>

GroenLinks lost the [[2021 Dutch general election|2021 general election]], and combined with the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] during the [[2021–2022 Dutch cabinet formation|subsequent government formation]]. There have been discussions about a merger with that party; they participated in the [[2023 Dutch Senate election]] as one.<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=NOS|date=June 11, 2022|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2432277-grote-stap-voor-pvda-groenlinks-verder-samen-in-eerste-kamer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629232319/https://nos.nl/artikel/2432277-grote-stap-voor-pvda-groenlinks-verder-samen-in-eerste-kamer|archive-date=June 29, 2022|title=Grote stap voor PvdA, GroenLinks: verder samen in Eerste Kamer|language=nl}}</ref> GroenLinks and the Labour Party announced in 2023 that they would also participate as one, [[GroenLinks–PvdA]], in the [[2023 Dutch general election|general elections of 2023]], as members of both parties voted in favour of an alliance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nos.nl/l/2483155 |title=PvdA en GroenLinks met één lijst de verkiezingen in, leden stemmen massaal voor |website=NOS |date=17 July 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |language=nl}}</ref>

==Ideology and issues==

===Ideology===
The party combines green and left-wing ideals.<ref name="Andeweg"/> The core ideals of GroenLinks are codified in the party's programme of principles (called ''Partij voor de Toekomst'', "Party for the Future").<ref name="PVDT">{{cite web|url=http://organisatie.groenlinks.nl/toekomstproject|title=GroenLinks presenteert vernieuwde uitgangspunten|work=GroenLinks|access-date=11 September 2010|archive-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724152725/http://organisatie.groenlinks.nl/toekomstproject|url-status=dead}}</ref> The party places itself in the freedom-loving tradition of the left. Its principles include:
* The protection of the [[Earth]], [[ecosystem]]s and a [[animal rights|respectful treatment of animals]].
* A fair distribution of natural resources between all citizens of the world and all generations.
* A just distribution of income and fair chance for everyone to work, care, education and recreation.
* A pluralist society where everyone can participate in freedom. The party combines openness with a sense of community.
* Strengthening the international rule of law, in order to ensure peace and respect for [[human rights]].

The party's principles reflect the ideological convergence between the four founding parties which came from different ideological traditions: the [[Political Party of Radicals]] and the [[Evangelical People's Party (Netherlands)|Evangelical People's Party]], from a [[Christian left|progressive Christian]] tradition; and the [[Pacifist Socialist Party]] and the [[Communist Party of the Netherlands]] from the [[socialism|socialist]] and [[communism|communist]] traditions. Over the course of the 1970s and 1980s, the parties had come to embrace [[environmentalism]] and [[feminism]]; they all favoured democratisation of society and had opposed the creation of new [[nuclear plant]]s and the placement of new [[Netherlands and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons in the Netherlands]].<ref name="Koole"/>

Halsema, the former political leader of the party, has started a debate about the ideological course of GroenLinks. She emphasised the freedom-loving tradition of the left and chose freedom as a key value. Her course is called [[social liberalism|left-liberal]] by herself and observers,<ref>"Halsema kiest voor liberalisme." in NRC Handelsblad, 11 October 2005.</ref> although Halsema herself claims that she does not want to force an ideological change.

Following [[Isaiah Berlin]], Halsema distinguishes between [[positive freedom|positive]] and [[negative freedom]].<ref name="vrijzinnig">{{citation
|last=Halsema
|first=Femke
|author-link=Femke Halsema
|title=Vrijzinnig Links
|journal=De Helling
|volume=15
|issue=2
|year=2004
|url=http://www.dehelling.net/artikel/280/
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070206164312/http://www.dehelling.net/artikel/280/
|archive-date=6 February 2007
|access-date=29 April 2008
}}</ref> According to Halsema, negative freedom is the freedom of citizens from government influence; she applies this concept especially to the [[multiculturalism|multicultural society]] and the [[rechtsstaat]], where the government should protect the rights of citizens and not limit them. Positive freedom is the [[emancipation]] of citizens from poverty and discrimination. Halsema wants to apply this concept to [[welfare state]] and the environment where government should take more action. According to Halsema, GroenLinks is an [[dogma|undogmatic]] party.<ref name="vrijzinnig"/>

