Editing Guanyin

{{short description|Chinese interpretation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Kwannon|the X-Men character|Kwannon (character)}}
{{distinguish|Guan Yu}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Kuan-yan bodhisattva, Northern Sung dynasty, China, c. 1025, wood, Honolulu Academy of Arts.jpg
| piccap = [[Wood carving]] of Guanyin with [[Amitābha]] on their crown. [[Northern Song dynasty]], {{circa|1025}}
| s = 观音
| t = 觀音
| w = Kuan<sup>1</sup>-yin<sup>1</sup>
| p = Guānyīn
| altname = Full Chinese name
| s2 = 观世音
| t2 = 觀世音
| w2 = Kuan<sup>1</sup>-shih<sup>4</sup>-yin<sup>1</sup>
| p2 = Guānshìyīn
| l2 = "[The One Who] Perceives the Sounds of the World"
| suz = Kue<sup>阴平</sup> In<sup>阴平</sup>
| lmz = Kuoe<sup>1</sup>-In<sup>1</sup>
| suz2 = Kue<sup>阴平</sup> Syu<sup>阴去</sup> In<sup>阴平</sup>
| lmz2 = Kuoe<sup>1</sup>-Sy<sup>2</sup>-In<sup>1</sup>
| j = Gun1 Jam1
| j2 = Gun1 Sai3 Jam1
| y = Gūnyām
| y2 = Gūnsai Yām
| h = Guān Rhīm
| h2 = Guān Shè Rhīm
| gan = Guon In
| poj = Koan-im
| poj2 = Koan-sè-im
| [[shanghainese]] = Kueu'in
| [[shanghainese]]2 = Kueusy'in
| altname2 = Chinese Equivalent to Avalokitesvara
| s3 = 观自在
| t3 = 觀自在
| w3 = Kuan<sup>1</sup>tzu<sup>4</sup>tsai<sup>4</sup>
| p3 = Guānzìzài
| j3 = Gun1 Zi6 Zoi6
| l3 = "Lord who Gazes down on the World"
| kanji = 観音, 観世音, 観自在
| hiragana = かんのん, かんぜおん, かんじざい
| romaji = Kannon, Kanzeon, Kanjizai
| hangul = 관음, 관세음, 관자재
| hanja = 觀音, 觀世音, 觀自在
| rr = Gwaneum, Gwanseeum, Gwanjajae
| mr = Kwanŭm, Kwanseŭm, Kwanjajae
| qn = Quan Âm (Quán Âm) <br/> Quán Thế Âm (Quan Thế Âm) <br/> Quán Tự Tại
| chuhan = 觀音<br/>觀世音<br/>觀自在
| my = ကွမ်ယင်
| bi = [[Help:IPA|[kwàɴ jɪ̀ɴ]]]
| hmn = Kabyeeb, Niam-Txiv Kabyeeb, Dabpog, Niam-Txiv Dabpog
| ind = Kwan Im, Kwan She Im, Awalokiteswara
| khm = អវលោកិតេស្វរៈ (Avalokitesvarak), អវលោកេស្វរៈ (Avalokesvarak), លោកេស្វរៈ (Lokesvarak)
| san = अवलोकितेश्वर (Avalokiteśvara)
| mong = {{MongolUnicode|ᠨᠢᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ<br />ᠦᠵᠡᠭᠴᠢ}}
| lang1 = Hmong
| lang1_content = Kabyeeb, Niam-Txiv Kabyeeb, Dabpog, Niam-Txiv Dabpog
| sin = නාථ දෙවියෝ
| tgl = Kuan im ma (ᜃᜓᜀᜈ᜔ᜁᜋ᜔ᜋ)
| tha = กวนอิม, พระอวโลกิเตศวรโพธิสัตว์
| rtgs = Kuan Im, Phra Awalokitesuanphotisat
| tib = སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས
| t4 = 觀音媽
| poj4 = Koan-im-má
| s4 = 观音妈
}}

'''Guanyin''' ({{zh|s=|t=|first=t|p=Guānyīn|c=觀音}}) is a common Chinese name of the [[bodhisattva]] associated with [[Karuṇā|compassion]] known as '''[[Avalokiteśvara]]''' ({{langx|sa|अवलोकितेश्वर}}).<ref name="lokeshref">{{cite journal |author=Lokesh Chandra |author-link=Lokesh Chandra |date=1984 |title=The Origin of Avalokitesvara |url=http://www.indologica.com/volumes/vol13/vol13_art13_CHANDRA.pdf |journal=Indologica Taurinensia |volume=XIII (1985–1986) |pages=189–190 |access-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606205922/http://www.indologica.com/volumes/vol13/vol13_art13_CHANDRA.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> Guanyin is short for '''Guanshiyin''', which means "[The One Who] Perceives the Sounds of the World".<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/P/39 |title = Perceiver of the World's Sounds |access-date = 2018-10-31 |archive-date = 14 December 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171214190807/http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/P/39 |url-status = live }}</ref> Originally regarded as male in Indian Buddhism, Guanyin has been more commonly depicted as female in China and most of East Asia since about the 12th century. Due to sociogeographical factors, Guanyin can also be historically depicted as genderless or adorning an androgynous apprentice.{{clarify|date=March 2025}}<!--'Adorning an androgynous apprentice'? Is Guanyin depicted as somehow decorating a trainee? This sounds like some kind of linguistic error.--><ref>{{Cite book |last=Getty |first=Alice |title=The Gods of Northern Buddhism Their History and Iconography |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1988 |isbn=0486255751}}</ref> On the 19th day of the sixth lunar month, Guanyin's attainment of [[Buddhahood]] is celebrated.<ref>{{cite web |title = Bodhisattva Guan Shi Yin's Attainment of Buddhahood 觀世音菩薩成佛 – Purple Cloud |url = http://purplecloudinstitute.com/bodhisattva-guan-shi-yins-attainment-of-buddhahood-%e8%a7%80%e4%b8%96%e9%9f%b3%e8%8f%a9%e8%96%a9%e6%88%90%e4%bd%9b/ |access-date = 2020-08-11 |language = en-AU |archive-date = 18 November 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201118033714/https://purplecloudinstitute.com/bodhisattva-guan-shi-yins-attainment-of-buddhahood-%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%96%E9%9F%B3%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%90%E4%BD%9B/ |url-status = live }}</ref> Guanyin has been incorporated in other religions, including [[Taoism]] and [[Chinese folk religion]].{{NoteTag|For Details, see the [[#Role in other Eastern religions]].}}

Some Buddhists believe that when one of their adherents departs from this world, they are placed by Guanyin in the heart of a [[sacred lotus in religious art|lotus]] and then sent to the western [[pure land]] of [[Sukhāvatī]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Reginald |title = Buddhist China |year=2008 |orig-year=1913 |publisher=Soul Care Publishing |isbn=978-0-9680459-3-0 }}</ref>{{By whom|date=June 2024}} Guanyin is often referred to as the "most widely beloved Buddhist Divinity"<ref name="global.britannica.com">{{cite web |url = https://global.britannica.com/topic/Avalokiteshvara |title = Avalokiteshvara – bodhisattva |date = 6 October 2023 }}</ref> with miraculous powers to assist all those who pray to her, as is mentioned in the Pumen chapter of the ''[[Lotus Sutra]]'' and the ''[[Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra]]''.

Several large temples in East Asia are dedicated to Guanyin, including [[Shaolin Monastery]], [[Longxing Temple]], [[Puning Temple (Hebei)|Puning Temple]], [[Nanhai Guanyin Temple]], [[Dharma Drum Mountain]], [[Kwan Im Thong Hood Cho Temple]], [[Shitennō-ji]], [[Sensō-ji]], [[Kiyomizu-dera]], [[Sanjūsangen-dō]], and many others. Guanyin's abode and [[bodhimaṇḍa]] in India are recorded as being on [[Mount Potalaka]].  With the localization of the belief in Guanyin, each area adopted its own Potalaka.  In [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Mount Putuo]] is considered the bodhimaṇḍa of Guanyin. [[Naksansa]] is considered to be the Potalaka of Guanyin in Korea. Japan's Potalaka is located at [[Fudarakusan-ji]]. Tibet's is the [[Potala Palace]]. Vietnam's Potalaka is the [[Hương Temple]].{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

There are several pilgrimage centers for Guanyin in East Asia. Putuoshan (Mount Putuo) is the main pilgrimage site in China. There is a 33-temple Guanyin pilgrimage in Korea, which includes Naksansa. In Japan, there are several pilgrimages associated with Guanyin. The oldest one of them is the [[Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage]], a pilgrimage through 33 temples with Guanyin shrines. Guanyin is beloved by most Buddhist traditions in a nondenominational way and is found in most [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan temples]] under the name ''Chenrézik'' ({{bo|w=Spyan ras gzigs}}). Guanyin is also beloved and worshipped in the temples in Nepal. The [[Hiranya Varna Mahavihar]], located in [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]], is one example. Guanyin is also found in some influential [[Theravada]] temples, such as [[Gangaramaya Temple]], [[Kelaniya]], and [[Natha Devale, Kandy|Natha Devale]], near the [[Temple of the Tooth]] in [[Sri Lanka]]. Guanyin can also be found in Thailand's [[Wat Phra Kaew|Temple of the Emerald Buddha]], Wat Huay Pla Kang (where the huge statue of her is often mistakenly called the "Big Buddha"), and Myanmar's [[Shwedagon Pagoda]]. Statues of Guanyin are a widely depicted subject of [[Asian art]] and are found in the Asian art sections of most museums in the world.

==Etymology and usage==
===Avalokitasvara===
[[File:Shrine to a Tang dynasty (896 AD) stone statue of the Thousand-Armed Guanyin (千手觀音 Qianshou Guanyin) in Shengshui Temple (內江聖水寺 Neijiang Shengshui-si) in Neijiang, Sichuan, China Picture 1.jpg|left|thumb|313x313px|Shrine to a [[Tang dynasty]] (896) carved [[Statue|stone statue]] of the Thousand-Armed Avalokiteśvara (or Thousand-Armed Guanyin) in Shengshui Temple (內江聖水寺) in [[Neijiang]], [[Sichuan]], China.]]
''Guānyīn'' is a translation from the Sanskrit ''Avalokitasvara'', the name of the Mahāyāna bodhisattva. Another name for this bodhisattva is ''Guānzìzài'' ({{zh|s=观自在|t=觀自在|first=t|p=Guānzìzài}}), from Sanskrit ''[[Avalokiteśvara]]''. It was initially thought that early translators mistook ''Avalokiteśvara'' for ''Avalokitasvara'' and thus mistranslated ''Avalokiteśvara'' as ''Guānyīn'', which explained why [[Xuanzang]] translated ''Avalokiteśvara'' as ''Guānzìzài''. However, the original form was indeed ''Avalokitasvara'' which contained [[morpheme]] ''svara'' ("sound, noise") and was a compound meaning "sound perceiver", literally "he who looks down upon sound" (i.e., the cries of sentient beings who need help).<ref name="lokeshref"/><ref name=Mironov>{{cite journal |last1=Mironov |first1=N. D. |title=Buddhist Miscellanea |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1927 |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=241–252 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00057440 |jstor=25221116|s2cid=250344585 }}</ref><ref name="Red Pine 2004 pg 44-45">{{cite book |author-link=Red Pine (author)|last=Pine |first=Red |title=The Heart Sutra: The Womb of the Buddhas |year=2004 |publisher=Shoemaker & Hoard |isbn=1-59376-009-4}} pg 44–45</ref> This is the exact equivalent of the Chinese translation ''Guānyīn''. This etymology was furthered in the Chinese by the tendency of some Chinese translators, notably [[Kumārajīva]], to use the variant ''Guānshìyīn'', literally " One who perceives the world's lamentations"—wherein ''lok'' was read as simultaneously meaning both "to look" and "world" (Skt. ''loka''; Ch. 世, ''shì'').<ref name="Red Pine 2004 pg 44-45"/>

Direct translations from the Sanskrit name ''Avalokitasvara'' include:
* Chinese: Guanyin ({{lang|zh|觀音}}), Guanshiyin ({{lang|zh|觀世音}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.guoxue.com/article.php?articleid=26872 |script-title=zh:国学资讯 – 是“观世音”还是“观音"？——兼谈中国古典学的重要性 |website=news.guoxue.com |access-date=4 December 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016002846/http://news.guoxue.com/article.php?articleid=26872 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Todaiji Monaster Fukuken-saku Kannon of Hokke-do. Todai-ji.jpg|thumb|Amoghapāśa Lokesvara ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: ''Fukūkenjaku Kannon'') with devas Brahma and Indra on either side dated to late 8th century) located at [[Tōdai-ji]], Nara, Japan.|233x233px]]

===Avalokiteśvara===
The name ''Avalokitasvara'' was later supplanted by the ''Avalokiteśvara'' form containing the ending ''[[Ishvara|-īśvara]]'', which does not occur in Sanskrit before the seventh century. The original form ''Avalokitasvara'' appears in Sanskrit fragments of the fifth century.{{sfn|Studholme|2012|p=52–57}} The original meaning of the name "Avalokitasvara" fits the Buddhist understanding of the role of a bodhisattva.

