Editing Gyeongju

{{Short description|City in North Gyeongsang, South Korea}}
{{About||the 2014 South Korean film|Gyeongju (film)|the given name|Kyung-ju (name)}}
{{redirect|Geumseong}}
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{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = Gyeongju
| native_name              = {{lang|ko|경주시}}
| settlement_type          = [[Cities of South Korea|Municipal City]]
| translit_lang1           = Korean
| translit_lang1_type1     = [[Hangul]]
| translit_lang1_info1     = {{lang|ko|경주시}}
| translit_lang1_type2     = [[Hanja]]
| translit_lang1_info2     = {{lang|ko|慶州市}}
| translit_lang1_type3     = {{nowrap|Revised Romanization}}
| translit_lang1_info3     = Gyeongju-si
| translit_lang1_type4     = {{nowrap|McCune–Reischauer}}
| translit_lang1_info4     = Kyŏngju-si
| image_skyline            = Gyeongju montage.png
| imagesize                = 250px
| image_caption            = '''Top left''': [[Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond]]; '''Top right''': [[Bell of King Seongdeok]]; '''middle left''': [[Seokguram]]; '''middle right''':[[Bulguksa]] temple; '''bottom left''': [[Yangdong Folk Village]]; '''bottom right''': [[Cheomseongdae]].
| image_alt                = A collage of six photographs of Gyeongju landmarks.
| image_map                = North Gyeongsang-Gyeongju.svg
| mapsize                  = 
| map_caption              = Location in South Korea
| map_alt                  = A region on an east coast is divided into 23 districts, with the southern coastal district highlighted.
| subdivision_type         = Country
| subdivision_name         = {{KOR}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[Regions of Korea|Region]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[North Gyeongsang Province]]
| population_blank1_title  = Dialect
| population_blank1        = [[Gyeongsang dialect|Gyeongsang]]
| population_demonym       = Gyeongjuite
| area_total_km2           = 1324.39
| population_as_of         = September 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jumin.mois.go.kr/|title=Population statistics |date=2024|website=Korea Ministry of the Interior and Safety}}</ref>
| population_total         = 245,365
| population_density_km2   = 212
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = 57 BC
<!-- government type, leaders -->
| government_footnotes    = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = mayor
| leader_name          = Ju Nak-young ({{Korean|hangul=주낙영|labels=no}})<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gyeongju.go.kr/mayor/page.do?mnu_uid=1389& |title=gyeongju mayor   |date=2024|website=gyeongju City }}</ref>
| leader_title1           =
| leader_name1            = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 -->
| parts_type               = [[Administrative divisions of South Korea|Administrative divisions]]
| parts                    = 4 ''eup'', 8 ''myeon'', 11 ''dong'', 305 ''ri''
| coordinates              = {{coord|35|51|N|129|13|E|type:city_region:KR-47|display=it}}
| image_blank_emblem       = Gyeongju logo.png
| blank_emblem_type        = Emblem of Gyeongju
| blank_emblem_alt         = A simplified crown in olive green on a nearly cube-shaped background in dark blue. White dots are scattered around the crown. Two gray green bars are both vertically and horizontally placed beside the diagram.
| website                  = [http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/open_content/eng/index.do City of Gyeongju]
| image_flag               = Flag of Gyeongju.svg
<!-- time zone(s) -------------->
| timezone1               = [[Korea Standard Time]]
| utc_offset1             = +9
| timezone1_DST           =
| utc_offset1_DST         =
| area_code                = +82-54
| founded                  = 57 BC
}}
'''Gyeongju''' ({{langx|ko|경주}}, {{IPA|ko|kjʌ̹ŋ.dʑu|pron}}), historically known as '''Seorabeol''' ({{langx|ko|서라벌|label=none}}, {{IPA|ko|sʰʌ̹.ɾa̠.bʌɭ|pron}}), is a coastal city in the far southeastern corner of [[North Gyeongsang Province]], South Korea.<ref name="EncyKorea Gyeongju 1">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=296984&v=44 |script-title=ko:경주시 |trans-title=Gyeongju-si |publisher=[[Nate (web portal)|Nate]] / [[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610070044/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=296984&v=44 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref><ref name="Xinhua">{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-10/18/content_3640593.htm |title=S. Korean, US presidents to meet before APEC summit |publisher=[[Xinhua News]] |date=2005-10-18 |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102143053/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-10/18/content_3640593.htm |archive-date=2012-11-02 }}</ref> It is the second largest city by area in the province after [[Andong]], covering {{convert|1324|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} with a population of 264,091 people {{As of|2012|December|lc=y}}.<ref name="EncyKorea Gyeongju 1" /><ref name="Gyeongbuk area">{{cite web|url=http://population.city/south-korea/gyeongju/|title=Population Gyeongju|year=2015|website=Population City|language=en}}</ref> Gyeongju is {{convert|370|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Seoul]],<ref name="Brisbane">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kgsAQAAMAAJ&q=Gyeongju+is+an+approximate+6+hour+(37lkm)+drive+from+Seoul|title=The Expatriate Handbook: Seoul, Korea|last=De Ville-Colby|first=Jacqueline|date=2018-04-24|publisher=Hollym|isbn=9781565910461|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref> and {{convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Daegu]].<ref name="Kyŏngju">{{cite web|year=2009 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/326010/Kyongju |title=Kyŏngju |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref> The city borders [[Cheongdo]] and [[Yeongcheon]] to the west, [[Ulsan]] to the south and [[Pohang]] to the north, while to the east lies the coast of the [[Sea of Japan]].<ref name="EncyKorea Gyeongju 1" /> Numerous low mountains—outliers of the [[Taebaek Mountains|Taebaek range]]—are scattered around the city.<ref name="EncyKorea Nature">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008021 |script-title=ko:경주시의 자연환경 |trans-title=Natural environment of Gyeongju |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054017/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008021 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref>

Gyeongju was the capital of the ancient kingdom of [[Silla]] (57 BC – 935 AD), which ruled about two-thirds of the Korean peninsula at its height between the 7th and 9th centuries, for close to one thousand years. [[Later Silla]] was a prosperous and wealthy country,<ref>{{cite book|last1=MacGregor|first1=Neil|title=A History of the World in 100 Objects|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9780141966830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3mUtaSxCncC&pg=PT408|access-date=30 September 2016|language=en|date=2011-10-06}}</ref> and Gyeongju<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chŏng|first1=Yang-mo|last2=Smith|first2=Judith G.|last3=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.)|title=Arts of Korea|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=9780870998508|page=230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnaiYKYmQegC&pg=PA230|access-date=30 September 2016|language=en|year=1998}}</ref> was{{When|date=August 2023}} the fourth largest city in the world.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Edward B.|last=Adams|title=The Legacy of Kyongju|journal=The Rotarian|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28|access-date=23 June 2018|language=en|date=April 1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ross|first1=Alan|title=After Pusan|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=9780571299355|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bur02Vwn9jgC&pg=PT20|access-date=30 September 2016|language=en|date=2013-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Mason |first1=David A. |title=Gyeongju, Korea's treasure house |url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Column/view?articleId=109953 |website=[[Korea.net]] |publisher=[[Korean Culture and Information Service]] |access-date=30 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003092928/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Column/view?articleId=109953 |archive-date=3 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Adams|first1=Edward Ben|title=Korea's pottery heritage|publisher=Seoul International Pub. House|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riLrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kyongju+City+became+one+of+the+most+influential+centers+of+Asia+and+fourth+largest+city+in+the+ancient+world+during+this+period%22|access-date=30 September 2016|language=en|year=1990|isbn=9788985113069}}</ref> A vast number of archaeological sites and cultural properties from this period remain in the city. Gyeongju is often referred to as "the museum without walls".<ref>Robinson et al. 2007. p.187</ref><ref name="Travel Blackboard">{{cite news|date=2005-03-04 |url=http://www.etravelblackboard.com/showarticle.asp?id=35779&nav=13&suc=&cid=&email=&news= |title=Spring into Korea's Cultural Festivals |publisher=Travel Blackboard |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref> Among such historical treasures, [[Seokguram]] grotto, [[Bulguksa]] temple, [[Gyeongju Historic Areas]] and [[Yangdong Folk Village]] are designated as [[World Heritage]] Sites by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web|year=2009 |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/kr |title=Korea, Republic of |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=2010-08-22}}</ref><ref name="Yangdong 2010">{{cite web|title=Gyeongju Yangdong Folk Village (UNESCO World Heritage)|url=http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=804281|publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]]|access-date=2010-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060325/http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=804281|archive-date=2013-10-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> The many major historical sites have helped Gyeongju become one of the most popular [[Tourism in South Korea|tourist destinations in South Korea]].<ref name="Kyŏngju" /><ref>{{cite web|date=2009-05-05 |url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/05/05/2009050500290.html |title=Insa-dong Rivals Jeju as Most Popular Tourist Spot |publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |access-date=2009-08-04}}</ref>

The city of Gyeongju was united with the nearby rural Gyeongju County in 1995 and is now an urban–rural complex.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lee, Jae Won |author2=Lee, Man Hyung |year=1997 |url=http://kocer.re.kr/files/UrbanStudies/3th/US3-05.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5jSRCuERz?url=http://kocer.re.kr/files/UrbanStudies/3th/US3-05.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-09-01 |title=Urban-Rural Integration Conflicts After 1994's Reform in Korea |journal=Dosi Yeongu, Korea Center for City and Environment Research |pages=103–121 |volume=3 |access-date=2009-08-31 }}</ref> It is similar to 53 other small and medium-sized cities with a population under 300,000 people in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Yun, Daesic |author2=Hwang, Junghoon |author3=Moon, Changkeun |date=June 2008 |language=ko |url=http://168.126.177.50/pub/docu/kr/AD/BC/ADBC2008SAB/ADBC-2008-SAB-007.PDF |title=A Study on Analysis of Mode Choice Characteristics and Travel Pattern in Urban-Rural Integrated City |access-date=2009-09-15 |publisher=Korea Research Institute For Human Settlements |page=118 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105231753/http://168.126.177.50/pub/docu/kr/AD/BC/ADBC2008SAB/ADBC-2008-SAB-007.PDF |archive-date=2012-01-05 }}</ref> As well as its rich historical heritage, Gyeongju today is affected by the economic, demographic, and social trends that have shaped modern [[Culture of South Korea|South Korean culture]]. Tourism remains the major economic driver, but manufacturing activities have developed due to its proximity to major industrial centers such as Ulsan and Pohang. Gyeongju is connected to the nationwide rail and highway networks, which facilitate industrial and tourist traffic.<ref name="Industry">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008027 |script-title=ko:경주시의 산업·교통 |trans-title=Industry and Transportation of Gyeongju |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |access-date=2009-09-15 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610060922/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008027 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref><ref name="Brit Transport">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=1010600 |script-title=ko:경주시 산업과 교통 |trans-title=Industry and transport of Gyeongju |publisher=Nate / Britannica |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610062429/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=1010600 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref><ref name="Tamásy">Tamásy & Taylor, (2008) p.129</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Gyeongju}}The early history of Gyeongju is closely tied to that of the [[Silla]] kingdom, of which it was the capital. Gyeongju first enters non-Korean records as [[Saro-guk]], during the [[Samhan]] period.<ref name="EncyKorea History" /> Korean records, probably based on the dynastic chronicles of Silla, record that Saro-guk was established in 57 BCE, when six small villages in the Gyeongju area united under [[Bak Hyeokgeose of Silla|Bak Hyeokgeose]]. As the kingdom expanded, it changed its name to Silla.<ref name="EncyKorea Silla">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=284393&v=42 |script-title=ko:신라 (新羅) |trans-title=Silla |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054427/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=284393&v=42 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> During the Silla period, the city was called "Seorabeol" (this toponym would eventually evolve into a Korean word for "capital city" as in [[Seoul]]),<ref name="EncyKorea History">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008022 |script-title=ko:경주시의 역사 |trans-title=History of Gyeongju |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054335/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008022 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> "Gyerim" (lit. Rooster's forest), or "Geumseong" (lit. City of Gold or Metal ''i.e.'' Impenetrable Fortress).<ref name="Lee KB p.78">Lee, Ki-baek, (1984), p.78</ref>