===Proposals===
The [[election manifesto]] for the [[2010 Dutch general election|2010 elections]] was adopted in April of that year. It was titled ''Klaar voor de Toekomst'' ("Prepared for the Future"). The manifesto emphasises international cooperation, welfare state reform, environmental policy and social tolerance.<ref name="KVDT">{{Citation
|last=Buitenweg
|first=Kathalijne
|author-link=Kathalijne Buitenweg
 |author2=Jolande Sap |display-authors=etal
|title=Klaar voor de Toekomst
|publisher=GroenLinks
|date=April 2010
|location=Utrecht
|url=http://tweedekamer.groenlinks.nl/node/46630
}}</ref>

GroenLinks considers itself a "[[welfare state reform|social reform]] party", which aims to reform the government finances and increase the position of "outsiders" on the labour market, such as migrant youth, single parents, workers with short term-contracts and people with disabilities. It disagrees with the parties on the right which, in the eyes of GroenLinks, were only oriented towards cutting costs and did not offer the worst-off a chance for work, emancipation and participation.<ref name="VED">{{citation
|last=Halsema
|first=Femke
|author-link=Femke Halsema
|author2=[[Ineke van Gent]]
|title=Vrijheid Eerlijk Delen. Vrijzinnige Voorstellen voor sociale politiek.
|date=11 November 2005
|url=http://www.groenlinks.nl/2ekamer/nieuws/Nieuwsbericht.2005-11-11.3300
|access-date=2008-04-28
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802045058/http://www.groenlinks.nl/2ekamer/nieuws/Nieuwsbericht.2005-11-11.3300
|archive-date=2 August 2012
}}</ref>
But, unlike the other opposition parties of the left, the party does not want to defend the current welfare state – which the party calls "powerless", because it merely offers the worst-off a benefit rather than prospects for work.<ref name="VED"/> The party wants to reform the Dutch [[welfare state]] so it will benefit "outsiders" – those who have been excluded from the welfare state until now.

To increase employment, the GroenLinks proposes a participation contract, where unemployment recipients sign an agreement with their local council to become involved in volunteer work, schooling, or work experience projects – for which they get paid minimum wage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2006/09/green_left_to_slash_unemployme/|title=Green Left to slash unemployment pay - DutchNews.nl|date=2006-09-05|work=DutchNews.nl|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-GB}}</ref>
The unemployment benefit should be increased and limited to one year. In this period, people would have to look for a job or education. If at the end of the year one should not succeed in finding a job, the government will offer one a job for the [[minimum wage]]. In order to create more employment, they want to implement the [[green tax shift]] which will lower taxes on lower paid labour. This would be compensated by higher taxes on pollution. In order to increase prospects for the underprivileged, it wants to invest in education, especially the [[voorbereidend middelbaar beroepsonderwijs|vmbo]] (middle-level vocational education). In order to ensure that migrants have a better chance for jobs, it wants to deal firmly with discrimination, especially on the [[labour market]]. The party wants to decrease income differences by making [[child benefit]]s.<ref name="KVDT"/> The party favours reform of government [[pension]]s: after 45 years of employment, one should get the right to a pension. If one starts working young, one is able to stop working earlier than if one starts working when one is older. Receiving unemployment or disability benefits is counted as work, as is caring for children or family members. The system of mortgage interest deductions should be abolished over a forty-year period.

International cooperation is an important theme for the party. This includes [[development cooperation]] with underdeveloped countries. GroenLinks wants to increase spending on [[development aid]] to 0.8% of the [[gross national product]]. It wants to open the European markets to goods from Third World countries, under conditions of [[fair trade]]. In order to ensure free and fair trade, it wants to increase and democratise international economic organisations such as the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[World Bank]]. The party also favours greater international control over financial markets. GroenLinks favours [[European integration]], but is critical about the current policies of the [[European Commission]]. It favoured the [[European Constitution]], but after it was voted down in the [[2005 Dutch European Constitution referendum|2005 referendum]], GroenLinks advocated a new treaty which emphasised [[democracy]] and [[subsidiarity]]. The party is critical about the [[war on terror]]. It wants to strengthen the [[peacekeeping]] powers of the [[United Nations]] and reform the [[Army of the Netherlands|Dutch armed forces]] into a peace force, with the functions of [[NATO]] to be taken over by the European Union and the United Nations.