While some of those who revered ''Avalokiteśvara'' upheld the Buddhist rejection of the doctrine of any creator god,{{sfn|Studholme|2012|p=30-31, 37–52}} [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] does cite ''Avalokiteśvara'' as the creator god of the world. This position is taken in the widely used ''Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra'' with its well-known mantra [[oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ]].<ref name="global.britannica.com"/> In addition, the Lotus Sutra is the first time the ''Avalokiteśvara'' is mentioned. Chapter 25 refers to him as ''Lokeśvara'' "Lord God of all beings" and ''Lokanātha'' "Lord and Protector of all beings" and ascribes extreme attributes of divinity to him.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}

Direct translations from the Sanskrit name Avalokiteśvara include:
* {{zh|c=觀自在|p=Guānzìzài}}
* {{bo|t=སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས་དབང་ཕྱུག།|s=Chenrézig Wangchuk}}

==Names in other Asian languages==
{{Redirect|Kannon|the Sunn O))) album|Kannon (album)}}
[[File:Liao Dynasty Avalokitesvara Statue Clear.jpeg|thumb|[[Liao dynasty]] (AD 907–1125) Chinese statue of the Guanyin Of The Southern Seas; Shanxi Province, China; 11th/12th century AD; Polychromed Wood – Wood with multiple layers of paint, H : 241.3 x L : 165.1&nbsp;cm.; [[Nelson-Atkins Museum]] Collection; [[Kansas City, Missouri]].|369x369px]]Due to the devotional popularity of Guanyin in Asia, she is known by many names, most of which are simply the localised pronunciations of "Guanyin" or "Guanshiyin":
* The name is pronounced '''G(w)ūn Yām''' ([[Yale romanization of Cantonese|Yale]]: g(w)un1 yam1, [[Jyutping]]: g(w)un1 jam1) in [[Cantonese]], also encountered as '''Kwun Yam''' in Hong Kong or '''Kun Iam''' in Macau.
* In [[Hokkien]], she is called '''Kuan Im''' ([[Pe̍h-ōe-jī|POJ]]: Koan-im) or '''Kuan Se Im''' (POJ: Koan-sè-im)
* In [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], she is called '''Kuang Im'''
*In [[Malaysian Mandarin]], the name is '''Guanyin Pusa''' (Guanyin Bodhisattva), '''Guan Shi Yin Pusa''' (Guanyin Bodhisattva).
*In [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]], the name is '''Chenrézik''' ({{lang|bo|སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས}}).
*In [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], the name is '''Quan Âm''' ('''Quán Âm'''), '''Quan Thế Âm''' ('''Quán Thế Âm''') or '''Quán Tự Tại'''.
* In [[Japanese language|Japanese]], Guanyin is pronounced '''Kannon''' ({{lang|ja|観音}}), occasionally '''Kan'on''', or more formally '''Kanzeon''' ({{lang|ja|観世音}}, the same characters as ''Guanshiyin''); the spelling '''Kwannon''', based on a [[Early Middle Japanese|premodern]] pronunciation, is sometimes seen. This rendition was used for an earlier spelling of the well-known camera manufacturer [[Canon Inc.]], which was named for Guanyin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canon.com/about/mark/origin.html |title=Kwanon name |publisher=Canon.com |access-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226234042/http://www.canon.com/about/mark/origin.html |archive-date=26 February 2010}}</ref> 
* In [[Korean language|Korean]], Guanyin is called '''Gwan-eum''' ({{korean|hangul=관음}}) or '''Gwanse-eum''' ({{korean|hangul=관세음}}).
* In [[Khmer language|Khmer]], the name is '''Preah Mae Kun Si Im'''. (ព្រះម៉ែ គង់សុីអុិម). She is also called '''Preah Neang Kun Si Im''' (ព្រះនាង[''princess''] គង់សុីអុិម). The word meaning of "Preah" is ''God/Goddess'' and "Mae" means ''Mother.'' Her full name is always used. When referring to her more than once, the name can be shortened down to her title, '''Preah Mae''' (Goddess Mother).
* In [[Thai language|Thai]] the pronunciation is a duplicate from Teochew '''Kuang Im''' ({{lang|th|กวนอิม}}), '''Phra Mae Kuan Im''' ({{lang|th|พระแม่กวนอิม}}; ''Phra Mae ''means "goddess") or '''Chao Mae Kuan Im''' ({{langx|th|เจ้าแม่กวนอิม}}; ''Chao Mae ''usually means "madam", but here, means "goddess").
* In [[Burmese language|Burmese]], the name of Guanyin is '''Kwan Yin Medaw''', literally meaning Mother Kwan Yin (Goddess Guanyin) ({{lang|my|ကွမ်ယင်မယ်တော်}}).
* In [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], the name is '''Kwan Im''' or '''[[deva (Buddhism)|Dewi]] Kwan Im'''. She is also called ''Mak Kwan Im'' "Mother Guanyin".
* In [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], the name is '''Natha Deviyo''' ({{lang|si|නාථ දෙවියෝ}}).
* In [[Hmong language|Hmong]], the name is '''Kab Yeeb'''.
* In [[Nepali language|Nepali]], the name is '''[[Seto Machindranath]]'''

In these same countries, the variant ''Guanzizai'' "Lord of Contemplation" and its equivalents are also used, such as in the ''[[Heart Sutra]]'', among other sources.

==Depiction==

===Lotus Sūtra===
[[File:Kannon Gyō or Avalokitesvara Sutra 観音経 Published in Edo Era.jpg|thumb|Chapter 25: The Universal Gateway of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva (Published in [[Edo period]]).]]
The ''Lotus Sūtra'' (Sanskrit ''Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra'') is generally accepted to be the earliest literature teaching about the doctrines of Avalokiteśvara.<ref>Huntington, John (2003). ''The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art'': p. 188</ref> These are found in the twenty fifth chapter of the Lotus Sūtra. This chapter is devoted to Avalokitesvara, describing him as a compassionate bodhisattva who hears the cries of sentient beings, and who works tirelessly to help those who call upon his name.<ref name="Baroni" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Lotus Sutra|date=2007|publisher=Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research |translator=Kumārajīva |translator2=Tsugunari Kubo |translator3=Akira Yuyama|isbn=978-1-886439-39-9|edition=Rev. 2nd |location=Berkeley, Calif.|oclc=190773575}}</ref> 
{{Blockquote|text=The Buddha answered Bodhisattva Akṣayamati, saying: “O son of a virtuous family! If innumerable hundreds of thousands of myriads of koṭis of sentient beings who experience suffering hear of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara and wholeheartedly chant his name, Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara will immediately perceive their voices and free them from their suffering"|title=The Lotus Sutra}}[[Image:Guanyin.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Guanyin Bodhisattva, sitting in the [[lotus position]], the damaged hands probably performing ''dharmacakramudra'', a gesture that signifies the moment when Buddha put the wheel of learning in motion; painted and gilded wood, China, Song/Jin period, late 13th century.]]
The ''Lotus Sutra'' describes Avalokiteśvara as a bodhisattva who can take the form of any type of god including [[Indra]] or [[Brahma]]; any type of [[Buddha]], any type of king or Chakravartin or even any kind of Heavenly Guardian including [[Vajrapani]] and [[Vaisravana]] as well as any gender male or female, adult or child, human or non-human being, in order to teach the Dharma to sentient beings.<ref>Kubo Tsugunari, Yuyama Akira (tr.). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150521183528/http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dBET_T0262_LotusSutra_2007.pdf The Lotus Sutra]. Revised 2nd ed. Berkeley, Calif.: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-886439-39-9}}, pp. 311–312</ref> Local traditions in China and other East Asian countries have added many distinctive characteristics and legends to Guanyin c.q. Avalokiteśvara. Avalokiteśvara was originally depicted as a male bodhisattva, and therefore wears chest-revealing clothing and may even sport a light moustache. Although this depiction still exists in the Far East, Guanyin is more often depicted as a woman in modern times. Additionally, some people believe that Guanyin is [[androgyny|androgynous]] or perhaps without gender.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Mythic and Comic Aspects of the Quest: Hsi-yu Chi as Seen Through Don Quixote and Huckleberry Finn |last=Fu |first=James S. |isbn=9780821404713 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDekApY7Y94C |year=1977 |publisher=Singapore University Press}} P. 26</ref>

A total of 33 different manifestations of Avalokitasvara are described, including female manifestations, all to suit the minds of various beings. Chapter 25 consists of both a prose and a verse section. This earliest source often circulates separately as its own sūtra, called the ''Avalokitasvara Sūtra'' (Ch. {{lang|zh|觀世音經}}), and is commonly recited or chanted at Buddhist temples in East Asia.<ref name="Baroni">Baroni, Helen (2002). ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism'': p. 15</ref> The ''Lotus Sutra'' and its thirty-three manifestations of Guanyin, of which seven are female manifestations, is known to have been very popular in Chinese Buddhism as early as in the [[Sui dynasty|Sui]] and [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] dynasties.<ref name="Tan Chung 1998. p. 222">Tan Chung. ''Across the Himalayan Gap: An Indian Quest for Understanding China.'' 1998. p. 222</ref> Additionally, [[Tan Chung]] notes that according to the doctrines of the [[Mahāyāna sūtras]] themselves, it does not matter whether Guanyin is male, female, or genderless, as the ultimate reality is in emptiness (Skt. ''[[śūnyatā]]'').<ref name="Tan Chung 1998. p. 222"/>[[File:Avalokitesvara Gandhara Musée Guimet 2418 1.jpg|thumb|Early Indian statue of Avalokitaśvara Bodhisattva; [[Gandhāra]], 3rd century.|205x205px]]

===Iconography===
[[File:Eleven-faced Goddess of Mercy edit.jpg|thumb|upright|Guanyin as a male [[bodhisattva]]. Eleven faced ''Ekādaśamukha'' form. Japan, 12th century.|left]]

Representations of the bodhisattva in China prior to the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279) were masculine in appearance. Images which later displayed attributes of both genders are believed to be in accordance with the Lotus Sutra, where Avalokitesvara has the supernatural power of assuming any form required to relieve suffering, and also has the power to grant children. Because this bodhisattva is considered the personification of compassion and kindness, a mother goddess and patron of mothers and seamen, the representation in China was further interpreted in an all-female form around the 12th century. On occasion, Guanyin is also depicted holding an infant in order to further stress the relationship between the bodhisattva, maternity, and birth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.artstor.org/#/asset/SS36617_36617_32424610;prevRouteTS=1543257931615|title=Artstor|last=Artstor|website=library.artstor.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-26|archive-date=12 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012055906/http://hcap.artstor.org/cgi-bin/library?a=d&d=p535#/asset/SS36617_36617_32424610;prevRouteTS=1543257931615|url-status=live}}</ref> In the modern period, Guanyin is most often represented as a beautiful, white-robed woman, a depiction which derives from the earlier ''Pandaravasini'' form.