After the [[Unified Silla#Unification|unification of the peninsula]] up to [[Taedong River]]<ref>Robinson et al. 2007. p.26</ref> in 668 AD, Gyeongju became the center of Korean political and cultural life.<ref name="Robinson et al. 2007. p.28">Robinson et al. 2007. p.28</ref> The city was home to the Silla court and the great majority of the kingdom's elite. Its prosperity became legendary, and was reported as far away as [[Persia]] according to the 9th century book ''[[Book of Roads and Kingdoms (ibn Khordadbeh)|The Book of Roads and Kingdoms]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjklDwAAQBAJ&q=persians+in+gyeongju&pg=PA64|title=Gyeongju: The Capital of Golden Silla|author=Milledge Nelson|first=Sarah|date=17 February 2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=2018-04-24|isbn=9781317237938|language=en}}</ref> The historical text ''[[Samguk yusa]]'' give the city's population in its peak period{{When|date=August 2023}} as 178,936 households,<ref name="Lee KB p.78" /> suggesting that the total population was almost one million.<ref name="nfm.go.kr">{{cite web|url=http://www.nfm.go.kr/exhi/e2_1kor_02.jsp |script-title=ko:제 1전시 한민족 생활사 |trans-title=Exhibition Hall 1, History of Korean People |publisher=[[National Museum of Korea]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019024528/http://www.nfm.go.kr/exhi/e2_1kor_02.jsp |archive-date=2015-10-19 }}</ref><ref name="Breen 82">Breen (1999), p.82</ref><ref>{{Cite episode |url=http://www.kbs.co.kr/history_old/review_txt/981219.txt |series=역사스페셜 (History Special) |series-no=9 |transcript=Transcript |transcript-url=http://cgi.kbs.co.kr/cgi/ram/hisspecial/981128.rm |script-title=ko:신라의 왕궁은 어디에 있었나? |trans-title=Where was the royal palace of Silla? |network=[[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]] |location=[[Seoul]], South Korea |credits=Presenters: [[Yu In-chon]] |station=[[KBS 1TV]] |airdate=1998-12-19 |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804025759/http://www.kbs.co.kr/history_old/review_txt/981219.txt |archive-date=2012-08-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many of Gyeongju's most famous sites date from this [[Unified Silla]] period, which ended in the beginning of 10th century by [[Goryeo]] (918–1392).<ref name="EncyKorea History" /><ref name="EncyKorea Silla" />[[File:King Kyungsoon of Silla 2.jpg|thumb|alt=|A portrait of the last king of Silla, [[Gyeongsun of Silla|King Gyeongsun]] (r. 927–935). After his surrender to [[Taejo of Goryeo|King Taejo]], Gyeongju lost its status as capital city.]]

In 940, the founder of Goryeo, [[Taejo of Goryeo|King Taejo]], changed the city's name to "Gyeongju",<ref name="Kim, Chang-hyun p.1-6">Kim, Chang-hyun, (2008), pp.1–6</ref> which literally means "Congratulatory district".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://handic.nate.com/dicsearch/view.html?o=2&i=1026494 |script-title=ko:慶州 경주 |trans-title=Gyeongju |publisher=Nate Hanja Dictionary |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155140/http://handic.nate.com/dicsearch/view.html?o=2&i=1026494 |archive-date=2011-07-14 }}</ref> In 987, as Goryeo introduced a system in which three additional capitals were established in politically important provinces outside Gaegyeong (nowadays [[Kaesong]]), and Gyeongju was designated as "Donggyeong" ("East Capital"). However, that title was removed in 1012, the third year of [[Hyeonjong of Goryeo|King Hyeongjong]]'s reign, due to political rivalries at that time,<ref name="Kim, Chang-hyun p.1-6" /><ref>Lee, (1984), pp. 115–116</ref> though Gyeongju was later made the seat of [[Yeongnam]] Province.<ref name="EncyKorea History" /> It had jurisdiction over a wide area, including much of central eastern Yeongnam,<ref name="EncyKorea History" /> although this area was greatly reduced in the 13th century.<ref name="Kim, Chang-hyun p.1-6" /> Under the subsequent [[Joseon]] (1392–1910) dynasties, Gyeongju was no longer of national importance, but remained a regional center of influence.<ref name="EncyKorea History" /> In 1601, the city ceased to be the provincial capital.<ref name="Doosan History">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLKXBAAAQBAJ&q=gyeongju+1601+provincial+capital&pg=PT301|title=Michelin Green Guide South Korea|date=January 2012|isbn=9782067182554|language=en|access-date=2018-04-24|author1=Michelin|publisher=Michelin Travel & Lifestyle }}</ref>

Over these centuries, the city suffered numerous assaults. In the 13th century, [[Mongols|Mongol]] forces destroyed a nine-story wooden pagoda at [[Hwangnyongsa]].<ref name="EncyKorea History" /><ref>Lee (1984), p. 149.</ref> During the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)|Japanese invasions of Korea]], the Gyeongju area became a heated battlefield,<ref name="EncyKorea History" /> and Japanese forces burned the wooden structures at [[Bulguksa]].<ref>Lee (1984), p. 214.</ref><ref name="Guardian Cole">{{cite news|author=Cole, Teresa Levonian |date=2003-10-11 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2003/oct/11/southkorea.guardiansaturdaytravelsection?page=2 |title=My brilliant Korea |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref> Not all damage was due to invasions, however. In the early Joseon period, a great deal of damage was done to Buddhist sculptures on [[Namsan (Gyeongju)|Namsan]] by [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian]] radicals, who hacked arms and heads off [[Statue|statuary]].<ref>Kookmin University (2004), p. 27.</ref>

In the 20th century, the city remained relatively small, no longer ranking among the major cities of Korea.<ref name="KBS Kim Dong-ni">{{cite web|date=2006-03-29 |url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/korean/culturenlife/culturenlife_tour_detail.htm?No=1109 |script-title=ko:경주의 이야기꾼, 김동리 |trans-title=Gyeongju's storyteller, Kim Dong-ni |publisher=[[KBS (Korea)|KBS]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030025652/http://world.kbs.co.kr/korean/culturenlife/culturenlife_tour_detail.htm?No=1109 |archive-date=October 30, 2010 }}</ref> During the early 20th century, many archaeological excavations were conducted, particularly inside the tombs which had remained largely intact over the centuries.<ref>{{cite news|author=Lee, Kyong-hee |date=2009-07-22 |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2907709 |title=Ancient Silla armor comes to light|publisher= [[JoongAng Daily]] |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref> A museum, the forerunner of the present-day [[Gyeongju National Museum]], was inaugurated in 1915 to exhibit the excavated artifacts.<ref name="EncyKorea Museum">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=285685&v=43 |script-title=ko:국립경주박물관 (國立慶州博物館) |trans-title=Gyeongju National Museum |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054458/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=285685&v=43 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref>

Gyeongju emerged as a railroad junction in the later years of the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation]], as the [[Donghae Nambu Line]] and [[Jungang line]] were established in preparation for the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and to exploit the rich resources of the eastern part of the Korean peninsula.<ref name="Donghae Nambu Line">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=256250&v=44 |script-title=ko:동해남부선 (東海南部線) |trans-title=Donaghae Nambu Line |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054629/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=256250&v=44 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref><ref name="Junagang Line">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=257442&v=42 |script-title=ko:중앙선 (中央線) |trans-title=Donaghae Nambu Line |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054750/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=257442&v=42 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> Following liberation in 1945, Korea was plunged into turmoil, and Gyeongju was no exception. Returnees from abroad were numerous; a village for them was constructed in present-day [[Dongcheon-dong, Gyeongju|Dongcheon-dong]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Soyoung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpanKmU_ckYC&q=Dongcheon-dong&pg=PA16 |title=Silla: Korea's Golden Kingdom |last2=Leidy |first2=Denise Patry |year=2013 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=9781588395023 |language=en |author-link=Soyoung Lee}}</ref> In a period marked by widespread conflict and unrest, the Gyeongju area became particularly notorious for the level of [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] activity in the mountains.<ref>Cumings, (1997), p.244.</ref>

Despite the outbreak of the [[Korean War]] in 1950, most of Gyeongju was spared from the fighting, and remained under South Korean control throughout the conflict. However, for a brief time in late 1950 portions of the city stood on the front lines, as North Korean forces pushed the [[Battle of Pusan Perimeter|Pusan Perimeter]] southward from Pohang.<ref>Cumings, (1997), p.275.</ref>

In the 1970s, Korea saw substantial industrial development, much of it centered in the Yeongnam region of which Gyeongju is a part.<ref name="Lee, Sungkyun">{{cite journal|url=http://www.ekoreajournal.net/upload/html/HTML4414.html |author=Lee, Sungkyun |title=Economic Change and Regional Development Disparities in the 1990s in Korea |journal=[[Korea Journal]] |date=Spring 2004 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=75–102 |access-date=2009-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614035041/http://www.ekoreajournal.net/upload/html/HTML4414.html |archive-date=June 14, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Kim, Won Bae">{{cite journal|url=http://www.ekoreajournal.net/upload/html/HTML4323.html |author=Kim, Won Bae |title=The Evolution of Regional Economic Disparities in Korea |journal=[[Korea Journal]] |date=Summer 2003 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=55–80 |access-date=2009-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614035108/http://www.ekoreajournal.net/upload/html/HTML4323.html |archive-date=June 14, 2011 }}</ref> The [[POSCO]] steel mill in neighboring Pohang commenced operations in 1973,<ref>Sundaram, (2003), p.58</ref> and the chemical manufacturing complex in Ulsan emerged in the same year.<ref>Cherry, (2001) p.41</ref> These developments helped to support the emergence of Gyeongju's manufacturing sector.<ref name="Industry" />

== Geography and climate ==
[[File:Korea-Gyeongju-Seokguram-13.jpg|thumb|alt=A distant view of a wooden shrine surrounded by a thick forest on the slopes of a mountain in autumn.|[[Seokguram]] grotto on the slopes of [[Tohamsan]]<ref>Kang and Lee (2006), p.59</ref>]]

Gyeongju lies in the southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang Province, and is bounded by the metropolitan city of [[Ulsan]] on the south. Within the province, its neighbors include [[Pohang]] on the north, [[Cheongdo County]] on the southwest, and [[Yeongcheon]] on the northwest.<ref name="EncyKorea Gyeongju 1" /> Gyeongju is located about {{convert|50|km|mi|sp=us}} north of [[Busan]].<ref name="Xinhua" /> To the east, it has no neighbor but the sea.<ref name="EncyKorea Gyeongju 1" />