GroenLinks wants to solve environmental problems, especially [[climate change]], by stimulating durable alternatives. The party wants to use taxes and [[emissions trading]] to stimulate [[alternative energy]] as an alternative to both [[fossil fuel]] and [[nuclear plant]]s. It wants to close all nuclear plants in the Netherlands and impose a tax on the use of coal in energy production, in order to discourage the building of new coal-based power plants. Moreover, it wants to stimulate [[energy saving]]. It wants to invest in clean [[public transport]], as an alternative to private transport. Investments in [[public transport]] can be financed by not expanding [[highway]]s and imposing [[toll (road usage)|tolls on the use of roads]] (called ''rekeningrijden''). The party wants to stimulate [[organic farming]] through taxes as an alternative to [[industrial agriculture]]. Moreover, GroenLinks wants to codify [[animal rights]] in the [[Constitution of the Netherlands|Constitution]].<ref name="KVDT"/>

GroenLinks values individual freedom and the [[rule of law]]. The party wants to legalise [[Drug policy of the Netherlands|soft drugs]]. It wants to protect civil rights on the Internet by extending constitutional protection for free communication to email and other modern technologies. It also favours a reform of [[copyright]] to allow non-commercial reproduction and the use of [[open-source software]] in the public sector. In the long term, it seeks to abolish the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|monarchy]] and create a [[republic]]. It also favours a reduction of the size of the government bureaucracy, for instance by decreasing the number of [[Dutch ministries]] and abolishing the [[Senate (Netherlands)|Senate]]. Finally, GroenLinks favours liberal [[immigration]] and [[asylum seeker|asylum]] policies. It wants to empower victims of [[human trafficking]] by giving them a residence permit and it wants to abolish the income requirements for marriage migration.<ref name="KVDT"/>

In the party's 2021 election programme, it stated that it wants to introduce a [[Universal basic income|basic income for all]] Dutch citizens within eight years.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.groenlinks.nl/verkiezingsprogramma/english |title= Election Programme 2021 |website= GroenLinks |access-date= 12 February 2023 |quote= GroenLinks wants to introduce a basic income for all Dutch citizens within the next eight years.}}</ref>

==Election results==

=== House of Representatives ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
! Election
! [[Lead candidate]]
! List
! Votes
! %
! Seats
! +/–
! Government
|-
! [[1989 Dutch general election|1989]]
| align="left"| [[Ria Beckers]]
| align="left"| [[List of GroenLinks candidates in the 1989 Dutch general election|List]]
| 362,304
| 4.1
| {{Composition bar compact|6|150|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{increase}} 3
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[1994 Dutch general election|1994]]
| align="left"| [[Ina Brouwer]]
| align="left"| [[List of GroenLinks candidates in the 1995 Dutch general election|List]]
| 311,399
| 3.5
| {{Composition bar compact|5|150|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[1998 Dutch general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" align="left"| [[Paul Rosenmöller]]
| align="left"| [[List of GroenLinks candidates in the 1998 Dutch general election|List]]
| 625,968
| 7.3
| {{Composition bar compact|11|150|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{increase}} 6
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2002 Dutch general election|2002]]
| align="left"| [[List of GroenLinks candidates in the 2002 Dutch general election|List]]
| 660,692
| 7.0
| {{Composition bar compact|10|150|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2003 Dutch general election|2003]]
| rowspan="3" align="left"| [[Femke Halsema]]
| align="left"| [[List of GroenLinks candidates in the 2003 Dutch general election|List]]
| 495,802
| 5.1
| {{Composition bar compact|8|150|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2006 Dutch general election|2006]]
| align="left"| [[List of GroenLinks candidates in the 2006 Dutch general election|List]]
| 453,054
| 4.6
| {{Composition bar compact|7|150|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2010 Dutch general election|2010]]
| align="left"| [[List of GroenLinks candidates in the 2010 Dutch general election|List]]
| 628,096
| 6.7
| {{Composition bar compact|10|150|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{increase}} 3
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2012 Dutch general election|2012]]
| align="left"| [[Jolande Sap]]
| align="left"| [[List of GroenLinks candidates in the 2012 Dutch general election|List]]
| 219,896
| 2.3
| {{Composition bar compact|4|150|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 6
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2017 Dutch general election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" align="left"| [[Jesse Klaver]]
| align="left"| [[List of GroenLinks candidates in the 2017 Dutch general election|List]]
| 959,600
| 9.1
| {{Composition bar compact|14|150|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{increase}} 10
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
! [[2021 Dutch general election|2021]]
| align="left"| [[List of GroenLinks candidates in the 2021 Dutch general election|List]]
| 537,584
| 5.2
| {{Composition bar compact|8|150|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 6
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|}