In some Buddhist temples and monasteries, Guanyin's image is occasionally that of a young man dressed in Northern Song [[Kasaya (clothing)#Jiāshā in Chinese Buddhism|Buddhist robes]] and seated gracefully. He is usually depicted looking or glancing down, symbolising that Guanyin continues to watch over the world.

In China, Guanyin is generally portrayed as a young woman wearing a flowing white robe, and usually also necklaces symbolic of Indian or Chinese royalty. In her left hand is a jar containing pure water, and the right holds a [[willow]] branch. The crown usually depicts the image of [[Amitābha]].

There are also regional variations of Guanyin depictions. In [[Fujian]], for example, a popular depiction of Guanyin is as a maiden dressed in Tang [[hanfu]] carrying a fish basket. A popular image of Guanyin as both Guanyin of the South Sea and Guanyin with a Fish Basket can be seen in late 16th-century Chinese encyclopedias and in prints that accompany the novel ''Golden Lotus''.

In Chinese art, Guanyin is often depicted either alone, standing atop a dragon, accompanied by a [[white cockatoo]] and flanked by two children or two warriors. The two children are her acolytes who came to her when she was meditating at [[Mount Putuo]]. The girl is called [[Longnü]] and the boy [[Sudhana|Shancai]]. The two warriors are the historical general [[Guan Yu]] from the late [[Han dynasty]] and the bodhisattva [[Skanda (Buddhism)|Skanda]], who appears in the Chinese classical novel ''[[Fengshen Yanyi]]''. The Buddhist tradition also displays Guanyin, or other buddhas and bodhisattvas, flanked with the above-mentioned warriors, but as bodhisattvas who protect the temple and the faith itself. In [[Pure Land Buddhism|Pure Land Buddhist traditions]], Guanyin is often depicted and venerated with the Buddha [[Amitābha|Amitabha]] and the Bodhisattva [[Mahasthamaprapta]] as part of a trio collective called the "Three Saints of the West" ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 西方三聖; [[Pinyin]]: Xīfāng sānshèng).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Chinese Iconography of Guanyin
!Element
!Notes
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #ffdddd; text-align:center;"|CLOTHING
|-
|style="background: #ffdddd;"|White robes
|style="background: #ffdddd;"|Influenced by tantric sutras and mandalas such as the [[Mandala of the Two Realms]] which frequently depict Guanyin as being clad in white.<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|style="background: #ffdddd;"|Robes sometimes loose or open at chest
|style="background: #ffdddd;"|Recalling Guanyin's androgynous origins as a male bodhisattva and her ability to change forms.{{fact|date=March 2025}} If drawn androgynously, the breasts may, rarely, be wholly exposed, though sometimes jewels may be placed so as to cover the nipples. Very rarely, Guanyin may be shown unambiguously female with breasts fully exposed.{{fact|date=March 2025}}
|-
|style="background: #ffdddd;"|Necklace
|style="background: #ffdddd;"|
|-
|style="background: #ffdddd;"|Crown
|style="background: #ffdddd;"|Usually contains an image of Buddha Amitabha, her teacher.  
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #ddddff; text-align:center;"|CARRYING
|-
|style="background: #ddddff;"|Vase, often in left hand, often upright though may be shown pouring water.
|style="background: #ddddff;"|One of the Eight Symbols of Good Fortune. Contains pure water capable of relieving suffering. Sometimes when poured may form a bubble and surround a young child.
|-
|style="background: #ddddff;"|Willow branch, often in right hand, sometimes in the vase.
|style="background: #ddddff;"|Used to sprinkle divine water. Willow bends without breaking. Influenced by tantric rites where willow branches were used in offering rituals to esoteric forms of Guanyin.<ref name=":0"/>
|-
|style="background: #ddddff;"|Fly whisk
|style="background: #ddddff;"|
|-
|style="background: #ddddff;"|Lotus bloom
|style="background: #ddddff;"|Common Buddhist symbol of purity.
|-
|style="background: #ddddff;"|Rice sheaths
|style="background: #ddddff;"|Fertility, providing the necessities for life.
|-
|style="background: #ddddff;"|Basket, possibly a fish basket
|style="background: #ddddff;"|Patroness of fishermen
|-
|style="background: #ddddff;"|[[Buddhist prayer beads|Mālā]]
|style="background: #ddddff;"|
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #ddffdd; text-align:center;"|ANIMALS AND PEOPLE
|-
|style="background: #ddffdd;"|Infant
|style="background: #ddffdd;"|Specifically in the Songzi Guanyin manifestation (See below). Association with maternity. (See also [[Songzi Niangniang]].) May be a representation of her disciple Hui'an / [[Muzha (deity)|Muzha]] as an infant.
|-
|style="background: #ddffdd;"|[[Qilin]]
|style="background: #ddffdd;"|Symbol of fertility and a wholly vegetarian creature dedicated strongly to avoiding harm, though will punish the wicked.
|-
|style="background: #ddffdd;"|[[Chinese dragon|Dragon]]
|style="background: #ddffdd;"|Guanyin may be standing on the dragon which swims in the sea, showing her spiritual powers as well as her status of a patroness of fishermen. The dragon may also be flying and is shown surrounded by clouds.
|-
|style="background: #ddffdd;"|Sea-turtle
|style="background: #ddffdd;"|Guanyin will be shown standing on the large turtle which swims in the sea as patroness of fishermen.
|-
| style="background: #ddffdd;" |[[Sudhana|Shancai]] (Sanskrit: ''Sudhana'')
| style="background: #ddffdd;" |Translated as "boy skilled in wealth". His presence in Guanyin's iconography was influenced by the [[Gandavyuha|Gaṇḍavyūha Sutra]] within the [[Avatamsaka Sutra]] which mention him as seeking out 53 spiritual masters in his quest for enlightenment, with Guanyin being the 28th master. Shancai may sometimes also be shown with bent legs to indicate his former status as crippled.
|-
| style="background: #ddffdd;" |[[Longnü]] (Sanskrit: ''nāgakanyā'') 
| style="background: #ddffdd;" |Translated as "dragon girl". Is the daughter of a [[Dragon King]]. Her presence in Guanyin's iconography was influenced by tantric sutras celebrating the esoteric Amoghapāśa and Thousand-armed forms of Guanyin, which mention Longnü offering Guanyin a priceless pearl in gratitude for the latter visiting the Dragon King's palace at the bottom of the ocean to teach the inhabitants her salvific [[dharani]].<ref name=":0"/>
|-
| style="background: #ddffdd;" |Two warriors
| style="background: #ddffdd;" |[[Guan Yu]] and [[Skanda (Buddhism)|Weituo]] (Skanda), two [[dharmapala]]s who protect the Buddha-dharma.
|-
|style="background: #ddffdd;"|[[White cockatoo|White parrot]]
|style="background: #ddffdd;"|A faithful disciple, see below.
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #ffffdd; text-align:center;"|OTHER
|-
|style="background: #ffffdd;"|Standing or seated on a large lotus bloom
|style="background: #ffffdd;"|A common posture for buddhas and boddhisattvas. The lotus bloom is commonly shown floating on the sea. 
|-
|style="background: #ffffdd;"|[[Halo (religious iconography)|Halo]]
|style="background: #ffffdd;"|To indicate her sacredness or spiritual elevation.
|}

In Chinese mythology, Guanyin (觀音) is the goddess of mercy and considered to be the physical embodiment of compassion. She is an all-seeing, all-hearing being who is called upon by worshipers in times of uncertainty, despair, and fear. Guanyin is originally based on the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. Avalokiteśvara's myth spread throughout China during the advent of Buddhism and mixed with local folklore in a process known as [[syncretism]] to become the modern day understanding of Guanyin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mythopedia.com/chinese-mythology/gods/guanyin/|title=Guanyin|access-date=1 May 2021|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118062521/https://mythopedia.com/chinese-mythology/gods/guanyin/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Localization of Guanyin in East Asia==
[[File:Shrine to a statue of the Eleven-Headed Guanyin (十一面觀音 or 十一面观音; Shiyimian Guanyin) in the Drum Tower (鼓樓 or 鼓楼) of Qita Temple (七塔寺) in Yingzhou, Ningbo, China Picture 3.jpg|left|thumb|236x236px|Shrine to a statue of [[Ekādaśamukha]], or the Eleven Headed Guanyin (''Shíyīmiàn Guānyīn'') in the [[Drum tower (Chinese Buddhism)|Drum Tower]] of [[Qita Temple]] (七塔寺) in [[Zhejiang]], China.]]

===Manifestations of Guanyin===
The twenty-fifth chapter of the [[Lotus Sutra]], one of the most popular sacred texts in the Buddhist canon, describes thirty-three specific manifestations that Guanyin can assume to assist other beings seeking salvation. These forms encompass a [[Buddhahood|Buddha]], a [[pratyekabuddha]], an [[arhat]], [[Brahma|King Brahma]], [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Sakra]] ([[Indra]]), [[Ishvara|Isvara]],  [[Maheśvara (Buddhism)|Mahesvara]] ([[Shiva]]), a [[Teen Ta Tseang Keun|great heavenly general]], [[Vaiśravaṇa]], a [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Cakravartin]], a minor king, an [[Elder (administrative title)|elder]], a [[Householder (Buddhism)|householder]], a chief minister, a [[Brahmin]], a [[bhikkhu]], a [[bhikkhunī]], a [[Upāsaka and Upāsikā|Upāsaka]], a [[Upāsaka and Upāsikā|Upāsikā]], a wife, a young boy, a young girl, a [[deva (Hinduism)|deva]], a [[nāga]], a [[yaksha]], a [[gandharva]], an [[asura]], a [[Garuda|garuḍa]], a [[kinnara]], a [[Mahoraga]], a human, a [[non-human]] and [[Vajrapani]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson, Burton |title=The lotus sutra|date=1999|publisher=Sri Satguru Publications|isbn=81-7030-633-7|oclc=247391640}}</ref><ref name="Kieschnick 205">{{Cite journal|last1=Kieschnick|first1=John|last2=Yü|first2=Chün-fang|last3=Yu|first3=Chun-fang|date=June 2002|title=Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokiteśvara |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies|volume=62|issue=1|pages=205|doi=10.2307/4126591|jstor=4126591|issn=0073-0548}}</ref> 
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:観音と居士 Avalokitasvara and Householder.jpg|[[Householder (Buddhism)|Householder]]
File:観音と夜叉 Avalokitasvara and Yaksa.jpg|[[Yaksha]]
File:観音と阿修羅 Avalokitasvara and Asura.jpg|[[Asura]]
File:観音と迦楼羅 Avalokitasvara and Garuda.jpg|[[Garuda|Garuḍa]]
</gallery>
The [[Śūraṅgama Sūtra]] also mentions thirty-two manifestations of Guanyin, which follow closely those in the [[Lotus Sutra]], with the omission of [[Vajrapani]], and the substitution of [[Vaiśravaṇa]] (Heavenly King of the North) with the [[Four Heavenly Kings]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Śūraṅgama sūtra : a new translation|date=2009|publisher=Buddhist Text Translation Society|isbn=978-0-88139-962-2|location=Ukiah, CA|oclc=300721049}}</ref><ref name="Kieschnick 205"/> These manifestations of Guanyin have been nativized in China and Japan to form a traditional list of iconographic forms corresponding to each manifestation.<ref name="Kieschnick 205"/>
[[File:隆兴寺千手观音 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Colossal bronze [[Song dynasty]] (960 - 1279) statue of the Thousand-Armed Guanyin (''Qiānshǒu'' ''Guānyīn'') located at the ''[[Guanyin Dian]]'' of [[Longxing Temple]] in [[Hebei]], [[China]].]]
Guanyin is also venerated in various other forms. In the Chinese [[Tiantai]] and [[Chinese Esoteric Buddhism|Tangmi]] and the Japanese [[Shingon Buddhism|Shingon]] and [[Tendai]] traditions, Guanyin can take on six forms, each corresponding to a particular realm of samsara. This grouping originates from the ''[[Mohe Zhiguan]]'' ({{zh|c=摩訶止観|p=Móhē Zhǐguān}}) written by the [[Tiantai]] patriarch [[Zhiyi]] (538–597) and are attested to in various other textual sources, such as the Essential Record of The Efficacy of The Three Jewels ({{zh|c=三寶感應要略錄|p=Sānbǎo Gǎnyìng Yàolüèlù}}).<ref>{{Cite web|title=智者大师摩诃止观原文_摩诃止观全文在线阅读 - 无量光明佛教网|url=https://m.guang5.com/fojing/yuanwen/39259.html|access-date=2021-05-23|website=m.guang5.com|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523142855/https://m.guang5.com/fojing/yuanwen/39259.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NTI Reader|url=http://ntireader.org/taisho/t2084.html|access-date=2021-05-23|website=ntireader.org|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523142851/http://ntireader.org/taisho/t2084.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They are:

# '''Guanyin as Great Mercy''' ({{zh|c=大慈觀音|p=Dàcí Guānyīn}}), also known as '''Noble Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=聖觀音|p=Shèng Guānyīn}}), who corresponds to the [[preta]] realm.
# '''Guanyin as Great Compassion''' ({{zh|c=大悲觀音|p=Dàbēi Guānyīn}}), also known as '''Thousand-Armed Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=千手觀音|p=Qiānshǒu Guānyīn}}), who corresponds to the [[Naraka (Buddhism)|hell]] realm.
# '''Guanyin of the Universally Shining Great Light''' ({{zh|c=大光普照觀音|p=Dàguāng Pǔzhào Guānyīn}}), also known as '''Eleven-Headed Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=十一面觀音|p=Shíyīmiàn Guānyīn}}), who corresponds to the [[asura]] realm.
# '''Guanyin as The Divine Hero''' ({{zh|c=天人丈夫觀音|p=Tiānrén Zhàngfū Guānyīn}}), also known as [[Cundi (Buddhism)|'''Cundī Guanyin''']] ({{zh|c=準提觀音|p=Zhǔntí Guānyīn}}), who corresponds to the [[human]] realm.
# '''Guanyin as Mahābrahmā the Profound''' ({{zh|c=大梵深遠觀音|p=Dàfàn Shēnyuǎn Guānyīn}}), also known as [[Cintāmaṇicakra|'''Cintāmaṇicakra Guanyin''']] ({{zh|c=如意輪觀音|p=Rúyìlún Guānyīn}}), who corresponds to the [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]] realm.
# '''Fearless Lion-like Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=獅子無畏觀音|p=Shīzǐ Wúwèi Guānyīn}}), also known as [[Hayagriva (Buddhism)|'''Hayagriva Guanyin''']] ({{zh|c=馬頭觀音|p=Mǎtóu Guānyīn}}), who corresponds to the [[animal]] realm.

[[File:Quan Am 1656.jpg|thumb|left|This wooden statue of Quan Âm Nghìn Mắt Nghìn Tay (Quan Âm Bodhisattva with 1000 eyes and 1000 hands) was fashioned in 1656 in [[Bắc Ninh Province]], northern [[Vietnam]].  It is now located in the History Museum in [[Hanoi]].|333x333px]]
In [[China]], the Thousand-Armed manifestation of Guanyin is the most popular among her different esoteric forms.<ref name="Yü 2001">{{Cite book|last=Yü|first=Chün-fang |title=Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara|date=2001|publisher=Columbia University Press|jstor=10.7312/yu--12028}}</ref> In the [[Karandavyuha Sutra]], the Thousand-Armed and Thousand-Eyed Guanyin ({{zh|c=千手千眼觀音|p=Qiānshǒu Qiānyǎn Guānyīn}}) is described as being superior to all gods and buddhas of the Indian pantheon. The Sutra also states that "it is easier to count all the leaves of every tree of every forest and all the grains of sand in the universe than to count the blessings and power of Avalokiteshvara". This version of Guanyin with a thousand arms depicting the power of all gods also shows various buddhas in the crown depicting the wisdom of all buddhas. In temples and monasteries in [[China]], iconographic depictions of this manifestation of Guanyin is often combined with iconographic depiction of her Eleven-Headed manifestation to form statues with a thousand arms as well as eleven heads. The mantra associated with this manifestation, the [[Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī]], is one of the most popular mantras commonly recited in [[East Asian Buddhism]].<ref name="Yü 2001"/> 

In [[Chinese Buddhism]], the popularity of the mantra influenced the creation of an esoteric repentance ceremony known as the ''Ritual of Great Compassion Repentance'' ({{zh|c=大悲懺法會|p=Dàbēi Chànfǎ Huì}} during the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279) by the Tiantai monk [[Siming Zhili]] ({{zh|c=四明知禮|p=Sìmíng Zhīlǐ}}), which is still regularly performed in modern Chinese Buddhist temples in [[Mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Taiwan]] and [[Overseas Chinese|overseas Chinese communities]].<ref name="Yü 2001" />
[[File:Guanyin - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Liao dynasty]] (916 - 1125) statue of [[Ekādaśamukha]], or the Eleven Headed Guanyin, in [[Dule Temple]], [[Tianjin]], [[China]]. ]]
One Chinese Buddhist legend from the ''Complete Tale of Guanyin and the Southern Seas'' ({{zh|c=南海觀音全撰|p=Nánhǎi Guānyīn Quánzhuàn}}) recounts how Guanyin almost emptied hell by reforming almost all of its denizens until sent out from there by the [[Diyu#Ten Courts of Yanluo|Ten Kings]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ziliaoku.jxwmw.cn/system/2009/03/31/010121489.shtml |script-title=zh:【明代小说】《南海观音菩萨出身修行传》第十三回 妙善魂游地府 |website=ziliaoku.jxwmw.cn |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=21 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121153715/http://ziliaoku.jxwmw.cn/system/2009/03/31/010121489.shtml |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Despite strenuous effort, she realised that there were still many unhappy beings yet to be saved. After struggling to comprehend the needs of so many, her head split into eleven pieces. The buddha Amitābha, upon seeing her plight, gave her eleven heads to help her hear the cries of those who are suffering. Upon hearing these cries and comprehending them, Avalokiteśvara attempted to reach out to all those who needed aid, but found that her two arms shattered into pieces. Once more, Amitābha came to her aid and appointed her a thousand arms to let her reach out to those in need. Many Himalayan versions of the tale include eight arms with which Avalokitesvara skillfully upholds the [[dharma]], each possessing its own particular implement, while more Chinese-specific versions give varying accounts of this number. In Japan, statues of this nature can be found at the [[Sanjūsangen-dō]] temple of Kyoto.

In both [[Chinese Buddhism]] and [[Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhism]], Hayagriva Guanyin ({{lit|Horse Headed Guanyin}})<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017|editor-last=Buswell|editor-first=Robert E.|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=David S.|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |journal=Oxford Reference|doi=10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001|isbn=9780691157863}}</ref> is venerated as a guardian protector of travel and transportation, especially for cars. His statue is placed at the entrance and exits of some Chinese Buddhist temples to bless visitors. In certain Chinese Buddhist temples, visitors are also allowed to have their license plates enshrined in front of an image of this deity to invoke his protection over their vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=车神殿牌位认捐供奉-白塔寺|url=http://www.baitasi.net/zt/2015-05-19/2225.html|access-date=2021-05-10|website=www.baitasi.net|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419044204/http://www.baitasi.net/zt/2015-05-19/2225.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is also counted as one of the 500 [[Arhat]]s, where he is known as Mǎtóu Zūnzhě 馬頭尊者 ({{lit|The Venerable Horse Head}}). In [[Taoism]], Hayagriva Guanyin was syncretized and incorporated within the [[Chinese gods and immortals|Taoist pantheon]] as the god Mǎ Wáng 馬王 (lit. Horse King), who is associated with fire. In this form, he is usually portrayed with six arms and a third eye on the forehead.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chinese and Tibetan esoteric Buddhism|date=2017|editor=Yael Bentor |editor2=Meir Shahar|isbn=978-90-04-34050-3|location=Leiden|oclc=967456890}}</ref>
[[File:寶殿 - Lingyin 2.jpg|left|thumb|291x291px|Statue of [[Cundi (Buddhism)|Cundī Guanyin]] (''Zhǔntí Guānyīn'') with 18 arms from the [[Mahavira Hall]] of [[Lingyin Temple]] in [[Hangzhou]], [[Zhejiang]], China.]]
Guanyin's [[Cundi (Buddhism)|Cundī]] manifestation is an esoteric form of Guanyin that is venerated widely in China and Japan. The first textual source of Cundī and the Cundī Dhāraṇī is the ''[[Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra]]'', a sūtra centered around the bodhisattva [[Avalokiteśvara]] that introduced the popular mantra ''[[Om mani padme hum|oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ]]''. This text is first dated to around the late 4th century CE to the early 5th century CE.<ref name="Alexander. 2002">{{Cite book|first=Alexander|last=Studholme|title=The origins of Oṃ maṇipadme hūṃ : a study of the Kāraṇḍavyūha sūtra|date=2002|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-7914-5390-1|oclc=1045959191}}</ref> Cundī and the Cundī Dhāraṇī are also featured in the [[Cundī Dhāraṇī Sūtra]], which was translated three times from Sanskrit into [[Chinese language|Chinese]] in the late 7th century and early 8th century by the Indian esoteric masters [[Divakara|Divākara]] (685 CE), [[Vajrabodhi]] (723 CE), and [[Amoghavajra]] (8th century).<ref name="Alexander. 2002"/> In iconographic form, she is depicted with eighteen arms, all wielding different implements and weaponry that symbolize skillful means of the Dharma, sitting on a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flower]]. This manifestation is also referred to as the "Mother of the Seventy Million [Buddhas]" ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 七俱胝佛母; [[pinyin]]: ''Qījùzhī fómǔ''). Her mantra, the Mahācundi Dhāraṇī ({{zh|c=準提神咒|p=Zhǔntí Shénzhòu}}), is one of the [[Mantra|Ten Small Mantras]] ({{zh|c=十小咒|p=Shí xiǎo zhòu}}), which are a collection of dharanis that are commonly recited in Chinese Buddhist temples during morning liturgical services specifically.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ten Small Mantras|url=http://www.buddhamountain.ca/Ten_Small_Mantras.php|access-date=2021-05-10|website=www.buddhamountain.ca|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427110346/http://www.buddhamountain.ca/Ten_Small_Mantras.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=What is Ten Small Mantras|url=https://www.buddhismtoronto.com/mantra-3.1.php|access-date=2021-05-10|website=www.buddhismtoronto.com|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427110346/https://www.buddhismtoronto.com/mantra-3.1.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Cintamanicakra (Ruyilun Guanyin) - Jade Buddha Temple; Shanghai, China.jpg|thumb|Shrine to [[Cintāmaṇicakra|Cintāmaṇicakra Guanyin]] (''Rúyìlún Guānyīn'') in the Hall of Great Compassion in [[Jade Buddha Temple]]; [[Shanghai]], China.|293x293px]]
Guanyin's [[Cintāmaṇicakra]] manifestation is also widely venerated in China and Japan. In iconographic form, this manifestation is often portrayed as having six arms, with his first right hand touches the cheek in a pensive mudra, his second right hand holds a wish granting jewel (cintamani), his third right hand holds prayer beads, his first left hand holds Mount Meru, his second left hand holds a lotus flower and the third left hand holds a Dharma wheel (cakra).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-22|title=A Late Tang Dynasty Sculpture Bought at a Missouri Garage Sale for Less Than $100 Just Sold for $2.1 Million|url=https://news.artnet.com/market/chinese-buddhist-sculpture-garage-sale-1495570|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Artnet News|language=en-US|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510234756/https://news.artnet.com/market/chinese-buddhist-sculpture-garage-sale-1495570|url-status=live}}</ref> Her mantra, the Cintāmaṇicakra Dharani ({{zh|c=如意寶輪王陀羅尼|p=Rúyì Bǎolún Wáng Tuóluóní}}), is also one of the [[Ten Small Mantras]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

In China, it is said that fishermen used to pray to her to ensure safe voyages. The titles ''Guanyin of the Southern Ocean'' ({{lang|zh|南海觀音}}) and "Guanyin (of/on) the Island" stem from this tradition.

