Editing Gryllinae

{{Short description|Subfamily of crickets}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Snodgrass Gryllus assimilis.png
| image_caption = Common black cricket, ''[[Gryllus assimilis]]''
| taxon = Gryllinae
| authority = [[Henri de Saussure|Saussure]], 1893 
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = Many, see text
}}

'''Gryllinae''', or '''field crickets''', are a [[subfamily]] of [[insects]] in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Orthoptera]] and the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Gryllidae]].

They hatch in spring, and the young [[Cricket (insect)|crickets]] (called [[Nymph (biology)|nymphs]]) eat and grow rapidly. They shed their skin ([[ecdysis|molt]]) eight or more times before they become adults.

Field crickets eat a broad range of food: seeds, plants, or insects (dead or alive). They are known to feed on [[grasshopper]] eggs, pupae of [[Lepidoptera]] ([[moth]]s and [[butterfly|butterflies]]) and Diptera ([[fly|flies]]). Occasionally they may rob [[spider]]s of their prey. Field crickets also eat grass.

In the British Isles "field cricket" refers specifically to ''[[Gryllus campestris]]'',<ref name="Ragge">{{cite book|title=Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles |author=Ragge DR|year=1965|publisher=F Warne & Co, London|pages=299}}</ref> but the common name may also be used for ''[[Gryllus assimilis|G. assimilis]]'', ''[[Gryllus bimaculatus|G. bimaculatus]]'', ''[[Gryllus firmus|G. firmus]]'', ''[[Gryllus pennsylvanicus|G. pennsylvanicus]]'', ''[[Gryllus rubens|G. rubens]]'', and ''[[Gryllus texensis|G. texensis]]'', along with other members of various [[genus|genera]] including ''[[Acheta]]'', ''[[Gryllodes]]'', ''[[Gryllus]]'', and ''[[Teleogryllus]]''.
''[[Acheta domesticus]]'', the [[House cricket]], and ''Gryllus bimaculatus'' are raised in captivity for use as pets.

==Identification==
Field crickets are normally {{convert|15|-|25|mm|1}} in size, depending on the species, and can be black, red or brown in color.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=InsectIdentification.org |year=2005 |title=Field Cricket |url=http://www.insectidentification.org/insect-description.asp?identification=Field-Cricket |access-date=January 15, 2009}}</ref> While both males and females have very similar basic body plans, each has its own distinguishing feature(s).

Females can be identified by the presence of an [[ovipositor]], a spike-like appendage, about {{convert|0.75|in}} long, on the hind end of the abdomen between two [[Cercus|cerci]]. This ovipositor allows the female to bury her fertilized eggs into the ground for protection and development. In some female field crickets, species can be distinguished by comparing the length of the ovipositor to the length of the body (e.g., ''G. rubens'' has a longer ovipositor than ''G. texensis''<ref>Gray, D.A.,Walker, T.J.,Conley, B.E., Cade, W.H. 2001. "A Morphological Means of Distinguishing Females of the Cryptic Field Cricket Species, ''Gryllus Rubens'' and ''G. Texensis'' (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)". ''Florida Entomologist'', 84:314-315</ref>).

Males are distinguished from females by the absence of an ovipositor. At the end of the abdomen there are simply two cerci. Unlike females, however, males are able to produce sounds or ''chirps''. Thus, males can be identified through sound while females cannot.

Diagram A shows the male cricket with its wings raised for the purpose of chirping. Diagram B shows the female cricket, identified via the long protruding ovipositor at the end of the abdomen. D and E show the female using the ovipositor to deposit the fertilized eggs into the ground. Diagram C shows a topical and side view of nymphs with no protrusion at the hind of the abdomen.

==Behaviour==
In ambient temperatures between {{convert|80|F|C}} and {{convert|90|F|C}} sexually mature males will chirp, with the acoustical properties of their calling song providing an indicator of past and present health. Females evaluate these songs and move towards the ones that signal the male's good health. When the male senses the presence of a female he will produce a softer courting song. After mating, the female will search for a place to lay her eggs, preferably in warm, damp (though not wet) soil.

Field crickets prefer to live in outdoor environments with high humidity, warm temperatures, moist rich soil, and adequate food, but will migrate into human structures when environmental conditions outside become unfavorably cool. They often gain entry into buildings via open doors and windows as well as cracks in poorly fitted windows, foundations, or siding.[[File:Field cricket.webm|thumb|center|thumbtime=31|This female field cricket was seen in Ohio in September.]]

Unlike [[House cricket]]s, which can adapt themselves to indoor conditions, populations of field crickets living in human structures and buildings and without access to warm moist soil for depositing their eggs tend to die out within a few months. Consequently, field crickets in temperate regions exhibit [[diapause]].