Most of Gyeongju lies in the [[Gyeongsang Basin]], but a few areas of the city belong to the [[Pohang Basin]], such as Eoil-ri and Beomgok-ri in [[Yangbuk-myeon]], and part of [[Cheonbuk-myeon, Gyeongju|Cheonbuk-myeon]]. The Gyeongsang Basin areas consist of Bulguksa intrusive rock penetrating layers of [[sedimentary rock]]s, mainly [[granite]] and [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]]. By contrast, the Pohang Basin areas are made up of [[stratum]] that formed in the [[Tertiary]] period of the [[Cenozoic era]], which consists of [[igneous rock]], [[aqueous rock]], porphyry, [[sandstone]], and [[tuff]].<ref name="Encyber City">{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=11233&contentno=11233 |title=경주시 Gyeongju-si 慶州市 |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-08 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Low mountains are widespread throughout Gyeongju. The highest of these are the [[Taebaek Mountains]], which run along the city's western border. Gyeongju's highest point, [[Munboksan]] ({{Korean|hangul=문복산|labels=no}}), is {{convert|1015|m|ft|sp=us}} above [[sea level]]. This peak lies in [[Sannae-myeon, Gyeongju|Sannae-myeon]], on the border with [[Cheongdo County|Cheongdo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=237482&v=43 |script-title=ko:문복산 (文福山) |trans-title=Munbok Mountain (''Munboksan'') |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054032/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=237482&v=43 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> East of the Taebaek range, other western peaks such as Danseok Mountain lie within the [[Jusa Mountains|Jusa]] subrange.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=234633 |script-title=ko:경주부산성 (慶州富山城) |trans-title=Gyeongju Busanseong |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054221/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=234633 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> The city's eastern peaks, including [[Tohamsan]], belong to the Haean Mountains and [[Dongdae Mountains]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=244809&v=44 |script-title=ko:토함산 (吐含山 ) |trans-title=Toham Mountain (''Tohamsan'') |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054236/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=244809&v=44 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=109267&contentno=109267 |script-title=ko:양북면 Yangbuk-myeon 陽北面 |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:Korea-Gyeongju-Map of mountains and drainage-02.png|thumb|alt=A river runs from south to north through the region, draining most of it. Half the tallest mountains are on the southern border; other mountains are mostly in the west, clustered in the northwest.|Principal mountains and drainage patterns of Gyeongju. Mountains of {{convert|500|to|700|m|ft|abbr=on}} are in green, those taller than {{convert|700|m|ft|abbr=on}} in violet. The rest three in gray are under {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}}.]]
Gyeongju's drainage patterns are shaped by these lines of mountains.<ref name="EncyKorea Nature" /> The Dongdae Mountains divide a narrow foothills area on their east, and various internal river systems to the west. Most of the city's interior is drained by the small [[Hyeongsan River]], which flows north from Ulsan and meets the sea at Pohang Harbor. The Hyeongsan's chief tributaries include the Bukcheon and Namcheon, which join it in [[Gyeongju Basin]].<ref name="EncyKorea Nature" />
The southwestern corner of Gyeongju, on the far side of the Taebaek range, drains into the [[Geumho River]], which then flows into the [[Nakdong River|Nakdong]]. A small area of the south, just west of the Dongdae range, drains into the [[Taehwa River]], which flows into the Bay of Ulsan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=244800 |script-title=ko:태화강 (太和江) |trans-title=Taehwa River |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054300/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=244800 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=247864 |script-title=ko:형산강지구대 (兄山江地溝帶) |trans-title=Hyeongsan River Rift Valley |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054318/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=247864 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref>

The Gyeongju coastline runs for {{convert|36.1|km|mi|sp=us}} between [[Pohang]] in the north and [[Ulsan]] in the south.<ref name="2008 Tonggye 2">{{cite web |url=http://gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/2.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5iEKQTnlY?url=http://gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-07-13 |script-title=ko:2008년도 경주시 통계연보 : 2.토지 및 기후 |trans-title=Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008 : 2. Land and weather |publisher=Gyeongju City |date=August 2008 |access-date=2009-07-13 }}</ref> There are no islands or large bays, only the small [[Alcove (architecture)|indentations]] made by the small streams flowing off the Dongdae ridgeline. Because of this, the city has no significant ports, though there are 12 small harbors.<ref name="gyeongju1">{{cite web|url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/industry/agriculture/info.asp?main=5&sub=1&cor=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613162052/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/industry/agriculture/info.asp?main=5&sub=1&cor=5|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-06-13|work=Gyeongju City website|script-title=ko:농축수산 |trans-title=Agriculture, Livestock industry, and Fisheries |access-date=2009-07-07 |language=ko}}</ref> One such harbor in Gyeongju's southeast corner is home to the Ulsan base of the National Maritime Police. This base is responsible for security over a wide area of South Korea's east-central coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coast.kcg.go.kr/english/intro/greet.asp |title=Greeting |publisher=The National Maritime Police |access-date=2009-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328044837/http://coast.kcg.go.kr/english/intro/greet.asp |archive-date=March 28, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Lee, Gil-Beom |date=2009-03-09|url=http://coast.kcg.go.kr/english/sea/diff_send.asp |title=Main Operations |publisher=The National Maritime Police|access-date=2009-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621224746/http://coast.kcg.go.kr/english/sea/diff_send.asp <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2009-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ulsan.kcg.go.kr/intro/intro.asp |script-title=ko:경찰서소개 |trans-title=Introduction of the police |publisher=Ulsan Coast Guard, Korea |access-date=2009-08-05 |quote={{lang|ko|울산광역시 북구 신명동으로부터 부산광역시 기장군 공수리까지 해안선과 어업자원보호선을 연결한 해역}} |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207121709/http://ulsan.kcg.go.kr/intro/intro.asp |archive-date=February 7, 2005 }}</ref>

===Climate===
Gyeongju has a cooler version of a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa''). Due to its coastal location, Gyeongju has a slightly milder climate than the more inland regions of Korea. In general, however, the city's climate is typical of South Korea. It has hot summers and cool winters, with a [[monsoon]] season between late June and early August. As on the rest of Korea's east coast, autumn [[typhoon]]s are not uncommon. The average annual rainfall is {{convert|1091|mm|in|sp=us|1}}, and the average annual high temperatures range from {{convert|8.6|-|31.1|°C|°F|0}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inFrame.asp?how_chk=&hdnPage=&Kwa01Code=&s_sy=&s_sm=&s_ey=&s_em=&SearchType=&SearchString=&reqNum=&vDiscrNo=&name=&result=&discrHash=&PCODE=A0105&main=1&sub=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613162102/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inFrame.asp?how_chk=&hdnPage=&Kwa01Code=&s_sy=&s_sm=&s_ey=&s_em=&SearchType=&SearchString=&reqNum=&vDiscrNo=&name=&result=&discrHash=&PCODE=A0105&main=1&sub=5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-06-13 |publisher=Gyeongju City website|script-title=ko:위치와 자연지리 |trans-title=Location and geography |access-date=2009-07-13 |language=ko}}</ref>

Gyeongju's historic city center lies on the banks of the Hyeongsan in Gyeongju Basin. This low-lying area has been subject to repeated [[flood]]ing throughout recorded history, often as a result of typhoons. On average, chronicles report a major flood every 27.9 years, beginning in the 1st century.<ref>Kang (2002), p. 6.</ref> Modern flood control mechanisms brought about a dramatic reduction in flooding in the later 20th century. The last major flood occurred in 1991, when the Deokdong Lake reservoir overflowed due to [[1991 Pacific typhoon season#Typhoon Gladys|Typhoon Gladys]].<ref>Kang (2002), p. 5.</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Gyeongju (2011–2020 normals, extremes 2010–present)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y

| Jan record high C = 16.8
| Feb record high C = 24.2
| Mar record high C = 26.6
| Apr record high C = 32.5
| May record high C = 36.2
| Jun record high C = 36.5
| Jul record high C = 39.7
| Aug record high C = 39.8
| Sep record high C = 35.1
| Oct record high C = 31.5
| Nov record high C = 29.4
| Dec record high C = 19.3
| year record high C = 39.8

| Jan high C = 5.9
| Feb high C = 8.4
| Mar high C = 14.4
| Apr high C = 19.7
| May high C = 25.7
| Jun high C = 27.7
| Jul high C = 30.6
| Aug high C = 31.4
| Sep high C = 26.2
| Oct high C = 21.6
| Nov high C = 15.3
| Dec high C = 7.7
| year high C = 19.6

| Jan mean C = 0.3
| Feb mean C = 2.3
| Mar mean C = 7.4
| Apr mean C = 12.7
| May mean C = 18.4
| Jun mean C = 21.9
| Jul mean C = 25.4
| Aug mean C = 25.9
| Sep mean C = 20.5
| Oct mean C = 14.8
| Nov mean C = 8.7
| Dec mean C = 1.9
| year mean C = 13.4

| Jan low C = -4.7
| Feb low C = -3.1
| Mar low C = 1.0
| Apr low C = 6.0
| May low C = 11.7
| Jun low C = 17.0
| Jul low C = 21.4
| Aug low C = 21.9
| Sep low C = 16.2
| Oct low C = 9.3
| Nov low C = 3.0
| Dec low C = -3.2
| year low C = 8.0

| Jan record low C = -14.7
| Feb record low C = -13.4
| Mar record low C = -6.6
| Apr record low C = -3.0
| May record low C = 1.9
| Jun record low C = 10.2
| Jul record low C = 14.9
| Aug record low C = 14.0
| Sep record low C = 7.0
| Oct record low C = -0.6
| Nov record low C = -6.6
| Dec record low C = -11.7
| year record low C = -14.7

| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 32.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 30.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 59.7
| Apr precipitation mm = 96.1
| May precipitation mm = 55.3
| Jun precipitation mm = 100.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 190.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 191.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 194.1
| Oct precipitation mm = 108.2
| Nov precipitation mm = 37.8
| Dec precipitation mm = 24.4
| year precipitation mm = 1121.2

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 5.1
| Feb precipitation days = 6.8
| Mar precipitation days = 7.6
| Apr precipitation days = 9.8
| May precipitation days = 7.7
| Jun precipitation days = 9.6
| Jul precipitation days = 12.8
| Aug precipitation days = 13.7
| Sep precipitation days = 12.2
| Oct precipitation days = 6.7
| Nov precipitation days = 6.8
| Dec precipitation days = 5.4
| year precipitation days =

| Jan humidity = 52.6
| Feb humidity = 56.7
| Mar humidity = 58.3
| Apr humidity = 60.3
| May humidity = 63.5
| Jun humidity = 72.6
| Jul humidity = 78.4
| Aug humidity = 79.8
| Sep humidity = 81.3
| Oct humidity = 75.1
| Nov humidity = 67.5
| Dec humidity = 56.3
| year humidity = 66.9

| Jan sun = 197.2
| Feb sun = 179.1
| Mar sun = 226.7
| Apr sun = 218.8
| May sun = 240.0
| Jun sun = 182.1
| Jul sun = 162.9
| Aug sun = 180.9
| Sep sun = 147.5
| Oct sun = 178.5
| Nov sun = 161.8
| Dec sun = 186.2
| year sun = 2261.7

| source = [[Korea Meteorological Administration]]<ref name= KMA>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220129211110/https://data.kma.go.kr/resources/normals/pdf_data/korea_pdf_0106_v2.pdf
| archive-date = 29 January 2022
| url = https://data.kma.go.kr/resources/normals/pdf_data/korea_pdf_0106_v2.pdf
| title = Climatological Normals of Korea (1991 ~ 2020)
| publisher = Korea Meteorological Administration
| access-date = 7 June 2023
| language = ko}}</ref><ref name= KMAextremes>
{{cite web
| url = https://data.kma.go.kr/climate/extremum/selectExtremumList.do?pgmNo=103
| publisher = Korea Meteorological Administration
| access-date = 4 April 2022
| script-title = ko:순위값 - 구역별조회
| language = ko}}</ref>
}}