[[File:Yuan porcelain buddha.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Chinese porcelain statue depicting Guanyin, [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368 AD).]]

===Miaoshan===
Another story from the ''Precious Scroll of Fragrant Mountain'' ({{lang|zh|香山寶卷}}) describes an incarnation of Guanyin as the daughter of a cruel king [[Miaozhuang Wang]] who wanted her to marry a wealthy but uncaring man. The story is usually ascribed to the research of the Buddhist monk Jiang Zhiqi during the 11th century. The story is likely to have its origin in Taoism. When Jiang penned the work, he believed that the Guanyin we know today was actually a princess called Miaoshan ({{lang|zh|妙善}}), who had a religious following on Fragrant Mountain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chinese Cultural Studies:The Legend of Miao-shan |url=http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/miao-sha.html |access-date=11 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113032056/http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/miao-sha.html |archive-date=13 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite this there are many variants of the story in [[Chinese mythology]].

According to the story, after the king asked his daughter Miaoshan to marry the wealthy man, she told him that she would obey his command, so long as the marriage eased three misfortunes.

The king asked his daughter what were the three misfortunes that the marriage should ease. Miaoshan explained that the first misfortune the marriage should ease was the suffering people endure as they age. The second misfortune it should ease was the suffering people endure when they fall ill. The third misfortune it should ease was the suffering caused by death. If the marriage could not ease any of the above, then she would rather retire to a life of religion forever.[[Image:Daienin Kannon.JPG|thumb|Kannon statue in Daien-in, [[Mount Kōya]], Japan.|260x260px]]

When her father asked who could ease all the above, Miaoshan pointed out that a doctor was able to do all of these. Her father grew angry as he wanted her to marry a person of power and wealth, not a healer. He forced her into hard labour and reduced her food and drink but this did not cause her to yield.

Every day she begged to be able to enter a temple and become a [[bhikkhuni|nun]] instead of marrying. Her father eventually allowed her to work in the temple, but asked the [[bhikkhu|monks]] to give her the toughest chores in order to discourage her. The monks forced Miaoshan to work all day and all night while others slept in order to finish her work. However, she was such a good person that the animals living around the temple began to help her with her chores. Her father, seeing this, became so frustrated that he attempted to burn down the temple. Miaoshan put out the fire with her bare hands and suffered no burns. Now struck with fear, her father ordered her to be put to death.

[[File:Gangaramaya Temple SL2.png|thumb|Guanyin statue at [[Seema Malaka]] in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka.|left|257x257px]]In one version of this legend, when Guanyin was executed, a supernatural tiger took her to one of the more hell-like realms of the dead.  However, instead of being punished like the other spirits of the dead, Guanyin played music, and flowers blossomed around her. This completely surprised the hell guardian. The story says that Guanyin, by merely being in that [[Naraka (Buddhism)|Naraka]] (hell), turned it into a paradise.

A variant of the legend says that Miaoshan allowed herself to die at the hand of the executioner. According to this legend, as the executioner tried to carry out her father's orders, his axe shattered into a thousand pieces. He then tried a sword which likewise shattered. He tried to shoot Miaoshan down with arrows but they all veered off.[[File:Small shrine to Guanyin or Kannon. Ashikaga, Japan.jpg|thumb|Small shrine to Guanyin or [[Kannon]]. [[Ashikaga, Tochigi]], Japan.|279x279px]]

Finally in desperation he used his hands. Miaoshan, realising the fate that the executioner would meet at her father's hand should she fail to let herself die, forgave the executioner for attempting to kill her. It is said that she voluntarily took on the massive karmic guilt the executioner generated for killing her, thus leaving him guiltless. It is because of this that she descended into the Hell-like realms. While there, she witnessed first-hand the suffering and horrors that the beings there must endure, and was overwhelmed with grief. Filled with compassion, she released all the good karma she had accumulated through her many lifetimes, thus freeing many suffering souls back into Heaven and Earth. In the process, that Hell-like realm became a paradise. It is said that [[Yama (East Asia)|Yama]], the ruler of hell, sent her back to Earth to prevent the utter destruction of his realm, and that upon her return she appeared on Fragrant Mountain.

Another tale says that Miaoshan never died, but was in fact transported by a supernatural tiger,<ref>{{cite web |title=Legend of Miao Shan |url=http://www.purifymind.com/MiaoShan.htm |access-date=11 November 2014 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905223005/http://www.purifymind.com/MiaoShan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> believed to be the Deity of the Mountain,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fivepeaks.org/english/canon/guanyin.htm |title=Biography of Great Compassionate Bodhisattva of Mount Xiang |access-date=5 April 2023 |quote=When Miao Shan appeared before the executioner, her time of death had finally arrived.  The mountain deity of Mount Long intervened at the precise moment when the sword blade was about to behead Miao Shan.  The deity knew Miao Shan was a Bodhisattva of Great Power[63] fated to be enlightened, save, and deliver all sentient beings.  He also knew the unjust King was wrong in wanting to behead her.  The mountain deity then used his divine powers to blacken the sky; let loose violent winds accompanied with thunderous lightning.  Simultaneously, he suddenly snatched Miao Shan away and placed her at the foot of the mountain.  The envoy no longer knew the location of Miao Shan, rushed to submit his update report to the King.  The royal father was again shocked and enraged.  He ordered five hundred soldiers to behead the nuns and set fire to their monastery.  The wife and the royal family all wept bitterly for Miao Shan, saying it was now too late to rescue her as she had already died. [This is in fact the earliest extant version of the Miaoshan Story] |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405180625/https://www.fivepeaks.org/english/canon/guanyin.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> to Fragrant Mountain.
[[File:普陀山.不肯去观音院 - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|271x271px|Statue of Ekādaśamukha or the Eleven-Headed Guanyin (''Shíyīmiàn Guānyīn'') in {{ill|Bukenqu Guanyin Temple|zh|不肯去观音院|vertical-align=sup}} (不肯去觀音院) in [[Mount Putuo|Putuoshan]], [[Zhoushan]], [[Zhejiang|Zhejiang Province]], China.]]
The legend of Miaoshan usually ends with Miaozhuang Wang, Miaoshan's father, falling ill with [[jaundice]]. No physician was able to cure him. Then a monk appeared saying that the jaundice could be cured by making a medicine out of the arm and eye of one without anger. The monk further suggested that such a person could be found on Fragrant Mountain. When asked, Miaoshan willingly offered up her eyes and arms. Miaozhuang Wang was cured of his illness and went to the Fragrant Mountain to give thanks to the person. When he discovered that his own daughter had made the sacrifice, he begged for forgiveness. The story concludes with Miaoshan being transformed into the Thousand Armed Guanyin, and the king, queen and her two sisters building a temple on the mountain for her.  She began her journey to a [[pure land]] and was about to cross over into heaven when she heard a cry of suffering from the world below.  She turned around and saw the massive suffering endured by the people of the world. Filled with compassion, she returned to Earth, vowing never to leave till such time as all suffering has ended.

After her return to Earth, Guanyin was said to have stayed for a few years on the island of [[Mount Putuo]] where she practised meditation and helped the sailors and fishermen who got stranded. Guanyin is frequently worshipped as patron of sailors and fishermen due to this. She is said to frequently becalm the sea when boats are threatened with rocks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Charles Alfred Speed |title=Chinese Symbolism and Art Motifs |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |year=2006 |pages=234–235 |isbn=978-0-8048-3704-0}}</ref> After some decades Guanyin returned to Fragrant Mountain to continue her meditation.

===Guanyin and Shancai===
{{Main|Sudhana}}
[[File:An Altar of Guanyin Worship.jpg|300px|thumb|An Altar of Guanyin Worship.]]

Legend has it that Shancai (also called ''[[Sudhana]]'' in [[Sanskrit]]) was a disabled boy from India who was very interested in studying the [[dharma]]. When he heard that there was a Buddhist teacher on the rocky island of Putuo, he quickly journeyed there to learn. Upon arriving at the island, he managed to find Guanyin despite his severe disability.

Guanyin, after having a discussion with Shancai, decided to test the boy's resolve to fully study the Buddhist teachings. She conjured the illusion of three sword-wielding pirates running up the hill to attack her. Guanyin took off and dashed to the edge of a cliff, the three illusions still chasing her. Shancai, seeing that his teacher was in danger, hobbled uphill. Guanyin then jumped over the edge of the cliff, and soon after this the three bandits followed. Shancai, still wanting to save his teacher, managed to crawl his way over the cliff edge.

Shancai fell down the cliff but was halted in midair by Guanyin, who now asked him to walk. Shancai found that he could walk normally and that he was no longer crippled. When he looked into a pool of water he also discovered that he now had a very handsome face. From that day forth, Guanyin taught Shancai the entire dharma.[[File:Guan She Yin statue of Sanggar Agung Temple, Surabaya-Indonesia.jpg|thumb|196x196px|20-meter-high Guanyin Bodhisattva statue flanked by Nagakanya and Sudhana (top) Lower level shows 4 Heavenly Kings at [[Sanggar Agung]], [[Surabaya]], Indonesia.]]

===Guanyin and Longnü===
{{Main|Longnü}}Many years after Shancai became a disciple of Guanyin, a distressing event happened in the [[South China Sea]]. The third son of one of the [[Dragon King]]s was caught by a fisherman while swimming in the form of a fish. Being stuck on land, he was unable to transform back into his dragon form. His father, despite being a mighty Dragon King, was unable to do anything while his son was on land. Distressed, the son called out to all of Heaven and Earth.

[[Image:Guan Yin in white robe, by Mu-ch'i.jpg|thumb|left|14th-century [[Song dynasty]] painting of ''Baiyi Guanyin'' ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 白衣觀音, [[Sanskrit]]: ''Pāṇḍaravāsinī Avalokiteśvara'', lit: "White-Robed Guanyin") by the Chinese painter [[Muqi]]. |274x274px]]Hearing this cry, Guanyin quickly sent Shancai to recover the fish and gave him all the money she had. The fish at this point was about to be sold in the market. It was causing quite a stir as it was alive hours after being caught. This drew a much larger crowd than usual at the market. Many people decided that this prodigious situation meant that eating the fish would grant them immortality, and so all present wanted to buy the fish. Soon a bidding war started, and Shancai was easily outbid.

Shancai begged the fish seller to spare the life of the fish. The crowd, now angry at someone so daring, was about to pry him away from the fish when Guanyin projected her voice from far away, saying "A life should definitely belong to one who tries to save it, not one who tries to take it."

The crowd, realising their shameful actions and desire, dispersed. Shancai brought the fish back to Guanyin, who promptly returned it to the sea. There the fish transformed back to a dragon and returned home. Paintings of Guanyin today sometimes portray her holding a fish basket, which represents the aforementioned tale.

As a reward for Guanyin saving his son, the Dragon King sent his granddaughter, a girl called [[Longnü]] ("dragon girl"), to present Guanyin with the Pearl of Light. The Pearl of Light was a precious jewel owned by the Dragon King that constantly shone. Longnü, overwhelmed by the presence of Guanyin, asked to be her disciple so that she might study the dharma. Guanyin accepted her offer with just one request: that Longnü be the new owner of the Pearl of Light.

In popular iconography, Longnü and Shancai are often seen alongside Guanyin as two children. Longnü is seen either holding a bowl or an [[ingot]], which represents the Pearl of Light, whereas Shancai is seen with palms joined and knees slightly bent to show that he was once crippled.