=== Senate ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
! Election
! Votes
! Weight
! %
! Seats
! +/–
|-
! [[1991 Dutch Senate election|1991]]
| 
|
| 
| {{Composition bar compact|4|75|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
|-
! [[1995 Dutch Senate election|1995]]
| 
|
| 
| {{Composition bar compact|4|75|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{steady}} 
|-
! [[1999 Dutch Senate election|1999]]
| 
|
| 
| {{Composition bar compact|8|75|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{increase}} 4
|-
! [[2003 Dutch Senate election|2003]]
| 
| 10,866
| 6.7
| {{Composition bar compact|5|75|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 3
|-
! [[2007 Dutch Senate election|2007]]
| 
| 9,074
| 5.6
| {{Composition bar compact|4|75|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
! [[2011 Dutch Senate election|2011]]
| 
| 10,757
| 6.5
| {{Composition bar compact|5|75|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
|-
! [[2015 Dutch Senate election|2015]]
| 30
| 9,520
| 5.6
| {{Composition bar compact|4|75|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
! [[2019 Dutch Senate election|2019]]
| 65
| 19,363
| 11.2
| {{Composition bar compact|8|75|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{increase}} 4
|-
! [[2023 Dutch Senate election|2023]]
| 55
| 17,313
| 9.7
| {{Composition bar compact|7|75|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
|}

===European Parliament===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Election
! List
! Vote
! %
! Seats
! +/–
! EP Group
|-
! [[1994 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|1994]]
| [[Party lists in the 1994 European Parliament election in the Netherlands#GreenLeft|List]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 154,362
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.74
| style="text-align: right;" | {{Composition bar compact|1|31|hex={{party color|GreenLeft}}}}
| New
| [[The Green Group in the European Parliament|G]]
|-
! [[1999 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|1999]]
| [[Party lists in the 1999 European Parliament election in the Netherlands#GreenLeft|List]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 419,869
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.85
| style="text-align: right;" | {{Composition bar compact|4|31|hex={{party color|GreenLeft}}}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{increase}} 3
| rowspan="8" | [[Greens–European Free Alliance|Greens-EFA]]
|-
! [[2004 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|2004]]
| [[Party lists in the 2004 European Parliament election in the Netherlands#GreenLeft|List]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 352,201
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.39
| style="text-align: right;" | {{Composition bar compact|2|27|hex={{party color|GreenLeft}}}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{decrease}} 2
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|2009]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Party lists in the 2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands#GreenLeft|List]]
| style="text-align: right;"  rowspan="2" | 404,020
| style="text-align: right;"  rowspan="2" | 8.87
| style="text-align: right;" | {{Composition bar compact|3|25|hex={{party color|GreenLeft}}}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{increase}} 1
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{Composition bar compact|3|26|hex={{party color|GreenLeft}}}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{steady}} 0
|-
! [[2014 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|2014]]
| [[Party lists in the 2014 European Parliament election in the Netherlands#GreenLeft|List]]
| style="text-align: right;" | 329,906
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.98
| style="text-align: right;" | {{Composition bar compact|2|26|hex={{party color|GreenLeft}}}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{decrease}} 1
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[2019 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|2019]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Party lists in the 2019 European Parliament election in the Netherlands#GreenLeft|List]]
| style="text-align: right;"  rowspan="2" | 599,283
| style="text-align: right;"  rowspan="2" | 10.90
| style="text-align: right;" | {{Composition bar compact|3|26|hex={{party color|GreenLeft}}}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{increase}} 1
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | {{Composition bar compact|3|29|hex={{party color|GreenLeft}}}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{steady}} 0
|}