== Government ==
[[File:Korea-Gyeongju-City Hall.jpg|thumb|alt=In front of a low and ivory building, a parking lot and cars are shown.|Gyeongju City Hall in [[Dongcheon-dong, Gyeongju|Dongcheon-dong]]]]

The executive branch of the government is headed by a mayor and vice-mayor. As in other South Korean cities and counties, the mayor is elected directly, while the vice-mayor is appointed.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kim, Gyeong-uk (김경욱) |url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/specialsection/newspickup_section/356260.html |script-title=ko:이름모를 90명 '부시장은 외로워' |trans-title=Nameless 90 people 'Vice-mayors are lonely'|publisher=[[The Hankyoreh]] |quote={{lang|ko|부시장은 시장의 제청으로 행정안전부 장관을 거쳐 대통령이 임명한다}}. |date=2009-05-22 |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref> As of 2019, the mayor is Joo Nak-young, who was elected on June 13, 2018, in the [[2018 South Korean local elections|local election]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.anewsa.com/detail.php?number=111894 |title=Asia News Agency |publisher=anewsa.com|date=2010-07-01 |author=Choe Chang-ho (최창호)}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2010-06-07 |url=http://www.srbsm.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=15320 |script-title=ko:최양식 당선자는? |trans-title=Who is the electee, Choe Yang-sik? |publisher=Seorabeol Sinmun |language=ko |access-date=2010-08-22 |author=Kim, Jong-deuk (김종득) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008164224/http://www.srbsm.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=15320 |archive-date=2011-10-08 }}</ref> He is Gyeongju's fifth mayor to be directly elected, the sixth to preside over the city in its present form, and the 31st mayor since 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/mayor/open_content/sub.jsp?menuIdx=3838 |script-title=ko:역대시장 |trans-title=Mayor of many generation |publisher=Gyeongju City Cyber Mayor room |language=ko |access-date=2010-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613161758/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/mayor/open_content/sub.jsp?menuIdx=3838 |archive-date=2011-06-13 }}</ref> Like most heads of government in the [[Yeongnam]] region, he is a member of the conservative [[Liberty Korea Party]].<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] / [[Yonhap]] |date=2009-04-29 |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/425688/1/.html |title=South Korea by-elections to test Lee's government |publisher=Channel News Asia |access-date=2009-09-16 |archive-date=2009-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430102756/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/425688/1/.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Gwon, Gyeong-an (권경안) |author2=Im, Min-hyeok (임민혁) |date=2006-05-15 |url=http://www.chosun.com/politics/news/200605/200605150023.html |script-title=ko:관심쏠린 3대 접전지 |trans-title=The three heated places getting attention |publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612022247/http://www.chosun.com/politics/news/200605/200605150023.html |archive-date=2011-06-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Lee, Ji-yun|author2=Park, Jae-han |date=2005-04-07 |url=http://www.pressian.com/article/article.asp?article_num=40050407170036&section=01 |script-title=ko:우리-한나라, "재보선 6곳중 4곳 건지겠다" |trans-title=Uri Party-Grand National Party, "Shall win at 4 of the 6 districts up for by-election" |quote={{lang|ko|한나라당에선 전통적인 영남정서를 이유로 양측 모두 박빙의 우세를 점치고 있다}}.|language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref>

The legislative branch consists of the Gyeongju City Council, with 21 members as of 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kjcl.council.or.kr/source/eng/sub2/sub2_2.html |title=Set-up of the Countcil/Organization of the Council |publisher=Gyeongju City Council |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105192437/http://kjcl.council.or.kr/source/eng/sub2/sub2_2.html |archive-date=2012-01-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2009-07-27 |url=http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/economy/2009/07/08/0302000000AKR20090708130700053.HTML |script-title=ko:경주시의회 방폐장 집회두고 '시끌' |trans-title=Gyeongju City Council disputing before the meeting for the nuclear waste disposal facility) |publisher=[[Yonhap News]] |quote={{lang|ko|전체 시의원 21명}}|language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref> The present City Council was formed from the merger of the old Gyeongju City Council with the Wolseong County Council in 1991. Most subdivisions of Gyeongju elect a single member to represent them in the council, but [[Angang-eup]] is represented by two members because of its large population, and two of the representatives serve combined districts composed of two ''dong''. Like the mayor, the council members were last elected in 2006, except for a small number elected in more recent [[by-election]]s.

The central administration is composed of a City Council committee, five departments, two subsidiary organs, a chamber (the auditor), and six business offices. The five departments are the Departments of  Planning and Culture, Autonomous Administration, Industry and Environment, Construction and Public Works, and the National Enterprise Committee; these oversee a total of 29 subdivisions. The two subsidiary organs are the Health Care Center and Agro-technology Center; these belong directly to the central administration and have a total of 4 subdivisions. In addition, there are 23 local administrative subdivisions. Each of these subdivisions has a local office with a small administrative staff.<ref>{{cite web|date=2009-05-12 |url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inFrame.asp?how_chk=&hdnPage=&Kwa01Code=&s_sy=&s_sm=&s_ey=&s_em=&SearchType=&SearchString=&reqNum=&vDiscrNo=&name=&result=&discrHash=&PCODE=A0201&main=2&sub=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613163325/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inFrame.asp?how_chk=&hdnPage=&Kwa01Code=&s_sy=&s_sm=&s_ey=&s_em=&SearchType=&SearchString=&reqNum=&vDiscrNo=&name=&result=&discrHash=&PCODE=A0201&main=2&sub=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-06-13 |script-title=ko:행정조직 |trans-title=Administrative organization |publisher=Gyeongju City |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref> As of December 2008, the city government employed 1,462 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ebook.gyeongju.go.kr/data/2009bef_pdf.zip |script-title=ko:기본현황 |trans-title=Basic status quo |publisher=Gyeongju City |page=7 |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Subdivisions==
{{Main|Subdivisions of Gyeongju}}
The city is divided into 23 administrative districts: 4 ''[[Eup (administrative division)|eup]]'', 8 ''[[Myeon (administrative division)|myeon]]'', and 11 ''[[Dong (administrative division)|dong]]''.<ref name="Status quo">{{cite web|url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inboard.asp?PCODE=A0105_01&main=1&sub=2&cor=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613162218/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inboard.asp?PCODE=A0105_01&main=1&sub=2&cor=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-06-13 |script-title=ko:기본현황 |trans-title=Status quo |publisher=Gyeongju City|access-date=2009-09-15|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.gyeongju.go.kr/section.asp?Section_id=2&news_id=4735&Section_title=&lastho=4&domain=news&t_num=4874&tail=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140252/http://news.gyeongju.go.kr/section.asp?Section_id=2&news_id=4735&Section_title=&lastho=4&domain=news&t_num=4874&tail=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-22 |script-title=ko:소규모 행정동 통폐합 5일부터 업무개시 |publisher=Gyeongju Sibo |access-date=2009-08-18 |language=ko}}</ref> These are the standard [[Administrative subdivisions of South Korea|subdivisions of cities and counties in South Korea]].  The ''dong'' or neighborhood units occupy the area of the city center, which was formerly occupied by Gyeongju-eup. ''Eup'' are typically substantial villages, whereas ''myeon'' are more rural.<ref name="2008 Tonggye 2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inboard.asp?PCODE=A0105_01&main=1&sub=2&cor=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613162218/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inboard.asp?PCODE=A0105_01&main=1&sub=2&cor=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-06-13 |script-title=ko:행정구역 |trans-title=Administrative divisions |date=2007-12-31 |access-date=2009-09-16 |publisher=Gyeongju City |language=ko}} <br /></ref>

The city's boundaries and designation changed several times in the 20th century. From 1895 to 1955, the area was known as Gyeongju-gun ("Gyeongju County"). In the first decades of the century, the city center was known as Gyeongju-myeon, signifying a relatively rural rea. In 1931, the downtown area was designated Gyeongju-eup, in recognition of its increasingly urban nature. In 1955, Gyeongju-eup became Gyeongju-si ("Gyeongju City"), the same name as today, but with a much smaller area. The remainder of Gyeongju-gun became "Wolseong County." The county and city were reunited in 1995, creating Gyeongju City as it is today.<ref name="EncyKorea History" />
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:80%; margin:1em auto;"
|-
! colspan="10" | Map of Gyeongju
|-
| colspan="10" style="padding: 2em;" | [[File:Korea-Gyeongju-Subdivisions-Map-02.png|300px|center|alt=Map of the coastal district previously mentioned. Its center, covering about a sixth of the area, is divided into 11 subdivisions. The surrounding regions are divided into eight subdivisions in a different color. The rest, four subdivisions in a third color, are scattered to the northeast, west, southeast and east respectively.]]
|-
! #
! Place
! Population<br />(2007)<ref name="2008 Tonggye 2" />
! Households
! Area<br /><small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small>
! #
! Place
! Population<br />
! Households
! Area<br /><small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small>
|-
| style="background: #CF9; text-align: center;" | 1
| [[Sannae-myeon, Gyeongju|Sannae-myeon]]
| 3,561
| 1,779
| 142.6
| style="background: #FF9; text-align: center;" | 13
| [[Seondo-dong]]
| 13,813
| 2,831
| 28.0
|-
| style="background: #CF9; text-align: center;" | 2
| [[Seo-myeon, Gyeongju|Seo-myeon]]
| 4,773
| 1,779
| 52.1
| style="background: #FF9; text-align: center;" | 14
| [[Seonggeon-dong]]
| 18,378
| 7,562
| 6.4
|-
| style="background: #CF9; text-align: center;" | 3
| [[Hyeongok-myeon]]
| 16,829
| 5,726
| 55.7
| style="background: #FF9; text-align: center;" | 15
| [[Hwangseong-dong, Gyeongju|Hwangseong-dong]]
| 29,660
| 9,415
| 3.8
|-
| style="background: #6FC; text-align: center;" | 4
| [[Angang-eup]]
| 33,802
| 12,641
| 138.6
| style="background: #FF9; text-align: center;" | 16
| [[Yonggang-dong, Gyeongju|Yonggang-dong]]
| 15,959
| 5,244
| 5.1
|-
| style="background: #CF9; text-align: center;" | 5
| [[Gangdong-myeon, Gyeongju|Gangdong-myeon]]
| 8,834
| 3,659
| 81.4
| style="background: #FF9; text-align: center;" | 17
| [[Bodeok-dong]]
| 2,296
| 977
| 81.0
|-
| style="background: #CF9; text-align: center;" | 6
| [[Cheonbuk-myeon, Gyeongju|Cheonbuk-myeon]]
| 6,185
| 2,328
| 58.2
| style="background: #FF9; text-align: center;" | 18
| [[Bulguk-dong]]
| 9,001
| 3,722
| 37.4
|-
| style="background: #CF9; text-align: center;" | 7
| [[Munmudaewang-myeon]]
| 4,535
| 2,026
| 120.1
| style="background: #FF9; text-align: center;" | 19
| [[Hwangnam-dong]]*
| 8,885
| 3,875
| 20.5
|-
| style="background: #6FC; text-align: center;" | 8
| [[Gampo-eup]]
| 7,099
| 3,084
| 44.9
| style="background: #FF9; text-align: center;" | 20
| [[Jungbu-dong, Gyeongju|Jungbu-dong]]
| 7,003
| 3,022
| 0.9
|-
| style="background: #CF9; text-align: center;" | 9
| [[Yangnam-myeon]]
| 7,131
| 2,941
| 85.1
| style="background: #FF9; text-align: center;" | 21
| [[Hwango-dong]]*
| 10,225
| 4283
| 1.5
|-
| style="background: #6FC; text-align: center;" | 10
| [[Oedong-eup]]
| 19,006
| 6,965
| 109.8
| style="background: #FF9; text-align: center;" | 22
| [[Dongcheon-dong, Gyeongju|Dongcheon-dong]]
| 26,721
| 9,228
| 5.3
|-
| style="background: #CF9; text-align: center;" | 11
| [[Naenam-myeon]]
| 6,142
| 2,526
| 122.1
| style="background: #FF9; text-align: center;" | 23
| [[Wolseong-dong, Gyeongju|Wolseong-dong]]
| 6,522
| 4,842
| 31.4
|-
| style="background: #6FC; text-align: center;" | 12
| [[Geoncheon-eup]]
| 11,217
| 4,533
| 92.4
|
|
|
|
|
|}
{| style="margin:1em auto; width:80%;" cellpadding="10"
|
{| class="wikitable"  style="font-size:80%; margin:auto;"
|-
| style="background: #6FC;" | Eup
| style="background: #CF9;" | Myeon
| style="background: #FF9;" | Dong
|}
|<small>*Figures based on resident registration figures made available by local government offices.  For more detailed source information, see [[Subdivisions of Gyeongju]].</small>
|}

