Editing Group 8 element

{{Short description|Group of chemical elements in the periodic table}}
{{Infobox periodic table group
| title       = Group&nbsp;8 {{nowrap|in the periodic table}}
| group number= 8
| trivial name= 
| by element  = iron group ([[iron group|nonstandard]])
| CAS         = part of VIIIB
| old IUPAC   = part of VIII
| mark        = Fe,Ru,Os,Hs
| left        = [[Group 7 element|group 7]]
| right       = [[Group 9 element|group 9]]
}}
{| class="floatright"
! colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | ↓&nbsp;<small>[[Period (periodic table)|Period]]</small>
|-
! [[Period 4 element|4]]
| {{element cell image|26|Iron|Fe| |Solid|Transition metal|Primordial|image=Iron electrolytic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|image caption=Iron, electrolytic made, 99,97%+}}
|-
! [[Period 5 element|5]]
| {{element cell image|44|Ruthenium|Ru| |Solid|Transition metal|Primordial|image=Ruthenium a half bar.jpg|image caption=Ruthenium bar, 99,99%}}
|-
! [[Period 6 element|6]]
| {{element cell image|76|Osmium|Os| |Solid|Transition metal|Primordial|image=Osmium-crystals 2.jpg|image caption=Osmium crystals, ≈99,99%}}
|-
! [[Period 7 element|7]]
| {{element cell image|108|Hassium|Hs| |Unknown phase|Transition metal|Synthetic}}
|-
| colspan="2"|
----
''Legend''
{| style="text-align:center; border:0; margin:1em auto;"
|-
| style="border:{{element color|Primordial}}; background:{{Element color|table mark}}; padding:0 2px;" | [[primordial element]]
|-
| style="border:{{element color|Synthetic}}; background:{{Element color|table mark}}; padding:0 2px;" | [[synthetic element]]
|}
|}

'''Group 8''' is a [[group (periodic table)|group]] (column) of [[chemical element]]s in the [[periodic table]]. It consists of [[iron]] (Fe), [[ruthenium]] (Ru), [[osmium]] (Os) and [[hassium]] (Hs).<ref name=leigh>{{Cite book |last=Leigh |first=Geoffrey J. |title=Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry: recommendations 1990 |date=1990 |publisher=Blackwell scientific publ |others=Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée |isbn=978-0-632-02494-0 |location=Oxford London Edinburgh}}</ref> "Group 8" is the modern standard designation for this group, adopted by the [[IUPAC]] in 1990.<ref name=leigh/> It should not be confused with "group VIIIA" in the CAS system, which is group 18 (current IUPAC), the [[noble gas]]es. In the [[Group (periodic table)|older group naming systems]], this group was combined with groups [[group 9 element|9]] and [[group 10 element|10]] and called group "VIIIB" in the [[Chemical Abstracts Service]] (CAS) "U.S. system", or "VIII" in the old IUPAC (pre-1990) "European system" (and in [[Mendeleev]]'s original table). The elements in this group are all [[transition metal]]s that lie in the [[d-block]] of the periodic table.

While groups (columns) of the periodic table are usually named after their lightest member (as in "the oxygen group" for group 16), [[iron group]] has  historically been used differently; most often, it means a set of adjacent elements on [[period 4 element|period (row) 4]] of the table that includes iron, such as [[chromium]], [[manganese]], [[iron]], [[cobalt]], and [[nickel]], or only the last three, or some other set, depending on the context.

Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in [[electron configuration]], especially in the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior.

==Basic properties==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Atomic number|Z]] !! [[Chemical element|Element]] !! Electrons <br/>per [[Electron shell|shell]] !! M.P. || B.P. || Year of<br/>discovery !! Discoverer
|-
| 26 || [[Iron]] || 2, 8, 14, 2 || 1811 K<br/>1538 °C || 3134 K<br/>2862 °C || <3000 BCE || Unknown
|-
| 44 || [[Ruthenium]] || 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 || 2607 K<br/>2334 °C|| 4423 K<br/>4150 °C || 1844 || [[Karl Ernst Claus|K. E. Claus]]
|-
| 76 || [[Osmium]] || 2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 || 3306 K<br/>3033 °C || 5285 K<br/>5012 °C || 1803 || [[Smithson Tennant|S. Tennant]] and<br/>[[William Hyde Wollaston|W. H. Wollaston]]
|-
| 108 || [[Hassium]] || 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2 || — || — || 1984 || [[Peter Armbruster|P. Armbruster]] and<br/>[[Gottfried Münzenberg|G. Münzenberg]]
|}