===Provincial===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
! Election
! Votes
! %
! Seats
! Change
! [[Provincial executive|Involved in<br />Executives]]
|-
! [[1991 Dutch provincial elections|1991]]
| 
| 
| {{Composition bar compact|36|758|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| 
|
|-
! [[1995 Dutch provincial elections|1995]]
| 
| 
| {{Composition bar compact|34|758|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
|
|-
! [[1999 Dutch provincial elections|1999]]
| 
| 
| {{Composition bar compact|50|764|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| 
| 
|-
! [[2003 Dutch provincial elections|2003]]
| 
| 
| {{Composition bar compact|37|564|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| 
| {{Composition bar compact|1|12|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
|-
! [[2007 Dutch provincial elections|2007]]
| 
| 
| {{Composition bar compact|33|564|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 4
| {{Composition bar compact|2|12|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
|-
! [[2011 Dutch provincial elections|2011]]
| 
| 6.30
| {{Composition bar compact|34|566|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
| {{Composition bar compact|2|12|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
|-
! [[2015 Dutch provincial elections|2015]]
| {{formatnum:324572}}
| 5.35
| {{Composition bar compact|30|570|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 4
| {{Composition bar compact|2|12|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
|-
! [[2019 Dutch provincial elections|2019]]
| {{formatnum:783006}}
| 10.76
| {{Composition bar compact|61|570|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{increase}} 31
| {{Composition bar compact|8|12|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
|-
! [[2023 Dutch provincial elections|2023]]{{efn|Contested as part of [[GroenLinks–PvdA]] in [[Zeeland]].}}
| {{formatnum:694678}}
| 8.96
| {{Composition bar compact|51|533|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
| {{decrease}} 10
| {{Composition bar compact|5|11|hex={{party color|GroenLinks}}}}
|}
{{Notelist}}

== Representation ==
[[File:Paul Rosenmöller en profile.jpg|thumb|right|Senate group leader [[Paul Rosenmöller]]]]
[[File:Eickhout, Bas-9750.jpg|thumb|right|EP-delegation leader [[Bas Eickhout]]]]

===Members of the House of Representatives===
{{Main|List of House of Representatives members of GreenLeft}}

===Members of the Senate===
{{Main|List of Senate members of GreenLeft}}

===Members of the European Parliament===
{{Main|List of members of the European Parliament for the Netherlands, 2024–2029}}

==Electorate==
According to a survey done in 2006 more women vote for GroenLinks than men by a margin of 20%.<ref>{{citation|title=Vrouwen kiezen vaker voor links, mannen voor rechts|url=http://www.politiekebarometer.nl/index.cfm?uid=18|publisher=Interview/NSS|access-date=2008-05-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719123757/http://www.politiekebarometer.nl/index.cfm?uid=18|archive-date=2011-07-19}}</ref> The party also disproportionately appeals to [[homosexuality|gay]] voters. The party also polls well among migrant voters, especially those from [[Turkey]] and [[Morocco]], where its support is twice as high as in the general population.<ref>{{citation|title = Allochtone kiezers bepalend op 7 maart|url = http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/dossiers/nederlandkiest2006/allochtone_kiezers.html|publisher = NOS|access-date = 2008-05-01|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071116143936/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/dossiers/nederlandkiest2006/allochtone_kiezers.html|archive-date = 16 November 2007|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Allochtonen stemmen massaal op PvdA |url=http://www.elsevier.nl/nieuws/politiek/artikel/asp/artnr/89694 |publisher=Elsevier |author=Ingrid van der Chijs |date=2006-03-08 |access-date=2008-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612032818/http://www.elsevier.nl/nieuws/politiek/artikel/asp/artnr/89694 |archive-date=12 June 2011 }}</ref>

GroenLinks voters have an eccentric position in their preferences for particular policies. Between 1989 and 2003 they were the most leftwing voters in the Netherlands, often a little more to the left than voters of the [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|SP]].<ref name="Holsteyn">{{Citation|last=Holsteyn, van|first=J.J.M|author-link=Joop van Holsteyn|author2=J.M. den Ridder|title=Alles blijft anders. Nederlandse kiezers en de verkiezingen aan het begin van de 21e eeuw|publisher=Aksent|year=2005|location=Amsterdam}}</ref> These voters are in favor of the redistribution of wealth, free choice for [[euthanasia]], opening the borders for [[asylum seeker]]s, the [[multiculturalism|multicultural society]] and are firmly against building new [[nuclear plant]]s.<ref name="Holsteyn"/>

