Editing Gruiformes

{{Short description|Order of birds}}
{{Redirect|Grui}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Paleocene]]<ref name=Mourer-Chaviré1995>Mourer-Chaviré C. (1995) The Messelornithidae (Aves: Gruiformes) from the Paleogene of France. - Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 181: 95–105</ref><ref>Mayr, Gerald (2016). Avian evolution: the fossil record of birds and its paleobiological significance. Topics in Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 306. {{ISBN|978-1-119-02076-9}}.</ref>  – [[Holocene]], {{fossilrange|60|0}}

<small>Possibly an earlier origin based on [[molecular clock]]<ref name=Kuhletal2020>{{cite journal | first1 = H. | last1 = Kuhl. | first2 = C. | last2 = Frankl-Vilches | first3 = A. | last3 = Bakker | first4 = G. | last4 = Mayr | first5 = G. | last5 = Nikolaus | first6 = S. T. | last6 = Boerno | first7 = S. | last7 = Klages | first8 = B. | last8 = Timmermann | first9 = M. | last9 = Gahr | year = 2020 | title = An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life. | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 38 | pages = 108–127 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msaa191 | pmid = 32781465 |pmc=7783168  | doi-access = free }}</ref></small>
| image = Grey Crowned Crane at Zoo Copenhagen.jpg
| image_caption = [[Crested crane]], ''Balearica regulorum''
| taxon = Gruiformes
| authority = [[Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1854
| range_map = Crane range.png
| range_map_caption = Global distribution of the cranes and allies.
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision =
Some 5–10 living, see article text.
}}

The '''Gruiformes''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|r|uː|ᵻ||f|ɔr|m|iː|z}} {{respell|GROO|ih|for|meez}}){{cn|date=October 2024}} are an [[order (biology)|order]] containing a considerable number of living and extinct [[bird]] [[family (biology)|families]], with a widespread geographical diversity. Gruiform means "crane-like".

Traditionally, a number of wading and terrestrial bird families that did not seem to belong to any other order were classified together as Gruiformes. These include 15 species of large [[crane (bird)|cranes]], about 145 species of smaller [[Rallidae|crakes and rails]], as well as a variety of families comprising one to three [[species]], such as the [[Heliornithidae]], the [[limpkin]], or the [[Psophiidae]].
Other birds have been placed in this order more out of necessity to place them ''somewhere''; this has caused the expanded Gruiformes to lack distinctive [[apomorph]]ies. Recent studies indicate that these "odd Gruiformes" are if at all only loosely related to the cranes, rails, and relatives ("core Gruiformes").
[[File:Gallirallus philippensis Lord Howe Island 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rallidae|Rails]] are one of the most widespread Gruiformes]]

==Systematics==
There are only two suprafamilial clades (natural groups) among the birds traditionally classified as Gruiformes. Rails ([[Rallidae]]), flufftails ([[Sarothruridae]]), finfoots and sungrebe ([[Heliornithidae]]), adzebills ([[Aptornithidae]]), trumpeters ([[Psophiidae]]), limpkin ([[Aramidae]]), and cranes ([[Gruidae]]) compose the suborder Grues and are termed "core-Gruiformes".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fain | first1 = M. G. | last2 = Krajewski | first2 = C. | last3 = Houde | first3 = P. | year = 2007 | title = Phylogeny of 'core Gruiformes' (Aves: Grues) and resolution of the Limpkin-Sungrebe problem | url = http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/houde/Fain_Krajewski_Houde.pdf | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 515–529 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.015 | pmid = 17419074 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081013064239/http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/houde/Fain_Krajewski_Houde.pdf | archive-date = 2008-10-13 }}</ref> These are the only true Gruiformes. The suborder Eurypygae includes the [[kagu]] (Rhynochetidae) and [[sunbittern]] (Eurypygidae). These are not even remotely related to Grues. The families of mesites or roatelos ([[Mesitornithidae]]), button-quails ([[Turnicidae]]), Australian plains-wanderer ([[Pedionomidae]]), seriemas ([[Cariamidae]]), and bustards ([[Otididae]]) each represent distinct and unrelated lineages. Many families known only from fossils have been assigned to the Gruiformes, e.g., Ergilornithidae, Phorusrhacidae, Messelornithidae, Eogruidae, Idiornithidae, Bathornithidae, to name just a few (see below). Though some of these are superficially 'crane-like' and the possibility exists that some may even be related to extant families traditionally included in the Gruiformes, there are no completely extinct families that can be confidently assigned to core-Gruiformes.