==Demographics==
When the Silla kingdom reached the peak of its development, Gyeongju was estimated to have a million residents, four times the city's population in 2008.<ref name="EncyKorea Gyeongju 1" /><ref name="Breen 82" /> In recent years, Gyeongju has followed the same trends that have affected the rest of South Korea. Like the country as a whole, Gyeongju has seen its population age and the size of families shrink. For instance, the mean household size is 2.8 people. Because this has fallen in recent years, there are more households in the city as of 2008 (105,009) than there were in 2003, even though the population has fallen.<ref name="gyeongju2">{{cite web|url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr//upload/board/2118/2013/1//20130124100421_1.pdf|title=2013 Statistical Report Gyeongju|publisher=Gyeongju City}}</ref>

Like most of South Korea's smaller cities, Gyeongju has seen a steady drop in population in recent years. From 2002 to 2008, the city lost 16,557 people.<ref name="status quo">{{cite web|url=http://gyeongju.go.kr/inFrame.asp?how_chk=&hdnPage=&Kwa01Code=&s_sy=&s_sm=&s_ey=&s_em=&SearchType=&SearchString=&reqNum=&vDiscrNo=&name=&result=&discrHash=&PCODE=A0106&main=1&sub=6 |script-title=ko:인구현황|trans-title=Status-quo of the population|publisher=Gyeongju City|access-date=2009-08-02}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This is primarily due to the migration of workers seeking employment in the major South Korean cities. In 2007, about 1,975 more people moved away from the city each year than moved in.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/3.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5ikHjRyuP?url=http://gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-08-03 |title=11. Internal Migration |publisher=Gyeongju City |access-date=2009-08-02 |work=Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008 |page=105 }}</ref> During the same period, births exceeded deaths by roughly 450 per year, a significant number but not enough to offset the losses due to migration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/3.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5ikHjRyuP?url=http://gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-08-03 |title=10. Vital Statistics |publisher=Gyeongju City |access-date=2009-08-02 |work=Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008 |page=104 }}</ref>

Gyeongju has a small but growing population of non-Koreans. In 2007, there were 4,671 foreigners living in Gyeongju. This number corresponds to 1.73% of the total population, more than double the figure from 2003. The growth was largely in immigrants from other Asian countries, many of whom are employed in the automotive parts industry. Countries of origin whose numbers have risen include the [[Philippines]], China, [[Taiwan]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Vietnam]]. The number of residents from Japan, the United States, and Canada fell significantly in the 2003–2007 period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/3.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5ikHjRyuP?url=http://gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-08-03 |title=Registered Foreigners by Major Nationality |publisher=Gyeongju City |access-date=2009-08-02 |work=Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008 |page=109 }}</ref>

===Dialect===
The city has a distinctive [[dialect]] which it shares with northern portions of [[Ulsan]]. This dialect is similar to the general [[Gyeongsang dialect]], but retains distinctive features of its own. Some linguists have treated the distinctive characteristics of the Gyeongju dialect as vestiges of the [[Silla language]]. For instance, the contrast between the local dialect form "{{lang|ko|소내기}}" (''sonaegi'') and the standard "{{lang|ko|[[wikt:소나기|소나기]]}}" (''sonagi,'' meaning "rainshower") has been seen as reflecting the ancient [[phoneme|phonemic]] character of the Silla language.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Yi, Seong-gyu|year=2003 |script-title=ko:문학 작품에 나타난 방언 |trans-title=Dialect appearing in literary works (''Munhak jakpum-e natanan bang-eon.'') |journal=SAE Gugeo Saenghwal (New Living Korean Language) |issue=4 |url=http://www.korean.go.kr/nkview/nklife/2003_4/13_3.html |access-date=2009-09-15 |language=ko |volume=13}}</ref>

==Culture and people==

===Cultural properties===
[[File:금관총금관.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Crowns of Silla|A gold crown]] excavated from Gold Crown Tomb. National Treasures of South Korea No. 87.]]
[[File:Divine Bell of King Seongdeok.JPG|thumb|right|Divine [[Bell of King Seongdeok]]]]
Gyeongju is the main destination in South Korea for visitors interested in the cultural heritage of Silla and the architecture of Joseon. The city has 31 [[National Treasure (South Korea)|National Treasures]], and [[Gyeongju National Museum]] houses 16,333 artifacts.<ref name="Brit Edu">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=1010602&v=43 |script-title=ko:경주시의 교육·문화 |trans-title=Education and culture of Gyeongju |publisher=Nate / Britannica |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610055909/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=1010602&v=43 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> There are four broad categories of relics and historical sites: [[Tumulus|tumuli]] and their artifacts; Buddhist sites and objects; fortresses and palace sites; and ancient architecture. [[Prehistoric Korea|Prehistoric]] remains including [[Mumun pottery period|Mumun pottery]] have been excavated in central Gyeongju, in the Moa-ri and Oya-ri villages of the [[Cheonbuk-myeon, Gyeongju|Cheonbuk-myeon]] district, and in the Jukdong-ri village of the [[Oedong]] district. [[Dolmen]]s are found in several places, especially in [[Gangdong-myeon, Gyeongju|Gangdong-myeon]] and Moa-ri. [[Bronze Age]] relics found in Angye-ri village of Gangdong-myeon, Jukdong-ri and Ipsil-ri villages of Oedong-eup and graveyards in the Joyang-dong district represent the [[Samhan]] confederacy period of around the 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD.<ref name="relics">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008023 |script-title=ko:경주시의 유물·유적 |trans-title=Relics and historical sites of Gyeongju |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610062511/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008023 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref>

There are 35 royal tombs and 155 tumuli in central Gyeongju, and 421 tumuli in the outskirts of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gbtour.net/JSPROOT/CLIENT/htmlContents/view.jsp?Command=&curPage=&searchOrderByCol=HC_VIEW_COUNT&searchAscDesc=DESC&cate_idx=61&hc_idx=1482&styleMode=&styleModeQuery= |script-title=ko:국립공원 |trans-title=National Park |publisher=Gyeongbuk-do province |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721090748/http://www.gbtour.net/JSPROOT/CLIENT/htmlContents/view.jsp?Command=&curPage=&searchOrderByCol=HC_VIEW_COUNT&searchAscDesc=DESC&cate_idx=61&hc_idx=1482&styleMode=&styleModeQuery= |url-status=dead }}</ref> Silla burial mounds built after the period of the Three Kingdoms are found in central Gyeongju, including tumuli in the districts of Noseo-dong, Nodong-dong, Hwangnam-dong, Hwango-dong and Inwang-dong. Western Gyeongju has the tomb of [[Muyeol of Silla|King Muyeol]] in Seoak-dong, nearby tumuli in Chunghyo-dong and the tomb of [[Kim Yu-sin]]. The tombs of [[Queen Seondeok of Silla|Queen Seondeok]], [[Sinmun of Silla|King Sinmun]], [[Hyogong of Silla|King Hyogong]] and [[Sinmu of Silla|King Sinmu]] are at the base of [[Namsan (Gyeongju)|Namsan]] mountain while the tombs of [[Heongang of Silla|King Heongang]], [[Jeonggang of Silla|King Jeonggang]], [[Gyeongmyeong of Silla|King Gyeongmyeong]] and [[Gyeongae of Silla|King Gyeongae]] are on the slopes of the mountain. In addition to the tombs, tumuli have been found surrounding Namsan mountain and in the western part of Geumgang mountain. Artifacts excavated from the tombs of [[Geumgwanchong]] (gold crown tomb), [[Seobongchong]] (western phoenix tomb), [[Cheonmachong]] (heavenly horse tomb) and northern and southern parts of Tomb No. 98 are good examples of Silla culture.<ref name="relics" />

=== Notable people ===
{{Category see also|People from Gyeongju}}

[[File:Yi hae-hyun of 1504.jpg|thumb|left|alt=[[Yi Che-hyŏn]] (1287–1367), an early Korean Neo-Confucian scholar, whose ''[[bongwan]]'' was Gyeongju.|[[Yi Che-hyŏn]] (1287–1367)]]