GroenLinks has the second-largest proportion of [[vegan]]/[[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] voters of any political party in the Netherlands, with 8.4% or 16.9% of GroenLinks voters in saying in 2 surveys in 2021 that they did not eat meat. The party with the highest proportion of vegan/vegetarian voters in both surveys was the [[Party for the Animals]], for which the share laid at 17.3% or 27.9%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=De pluimveesector mag er zijn en blijven! |url=https://depluimveesectormagerzijnenblijven.nl/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Onderzoek-Nederlandse-bevolking-Pluimveesector.pdf |website=depluimveesectormagerzijnenblijven.nl |page=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=NL staat achter de varkenssector! |url=https://bouwenopframesoffeiten.nl/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Onderzoek-onder-Nederlandse-bevolking-van-de-varkenssector.pdf |website=bouwenopframesoffeiten.nl |page=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2021 |title=Eten PvdD- en GroenLinksstemmers liever kip dan varken? - Vleesonderzoek varkens- en pluimveesector levert verrassend resultaat op |url=https://www.foodlog.nl/artikel/pvdd-en-groenlinksstemmers-eten-liever-kip-dan-varken/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Foodlog}}</ref>

==Style and campaign==
The logo of GroenLinks is the name of the party with the word "[[Green]]" written in [[red]] and the word "Left" written in green since 1994. Additional colours used in the logo are white, yellow and blue. An earlier logo, used between 1989 and 1994, and which can be seen on the poster [[GreenLeft#1989-1994|above]] showed a variation of a [[peace sign]] projected on a green triangle on which "PPR PSP CPN EVP" was written and next to it GroenLinks in green and pink.

From 2007 onwards, GroenLinks has adopted the idea of a "permanent campaign", which implies that campaign activities are held even when there is no immediate connection to an election.<ref>{{Citation|title=Verantwoording Partijbestuur 2006 |publisher=GroenLinks |year=2007 |url=http://www.groenlinks.nl/congresfebruari2007/congreskrant/8.%20Verantwoording%20PB%20DEF.rtf |format=rtf |access-date=2008-05-01 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Permanent campaign activities are intended to create and maintain a base level of sympathy and knowledge about the party platform.

[[File:Pand van GroenLinks in Utrecht.jpg|thumb|Former party Bureau of GroenLinks in [[Utrecht]]]]

==Organisation==

===Name and logo===
The name "GroenLinks" (until 1992 "Groen Links" with a space between Groen and Links) is a compromise between the PPR and the CPN and the PSP. The PPR wanted the word "[[Green politics|Green]]" in the name of the party, the PSP and the CPN the word "[[Left-wing politics|Left]]". It also emphasises the core ideals of the party, environmental sustainability and social justice.<ref name="Illusie"/>

In 1984, the common list of the PPR, PSP and CPN for the [[1984 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|1984 European elections]] was called [[Green Progressive Accord]] – at that time the PPR did not want to accept the word "left" in the name of the political combination. The parties had entered in the [[1989 European Parliament election in the Netherlands|1989 European elections]] as the [[Rainbow (Netherlands)|Rainbow]] (''Regenboog''), in reference to the [[Rainbow Group (1984–89)|Rainbow Group]] in the European Parliament between 1984 and 1989.<ref name="Koole"/>

<gallery>
GroenLinks logo (1989–1994).svg|Logo from 1989 to 1994
GroenLinks logo (1994–present).svg|Current logo
GroenLinks logo (variant).png|Variant logo
</gallery>

===Organisational structure===
The highest organ of GroenLinks is the [[party congress]], which is open to all members. The congress elects the party-board, it decides on the order of the candidates for national and European elections and it has a final say over the party platform. The congress convenes at least once every year in spring or when needed.