The traditional order Gruiformes was established by the influential German avian comparative anatomist Max Fürbringer (1888). Over the decades, many ornithologists suggested that members of the order were in fact more closely related to other groups (reviewed by Olson 1985, Sibley and Ahlquist 1990). For example, it was thought that sunbittern might be related to herons and that seriemas might be related to cuckoos. Olson and Steadman (1981) were first to correctly disband any of the traditional Gruiformes. They recognized that the Australian plains-wanderer (family Pedionomidae) was actually a member of the shorebirds (order Charadriiformes) based on skeletal characters. This was confirmed by Sibley and Ahlquist (1990) based on [[DNA–DNA hybridization]] and subsequently by Paton et al. (2003), Paton and Baker (2006) and Fain and Houde (2004, 2006). Sibley and Ahlquist furthermore removed button-quails (Turnicidae) from the Gruiformes based on large DNA–DNA hybridization distances to other supposed Gruiformes. However, it was not until the work of Paton et al. (2004) and Fain and Houde (2004, 2006) that the correct placement of buttonquails within the shorebirds (order Charadriiformes) was documented on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of multiple genetic loci. Using 12S ribosomal DNA sequences, Houde et al. (1997) were the first to present molecular genetic evidence of gruiform [[polyphyly]], although apparently they were not convinced by it. However, on the basis of numerous additional sequence data, it has been shown decisively that the traditionally recognized Gruiformes consist of five to seven unrelated clades (Fain and Houde 2004, Ericson et al. 2006, Hackett et al. 2008).

Fain and Houde (2004) proposed that Neoaves are divisible into two clades, Metaves and Coronaves, although it has been suggested from the start that Metaves may be paraphyletic (Fain and Houde 2004, Ericson ''et al.'' 2006, Hackett ''et al.'' 2008). Sunbittern, kagu, and mesites all group within Metaves but all the other lineages of "Gruiformes" group either with a collection of waterbirds or landbirds within Coronaves. This division has been upheld by the combined analysis of as many as 30 independent loci (Ericson ''et al.'' 2006, Hackett ''et al.'' 2008), but is dependent on the inclusion of one or two specific loci in the analyses. One locus, i.e., [[mitochondrial DNA]], contradicts the strict monophyly of Coronaves (Morgan-Richards ''et al.'' 2008), but phylogeny reconstruction based on mitochondrial DNA is complicated by the fact that few families have been studied, the sequences are heavily saturated (with back mutations) at deep levels of divergence, and they are plagued by strong base composition bias.

The [[kagu]] and [[sunbittern]] are one another's closest relatives. It had been proposed (Cracraft 2001) that they and the recently extinct adzebills (family Aptornithidae) from New Zealand constitute a distinct [[Gondwana]]n lineage. However, sunbittern and kagu are believed to have diverged from one another long after the break-up of [[Gondwanaland]] and the adzebills are in fact members of the Grues (Houde ''et al.'' 1997, Houde 2009). The [[seriema]]s and [[bustard]]s represent distinct lineages within neoavian waterbirds.

==Phylogeny==
{{Cladogram