<sup>The following is copied from the pages of [[Iron]], [[Ruthenium]], [[Osmium]], and [[Hassium]] respectively.</sup>

Pristine and smooth pure iron surfaces are a mirror-like silvery-gray. Iron reacts readily with oxygen and water to produce brown-to-black hydrated iron oxides, commonly known as rust. Unlike the oxides of some other metals that form passivating layers, rust occupies more volume than the metal and thus flakes off, exposing more fresh surfaces for corrosion. High-purity irons (e.g. electrolytic iron) are more resistant to corrosion.

Because it hardens platinum and palladium alloys, ruthenium is used in electrical contacts, where a thin film is sufficient to achieve the desired durability. With its similar properties to and lower cost than rhodium, electric contacts are a major use of ruthenium. The ruthenium plate is applied to the electrical contact and electrode base metal by electroplating or sputtering.

Osmium is a hard but brittle metal that remains lustrous even at high temperatures. It has a very low compressibility. Correspondingly, its bulk modulus is extremely high, reported between 395 and 462 GPa, which rivals that of diamond (443 GPa). The hardness of osmium is moderately high at 4 GPa. Because of its hardness, brittleness, low vapor pressure (the lowest of the platinum-group metals), and very high melting point (the fourth highest of all elements, after carbon, tungsten, and rhenium), solid osmium is difficult to machine, form, or work.

Very few properties of hassium or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production and the fact that hassium (and its parents) decays very quickly. A few singular chemistry-related properties have been measured, such as enthalpy of adsorption of hassium tetroxide, but properties of hassium metal remain unknown and only predictions are available. Though despite its radioactivity, chemists have formed hassium tetroxide and sodium hassate(VII) through various means.

== Occurrence and production ==
In terms of mass, iron is the fourth most common element within the Earth's crust. It is found in many minerals, such as [[hematite]], [[magnetite]], and [[taconite]]. Iron is commercially produced by heating these minerals in a blast furnace with [[Coke (fuel)|coke]] and [[calcium carbonate]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iron - Element information, properties and uses {{!}} Periodic Table |url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/26/iron |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.rsc.org}}</ref>

Ruthenium is a very rare metal in Earth's crust. It is often found in minerals such as [[pentlandite]] and [[Pyroxenite|pyroxinite]]. It can be commercially obtained as a waste product from refining [[nickel]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ruthenium - Element information, properties and uses {{!}} Periodic Table |url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/44/ruthenium |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.rsc.org}}</ref>

Osmium is found in [[osmiridium]]. It can also be obtained as a waste product from refining nickel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Osmium - Element information, properties and uses {{!}} Periodic Table |url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/76/osmium |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.rsc.org}}</ref>

Hassium is extremely radioactive, and as such is not found naturally in the Earth's crust. It is produced via the bombardment of lead-208 atoms with iron-58 atoms.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Hassium - Element information, properties and uses {{!}} Periodic Table |url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/108/hassium |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.rsc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hassium {{!}} Hs (Element) - PubChem |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/Hassium#section=Description |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref>

== Biological role ==
Iron is a mineral used in the human body that is essential for good health. It is a component in the proteins of [[hemoglobin]] and [[myoglobin]], both of which are responsible for transporting oxygen around the body. Iron is a part of some hormones as well. A lack of iron in the body can cause [[Iron-deficiency anemia|iron deficiency anemia]], and an excess of iron in the body can be toxic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Dietary Supplements - Iron |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-Consumer/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=ods.od.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref>

Some ruthenium-containing molecules may be used to fight [[cancer]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Skoczynska |first1=Anna |last2=Lewinski |first2=Andrzej |last3=Pokora |first3=Mateusz |last4=Paneth |first4=Piotr |last5=Budzisz |first5=Elzbieta |date=2023-05-30 |title=An Overview of the Potential Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Properties of Ru(II)/(III) Complexes |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=9512 |doi=10.3390/ijms24119512 |issn=1422-0067 |pmid=37298471 |pmc=10253973 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Normally, however, ruthenium plays no role in the human body.<ref name=":0" />

Both osmium and hassium have no known biological roles.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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{{Group 8 elements}}

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[[Category:Groups (periodic table)]]