The party board consists of fifteen members who are elected for a two-year term. The [[Party chair|chairperson]] of this board is the only paid position on the board, the others are unpaid. The chairperson together with four other board members (the vice-chair, the treasurer, the secretary, the European secretary and the international secretary) handles the daily affairs and meet every two weeks while the other ten board members meet only once a month.<ref name="statuten">{{citation
|title=Statuten op GroenLinks.
|url=http://www.groenlinks.nl/partij/statuten
|access-date=2008-05-01
}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

For the months that the congress does not convene, a party council takes over its role. It consists out of 80 representatives of all the 250 municipal branches. The party board and the nationally elected representatives of the party are responsible to the party council. It has the right to fill vacancies in the board, make changes to the party constitution and takes care of the party's finances.<ref name="statuten"/> Politicians are required to donate 10% of their gross income to the party, making GroenLinks one of the top recipients of donations among Dutch political parties.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.ad.nl/politiek/giften-politieke-partijen-sp-en-groenlinks-harkten-meeste-geld-binnen~a86d746d/ |date = 9 January 2025 |last1 = Verweij |first1 = Elodie |last2 = Keultjes |first2 = Hanneke |access-date = 9 January 2025 |language = nl |website = [[Algemeen Dagblad]] |title = Giften politieke partijen: SP en GroenLinks harkten meeste geld binnen |trans-title = Donations to political parties: SP and GroenLinks received most money }}</ref>

There are several independent organisations which are linked to GroenLinks:
* [[DWARS]], the independent youth organisation of GroenLinks
* De Linker Wang ("The Left Cheek"), platform for Religion and Politics, which is a [[Christian left|progressive Christian]] platform, which was formed by former members of the [[Evangelical People's Party (Netherlands)|Evangelical People's Party]].<ref name="DNPP1991">Lucardie, P., I Noomen en G. Voerman, (1992) "Kroniek 2001. Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 1991" in ''Jaarboek 1991'' Groningen: Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen</ref>
* Scientific Bureau GroenLinks, the independent political [[think tank]] which publishes "De Helling"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dehelling.net/|title=Dehelling|access-date=21 January 2012|archive-date=5 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105040804/http://www.dehelling.net/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (Dutch for "the Slope").<ref>For a complete overview of the DNPP see {{citation|title=GroenLinks - nevenorganisaties|url=http://www.rug.nl/dnpp/politiekepartijen/groenlinks/nevenorganisaties/index|access-date=2008-04-28}}</ref>
* [[PinkLeft]], an [[LGBT]] organisation for GroenLinks members.<ref>[http://rozelinks.groenlinks.nl/ PinkLeft ("RozeLinks") site] (in Dutch)</ref>