|caption=Phylogeny of the extant Gruiformes.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Hackett | first1=S.J.| last2=Kimball | first2=R.T. | last3=Reddy | first3=S. | last4=Bowie | first4=R.C.K.| last5=Braun | first5=E.L.| last6=Braun | first6=M.J.| last7=Chojnowski | first7=J.L.| last8=Cox | first8=W.A. | last9=Han | first9=K-L. | last10=Harshman | first10=J. | last11=Huddleston | first11=C.J.| last12=Marks | first12=B.D.| last13=Miglia | first13=K.J.| last14=Moore | first14=W.S.| last15=Sheldon | first15=F.H.| last16=Steadman | first16=D.W.| last17=Witt | first17=C.C.| last18= Yuri | first18= T. | year=2008 | title=A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history | journal=Science | volume=320 | issue=5884 | pages=1763–1767 | doi=10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid=18583609| bibcode=2008Sci...320.1763H| s2cid=6472805}}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Prum | first1=R.O. | author1-link=Richard Prum | last2=Berv | first2=J.S. | last3=Dornburg | first3=A. | last4=Field | first4=D.J. | last5=Townsend | first5=J.P. | last6=Lemmon | first6=E.M. | last7=Lemmon | first7=A.R. | year=2015 | title=A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing | journal=Nature | volume=526 | issue=7574 | pages=569–573 | doi=10.1038/nature15697 | pmid=26444237 | bibcode=2015Natur.526..569P | s2cid=205246158 }}</ref>
|align=right
|cladogram={{Clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%;width:370px;
|label1=Gruiformes
|1={{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1=[[Psophiidae]] – trumpeters (3 species)
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Aramidae]] – limpkin
         |2=[[Gruidae]] – cranes (15 species)
         }}
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Rallidae]] – rails, crakes and coots (152 species)
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Heliornithidae]] – finfoots (3 species)
         |2=[[Sarothruridae]] – flufftails (15 species)
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
}}

'''Gruiformes'''<ref>Paleofile.com (net, info) {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=Paleofile.com |access-date=2015-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archive-date=2016-01-11 }}. {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=''Taxonomic lists- Aves'' |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Mayr 2016"/>
* Family †[[Songziidae]] <small>Hou, 1990</small>
** Genus †''[[Songzia]]'' <small>Hou, 1990</small>
* '''Suborder Grui'''
** Superfamily [[Gruoidea]] <small>Vigors, 1825</small>
*** Family †[[Geranoididae]] <small> Wetmore, 1933</small>
*** Family †[[Parvigruidae]] <small>Mayr, 2005</small>
**** Genus †''[[Parvigrus]]'' <small>Mayr, 2005</small>
**** Genus †''[[Rupelrallus]]'' <small>Fischer, 1997</small>
*** Family [[Limpkin|Aramidae]] <small>Bonaparte, 1854</small> (limpkin)
**** Genus †''[[Badistornis]]'' <small>Wetmore, 1940</small>
**** Genus ''[[Aramus (bird)|Aramus]]'' <small>Vieillot, 1816</small> [''[[Courlili]]'' <small>Buffon, 1781</small>; ''[[Notherodius]]'' <small>Wagler, 1827</small>] (limpkins)
*** Family [[Psophiidae]] <small>Bonaparte, 1831</small> (trumpeters)
**** Genus ''[[Psophia]]'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758 </small>
*** Family †[[Eogruidae]] <small>Wetmore, 1934</small>
**** Genus †''[[Sonogrus]]'' <small>Kuročkin, 1981</small>
**** Genus †''[[Eogrus]]'' <small>Wetmore, 1932</small> [''[[Progrus]]'' <small>Bendukidze, 1971</small>]
**** Subfamily †[[Ergilornithinae]]
***** Genus †''[[Ergilornis]]'' <small>Kozlova, 1960</small>
***** Genus †''[[Amphipelargus]]'' <small>Lydekker, 1891</small>
***** Genus †''[[Urmiornis]]'' <small>Mecquenem, 1908</small>
*** Family [[Gruidae]] (cranes)
**** Genus †''[[Camusia (bird)|Camusia]]'' <small>Seguí, 2002</small>
**** Subfamily [[Balearicinae]] <small>Brasil, 1913</small>
***** Genus †''[[Aramornis]]'' <small>Wetmore, 1926</small>
***** Genus †''[[Geranopsis]]'' <small>Lydekker, 1871</small>