[[File:Field cricket Gryllus pennsylvanicus.ogg|thumb|The calling song of a field cricket]]

==Tribes and selected genera==
The following [[tribe (biology)|tribes]] have been identified in this subfamily:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1122229 |title=Subfamily Gryllinae Laicharting, 1781 |work=Orthoptera Species File |access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref>

===Cephalogryllini===
Auth.: Otte & Alexander, 1983 - Australia
* ''[[Apterogryllus]]'' <small>Saussure, 1877</small>
* ''[[Cephalogryllus]]'' <small>Chopard, 1925</small>
* ''[[Daintria]]'' <small>Otte, 1994</small>
* ''[[Notosciobia]]'' <small>Chopard, 1915</small>

===Eurygryllodini===
Auth.: Gorochov, 1990 - Australia
* ''[[Eurygryllodes]]'' <small>Chopard, 1951</small>
* ''[[Maluagryllus]]'' <small>Otte, 1994</small>

===[[Gryllini]]===
Worldwide, selected genera include: 
* ''[[Acheta]]'' <small>Fabricius, 1775</small>
* ''[[Brachytrupes]]'' <small>Serville, 1838</small>
* ''[[Gryllodinus]]'' <small>Bolívar, 1927</small>
* ''[[Gryllita]]'' <small>Hebard, 1935</small>
* ''[[Gryllodes]]'' <small>Saussure, 1874</small>
* ''[[Gryllus]]'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
* ''[[Gymnogryllus]]'' <small>Saussure, 1877</small>
* ''[[Loxoblemmus]]'' <small>Saussure, 1877</small>
* ''[[Melanogryllus]]'' <small>Chopard, 1961</small>
* ''[[Miogryllus]]'' <small>Saussure, 1877</small>
* ''[[Teleogryllus]]'' <small>Chopard, 1961</small>

===[[Modicogryllini]]===
[[file:Velarifictorus micado front.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Velarifictorus micado]]'' front]]
Worldwide except the Americas, selected genera include:
* ''[[Eumodicogryllus]]'' <small>Gorochov, 1986</small>
* ''[[Lepidogryllus]]'' <small>Otte & Alexander, 1983</small>
* ''[[Modicogryllus]]'' <small>Chopard, 1961</small>
* ''[[Velarifictorus]]'' <small>Randell (1964)</small>

===Sciobiini===
Auth.: Randell, 1964 - NW Africa, Iberian peninsula
* ''[[Sciobia]]'' <small>Burmeister, 1838</small>

===[[Sclerogryllini]]===
Auth.: Gorochov, 1985 - Asia and extinct (2 subtribes)
* ''[[Sclerogryllus]]'' {{Au|Gorochov, 1985}}

===Turanogryllini===
Auth.: Otte, 1987 - Africa, SE Europe, Middle East, southern Asia through to Korea and Indo-China
* ''[[Neogryllopsis]]'' <small>Otte, 1983</small>
* ''[[Podogryllus]]'' <small>Karsch, 1893</small>
* ''[[Turanogryllus]]'' <small>Tarbinsky, 1940</small>

===Genera ''[[incertae sedis]]''===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Allogryllus]]'' <small>Chopard, 1925</small>
* ''[[Apiotarsus]]'' <small>Saussure, 1877</small>
* ''[[Callogryllus]]'' <small>Sjöstedt, 1910</small>
* ''[[Coiblemmus]]'' <small>Chopard, 1936</small>
* ''[[Comidoblemmus]]'' <small>Storozhenko & Paik, 2009</small>
* ''[[Cryncus]]'' <small>Gorochov, 1983</small>
* ''[[Danielottea]]'' <small>Koçak & Kemal, 2009</small>
* ''[[Gryllodeicus]]'' <small>Chopard, 1939</small>
* ''[[Grylloderes]]'' <small>Bolívar, 1894</small>
* ''[[Hispanogryllus]]'' <small>Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009</small>
* ''[[Itaropsis]]'' <small>Chopard, 1925</small>
* ''[[Jarawasia]]'' <small>Koçak & Kemal, 2008</small>
* ''[[Mayumbella]]'' <small>Otte, 1987</small>
* ''[[Meristoblemmus]]'' <small>Jones & Chopard, 1936</small>
* ''[[Nemobiodes]]'' <small>Chopard, 1917</small>
* ''[[Oediblemmus]]'' <small>Saussure, 1898</small>
* ''[[Oligachaeta]]'' <small>Chopard, 1961</small>
* ''[[Omogryllus]]'' <small>Otte, 1987</small>
* ''[[Platygryllus]]'' <small>Chopard, 1961</small>
* ''[[Parasciobia]]'' <small>Chopard, 1935</small>
* ''[[Qingryllus]]'' <small>Chen & Zheng, 1995</small>
* ''[[Rubrogryllus]]'' <small>Vickery, 1997</small>
* ''[[Songella]]'' <small>Otte, 1987</small>
* ''[[Stephoblemmus]]'' <small>Saussure, 1877</small>
* ''[[Stilbogryllus]]'' <small>Gorochov, 1983</small>
* ''[[Svercoides]]'' <small>Gorochov, 1990</small>
* ''[[Taciturna]]'' <small>Otte, 1987</small>
* ''[[Thiernogryllus]]'' <small>Roy, 1969</small>
* ''[[Zebragryllus]]'' <small>Desutter-Grandcolas & Cadena-Castañeda, 2014</small>
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q633301}}

[[Category:Gryllinae| ]]
[[Category:Orthoptera subfamilies]]