GroenLinks is also active on the European and the global stage. It is a founding member of the [[European Green Party]] and the [[Global Greens]]. Its MEPs sit in [[The Greens–European Free Alliance]] group. GroenLinks cooperates with seven other Dutch parties in the [[Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy]], an institute which supports democratic development in developing countries.<ref>{{citation|title=About NIMD |url=http://www.nimd.org/default.aspx?menuid=1&type=content&contentid=1&special= |access-date=2008-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222043844/http://www.nimd.org/default.aspx?menuid=1&type=content&contentid=1&special= |archive-date=2007-12-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Relationships with other parties===
GroenLinks was founded as a mid-sized party to the left of the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] (PvdA). In the 1994 elections, the [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|Socialist Party]] (SP) also entered parliament. GroenLinks now takes a central position in the Dutch left between the socialist SP, which is more to the left, and the social-democratic PvdA, which is more to the centre.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Laver|first1=Michael| author-link1 = Michael Laver| last2 = Mair| first2 = Peter| author-link2 = Peter Mair|title=Party Policy and cabinet portfolios in the Netherlands 1998: Results from an expert survey|journal=[[Acta Politica]]|volume=34|pages=49–64|year=1999| url = http://www.palgrave-journals.com/ap}}</ref> This position is exemplified by the call of Femke Halsema to form a left-wing coalition after the 2006 elections, knowing that such a coalition is only possible with GroenLinks. The [[electoral alliance]] between SP and GL in the 1998, 2002 and 2006 elections,<ref>{{citation|title = SP en GroenLinks gaan lijstverbinding aan; PvdA ziet daarvan af on parlement.com|access-date = 2008-05-01|url = http://www.parlement.com/9291000/modulesf/fyakie4j?key=heqly7lk|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130111082143/http://www.parlement.com/9291000/modulesf/fyakie4j?key=heqly7lk|url-status = dead|archive-date = 11 January 2013}}</ref> and between GroenLinks and PvdA in the 2004 European elections are examples of this position.<ref>{{citation|title=Nederlandse partijen in het Europees Parlement on parlement.com|access-date=2008-05-01|url=http://www.parlement.com/9291000/modulesf/gn0nesg1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223160049/http://www.parlement.com/9291000/modulesf/gn0nesg1|archive-date=23 December 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[2007 Dutch Senate election|2007 First Chamber election]], it had an electoral alliance with the [[Party for the Animals]].<ref>{{citation|title=Linkse lijstverbinding GroenLinks strandt |newspaper=De Telegraaf |date=28 April 2007 |url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/binnenland/article62745661.ece?cid=rss |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103203733/http://www.telegraaf.nl/binnenland/article62745661.ece?cid=rss |archive-date=November 3, 2007 }}</ref> More and more, however, GroenLinks is seen as the most culturally progressive of the three parties.<ref>Pels, D. "Vrijheid: Het politieke spectrum" in [[Bart Snels|Snels, B.]] (ed.) (2007). ''Vrijheid als Ideaal.'' Nijmegen: SUN.</ref><ref>{{Citation|last = Krouwel|first = Andre|author-link = Andre Krouwel|title = Kieskompas|publisher = [[Vrije Universiteit]]|url = http://tweedekamer.kieskompas.nl/|access-date = 2008-05-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080412153431/http://tweedekamer.kieskompas.nl/|archive-date = 12 April 2008|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Since 2023 GroenLinks has significantly intensified cooperation with PvdA, generally entering elections with a shared electoral list,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.omroepwest.nl/nieuws/4912552/groenlinks-en-pvda-gaan-voor-een-lijst-bij-gemeenteraadsverkiezingen-willen-de-grootste-worden | title=GroenLinks en PvdA gaan voor één lijst bij gemeenteraadsverkiezingen: 'Willen de grootste worden' | date=27 November 2024 }}</ref> including in European Parliament elections after which elected politicians joined separate groups.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nos.nl/nieuwsuur/collectie/13972/artikel/2519912-groenlinks-en-pvda-voorlopig-niet-in-een-europese-fractie-niet-over-gesproken | title=GroenLinks en PvdA voorlopig niet in één Europese fractie: 'Niet over gesproken' | date=10 May 2024 }}</ref> Both parties are internally discussing a possible complete merger.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://historiek.net/na-bijna-80-jaar-komt-er-een-einde-aan-de-pvda/160154/ | title=Na bijna 80 jaar komt er een einde aan de PvdA | date=5 November 2023 }}</ref>

GroenLinks does not run an independent list for the [[Water board (Netherlands)|water board elections]]. Instead, like [[Democrats 66|D66]] and [[Volt Netherlands]], it recommends that its voters support [[Water Natuurlijk]], an independent, [[Green politics|green]]-oriented political party focused solely on water board elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veelgestelde vragen |url=https://waternatuurlijk.nl/over-water-natuurlijk/veelgestelde-vragen |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Water natuurlijk |language=nl}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Environment|Ecology}}
* [[List of Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands for GreenLeft]]
* [[Green party]]
* [[Green politics]]
* [[List of environmental organizations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|title=Van de straat naar de staat? GroenLinks 1990-2010|url=https://dnpprepo.ub.rug.nl/12162/1/Van%20de%20straat%20naar%20de%20staat%20-%20GroenLinks%201990-2010.pdf|publisher=Boom|location=Amsterdam|year=2010|editor-first=Paul|editor-last=Lucardie|editor-first2=Gerrit|editor-last2=Voerman|language=nl|isbn=9789461053602 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|GroenLinks}}
*{{Official website}}

{{Political parties in the Netherlands}}
{{European Parliament, (Netherlands)}}
{{European Green Party}}
{{Green parties}}
{{Portal bar|Netherlands|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:GroenLinks| ]]
[[Category:Political parties in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1989]]
[[Category:Political parties supporting universal basic income]]
[[Category:Green political parties]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Utrecht (city)]]
[[Category:European Green Party]]