***** Genus †''[[Eobalearica]]'' <small>Gureev, 1949</small>
***** Genus ''[[Balearica]]'' <small>Brisson, 1760</small> [''Geranarchus'' <small>Gloger, 1842</small>] (crowned cranes)
**** Subfamily [[Gruinae]] <small>Vigors, 1825</small>
***** Genus †''[[Grus conferta|"Grus" conferta]]'' <small>Miller & Sibley, 1942 [Olson & Rasmussen, 2001]</small>
***** Genus †''[[Probalearica mongolica|"Probalearica" mongolica]]'' <small>Kurochkin, 1985</small>
***** Genus †''[[Palaeogrus]]'' <small>Portis, 1885</small> [''Palaeogrus'' <small>Salvadori, 1884 ''nomen nudum''</small>]
***** Genus ''[[Antigone (genus)|Antigone]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
***** Genus ''[[Leucogeranus]]'' <small>(Pallas, 1773)</small>
***** Genus ''[[Grus (genus)|Grus]]'' <small>Brisson, 1760 non Moehring, 1758</small> [''Anthropoides'' <small>Vieillot, 1816</small>; ''Bugeranus'' <small>Gloger, 1841</small>; ''Megalornis'' <small>Gray, 1841</small>; ''Leucogeranus'' <small>Bonaparte, 1855</small>; ''Mathewsena'' <small>Iredale, 1914</small>; ''Mathewsia'' <small>Iredale, 1911</small>; ''Limnogeranus'' <small>Sharpe, 1893</small>; ''Laomedontia'' <small>Reichenbach, 1852</small>; ''Philorchemon'' <small>Gloger, 1842</small>; ''Scops'' <small>Gray, 1840 non Moehring, 1758 non Bruennich, 1772 npn Savigny, 1809</small>] (cranes)
* '''Suborder [[Ralli (suborder)|Ralli]]'''
** Family †[[Adzebill|Aptornithidae]] (adzebills)
*** Genus †''[[Aptornis]]'' {{small|Owen, 1844}}
** Family [[Sarothruridae]] (flufftails)
*** Genus ''[[Mentocrex]]'' <small>Peters, 1933</small> (wood rails)
*** Genus ''[[Sarothrura]]'' <small>Heine, 1890 non Hasselt, 1823</small> [''Corethrura'' <small>Reichenbach, 1849 non Hope, 1843 non Gray, 1846</small>; ''Daseioura'' <small>Penhallurick, 2003</small>] (flufftails)
** Family [[Heliornithidae]] <small>Gray, 1841</small> (finfoots and sungrebe)
*** Genus ''[[Heliopais]]'' <small>Sharpe, 1893</small>  (Asian/masked finfoots)
*** Genus ''[[Podica]]'' <small>Lesson, 1831</small> [''Rhigelura'' <small>Wagler, 1832</small>; ''Podoa'' <small>Bonaparte, 1857 non Illiger, 1811</small>] (African finfoots)
*** Genus ''[[Heliornis]]'' <small>Bonnaterre, 1791</small> [''Podoa'' <small>Illiger, 1811 non Bonaparte, 1857</small>; ''Plotoides'' <small>Brookes, 1830</small>; ''Podia'' <small>Swainson, 1837</small>] (sungrebe, American finfoot)
** Family [[Rallidae]] (crakes, moorhens, gallinules, and rails)
*** Genus †''[[Aletornis]]'' <small>Marsh, 1872</small> [''Protogrus'']
*** Genus †''[[Australlus]]'' <small>Worthy & Boles, 2011</small>
*** Genus †''[[Baselrallus]]'' <small>De Pietri & Mayr, 2014</small>
*** Genus †''[[Belgirallus]]'' <small>Mayr & Smith, 2001</small>
*** Genus †''[[Capellirallus]]'' <small>Falla, 1954</small> (snipe-billed rail)
*** Genus †''[[Creccoides]]'' <small>Shufeldt, 1892</small>
*** Genus †''[[Eocrex]]'' <small>Wetmore, 1931</small>
*** Genus †''[[Euryonotus]]'' <small>Mercerat, 1897</small>
*** Genus †''[[Fulicaletornis]]'' <small>Lambrecht, 1933</small>
*** Genus †''[[Hovacrex]]'' <small>Brodkorb, 1965</small> (Hova gallinule)
*** Genus †''[[Ibidopsis]]'' <small>Lydekker, 1891</small>
*** Genus †''[[Latipons]]'' <small>Harrison & Walker, 1979</small>
*** Genus †''[[Miofulica]]'' <small>Lambrecht, 1933</small>
*** Genus †''[[Miorallus]]'' <small>Lambrecht, 1933</small>
*** Genus †''[[Nesophalaris]]'' <small>Brodkorb  & Dawson, 1962</small>
*** Genus †''[[Palaeoaramides]]'' <small>Lambrecht, 1933</small>
*** Genus †''[[Palaeorallus]]'' <small>Wetmore, 1931</small>
*** Genus †''[[Paraortygometra]]'' <small>Lambrecht, 1933</small>
*** Genus †''[[Parvirallus]]'' <small>Harrison & Walker, 1979</small>
*** Genus †''[[Pastushkinia]]'' <small>Zelenkov, 2013</small>
*** Genus †''[[Quercyrallus]]'' <small>Lambrecht, 1933</small>
*** Genus †''[[Rallicrex]]'' <small>Lambrecht, 1933 </small>
*** Genus †''[[Rhenanorallus]]'' <small>Mayr, 2010</small>
*** Genus †''[[Vitirallus]]'' <small>Worthy, 2004</small> (Viti Levu rails)
*** Genus †''[[Wanshuina]]'' <small>Hou, 1994</small>
*** Genus †''[[Youngornis]]'' <small>Yeh, 1981</small>
*** Genus †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. [''[[Fulica podagrica]]'' (partim)] (Barbados rail)
*** Genus †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. ([[Easter Island rail]])
*** Genus †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. ([[Fernando de Noronha rail]])
*** Genus †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Tahitian "goose")
*** Genus †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Bokaak "bustard")
*** Genus †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. ('Amsterdam Island' rail)
*** Genus ''[[Rougetius]]'' <small>Bonaparte, 1856</small> (Rouget's Rails)
*** Subfamily [[Rallinae]] <small>Rafinesque, 1815</small>
**** Genus †''[[Pleistorallus]]'' <small>Worthy, 1997</small> (Fleming's rails)
**** Genus ''[[Anurolimnas]]'' <small>Sharpe, 1893</small> (Chestnut-headed Crakes)
**** Genus ''[[Biensis]]'' (Madagascan Rails)
**** Genus ''[[Rallicula]]'' <small>Schlegel, 187</small>1 [''Corethruropsis'' <small>Salvadori, 1876</small>] (forest-rails)
**** Genus ''[[Rallus]]'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> [†''[[Epirallus]]'' <small>Miller, 1942</small>]
**** Genus †''[[Aphanapteryx]]'' <small>von Frauenfeld, 1868</small> [''Pezocrex'' <small>Hachisuka, 1953</small>] (Mauritius/Red rails)
**** Genus †''[[Erythromachus]]'' <small>Milne-Edwards, 1873</small> (Rodriquez rails)
**** Genus ''[[Dryolimnas]]'' <small>Sharpe, 1893</small>
**** Genus ''[[Crex]]'' <small>Bechstein, 1803</small> [''[[Crecopsis]]'' <small>Sharpe, 1893</small>] (greater crakes)
**** Genus ''[[Lewinia]]'' <small>Gray, 1855</small> [''Aramidopsis'' <small>Sharpe, 1893</small>; ''Donacias'' <small>Heine & Reichenow, 1890</small>; ''Hyporallus'' <small>Iredale & Mathews, 1926</small>]
**** Genus ''[[Canirallus]]'' <small>Bonaparte, 1856</small> (grey-throated rail)
**** Genus ''[[Gymnocrex]]'' <small>Salvadori, 1875</small> (bare-faced rails)
**** Genus ''[[Gallirallus]]'' <small>Lafresnaye, 1841</small> [''[[Tricholimnas]]'' <small>Sharpe, 1893</small>; ''[[Nesoclopeus]]'' <small>Peters, 1932</small>; ''[[Cabalus]]'' <small>Hutton, 1874</small>; ''[[Habropteryx]]'' <small>Stresemann, 1932</small>; ''[[Eulabeornis]]'' <small>Gould, 1844</small>; †''[[Diaphorapteryx]]'' <small>Forbes, 1893</small>; ''[[Hypotaenidia]]'' <small>Reichenbach, 1853</small>; ''[[Sylvestrornis]]'' <small>Mathews, 1928</small>]
*** Subfamily [[Gallinulinae]] <small>Gray, 1840</small>
**** Tribe [[Pardirallini]] <small>Livezey, 1998</small> [Aramidinae] (Wood-rails & allies)
***** Genus ''[[Pardirallus]]'' <small>Bonaparte, 1856</small> [''Ortygonax'' <small>Heine, 1890</small>]
***** Genus ''[[Mustelirallus]]'' <small>Bonaparte, 1858</small> [''Neocrex'' <small>Sclater & Salvin, 1869</small>; ''Cyanolimnas'' <small>Barbour & Peters, 1927</small>]
***** Genus ''[[Amaurolimnas]]'' <small>Sharpe 1893</small> (Rufous rails; Uniform crakes)
***** Genus ''[[Aramides]]'' <small>Pucheran, 1845</small>
**** Tribe [[Gallinulini]] <small>Gray, 1840</small> [Fulicarinae <small>(Nitzsch, 1820) sensu Livezey, 1998</small>]
***** Genus ''[[Tribonyx]]'' <small>Du Bus de Gisignies, 1840</small> [''Brachyptrallus'' <small>Lafresnaye, 