Gyeongju has produced notable individuals throughout its history. As the capital of Silla, Gyeongju was a center of culture in its heyday.<ref name="Breen 82" /> Notable Gyeongju residents in the Silla period included most of the kingdom's leading figures, not only rulers but scholars such as [[Seol Chong]] and [[Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn]],<ref>Yi, Sŭng-hwan (2005), p.78 & 99</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Chang, Il-Gyu |year=2003 |language=en, ko |url=http://www.dbpia.co.kr/view/ar_view.asp?arid=1171013 |title=Choi, chi-won's learning and activity in Tang China |publisher= [[Academy of Korean Studies]] |journal=Korean Studies Quarterly |volume= 26 |issue=2 |pages=111–133, 292–293 |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=273976&v=44 |script-title=ko:최치원 崔致遠 |trans-title=Choe Chi-won |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610053824/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=273976&v=44 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> and generals like [[Kim Yu-sin]], the leader of the [[Hwarang]] warriors.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Alain, Burrese |date=June 2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=is8DAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Kim+Yu-shin%22&pg=PA155 |title=An American Martial Arts Odyssey in Korea |journal= [[Black Belt (magazine)|Black Belt]] |publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc. |page=155 |volume=38 |issue=6 }}</ref> The city continued to contribute to [[Korean philosophy|traditional Korean thought]] in subsequent dynasties. Relatives of Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn such as [[Ch'oe Ŏn-wi]] and [[Ch'oe Hang (Goryeo civil minister)|Ch'oe Hang]] played an important role in establishing the structures of early Goryeo.<ref name="Kim, Chang-hyun p.1-6" /><ref>Kang and Lee (2006), p.70</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=189272&v=42 |script-title=ko:최언위 崔彦撝 |trans-title=Choe Eon-wui |publisher=Nate / Britannica |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610053853/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=189272&v=42 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> In the Joseon period, Gyeongju joined the rest of Gyeongsang in becoming a hotbed of the conservative ''[[Sarim]]'' faction. Notable Gyeongju members of this faction included the 15th-century intellectual [[Yi Ŏnjŏk]]. He has been enshrined in the [[Oksan Seowon, Gyeongju|Oksan Seowon]] since 1572.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=279101&v=44 |script-title=ko:이언적 (李彦迪) |trans-title=Yi Eon-jeok |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610055323/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=279101&v=44 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=180007&v=44 |script-title=ko:이언적 (李彦迪) |trans-title=Yi Eon-jeok |publisher=Nate / Britannica |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610055455/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=180007&v=44 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref><ref name="Angang">{{cite web|url=http://gyeongju.knps.or.kr/eng/visit/visit_7.html |title=Angang area |publisher=Korea National Park |access-date=2009-09-15 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In modern times, the city produced writers such as [[Kim Dongni]] and [[Pak Mok-wol]], both of whom did a great deal to popularize the region's culture,<ref name="KBS Kim Dong-ni" /><ref name="Kim & Fulton">Kim & Fulton (1998), pp.107</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=293446&v=42 |script-title=ko:박목월 (朴木月) |trans-title=Park Mok-wol |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610055513/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=293446&v=42 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> as well as [[Choe Jun]], a wealthy businessman who established the [[Yeungnam University]] Foundation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.segye.com/Articles/NEWS/CULTURE/Article.asp?aid=20071228001731&subctg1=&subctg2= |script-title=ko:대한민국통맥풍수 <57·끝>경주 최부잣집과 자기 풍수 |trans-title=Feng Shui of Republic of Korea <57, the finale> Rich Gyeongju Choe family's house and feng shui |publisher=[[Segye Ilbo]] |date=December 29, 2009 |author=Lee Gyu-won (이규원)|language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06}}</ref>

Some Korean family clans trace their origins to Gyeongju, often to the ruling elites of Silla. For example, the [[Gyeongju Kim clan]] claims descent from the rulers of later Silla.<ref>{{cite news|date=2006-02-12 |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2684044 |title=Kim at large |publisher= [[JoongAngDaily]] |access-date=2009-08-04}}</ref> The {{Ill|Gyeongju Park clan|ko|경주 박씨}} and {{Ill|Gyeongju Seok clans|lt=Gyeongju Seok clans|ko|월성 석씨}} trace their ancestry to Silla's earlier ruling families. These three royal clans played a strong role in preserving the historical precincts of Gyeongju into modern times.<ref>Kim (1982), p. 30.</ref> The [[Gyeongju Choi clan|Gyeongju Choi]] and {{Ill|Gyeongju Lee|lt=Gyeongju Lee clans|ko|경주 이씨}} also trace their ancestry to the Silla elites. Prominent members of the Gyeongju Lee clan include Goryeo period scholar [[Yi Che-hyŏn]], and Joseon period scholars [[Yi Hwang]] and [[Yi Hang-bok]]. A contemporary notable figure from the Gyeongju Lee clan is [[Lee Byung-chul]], the founder of [[Samsung Group]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Han, Jeong-gon (한정곤) |date=2004-07-29 |url=http://www.ilyosisa.co.kr/SUNDAY/SUN_0445/TM_0202.html |script-title=ko:<재벌가 얽히고 설킨 혼맥 24탄> 삼성그룹 |trans-title=The 24th episode, Intricate connections between chaebol families Samsung Group |publisher=Ilyo Sisa |issue=445 |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021163531/http://www.ilyosisa.co.kr/SUNDAY/SUN_0445/TM_0202.html |archive-date=2009-10-21 }}</ref> However, not all Gyeongju clans date to the Silla period; for instance, the Gyeongju Bing clan was founded in the early Joseon period.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=2007050774291&nid=000&ltype=1 |script-title=ko:전국 800명 '초미니 가문' "종친어른은 모두 부모님" |trans-title=A total of 800 people nationwide 'The smallest clan' "Seniors of the clan are our parents" |publisher=[[The Korea Economic Daily]] |date=2007-05-07 |author=Park, Min-je (박민제) |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726121533/http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=2007050774291&nid=000&ltype=1 |archive-date=2011-07-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/society/200601/h2006012610363421950.htm |script-title=ko:姓氏를 말하면 꼭 다시 물어요 |trans-title=People surely questioning again whenever I say my surname |publisher=[[Hankook Ilbo]] |date=2006-01-26 |author=Park, Jong-jin (박종진) |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613223723/http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/society/200601/h2006012610363421950.htm |archive-date=2011-06-13 }}</ref>

===Religion===
The city remains an important centre of [[Korean Buddhism]]. East of the downtown area lies [[Bulguksa]], one of South Korea's largest Buddhist temples; nearby is [[Seokguram]], a famed Buddhist shrine. Traditional prayer locations are found on mountains throughout Gyeongju. Such mountains include [[Namsan (Gyeongju)|Namsan]] near the city center,<ref>Robinson et al. 2007. p.204</ref> Danseok-san and Obong-san in the west, and the low peak of Hyeong-san on the Gyeongju-Pohang border.<ref>Kim, 2003, pp. 136–152.</ref> Namsan in particular is often referred to as "the sacred mountain" due to the Buddhist shrines and statues which cover its slopes.<ref>For example, in the ''Handbook of Korea'' 11th ed., p. 656, and in {{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom00.htm#976|title=World Heritage Committee twenty-fourth session|work=UNESCO WHC Archive|date=2005-07-09 |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref> In addition, Gyeongju is the birthplace of [[Cheondoism]], an indigenous religion to Korea based on [[Korean shamanism]], [[Taoism]] and Korean Buddhism, with elements drawn from [[Christianity]]. The religion evolved from [[Donghak]] (lit. East learning) disciplines established by [[Choe Je-u]]. His birthplace of [[Yongdamjeong]], located in [[Hyeongok-myeon]], is regarded as a sacred place to followers of Cheondogyo.<ref name="Angang" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/eng/frame.asp?top=/eng/02/top.asp&left=/eng/02/left.asp&main=/eng/02/07_01.asp |title=North Culture Vicinity |publisher=Gyeongju City |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613163432/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/eng/frame.asp?top=%2Feng%2F02%2Ftop.asp&left=%2Feng%2F02%2Fleft.asp&main=%2Feng%2F02%2F07_01.asp |archive-date=June 13, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=287947&v=44 |script-title=ko:용담성지 龍潭聖地 |trans-title=Yongdam sacred site |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610062754/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=287947&v=44 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{see also|Korean cuisine}}

[[File:Korean.cuisine-Gyeongju.bread-01.jpg|thumb|alt=24 buns in golden brown are put in a white rectangular box. The buns are arranged like an abacus.|[[Gyeongju bread]], a local speciality]]

The cuisine of Gyeongju is generally similar to other areas of [[Gyeongsang Province]]: spicy and salty.<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-03-10 |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=506799 |title=Regional Flavors in Seoul : Top 3 Restaurants of Gyeongsang-do & Gangwon-do Food |publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]] |access-date=2009-09-16 |archive-date=2011-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003191052/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=506799 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="KTO Local foods">{{cite web |date=2008-02-05 |url=http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?gotoPage=1&cid=259623 |title=Korean Food Culture Series - Part 7: Local Foods |publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]] |access-date=2009-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614041150/http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?gotoPage=1&cid=259623 |archive-date=2011-06-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Daegu Bank">{{cite journal|author=Lee, Han-yong (이한용) |date=2002-08-30 |url=http://www.daegubank.co.kr/ICSFiles/afieldfile/2006/06/07/p23_04.pdf |script-title=ko:내 고향 맛 지도 - 경주, 영천, 청도 지역 |trans-title=The map of my town's taste - Gyeongju, Yeongcheon, Cheongdo regions |publisher= Daegu Bank |journal=Hyangto wa Munhwa (향토와 문화)|issue=23|pages=23–28 |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref> However, it has distinctive tastes according to region and several local specialties known nationwide.<ref name="Daegu Bank" /> The most famous of these is "[[Gyeongju bread]]" or "Hwangnam bread", a red-bean pastry first baked in 1939 and now sold throughout the country.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Min, Byeong-jun |date=November 2008 |url=http://san.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/10/31/2008103100976_7.html |script-title=ko:(르포라이터 민병준의 향토기행) 경북 경주 |trans-title=(Reporter, Min Byeong-jun's domestic travel sketches) Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province|journal=[[The Chosun Ilbo|Monthly Mountain]] |volume=469|language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Jang, Hui-bok (장희복) |date=2002-03-07 |url=http://www.taxtimes.co.kr/hous01.htm?r_id=44884 |script-title=ko:<모범납세자 프로필-철탑산업훈장> 황남빵 |trans-title=Profile of exemplary tax payer-Iron Pagoda, Order of Industrial Service Merit Hwangnam Bread|publisher=Sejeong Sinmun|language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref> ''[[Chalboribbang]]'', made with locally produced [[glutinous barley]], is also a pastry with a filling of [[red bean paste]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SH/SH_EN_7_2_7_2.jsp |title=Gyeongju|publisher= [[Korea Tourism Organization]] |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref><ref name="idaegu 2007">{{cite news |date=2007-01-26 |url=http://www.idaegu.co.kr/new_gisa.html?uid=121763&part=loc |script-title=ko:경주 재래시장·특산품 |trans-title=Gyeongju traditional markets·local specialties |publisher=Daegu Ilbo |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718083403/http://www.idaegu.co.kr/new_gisa.html?uid=121763&part=loc |archive-date=2011-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Local specialties with a somewhat longer pedigree include ''[[beopju]]'', a traditional Korean liquor produced by the Gyeongju Choe in [[Gyo-dong, Gyeongju|Gyo-dong]]. The brewing skill and distill master were designated as [[Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea|Important Intangible Cultural Properties]] by South Korea government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eguide.gj.go.kr/detail_view/Detail_view.jsp?cid=8286&tab=1 |title=Liquor of Gyo-dong in Gyeongju (Local brewing) |publisher=Gyeongju U-Tourism |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140332/http://eguide.gj.go.kr/detail_view/Detail_view.jsp?cid=8286&tab=1 |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Park, Ji-Young |url=http://skynews.co.kr/article_print.asp?mcd=121&ccd=6&scd=2&ano=124 |title=Drinks of the Ancients |publisher=[[SkyNews]] |access-date=2009-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928140908/http://skynews.co.kr/article_print.asp?mcd=121&ccd=6&scd=2&ano=124 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Park, Yeong-chul (박영출) |date=2004-02-04 |url=http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2004020401011229031002 |script-title=ko:경주법주-200년된 우물물로 주조 |trans-title=Gyeongju beopju, made with water from a 200 years old well |publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref>