===Guanyin and the Filial Parrot===
In a story first dating to the Ming dynasty, a parrot becomes a disciple of Guanyin. Set during the prosperous Tang dynasty, the story focuses on a family of white parrots who nest in a tree. One young parrot in the family is especially intelligent, and can recite sutras, chant the name of Amitābha, and in some versions is even able to compose poetry. One day, the father parrot is killed by hunters. When the mother parrot goes to see what happened, she is blinded by the hunters. When the intelligent young parrot goes to find cherries (sometimes specified as lychees) to feed its mother, it is captured by the same hunters. By the time it escapes, its mother has died. After it has mourned the death of its mother and provided her with a proper funeral, the [[Earth God]] suggests that the parrot worship Guanyin. Guanyin, moved by the filial piety of the parrot, allows its parents to be reborn in the Pure Land.<ref>{{harvnb|Yu|2001|pp=444–447}}</ref> This story was told in the ''Tale of the Filial Parrot'' ({{zh|c=鶯哥孝義傳|p=Yīnggē xiàoyì zhuàn}}) and then retold in the later ''Precious Scroll of the Parrot'' ({{zh|c=鸚哥寶卷|p=Yīnggē bǎojuàn}}).

In popular iconography, the parrot is coloured white and usually seen hovering to the right side of Guanyin with either a pearl or a prayer bead clasped in its beak.  The parrot became a symbol of [[filial piety in Buddhism|filial piety]].<ref name="parrot">{{cite book |title=Personal salvation and filial piety: two precious scroll narratives of Guanyin and her acolytes |author=[[Wilt L. Idema]] |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2008 |isbn= 9780824832155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKimqfLnB1IC&q=Guan+Yin+Golden+youth+Jade+dragon |page=33}}</ref>

===Guanyin and Chen Jinggu===
Chen Jinggu is said to be related to Guanyin via the following story.<ref name=":4">{{Harvnb|Pregadio|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MioRmEq2xHUC&pg=PA682 682]}}</ref> One day in [[Quanzhou]], [[Fujian]], the people needed money to build a bridge. Guanyin turned into an attractive lady and said she would marry any man who could hit her with silver. Many tried, and Guanyin was able to accumulate a lot of silver ingots through this process. Eventually one of the [[Eight Immortals]], [[Lü Dongbin]], helped a merchant hit her hair with some silver.

* Guanyin's hair then floated away and became a white demon female snake. The snake would seduce men and kill other women.
* Guanyin then disappeared, but she let some of her blood from her finger flow down the river. A woman named Ge Furen (葛妇人 Lady Ge), whose husband was from the Chen family, then drank some of Guanyin's blood from the water and became pregnant, giving birth to Chen Jinggu. Later Chen Jinggu would fight and kill the white demon snake.
* As for the merchant, he later reincarnated as Liu Qi (劉杞) and would marry Chen Jinggu.<ref name=":4" />
The story continues with how Chen Jinggu grew up, studied at Lüshan, and eventually saved Northern Fujian from drought while defeating the white demon snake, but at the cost of sacrificing her own child. It is said that she died of either [[miscarriage]] or [[hemorrhage]] from the self-abortion.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="Clark, Hugh R. 2016. pp. 97-98">Clark, Hugh R. ''The Sinitic encounter in Southeast China through the first millennium CE''. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press. 2016. pp. 97-98. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-5160-6}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Oeg7DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Journey+of+a+Goddess%22+gan+bao&pg=PA31 Journey of a Goddess: Chen Jinggu Subdues the Snake Demon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412013154/https://books.google.com/books?id=Oeg7DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Journey+of+a+Goddess%22+gan+bao&pg=PA31 |date=12 April 2023 }}''. Translated, edited, and with an introduction by Fan Pen Li Chen. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 2017. pp. 30-31. {{ISBN|978-14384-6-7078}}</ref>

Parallels have also been argued between the tale of [[Chen Jinggu]] and another Fujian legend, the tale of ''[[Li Ji slays the Giant Serpent]]''.<ref name="Clark, Hugh R. 2016. pp. 97-98"/><ref name="books.google.com"/>

===Quan Âm Thị Kính===
''Quan Âm Thị Kính'' ({{lang|vi-hani|觀音氏敬}}) is a Vietnamese verse recounting the life of a woman, Thị Kính. She was accused falsely of having intended to kill her husband, and when she disguised herself as a man to lead a religious life in a Buddhist temple, she was again falsely blamed for having committed sexual intercourse with a girl named Thị Mầu. She was accused of impregnating her, which was strictly forbidden by Buddhist law. However, thanks to her endurance of all indignities and her spirit of self-sacrifice, she could enter into Nirvana and became Goddess of Mercy (Phật Bà Quan Âm).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.truyenviet.com/component/content/article/133-co-tich-viet-nam/9205-quan-am-thi-kinh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326164544/http://www.truyenviet.com/component/content/article/133-co-tich-viet-nam/9205-quan-am-thi-kinh|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 March 2014|title=Truyện Việt|date=26 March 2014}}</ref> [[P. Q. Phan]]'s 2014 [[opera]] ''{{ill|The Tale of Lady Thị Kính|de}}'' is based on this story.<ref>[http://music.indiana.edu/events/program.php?eid=57594 ''The Tale of Lady Thị Kính''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304154218/http://music.indiana.edu/events/program.php?eid=57594 |date=4 March 2015 }}, program booklet, February 2014</ref>
=== Other manifestations of Guanyin ===
[[File:Quan Âm Diệu Thiện.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Quan Âm Tống Tử ([[Chữ Hán]]: 觀音送子, Statue of the Child-giving Quan Âm) in [[Tây Phương Temple]]  in [[Thạch Thất]], [[Hanoi]], Vietnam.]]In China, various native indigenous forms and aspects of Guanyin have been developed, along with associated legends, and portrayed in religious iconography. Aside from religious veneration, many of these manifestations also tended to appear in medieval and modern Chinese Buddhist miracle tales, fantasy fiction novels and plays.<ref name=":0"/> Some local forms include:

*'''Shuiyue Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=水月觀音|p=Shuǐyuè Guānyīn}}) – '''"Water-Moon Guanyin"'''. A traditionally masculine form of Guanyin who is closely linked to and sometimes regarded as a further manifestation of the Thousand-Armed Guanyin. Traditionally invoked for good rebirth, safe childbirth as well as enlightenment, he is usually portrayed in statues and paintings as a young man or woman in a relaxed [[lalitasana]] pose beside a pond or lake with the moon reflected in the water, with the moon in the water being a metaphor for the Buddhist tenet of [[Śūnyatā]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Yü|first=Chün-fang|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/yu--12028|title=Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara|date=2001|publisher=Columbia University Press|jstor=10.7312/yu--12028|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511025808/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/yu--12028|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''Songzi Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=送子觀音|p=Sòngzi Guānyīn}}) – '''"Child-giving Guanyin"'''. An aspect of Guanyin which is closely linked to another manifestation, Baiyi Guanyin. She is primarily venerated as a fertility goddess and frequently invoked in prayers for children; usually portrayed in statues and paintings as a reclining white-robed young woman with a child sitting on her lap. Iconographic forms of this manifestation were noted by European travelers during the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing dynasties]] to bear a striking resemblance to depictions of the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] as the [[Madonna (art)|Madonna with Child]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Chuu 2001">{{Cite thesis|title=The cult of Guanyin who brings sons in China|url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0090103|publisher=University of British Columbia|date=2001|doi=10.14288/1.0090103|first=Ling-in Lilian|last=Chuu|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517094926/https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0090103|url-status=live}}</ref> This manifestation is also syncretized into [[Taoism]] and [[Chinese folk religion]] as [[Songzi Niangniang]].<ref name="Chuu 2001"/>
*'''Baiyi Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=白衣觀音|p=Báiyī Guānyīn}}) – '''"White Robed Guanyin"'''. A traditionally feminine form of Guanyin who is closely linked to another manifestation, Songzi Guanyin. Like that manifestation, Baiyi Guanyin is usually venerated as a fertility goddess and invoked in prayers for children. She is usually portrayed in statues and painting as a young woman dressed in a white robe which sometimes covers the head, acting as a veil. The significance of the color white in this manifestation was influenced by tantric sutras as well as mandalas such as the [[Mandala of the Two Realms]] which frequently depict Guanyin as being clad in white.<ref name=":0" />
*'''Yulan Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=魚籃觀音|p=Yúlán Guānyīn}}) – '''"Fish Basket Guanyin"'''. A form of Guanyin that originates from a legend about Guanyin descending as an avatar in the form of a beautiful young fisherwoman in order to convert a town of vicious, evil men into Buddhists. Usually portrayed in statues and paintings as a young woman holding a fish-basket,<ref name=":0"/> this manifestation also appears in the popular [[Ming dynasty]] novel [[Journey to the West|Journey To The West]], one of the [[Classic Chinese Novels|Four Classic Chinese Novels]], where she uses the fish basket to capture a sea demon.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wu|first=Cheng'en, approximatelyapproximately 1582|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/774147887|title=The journey to the West|date=2012|others=Anthony C. Yu|isbn=978-0-226-97131-5|edition=Revised|location=Chicago|oclc=774147887}}</ref>
* '''Nanhai Guanyin''' ({{zh|c=南海觀音|p=Nánhǎi Guānyīn}}) – '''"Guanyin Of The Southern Seas"'''. A form of Guanyin that became popularized after the establishment of [[Mount Putuo]] as Guanyin's [[bodhimaṇḍa]] and a major Chinese Buddhist pilgrimage center. Usually portrayed in statues and paintings as a young woman in a relaxed [https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/rajalilasana rājalīlā] pose meditating on [[Mount Putuo]], or [[Mount Potalaka|Potalaka]]. Certain iconographic details vary from depiction to depiction, with some including a stand of bamboo before the bodhisattva, or a vase with willow branches, or [[Sudhana|Shancai]] and [[Longnü]] standing beside her as attendants.<ref name=":0"/>

[[File:Kwan Im statue Pematangsiantar.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Guanyin statue as pose of The Guanyin of the Southern Seas in [[Avalokitesvara]] Buddhist temple at [[Pematangsiantar]], [[North Sumatra]], Indonesia.]]
Similarly in Japan, several local manifestations of Guanyin, known there primarily as Kannon or, reflecting an older pronunciation, Kwannon, have also been developed natively, supplanting some Japanese deities, with some having been developed as late as the 20th century.  Some local forms include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/kannon.shtml|title=KANNON BODHISATTVA|access-date=17 November 2019|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117234223/http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/kannon.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

* Bokefuji Kannon – "Senility-healing Kannon". A 20th century invention by a religious goods manufacturer due to rising concern about senility and dementia. Depicted as a woman with small figures of an elderly man and woman at her feet.
* Jibo Kannon – "Compassionate-mother Kannon". Kannon as a woman holding an infant. Became especially popular in Japan when suppressed Christians used the image to represent the Virgin Mary and Christ Child.
* Koyasu Kannon – "Safe-childbirth Kannon". Kannon as a woman, holding or often nursing an infant. Predates Jibo Kannon by several centuries. Similarly used by Christians.
* Mizuko Kuyō Kannon – "New-born Memorial-service Kannon". (Mizuko Kuyō is a memorial service held for children who are born dead or die shortly after birth.) A woman surrounded by or holding several children. A 20th century development in response to aborted pregnancies as well as stillbirths and spontaneous pregnancy terminations.
* Maria Kannon – "Mary Kannon". A statue of the Virgin Mary disguised to look like a statue of Kannon. Often contains a Christian symbol, either obscured on the surface or hidden within the statue. Arose during a time when Christianity was proscribed during the Tokugawa shogunate.
* Yōkihi Kannon – "Yang Guifei Kannon" ([[Yang Guifei]] is read as "Yōkihi" in Japan). [[Yang Guifei]] was a famed Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] era beauty. Despite being depicted as an epitome of feminine beauty Yōkihi Kannon usually sport a moustache designed to desexualise the icon and demonstrate how the capacity for enlightenment does not depend upon a person's sex.
In Tibet, Guanyin is revered under the name Chenrezig. Unlike much of other East Asia Buddhism where Guanyin is usually portrayed as female or androgynous, Chenrezig is revered in male form. While similarities of the female form of Guanyin with the female buddha or boddhisattva [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] are noted—particularly the aspect of Tara called Green Tara—Guanyin is rarely identified with Tara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abuddhistlibrary.com/Buddhism/A%20-%20Tibetan%20Buddhism/Subjects/Tantra/Practices-%20%28Sadhanas%20and%20commentaries%29/Tara/Kuan%20Yin%20and%20Tara/KUAN%20YIN%20%26%20TARA.htm|title=Buddhist Library - Kuan Yin and Tara|website=A Buddhist Library|access-date=17 November 2019|archive-date=24 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124020926/http://www.abuddhistlibrary.com/Buddhism/A%20-%20Tibetan%20Buddhism/Subjects/Tantra/Practices-%20%28Sadhanas%20and%20commentaries%29/Tara/Kuan%20Yin%20and%20Tara/KUAN%20YIN%20%26%20TARA.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://buddhaweekly.com/guan-yin-ten-great-protections-goddess-mercy-avalokiteshvara-bodhisattva-compassion/|title=Guan Yin and the ten great protections of the Goddess of Mercy|website=Buddha Weekly|date=December 2018|access-date=17 November 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401213445/https://buddhaweekly.com/guan-yin-ten-great-protections-goddess-mercy-avalokiteshvara-bodhisattva-compassion/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Through Guanyin's identity as Avalokitesvara, she is a part of the ''padmakula'' (Lotus family) of buddhas. The buddha of the Lotus family is Amitābha, whose consort is Pāṇḍaravāsinī. Guanyin's female form is sometimes said to have been inspired by Pāṇḍaravāsinī.