1840</small>; ''Microtribonyx'' <small>Sharpe, 1893</small>] (native-hens)
***** Genus ''[[Porzana]]'' <small>Vieillot, 1816</small> [''Limnobaenus'' <small>Sundevall, 1872</small>; ''Phalaridion'' <small>Kaup, 1829</small>; ''Porzanoidea'' <small>Mathews, 1912</small>; ''[[Porzanoides]]'' <small>Condon, 1975</small>; ''Rallites'' <small>Pucheran, 1845</small>; ''Schoenocrex'' <small>Roberts, 1922</small>; ''Porphyriops'' <small>Pucheran, 1845</small>]
***** Genus ''[[Paragallinula]]'' <small>Sangster, García-R & Trewick, 2015</small> (Lesser Moorhen)
***** Genus ''[[Gallinula]]'' <small>Brisson, 1760</small> [''Hydrogallina'' <small>Lacépède, 1799</small>; ''Stagnicola'' <small>Brehm, 1831</small>; ''Porphyriornis'' <small>Allen, 1892</small> ''Pareudiastes'' <small>Hartlaub & Finsch, 1871</small> ''Edithornis'']
***** Genus ''[[coots|Fulica]]'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> [†''Palaeolimnas'' <small>Forbes, 1893</small>]
*** Subfamily [[Porphyrioninae]] <small>Reichenbach, 1849</small>
**** Tribe [[Porphyrionini]] <small>Reichenbach, 1849</small> (Purple gallinules & swamphens)
***** Genus †''[[Aphanocrex]]'' <small>Wetmore, 1963</small> (St. Helena swamphens)
***** Genus ''[[Porphyrio]]'' <small>Brisson, 1760</small> [''Notornis'' <small>Owen, 1848</small>]
**** Tribe [[Himantornithini]] <small>Bonaparte, 1856</small> (Bush-hens & Waterhens)
***** Genus ''[[Himantornis]]'' <small>Hartlaub, 1855</small> (Nkulenga rails)
***** Genus ''[[Megacrex]]'' <small>D'Albertis & Salvadori, 1879</small> (New Guinea Flightless Rails)
***** Genus ''[[Aenigmatolimnas]]'' (Striped Crakes)
***** Genus ''[[Gallicrex]]'' <small>Blyth, 1852</small> [''Gallinulopha'' <small>Bonaparte, 1854</small>; ''Hypnodes'' <small>Reichenbach, 1853</small>] (Watercocks)
***** Genus ''[[Amaurornis]]'' <small>Reichenbach, 1853</small> [''Erythra'' <small>Reichenbach, 1853</small>; ''Pisynolimnas'' <small>Heine & Reichenow, 1890</small>; ''[[Poliolimnas]]'' <small>Sharpe, 1893</small>] (Bush-hen)
**** Tribe [[Zaporniini]] <small>Des Murs, 1860</small> (Old world crakes)
***** Genus ''[[Rallina]]'' <small>Gray, 1846</small> [''Euryzona'' <small>Gray, 1855</small>; ''Tomirdus'' <small>Mathews, 1912</small>] (chestnut-rails)
***** Genus ''[[Zapornia]]'' <small>Stephens, 1824</small> [''Limnocorax'' <small>Peters, 1854</small>; ''Limnobaenus'';  ''Corethrura'' <small>Grey, 1846</small>]
**** Tribe [[Laterallini]] <small>Tif, 2014</small> (New world crakes)
***** Genus ''[[Micropygia]]'' <small>Bonaparte, 1856</small> (Ocellated Crakes)
***** Genus ''[[Rufirallus]]'' (russet-crowned crake)
***** Genus ''[[Laterallus]]'' <small>Gray, 1855</small> (ruddy crakes)
***** Genus ''[[Coturnicops]]'' <small>Gray, 1855</small> (barred-backed crakes)
***** Genus ''[[Hapalocrex]]'' (Yellow-breasted Crakes)
***** Genus ''[[Limnocrex]]''
***** Genus ''[[Ascension crake|Mundia]]'' <small>Bourne, Ashmole & Simmons, 2003</small> (Ascension Island Crakes)
***** Genus ''[[Creciscus]]'' <small>Cabanis, 1857</small> [''Atlantisia'' <small>Lowe, 1923</small>] (blackish crakes)
** Not placed in family
*** Genus †''[[Nesotrochis]]'' <small>Wetmore, 1918</small> (West Indian cave-rails)

When considered to be monophyletic, it was assumed that Gruiformes was among the more ancient of avian lineages. The divergence of "gruiforms" among "Metaves" and "Coronaves" is proposed to be the first divergence among Neoaves, far predating the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] c. 66 [[mya (unit)|mya]] (Houde 2009). No unequivocal [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] gruiforms are known from the fossil record. However, there are several [[genus|genera]] that are not unequivocally assignable to the known families and that may occupy a more basal position:
* ''[[Propelargus]]'' (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercy, France) – cariamid or idornithid
* ''[[Rupelrallus]]'' (Early Oligocene of Germany) – rallid? parvigruid?<!-- Ardea94:23 -->
* ''[[Badistornis]]'' (Brule Middle Oligocene of Shannon County, Missouri) – aramid?<!-- AmMusNovit2388:1; BullAMNH151:1-->
* ''[[Probalearica]]'' (Late Oligocene? – Middle Pliocene of Florida, France?, Moldavia and Mongolia) – gruid? A ''[[nomen dubium]]''?<!-- BullAMNH151:1; Condor54:174 -->
* "Gruiformes" gen. et sp. indet. MNZ S42623 (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand) – Aptornithidae?<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1 -->
* ''[[Aramornis]]'' (Sheep Creek Middle Miocene of Snake Creek Quarries, U.S.) – gruid? aramid?<!-- AmMusNovit211:1,2388:1; BullAMNH151:1-->
* ''[[Euryonotus]]'' (Pleistocene of Argentina) – rallid?<!-- Evolution39:1174 -->

Other even more enigmatic fossil birds and five living families are occasionally suggested to belong into this order, such as the proposed [[Late Cretaceous]] family [[Laornithidae]] and the following taxa:
* Family †[[Gastornithidae]] (diatrymas) ([[fossil]])
* Family †[[Messelornithidae]] ([[Messel pit|Messel]]-birds)
* Family †[[Salmilidae]] ([[fossil]]) – distinct order ([[Cariamiformes]])
* Family †[[Geranoididae]] ([[fossil]]) – distinct order ([[Cariamiformes]]){{citation needed|date=April 2016}}; however, Mayr (2016) argued they might be members of Gruiformes, specifically [[Crown group#Stem groups|stem group]] representatives of the [[Gruoidea]].<ref name="Mayr 2016">{{Cite journal|first=Gerald|last=Mayr |year=2016 |title=On the taxonomy and osteology of the Early Eocene North American Geranoididae (Aves, Gruoidea) |journal=[[Swiss Journal of Palaeontology]] |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=315–325 |doi=10.1007/s13358-016-0117-2 |bibcode=2016SwJP..135..315M |s2cid=87692869 }}</ref>
* Family †[[Bathornithidae]] ([[fossil]]) – distinct order ([[Cariamiformes]])
* Family †[[Idiornithidae]] ([[fossil]]) – distinct order ([[Cariamiformes]])
* Family †[[Phorusrhacoid|Phorusrhacidae]] (terror birds) ([[fossil]]) – distinct order ([[Cariamiformes]])
* Family [[Cariamidae]] (seriemas) – Neoavian landbirds – distinct order ([[Cariamiformes]])
* Family [[Bustard|Otididae]] (bustards) – Neoavian waterbirds – distinct order
* Family [[Eurypygidae]] (sunbittern) – prospective "Metaves" – new order [[Eurypygiformes]] together with kagu<ref name="BIRDS OF THE WORLD">[[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]] and Minturn Wright: ''Birds of the World Recommended English Names''. Princeton University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-7136-7904-2}}</ref>
* Family [[Kagu|Rhynochetidae]] (kagu) – prospective "Metaves" – new order Eurypygiformes together with sunbittern<ref name="BIRDS OF THE WORLD"/>
* Family [[Mesite|Mesitornithidae]] (mesites, roatelos, monias) prospective "Metaves" – distinct order
* Family [[Turnicidae]] (buttonquails) moved to already existing order [[Charadriiformes]] together with plains wanderer
* Family [[Pedionomidae]] (plains wanderer) moved to already existing order Charadriiformes together with buttonquails
* ''[[Horezmavis]]'' (Bissekty Late Cretaceous of Kyzyl Kum, Uzbekistan)
* ''[[Telmatornis]]'' (Navesink Late Cretaceous?)<!-- AmMusNovit2388; Auk47:186; Auk84:260; Auk89:36; CanJEarthSci39:19; Condor33:107 -->
* ''[[Amitabha (bird)|Amitabha]]'' (Bridger middle Eocene of Forbidden City, Wyoming) – rallid?