[[File:Korean food-Bibim ssambap and various banchan-01.jpg|thumb|alt=An array of about 10 small side dishes, a bean curd stew, and leaf vegetables on a table.|''[[Ssambap]]'', a rice dish served with vegetable leaves, various small side dishes and condiments]]
Other local specialties include ''[[ssambap]]'', ''[[haejangguk]]'', and ''[[muk (food)|muk]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lee, Yeon-Jung |year=2006 |url=http://kmbase.medric.or.kr/Main.aspx?d=KMBASE&m=VIEW&i=0665420060210060577 |title=Analysis of Current Use of Local Food of Adults in Gyeongju Classified by Age|journal=한국식생활문화학회지 [Korean Journal of Food Culture]|volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=577–588 |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref> ''Ssambap'' refers to a rice dish served with vegetable leaves, various ''[[banchan]]'' (small side dishes) and condiments such as ''[[gochujang]]'' (chili pepper paste) or ''[[ssamjang]]'' (a mixture of [[doenjang|soybean paste]] and ''gochujang'') to wrap them together. Most ''ssambap'' restaurants in Gyeongju are gathered in the area of Daenuengwon or Grand Tumuli Park.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/ena/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=309379 |title=Travel Highlights |publisher=[[Korea Tourism Organization]] |access-date=2009-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614033414/http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/ena/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=309379 |archive-date=2011-06-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Haejangguk'' is a kind of [[guk|soup]] eaten as a [[hangover]] cure, and means "soup to chase a hangover".<ref name="Dong-a">{{cite news|url=http://english.donga.com/srv/srv.php3?biid=2001012678930&bicode=04t |title=(Gourmet spot) Grandma's Haejangguk house in Yangjae-dong |publisher=[[The Dong-A Ilbo]] |date=2001-01-26 |author=Kim, Jae-Chan |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606070954/http://english.donga.com/srv/srv.php3?biid=2001012678930&bicode=04t |archive-date=2011-06-06 }}</ref> A street dedicated to ''haejangguk'' is located near [[Gyeongju National Museum]], where 20 ''haejangguk'' restaurants are gathered to serve the Gyeongju-style ''haejangguk''. The soup is made by boiling [[kongnamul|soybean sprout]], sliced ''[[memilmuk]]'' (buckwheat starch jelly), sour [[kimchi]] (pickled vegetables) and [[gulfweed]] in a clear broth of dried anchovy and [[Alaska pollack]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Park, Gyeong-il (박경일) |date=2007-04-04 |url=http://www.munhwa.com/news/view.html?no=2007040401032330024004 |script-title=ko:경주 먹을거리 · 즐길거리와 묵을 곳 |trans-title=Something to eat, enjoy, and lodge in Gyeongju| publisher=[[Munhwa Ilbo]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref>

The east district of Gyeongju, [[Gampo-eup]] town, is adjacent to the sea, so fresh seafood and ''[[jeotgal]]'' (fermented salted seafood) are abundant. There are over 240 seafood restaurants in Gampo Harbor offering various dishes made with seafood caught in the sea, such as ''[[hoe (dish)|hoe]]'' (raw fish dishes), ''jeonboktang'' (an abalone soup), grilled seafood and others.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kim, Hyeon-gwan |date=2005-04-07 |url=http://idaegu.com/index_sub.html?load=su&bcode=AIAB&no=7012 |script-title=ko:경주지역 상권 불황 '역대 최고' |trans-title=Recession of the commercial district in Gyeongju is 'worst ever' |publisher=Daegu Ilbo |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002220016/http://idaegu.com/index_sub.html?load=su&bcode=AIAB&no=7012 |archive-date=2011-10-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Kim, Hyeon-gwan |date=2005-07-01 |url=http://idaegu.com/index_sub.html?load=su&bcode=AKAA&no=139 |script-title=ko:여름 바캉스 경주로 |trans-title=Gyeongju for summer vacation |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002220021/http://idaegu.com/index_sub.html?load=su&bcode=AKAA&no=139 |archive-date=2011-10-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Park, Jong-hyeon (박종현) |date=2009-02-05 |url=http://www.segye.com/Articles/News/Culture/Article.asp?aid=20090205003511&ctg1=09&ctg2=00&subctg1=09&subctg2=00&cid=0101050900000 |script-title=ko:살살 녹는 대게살...힘이 쑥쑥 전복탕 |trans-title=Crab meat melted in the mouth and jeonboktang giving stamina|publisher= [[Segye Ilbo]]|language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Korea-2008 Gyeongju Citizens' Athletics Festival-Track and field-02.jpg|thumb|alt=People cheering their teams with colorful flags for track and field games in a stadium|2008 Gyeongju Citizens' Athletics Festival held at Gyeongju Public Stadium]]
As of 2007, Gyeongju had two stadiums, two gymnasiums, two tennis courts, one swimming pool and others as public sport facilities as well as various registered private sports venues.<ref name="Sports facilities">{{cite web |url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/14.pdf |title=XVI.Education and Culture >21. Sports facilities |publisher=Gyeongju City |page=481 |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914104412/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/14.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="문화 Culture">{{cite web|url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inboard.asp?PCODE=A0105_03&main=1&sub=2&cor=1 |script-title=ko:문화 |trans-title=Culture |publisher=Gyeongju City |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613163233/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inboard.asp?PCODE=A0105_03&main=1&sub=2&cor=1 |archive-date=June 13, 2011 }}</ref> Many of public sport facilities are located in [[Hwangseong Park]] with an area of {{convert|1022350|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} including a luxuriant pine trees forest.<ref name="tour.go.kr">{{cite web|url=http://www.tour.go.kr/resource/re_reso_popWin.asp?hiddenRes_cd=4713-C-01702 |script-title=ko:황성공원 (隍城公園, Hwangseong park) |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140524/http://www.tour.go.kr/resource/re_reso_popWin.asp?hiddenRes_cd=4713-C-01702 |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Pak, Jeong-u (박정우) |date=2009-01-16 |url=http://www.dailian.co.kr/area/news/n_view.html?id=12066&page=17&t_name=dg_news&listpage=/area/news/n_list.html&kind=menu_code&keys=2003&idx= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318033754/https://www.dailian.co.kr/area/news/n_view.html?id=12066&page=17&t_name=dg_news&listpage=/area/news/n_list.html&kind=menu_code&keys=2003&idx= |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |script-title=ko:황성공원 사유지 매입, 시민공간 변모 |trans-title=Private properties of Hwangseong Park purchased to transform for the public space |publisher={{ill|Dailian|ko|데일리안}} |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 }}</ref> The site was originally the location of the artificial forest of Doksan which was established for ''[[feng shui]]'' purposes during the [[Silla]] period. It was also used as a training ground for [[hwarang]] warriors and hunting spot for Silla kings, and was reported to be [[Jinpyeong of Silla|King Jinpyeong]]'s favorite location.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guide.gyeongju.go.kr/detail_view/Detail_view.jsp?cid=4933 |script-title=ko:황성공원 |trans-title=Hwangseong Park |publisher=Gyeongju U-Tourism |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023065023/http://guide.gyeongju.go.kr/detail_view/Detail_view.jsp?cid=4933 |archive-date=October 23, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://culture.gyeongju.go.kr/culture/tour/tour06_a.asp |script-title=ko:황성공원 |trans-title=Hwangseong Park |publisher=Gyeongju City |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012204448/http://culture.gyeongju.go.kr/culture/tour/tour06_a.asp |archive-date=October 12, 2007 }}</ref> In 1975, Hwangseong Park was designated a "city neighborhood park" and it currently consists of the multi-purpose Gyeongju Public Stadium, Football Park (with seven football fields and one futsal field), and one [[gym]]nasium, as well as Horimjang field for ''[[gukgung]]'' or Korean traditional [[archery]] and a [[ssireum]] wrestling ring.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kim, Hyeon-gwan (김현관) |date=2006-04-10 |url=http://idaegu.com/index_sub.html?load=su&bcode=AIAB&no=8112 |script-title=ko:'안락한 휴식처 거듭날게요' |trans-title=To be reborn as a cozy relaxing place |publisher=Daegu Ilbo |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002215820/http://idaegu.com/index_sub.html?load=su&bcode=AIAB&no=8112 |archive-date=2011-10-02 }}</ref> In addition, it contains a gateball field, an inline skating rink, jogging courses, and cycling roads.<ref name="Doosan">{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=742037&contentno=742037 |script-title=ko:황성공원 隍城公園 |trans-title=Hwangseong Park |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Gyeongju Public Stadium was completed in 1982<ref name="Sports facilities" /> and can accommodate 20,000 people at capacity.<ref name="tour.go.kr" />

Angang Field Hockey Stadium, located in the district of [[Angang-eup]], is home to Gyeongju City Hockey, which is one of four professional women's [[field hockey]] teams in South Korea.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jo, Sang-un (조상운) |date=2004-01-20 |url=http://news.kukinews.com/article/view.asp?page=1&gCode=kmi&arcid=0919292132&code=12160000 |script-title=ko:아테네를 향해 뛰는 사람들 (12―끝) 여자하키) 연휴는 사치...'金'독기 |trans-title=People running for Athene (12-End) Women's Hockey) Taking a break is a luxury...tenacious for the gold medal |publisher=Kookmin Ilbo |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16}}</ref><ref name="Allstar">{{cite news |author=Lee, Sang-uk (이상욱 |date=2008-12-06 |url=http://www.srbsm.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=9612 |script-title=ko:경주시청 이선옥 선수 세계하키 올스타 선정 |trans-title=Lee Seon-ok of Gyeongju City chosen as a FIH Allstar |publisher=Seorabeol Sinmun |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722135732/http://www.srbsm.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=9612 |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> The team was formed in 1994,<ref name="Pohang KBS">{{cite news |author=Sin, A (신아) |date=2002-08-28 |url=http://pohang.kbs.co.kr/bbs/ezboard.cgi?db=k_pohangr5&action=read&dbf=57&page=144&depth=2 |script-title=ko:(8월28일-수요화제) 경주 하키팀 |trans-title=(August 28 Wednesday's topic) Gyeognju City Hockey |publisher=[[Korea Broadcasting System|KBS Pohang]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217042338/http://pohang.kbs.co.kr/bbs/ezboard.cgi?db=k_pohangr5 |archive-date=2004-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is governed by the Sport and Youth Division of Gyeongju City.<ref name="shock">{{cite news |author=Kim, Jong-deuk (김종득) |date=2009-07-19 |url=http://www.srbsm.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=12138 |script-title=ko:경주시청 하키팀의 열악한 현실 '충격' |trans-title=Gyeognju City Hockey in shockingly poor conditions |publisher=Seorabeol Sinmun |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008164034/http://www.srbsm.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=12138 |archive-date=2011-10-08 }}</ref> Although not an initial successful team, Gyeongju City Hockey won the first trophies both at National Division Hockey Championships and National Sports Festival in 2000. In 2002, Gyeongju City Hockey took first prize and three second prizes,<ref name="Pohang KBS" /> and in 2008, the team won the first prize at the 51st National Division Hockey Championships.<ref>{{cite news|author=Pak, Jun-u (박준우) |date=2008-08-03 |url=http://idaegu.com/index_sub.html?load=su&bcode=AGAF&no=5590 |script-title=ko:경주시청 여자하키팀 우승 |trans-title=Gyeongju City Women's Hockey team won the championship |publisher=Daegul Ilbo |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818075223/http://idaegu.com/index_sub.html?load=su&bcode=AGAF&no=5590 |archive-date=2011-08-18 }}</ref>