==Association with vegetarianism==
Due to her symbolization of compassion, in [[East Asia]], Guanyin is associated with [[vegetarianism]]. [[Buddhist cuisine]] is generally decorated with her image and she appears in most Buddhist vegetarian pamphlets and magazines.<ref>{{cite book | title=A Brief History of the Immortals of Non-Hindu Civilizations | publisher=Notion Press | author=Shri Bhagavatananda Guru | year=2015 | pages=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fivepeaks.org/english/calendar/guanyin%20vegetarian.pdf|title=2020 Buddhist Calendar|access-date=2020-01-04|quote=shows the list of Guanyin Vegetarian Days Observed by Lay Practitioners in 2020.|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918222245/https://www.fivepeaks.org/english/calendar/guanyin%20vegetarian.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, there is a type of soil named after her that is known for its beneficial properties, such as preventing nausea and diarrhea. [[Chaoqi]] (Chinese: 炒祺/炒粸) is a traditional Chinese snack, consisting of dough pieces cooked in Guanyin Soil. The ingredients for Chaoqi dough are flour, eggs, sugar, and salt. Traditionally, it is flavored with five-spice powder, pepper leaf, and sesame, but it can also be flavored with brown sugar and jujube. The snack was traditionally taken on long journeys, as the soil helps preserve the dough.

==Role in East Asian Buddhism==
[[Image:Dongguan Guanyinshan.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Guanyin Shan (Guanyin Mountain) temple in [[Dongguan]], China.]]
In [[East Asian Buddhism]], Guanyin is the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. Among the Chinese, Avalokiteśvara is almost exclusively called ''Guanshiyin Pusa'' ({{lang|zh|觀世音菩薩}}). The Chinese translation of many Buddhist sutras has in fact replaced the Chinese transliteration of Avalokitesvara with ''Guanshiyin'' ({{lang|zh|觀世音}}). Some Taoist scriptures give her the title of ''Guanyin Dashi'', sometimes informally ''Guanyin Fozu''.

In Chinese culture, the popular belief and worship of Guanyin as a goddess by the populace is generally not viewed to be in conflict with the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara's nature. In fact the widespread worship of Guanyin as a "Goddess of Mercy and Compassion" is seen by Buddhists as the boundless salvific nature of bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara at work (in Buddhism, this is referred to as Guanyin's "skillful means", or [[upaya]]). The Buddhist canon states that bodhisattvas can assume whatsoever gender and form is needed to liberate beings from ignorance and [[dukkha]]. With specific reference to Avalokitesvara, he is stated both in the ''Lotus Sutra'' (Chapter 25 "Perceiver of the World's Sounds" or "Universal Gateway"), and the ''[[Śūraṅgama Sūtra]]'' to have appeared before as a woman or a goddess to save beings from suffering and ignorance. His salvific power is emphasized in various Chinese Buddhist rituals, such as the tantric [[Yujia Yankou]] rite, where the monastic performing the rite practices [[deity yoga]] with Guanyin as the [[yidam]] in order to facilitate the nourishment and ultimate liberation of all [[Sentient beings (Buddhism)|sentient beings]] in [[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|saṃsāra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lye, Hun Yeow, Department of Religious Studies, University of Virginia |title=Feeding Ghosts: A Study of the Yuqie Yankou Rite |url=https://libraetd.lib.virginia.edu/public_view/b8515n64w |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=libraetd.lib.virginia.edu}}</ref>

[[File:Status of Kuan Yin.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A Chinese [[Ming dynasty]] porcelain figure of Guanyin.]]
Guanyin is immensely popular among Chinese Buddhists, especially those from devotional schools. She is generally seen as a source of unconditional love and, more importantly, as a saviour. In her [[bodhisattva vow]], Guanyin promises to answer the cries and pleas of all sentient beings and to liberate them from their own karmic woes. Based on the Lotus Sutra and the Shurangama sutra, Avalokitesvara is generally seen as a saviour, both spiritually and physically. The sutras state that through his saving grace even those who have no chance of being enlightened can be enlightened, and those deep in negative karma can still find salvation through his compassion.
In [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]], gender is no obstacle to attaining enlightenment (or [[nirvana]]). The Buddhist concept of non-duality applies here. The ''[[Vimalakirti Sutra]]''{{'}}s "Goddess" chapter clearly illustrates an enlightened being who is also a female and deity. In the ''Lotus Sutra'', a maiden became enlightened in a very short time span. The view that Avalokiteśvara is also the goddess Guanyin does not seem contradictory to Buddhist beliefs. Guanyin has been a buddha called the "[[Tathāgata]] of Brightness of Correct [[Dharma]]" ({{lang|zh|正法明如來}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T20/1060_001.htm |script-title=zh:千手千眼觀世音菩薩廣大圓滿無礙大悲心陀羅尼經》 卷1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731011706/http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T20/1060_001.htm |archive-date=31 July 2013 |website=cbeta.org}}</ref>
[[File:Shrine to a statue of the Eleven-Headed Guanyin (十一面觀音 or 十一面观音; Shiyimian Guanyin) in Huayan Temple (華嚴寺 or 华严寺); Datong, Shanxi, China.jpg|thumb|286x286px|Shrine to a statue of Ekādaśamukha, or the Eleven-Faced Guanyin (''Shíyīmiàn Guānyīn'') in [[Huayan Temple (Datong)|Huayan Temple]] (華嚴寺); [[Datong]], [[Shanxi|Shanxi Province]], China.]]
In [[Pure Land Buddhism]], Guanyin is described as the "Barque of Salvation". Along with Amitābha and the bodhisattva [[Mahasthamaprapta]], she temporarily liberates beings out of the Wheel of Samsara into the Pure Land, where they will have the chance to accrue the necessary merit so as to be a Buddha in one lifetime. In Chinese Buddhist iconography, Guanyin is often depicted as meditating or sitting alongside one of the Buddhas and usually accompanied by another bodhisattva. The buddha and bodhisattva that are portrayed together with Guanyin usually follow whichever school of Buddhism they represent. In [[Pure Land Buddhism]], for example, Guanyin is frequently depicted on the left of Amitābha, while on the buddha's right is [[Mahasthamaprapta]]. Temples that revere the bodhisattva [[Ksitigarbha]] usually depict him meditating beside Amitābha and Guanyin.

Even among Chinese Buddhist schools that are non-devotional, Guanyin is still highly venerated. Instead of being seen as an active external force of unconditional love and salvation, the personage of Guanyin is highly revered as the principle of compassion, mercy and love. The act, thought and feeling of compassion and love is viewed as Guanyin. A merciful, compassionate, loving individual is said to be Guanyin. A meditative or contemplative state of being at peace with oneself and others is seen as Guanyin.

In the Mahayana canon, the ''[[Heart Sutra]]'' is ascribed entirely to Guanyin. This is unique, since most Mahayana Sutras are usually ascribed to [[Gautama Buddha]] and the teachings, deeds or vows of the bodhisattvas are described by Shakyamuni Buddha. In the ''Heart Sutra'', Guanyin describes to the [[arhat]] [[Sariputta]] the nature of reality and the essence of the Buddhist teachings. The famous Buddhist saying "Form is emptiness, emptiness is form" ({{lang|zh|色即是空，空即是色}}) comes from this sutra.

==Role in other Eastern religions==
{{see also|Hariti}}
[[File:Lahad-Datu Sabah Guan-Yin-Temple-01.jpg|thumb|A [[Chinese folk religion]] temple devoted primarily to the goddess Guanyin, in [[Lahad Datu]], [[Sabah]], Malaysia.|263x263px]]
[[File: 性命圭旨 觀音密呪圖.png|thumb|Guanyin's Esoteric Incantation 觀音密呪圖, 1615 ''[[Xingming guizhi]].'']]

Guanyin is an extremely popular goddess in [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Chinese Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]]. She is worshiped in many Chinese communities throughout East and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fjdh.com/wumin/HTML/82218.html  |script-title=zh:於君方：《偽經》與觀音信仰   |website=fjdh.com}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gywh.net/guanyin/xingxiang.shtml |script-title=zh:中國觀音文化促进會 观音形象 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311011104/http://www.gywh.net/guanyin/xingxiang.shtml |archive-date=11 March 2009  |website=gywh.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bzzz.china84000.com/Article/sjyj/200807/Article_10.html |script-title=zh:中国观音信仰的基本体系-宝藏杂志 |website=bzzz.china84000.com}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fjnet.com/fjlw/200811/t20081117_92282.htm |script-title=zh:信仰研究现状评析—李利安-学术论文-佛教在线 |website=fjnet.com |access-date=1 March 2013 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729020054/http://www.fjnet.com/fjlw/200811/t20081117_92282.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Taoism, records claim Guanyin was a Chinese woman who became an immortal, [[Cihang Zhenren]] in [[Shang dynasty]] or Xingyin ({{lang|zh|姓音}}).

Guanyin is revered in the general Chinese population due to her unconditional love and compassion. She is generally regarded by many as the protector of women and children, perhaps due to iconographic confusion with images of [[Hariti]]. By this association, she is also seen as a fertility goddess capable of granting children to couples. An old Chinese superstition involves a woman who, wishing to have a child, offers a shoe to Guanyin. In Chinese culture, a borrowed shoe sometimes is used when a child is expected. After the child is born, the shoe is returned to its owner along with a new pair as a thank you gift.<ref name=Dore>{{Cite book |title=Researches into Chinese Superstitions |last1=Doré S.J. |first1=Henry |translator-last=Kennelly |translator-first=M. |year=1914 |publisher=Tusewei Press |location=Shanghai |volume=I |page=[https://archive.org/details/researchesintoch01dor/page/2 2] |url=https://archive.org/details/researchesintoch01dor}}</ref>

Guanyin is also seen as the champion of the unfortunate, the sick, the weak, the needy, the disabled, the poor, and those in trouble. Some coastal and river areas of China regard her as the protector of fishermen, sailors, and generally people who are out at sea, thus many have also come to believe that [[Mazu]], the goddess of the sea, is a manifestation of Guanyin. Due to her association with the legend of the [[Flood Mythology of China|Great Flood]], where she sent down a [[dog in Chinese mythology|dog]] holding [[rice]] grains in its tail after the flood, she is worshiped as an agrarian and agriculture goddess. In some quarters, especially among business people and traders, she is looked upon as a goddess of fortune. In recent years there have been claims of her being the protector of air travelers.