* ''[[Eobalearica]]'' (Ferghana Late? Eocene of Ferghana, Uzbekistan) – gruid?<!-- BullAMNH151:1-->
* ''"Phasianus" alfhildae'' (Washakie B Late Eocene of Haystack Butte, U.S.)<!-- BullAMNH151:1-->
* ''[[Talantatos]]'' (Late Eocene of Paris Bain, France)
* ''[[Telecrex]]'' (Irdin Manha Late Eocene of Chimney Butte, China) – rallid?<!-- AmMusNovit711. BullAMNH151:1. -->
* Neornithes incerta sedis (Late Paleocene/Early Eocene of Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco)<!-- "L'avifaune du Paléogène des phosphates du Maroc et du Togo". -->
* ''[[Aminornis]]'' (Deseado Early Oligocene of Rio Deseado, Argentina) – aramid?<!-- BullAMNH151:1-->
* ''[[Loncornis]]'' (Deseado Early Oligocene of Rio Deseado, Argentina) – aramid?<!-- BullAMNH151:1-->
* ''[[Riacama]]'' (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina)<!-- Evolution39:1174 -->
* ''[[Smiliornis]]'' (Deseado Early Oligocene of Argentina)<!-- Evolution39:1174 -->
* ''[[Pseudolarus]]'' (Deseado Early Oligocene – Miocene of Argentina) – gruiform?<!-- Evolution39:1174 -->
* ''[[Gnotornis]]'' (Brule Late Oligocene of Shannon County, Missouri) – aramid?<!-- BullAMNH151:1-->
* ''[[Anisolornis]]'' (Santa Cruz Middle Miocene of Karaihen, Argentina) – aramid?<!-- BullAMNH151:1-->
* ''[[Occitaniavis]]'' – cariamid or idiornithid, includes ''Geranopsis elatus''

==See also==
* [[List of Gruiformes by population]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Alvarenga | first1 = Herculano M. F. | last2 = Höfling | first2 = Elizabeth | year = 2003 | title = Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes) | url = http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S0031-10492003000400001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en | journal = Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia | volume = 43 | issue = 4| pages = 55–91 | doi = 10.1590/s0031-10492003000400001 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Cracraft | first1 = J | year = 2001 | title = Avian evolution, Gondwana biogeography and the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction event | url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1368| journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B | volume = 268 | issue = 1466| pages = 459–69 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2000.1368 | pmid = 11296857 | pmc = 1088628 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180819052611/http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/1pem5e906y94dc9l/fulltext.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2018-08-19 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Fain | first1 = M. G. | last2 = Houde | first2 = P. | year = 2004 | title = Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds | journal = [[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] | volume = 58 | issue = 11| pages = 2558–2573 | doi = 10.1554/04-235 | pmid = 15612298 | s2cid = 1296408 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Fain | first1 = M. G. | last2 = Houde | first2 = P. | year = 2007 | title = Multilocus perspectives on the monophyly and phylogeny of the order Charadriiformes (Aves) | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | page = 35 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-35 | doi-access = free | pmid = 17346347 | pmc = 1838420 | bibcode = 2007BMCEE...7...35F }}
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* Houde, P. (2009) "Gruiformes". in ''Timetree of Life'' (S. B. Hedges and S. Kumar, eds.) Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Knox | first1 = Alan G. | last2 = Collinson | first2 = Martin | last3 = Helbig | first3 = Andreas J. | last4 = Parkin | first4 = David T. | last5 = Sangster | first5 = George | year = 2002 | title = Taxonomic recommendations for British birds | journal = [[Ibis (journal)|Ibis]] | volume = 144 | issue = 4| pages = 707–710 | doi = 10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00110.x | s2cid = 82531549 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Morgan-Richards | first1 = M. | last2 = Trewick | first2 = S. A. | last3 = Bartosch-Härlid | first3 = A. | last4 = Kardailsky | first4 = O. | last5 = Phillips | first5 = M. J. | last6 = McLenachan | first6 = P. A. | last7 = Penny | first7 = D. | year = 2008 | title = Bird evolution: testing the Metaves clade with six new mitochondrial genomes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | page = 20 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-8-20 | pmid = 18215323 | pmc = 2259304 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2008BMCEE...8...20M }}
* Olson, S. L. (1985) "The fossil record of birds". ''Avian biology'' (D. S. Farner and King, J. R. and K. C. Parkes, eds.) '''8''': 79–238, Academic Press, Orlando.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Olson | first1 = S. L. | last2 = Steadman | first2 = D. W. | year = 1981 | title = The relationships of the Pedionomidae (Aves: Charadriformes) | journal =  Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology| volume = 337 | issue = 337 | pages = 1–25 | doi = 10.5479/si.00810282.337 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Paton | first1 = Tara A. | last2 = Baker | first2 = Allan J. | year = 2006 | title = Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 39 | issue = 3| pages = 657–667 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.011 | pmid = 16531074 | bibcode = 2006MolPE..39..657P }}
* [[Charles Sibley|Sibley, Charles Gald]] and [[Jon Edward Ahlquist|Ahlquist, Jon Edward]] (1990): ''Phylogeny and classification of birds''. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://tolweb.org/Gruiformes/26307 Tree of Life: Gruiformes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808125216/http://www.tolweb.org/Gruiformes/26307 |date=2020-08-08 }}

{{Birds}}
{{Gruiformes|R.|state=collapsed}}
{{Gruidae|state=all}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q25557}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gruiformes| ]]
[[Category:Bird orders]]
[[Category:Extant Maastrichtian first appearances]]
[[Category:Late Cretaceous taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Paleocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Eocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Oligocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Miocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Pliocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Pleistocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Holocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte]]