Guanyin is also a ubiquitous figure found within [[new religious movement]]s of Asia:
* Within the Taiwan-based [[Yiguandao]], Guanyin is called the "Ancient Buddha of the South Sea" ({{lang|zh|南海古佛}}) and frequently appears in their ''[[fuji (planchette writing)|fuji]]''. Guanyin is sometimes confused with Yuehui Bodhisattva ({{lang|zh|月慧菩薩}}) due to their similar appearance despite the latter usually depicited holding a scroll instead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gaya.org.tw/magazine/v1/2005/64/64hk1.htm |script-title=zh:香光莊嚴第六十四期/歷史/觀音老母 |website=gaya.org.tw}}{{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref>
* Guanyin is called the "Ancient Buddha of the Holy Religion" ({{lang|zh|聖宗古佛}}) in [[Zaili teaching]] and [[Tiandi teachings]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://authority.ddbc.edu.tw/person/search.php?aid=A002803 |script-title=zh:人名規範資料庫 |website=authority.ddbc.edu.tw |access-date=5 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317085307/http://authority.ddbc.edu.tw/person/search.php?aid=A002803 |archive-date=17 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Zaili teaching, she is the main deity worshipped.
* [[Ching Hai]] initiates her followers a meditation method called the "Quan Yin Method" to achieve enlightenment; followers also revere Ching Hai as an incarnation of Guanyin.
* [[Shinji Shumeikai]] acknowledges Guanyin or Kannon in Japanese as the deity of compassion or the Goddess of Mercy, who was actively guiding the founder Meishusama and represents a middle way between Zen and Pure Land Buddhism.
* [[Caodaism]] considers Guanyin, known as "Quan Am Tathagata" (Quan Âm Như Lai), as a Buddha and a teacher. She represents Buddhist doctrines and traditions as one of the three major lines of Caodaist doctrines (Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism). She also symbolizes utmost patience, harmony, and compassion. According to her Divine messages via seances, her main role is to teach the Tao to female disciples, and guide them towards divinity. Another of her well-known role is to save people from extreme sufferings, e.g. fire, drowning, wrong accusation/ imprisonment, etc. There is even a prayer named "Salvation from sufferings" for followers to cite in dire conditions.

==Similarity to the Virgin Mary==
[[File:The Virgin Mary disguised as Kanon Japan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mary, mother of Jesus|The Virgin Mary]] disguised as [[Kannon]], [[Kakure Kirishitan]], 17th century. Salle des Martyrs, [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]].]]
[[File:Chinese Madonna. St. Francis' Church, Macao.jpg|thumb|Chinese Madonna. St. Francis' Church, [[Macao]].]]
Some Buddhist and Christian observers have commented on the similarity between Guanyin and [[Mary, mother of Jesus]]. This can be attributed to the representation of Guanyin holding a child in Chinese art and sculpture; it is believed that Guanyin is the patron saint of mothers and grants parents filial children, this apparition is popularly known as the "Child-Sending Guanyin" ({{lang|zh|送子觀音}}). One example of this comparison can be found in [[Tzu Chi]], a Taiwanese Buddhist humanitarian organisation, which noticed the similarity between this form of Guanyin and the Virgin Mary. The organisation commissioned a portrait of Guanyin holding a baby, closely resembling the typical Catholic [[Madonna and Child]] painting. Copies of this portrait are now displayed prominently in Tzu Chi affiliated medical centres, especially since Tzu Chi's founder is a Buddhist master and her supporters come from various religious backgrounds.

During the [[Edo period]] in Japan, when Christianity was banned and punishable by death, some underground Christian groups venerated Jesus and the Virgin Mary by disguising them as statues of Kannon holding a child; such statues are known as ''[[Kakure Kirishitan|Maria Kannon]]''. Many had a cross hidden in an inconspicuous location.
It is suggested{{by whom|date=August 2019}} the similarity comes from the conquest and colonization of the [[Philippines]] by Spain during the 16th century, when Asian cultures influenced engravings of the Virgin Mary, as evidenced, for example, in an ivory carving of the Virgin Mary by a Chinese carver.<ref>{{cite web |title=Victoria and Albert Museum, 2004 London Proms Performing Art Lecture with Christopher Cook and Marjorie Trusted |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/sculpture/audio_proms_talk/index.html |publisher=Vam.ac.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926021058/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/sculpture/audio_proms_talk/index.html |archive-date=26 September 2009}} (mp4 audio, requires Apple QuickTime).</ref>

The statue of Guanyin (Gwanse-eum) in Gilsangsa in [[Seoul]], South Korea was sculpted by Catholic sculptor Choi Jong-tae, who modeled the statue after the Virgin Mary in hopes of fostering religious reconciliation in Korean society.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seoul Tour Plus |url=http://www.visitseoul.net/file_save/ebook/Seoul_tour_plus/EN/Seoul_tour_plus_healing_eng.pdf |website=visitseoul.net/ |publisher=Seoul Tourism Organization |access-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204234527/http://www.visitseoul.net/file_save/ebook/Seoul_tour_plus/EN/Seoul_tour_plus_healing_eng.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Koehler |first1=Robert |title=Bodhisattva of Mercy, Gilsangsa Temple |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/68558939@N00/5707195482/ |website=Flickr.com |access-date=27 November 2014 |date=2011-05-10 |archive-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205172458/https://www.flickr.com/photos/68558939@N00/5707195482/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
{{in popular culture|date=November 2023}}

The 2013 Buddhist film ''[[Avalokitesvara (film)|Avalokitesvara]],'' tells the origins of [[Mount Putuo]], the famous pilgrimage site for Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva in China. The motion picture was filmed onsite on Mount Putuo and featured several segments where monks chant the Heart Sutra in Chinese and Sanskrit. [[Egaku]], the protagonist of the film, also chants the Heart Sutra in Japanese.<ref>{{cite AV media |script-title=zh:不肯去观音 |trans-title=Avalokitesvara |language=zh |quote=In the first five minutes, there are two chantings of the Heart Sutra.  The first time, Buddhist monks chant in Chinese blessing the making of a statue of Avalokitesvara bodhisattva for the benefit of a disabled prince. (The prince is later healed and becomes the future [[Emperor Xuānzong]].) The second time, we hear the singing of the mantra of the Sanskrit Heart Sutra in the background. Shortly after the [[Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī]] is chanted.  The Chinese version of the [[Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani Sutra#The Heart-dhāraṇī of Avalokiteśvara-ekadaśamukha|Eleven-Faced Guanyin Heart Dharani]] is also chanted. Egaku chants the Heart Sutra in Japanese in a later segment. The film is a loose retelling of the origin of Mount Putuo. |year=2013}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion|Arts}}

* [[Cihang Zhenren]], Taoist counterpart of Guanyin
* [[Kṣitigarbha]]
* [[Longnü]] and [[Sudhana]]
* [[Lotus Sutra]]
* [[Manjusri]]
* [[Queen Mother of the West]]
* [[Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)|Samantabhadra]]
* [[Tara (Buddhism)]]
* [[Saigoku Kannon Pilgrimage]]
* [[Mount Putuo]], sacred ground of Guanyin
* [[Quan Âm Pagoda (Ho Chi Minh City)]], Vietnam
* [[Cheng Hoon Teng Temple]], Malacca, Malaysia
* [[Kwan Im Thong Hood Cho Temple]], Singapore
* [[Wat Plai Laem]], [[Ko Samui]], Thailand
* [[Lin Fa Temple]], Hong Kong
* [[Kim Tek Ie Temple]], Jakarta, Indonesia
* [[Guanyin of Nanshan]], the [[List of tallest statues|fourteenth tallest statue in the world]]
* [[Tieguanyin]], a variety of [[oolong]] named after Guanyin
* [[Yujia Yankou]], an esoteric Chinese Buddhist ritual where Guanyin is the central figure

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=[[John Blofeld|Blofeld]] |first=John |title = Bodhisattva of Compassion. The Mystical Tradition of Kuan Yin |publisher=Shambhala |location = Boston, MA |year=1988 |isbn=0-87773-126-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Cahill |first = Susan E. |title = Transcendence & Divine Passion. The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China |publisher=Stanford University Press |location = Stanford, CA |year=1993  |isbn=0-8047-2584-5 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Leidy |first1=Denise Patry |last2=Strahan |first2=Donna |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/62659 |title=Wisdom embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York, NY |publisher=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1588393999 |access-date=10 March 2014 |archive-date=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094604/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/62659 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Ming |first=Kuan |title=Popular Deities of Chinese Buddhism |publisher=Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc |year=1985 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Martin |last2=Ramsay |first2=Jay |last3=Kwok |first3=Man-Ho |title=Kuan Yin. Myths and Prophecies of the Chinese Goddess of Compassion |publisher=Thorsons |location=San Francisco, CA |year=1995 |isbn=1-85538-417-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/kuanyinmythsreve00palm }}
* {{cite book |last=Pregadio |first=Fabrizio |title=The encyclopedia of Taoism, Volume 1 |year=2008 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-1200-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MioRmEq2xHUC }}
* {{cite book |last = Shi |first = Sheng-yen (釋聖嚴) |author-link = Sheng-yen |script-title=zh:觀世音菩薩 |trans-title=Guanshiyin Bodhisattva |location = Taipei, Taiwan, ROC |publisher=法鼓山文化中心 (Dharma Drum Cultural Center) |year=2015 |isbn=978-9867033031 |language=zh-Hant }}
* {{cite book |last = Stoddart |first = William |title = Outline of Buddhism |publisher = The Foundation for Traditional Studies |location = Oakton, VA |year = 1996 }}
* {{cite book |last = Studholme |first = Alexander|title = Origins of Om Manipadme Hum, The: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra |publisher = State University of New York Press |series = UPCC book collections on Project MUSE |year = 2012 |isbn = 978-0-7914-8848-5 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sxJWgldrIHoC }}
* {{cite book |last = Yu |first = Chun-fang |title = Kuan-yin, The Chinese Transformation of Avalokitesvara |publisher = Columbia University Press |location = New York, NY |year=2001 |isbn=0-231-12029-X }}
* {{cite book |last = Yun |first=Miao |title = Teachings in Chinese Buddhism: Selected Translation of Miao Yun |publisher = Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc |year=1995 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/kuanyin-txt.htm Buddhanet: Kuan Yin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184414/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/kuanyin-txt.htm |date=3 March 2016 }} Description on Kuan Yin
* [http://www.buddhismforkids.net/guanyin.html#features11-3z Guan Yin – the Buddha's Helper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221044557/http://www.buddhismforkids.net/guanyin.html#features11-3z |date=21 February 2020 }} Book on Guan Yin for children
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141113032056/http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/miao-sha.html Detailed history of Miao Shan] Legend of Miao Shan
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121130141729/http://www.baus.org/baus/library/ekye2.html Heart Sutra] Explanation on Kuan Yin and the Heart Sutra
* [[Lotus Sutra]]: [http://www.buddhistdoor.com/OldWeb/resources/sutras/lotus/sources/lotus25.htm Chapter 25. The universal door of Guanshi Yin Bodhisattva (The bodhisattva who contemplates the sounds of the world)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122152925/http://buddhistdoor.com/oldweb/resources/sutras/lotus/sources/lotus25.htm |date=22 January 2009 }} (Translated by The Buddhist Text Translation Society in USA)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607171336/http://www.fsu.edu/~arh/images/athanor/athxix/AthanorXIX_kim.pdf Sinicization of Buddhism – White Robe Guan Yin] – explanation of how Avalokiteshvara transformed into Guan Yin in Chinese Buddhism
* [http://www.cttbusa.org/shurangama5/shurangama5_12.asp Surangama Sutra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214085246/http://www.cttbusa.org/shurangama5/shurangama5_12.asp |date=14 February 2015 }} English translation of Chapter 5 "The Ear Organ" which mentions Guan Yin.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090812031043/http://surangama.drba.org/ The Śūraṅgama Sūtra: A New Translation] by Buddhist Text Translation Society. Chapter 6 details Kuan Yin's powers. 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060614021001/http://taipei.tzuchi.org.tw/tzquart/99spring/qp99-11.htm Tzu-Chi organisation: Kuan Yin, Buddhist perspective]

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{{Chinese Buddhist Pantheon}}
{{Bodhisattvas}}
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