The city plays host to two annual [[marathon]] events. The [[Gyeongju International Marathon]], held in October, garners elite level competition while the larger Gyeongju Cherry Blossom Marathon caters more for amateur [[fun run]]ners. The Cherry Blossom Marathon has been held each year in Gyeongju since 1992, usually in April, to improve relations with [[Japan]] (a country with a long history of marathon running).<ref>{{cite news |author=Lee, Gwon-hyo (이권효) |date=2009-04-07 |url=http://news.donga.com/fbin/output?f=g__&n=200904070234 |script-title=ko:역사+스포츠 도시... 경주 위상 높였죠 |trans-title=History+Sports city..Raised reputation of Gyeongju |publisher=[[The Dong-A Ilbo]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The race, mainly sponsored by Gyeongju and the district, attracted 13,600 participants in 2009 including about 1,600 foreigners.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kim, Hyeon-gwan (김현관) |date=2009-04-05 |url=http://idaegu.com/index_sub.html?load=su&bcode=AGAF&no=5805 |script-title=ko:경주 벚꽃마라톤 1만3천명 레이스 |publisher=Daegu Ilbo |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216005155/http://idaegu.com/index_sub.html?load=su&bcode=AGAF&no=5805 |archive-date=2012-02-16 }}</ref>

==Economy==
{{see also|Economy of South Korea}}
[[File:Korea-Gyeongju-Gampo.port-01.jpg|thumb|alt=Two boats anchor in a harbor on the right. Blue skies and the sea are clear and tranquil.|Gampo Port]]
The economy of Gyeongju is diverse.<ref name="Industry" /><ref name="Brit Transport" /> Although tourism is important to the economy, most residents work in other fields. Over 27,000 are employed in manufacturing compared to roughly 13,500 in the hospitality industry.
The number involved in tourism has remained constant over recent years, while the manufacturing sector added about 6,000 jobs from 1999 to 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2004/statistical/005_003.htm |title=3. Number of Establishments and workers, by Industry |work=Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2004 |access-date=2009-09-08 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The manufacturing sector is closely tied to nearby cities, utilizing Gyeongju's transit links with [[Ulsan]], [[Pohang]], and [[Daegu]].<ref name="Industry" /><ref name="Tamásy" /><ref>{{cite news
 |url          = http://www.chosun.com/national/news/200602/200602010568.html
 |script-title = ko:경주 양성자가속기 유치전 '가속'
 |author       = Choe Jae-hun (최재훈)
 |publisher=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]
 |language     = ko
 |date         = 2006-02-01
 |access-date   = 2009-09-08
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110612022413/http://www.chosun.com/national/news/200602/200602010568.html
 |archive-date = 2011-06-12
 |url-status     = dead
}}</ref> As in Ulsan and Daegu the automotive parts industry plays an important role.<ref name="Lee, Sungkyun" /> Of the 1,221 businesses incorporated in Gyeongju almost a third are involved in  auto-parts manufacture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inboard.asp?PCODE=A0105_11&main=1&sub=2&cor=1 |script-title=ko:지역경제 |trans-title=Local economy |publisher=Gyeongju city website |access-date=2009-08-02 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613163438/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inboard.asp?PCODE=A0105_11&main=1&sub=2&cor=1 |archive-date=June 13, 2011 }}</ref>

Fishing takes place in coastal towns, especially in [[Gampo-eup]] in the city's northeast, with 436 registered fishing craft in the city.<ref name="gyeongju1"/> Fishing industry in Gyeongju is generally in a declined status due to relatively inconvenient transport conditions and lacks of subordinate facilities.<ref name="Brit Transport" /> Much of the catch from these boats goes direct from the harbor to Gyeongju's many seafood restaurants. Mainly, [[sauries]], anchovies and [[Batoidea|rays]] are harvested and a small number of [[abalone]] and [[wakame]] farming takes place. Local specialties include ''[[myeolchijeot]]'' (fermented anchovy), abalone, wakame, and squid.<ref name="Eup Myeon">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008029 |script-title=ko:경주시의 읍·면 |trans-title=Eup and myeon of Gyeongju |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |access-date=2009-09-16 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610064001/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008029 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref>

[[File:Korea-Gyeongju-Rice paddy field-01.jpg|thumb|alt=Yellow paddy fields and green hills during autumn|Paddy fields in Gyeongju]]
Agriculture is still important, particularly in the outlying regions of Gyeongju. According to the 2006 statistical yearbook of Gyeongju, rice fields occupy an area of {{convert|169.57|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, which is 70% of the total cultivated acreage of {{convert|24359|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The remaining {{convert|74.02|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} consists of fields under other crops and farmsteads. Crop production is centered in the fertile river basins near the [[Hyeongsan River]]. The main crops are rice, barley, beans and corn. Vegetables such as [[radish]] and [[napa cabbage]] and fruits are also important crops. Apples are mainly produced in the districts of [[Geoncheon-eup]], [[Gangdong-myeon, Gyeongju|Gangdong-myeon]] and [[Cheonbuk-myeon, Gyeongju|Cheonbuk-myeon]] and [[Korean pear]] are cultivated in Geoncheon-eup and [[Angang-eup]]. The city plays a leading role in the domestic production of [[beef]] and [[mushroom]]s. [[Button mushroom]]s harvested in Geoncheon-eup are canned and exported.<ref name="Industry" /> The cultivated acreage and the number of households engaging in agriculture is however declining.<ref name="Brit Transport" />

A small amount of [[quarry]]ing activity takes place in the city, with 46 active mines and quarries in Gyeongju. Most are engaged in the extraction of [[kaolin]], [[fluorspar]] and [[Agalmatolite]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/7.pdf |title=7. Mining and manufacturing; Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008 |publisher=Gyeongju City |access-date=2009-08-20 |pages=237–239 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005095344/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/7.pdf |archive-date=October 5, 2023 }}</ref> and Kaolin is exported.<ref name="Doosan Industry">{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=724220&contentno=724220 |script-title=ko:경주시 Gyeongju-si 慶州市 |work=III.산업 (III.Industry) |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-20 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:Korea-Gyeongju-Seongdong Market-Fruit shop-01.jpg|thumb|alt=A female customer browsing a fruit shop. Banana and grapes are displayed on the front.|A fruit shop at [[Seongdong Market]]]]
As the capital of Silla, commerce and trading in Gyeongju developed early on. ''[[Samguk sagi]]'' has records on the establishment of ''Gyeongdosi'' (capital area market) in March, 490 during [[Soji of Silla|King Soji]]'s reign, and ''Dongsi'' (East Market) in 509, during [[Jijeung of Silla|King Jijeung]]'s reign. In the 1830s, Gyeongju had five five-day markets which remained very active until the late 1920s. Due to its size ''Gyeongju Bunaejang'' (Gyeongju village market) was referred to as one of the two leading markets in the [[Yeongnam]] area, along with ''[[Daegu]] Bunaejang''. Transportation developed in the late period of the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation]], as the [[Jungang Line]] and the [[Daegu Line]] and the connecting route between [[Pohang]] and the northwestern part of Japan were set up, leading to increasing population and developing commerce. After the 1960s, traditional periodic markets gradually transformed into regular markets as the city was flourishing. In periodic markets, agricultural and marine products, industrial products, living necessaries, wild edible greens, herbs, and cattle are mainly traded. As of 2006, Gyeongju had eight regular markets, nine periodic markets and the Gyeongju department store. Traditional periodic markets declined and have become token affairs these days.<ref name="Industry" /><ref name="Brit Transport" />

==Tourism==
{{Main|Tourism in Gyeongju}}
[[File:Bulguksa Dabotap.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=A stone pagoda with elaborated tiers, a small lion status, and stairs. Blue skies and a roof of a building and trees are shown on the background|[[Dabotap]] pagoda at [[Bulguksa]] temple]]
Gyeongju is a major [[tourist]] destination for South Koreans as well as foreign visitors. It boasts 1000 years of Silla heritage with vast number of ancient ruins and archaeological sites found throughout the city,<ref name="Robinson et al. 2007. p.28"/> which help to attract 6 million visiting tourists including 750,000 foreigners per year.<ref name="Brisbane" /> The city government has parlayed its historic status into a basis for other tourism-related developments such as conferences, festivals, and resorts.<ref name="Tourism">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008028 |script-title=ko:경주시의 관광 |trans-title=Tourism of Gyeongju |language=ko |publisher=[[Nate (web portal)|Nate]] / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054812/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008028 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref>

Many Silla sites are located in [[Gyeongju National Park]] such as the Royal Tomb Complex, the [[Cheomseongdae]] observatory that is one of the oldest surviving [[astronomical observatories]] in
[[East Asia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.go.kr/eng/nat/nat_04.jsp |title=Gyeongju Cheomseongdae |publisher=[[Korean National Heritage Online]] |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119023435/http://heritage.go.kr/eng/nat/nat_04.jsp |archive-date=2009-01-19 }}</ref> the [[Anapji]] royal pond garden,<ref name="Tourism" /> and the [[Gyerim]] forest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=112690&v=44 |script-title=ko:계림 (鷄林) |trans-title=Gyerim |language=ko |publisher=Nate / [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]] |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610054937/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=112690&v=44 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> [[Gyeongju National Museum]] hosts many important artifacts and national treasures that have been excavated from sites within the city and surrounding areas.<ref name="Tourism" />

[[File:Asl13.jpg|thumb|alt=A huge three-story pagoda stands against blue skies. The pagoda is made with bricks of dark gray stone. Colorful lanterns are lined up.|[[Bunhwangsa]] pagoda, [[National Treasures of South Korea|National Treasure of Korea]] No. 30]]
Much of Gyeongju's heritage are related to the Silla kingdom's patronage of [[Buddhism]]. The grotto of [[Seokguram]] and the temple of [[Bulguksa]] were the first Korean sites to be included on the UNESCO [[World Heritage List]] in 1995.<ref name="Tourism" /><ref>Robinson et al. 2007. p.22</ref> In addition, the ruins of the old [[Hwangnyongsa]] temple, said to have been Korea's largest, are preserved on the slopes of [[Tohamsan]]. Various Silla-era stone carvings of Buddhas and [[Bodhisattva]]s are found on mountainsides throughout the city, particularly on [[Namsan (Gyeongju)|Namsan]].<ref name="Tourism" />

A significant portion of Gyeongju's tourist traffic is due to the city's promotion of itself as a site for various festivals, conferences, and competitions. Every year since 1962, the Silla cultural festival has been held in October to celebrate and honour the dynasty's history and culture. It is one of the major festivals of Korea.<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-09-26 |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=628852 |title=Baekje Cultural Festival: Celebrating the Glories of an Ancient Kingdom |publisher=Seoul magazine / Korea Tourism Organization |access-date=2009-09-16 |archive-date=2011-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003190915/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=628852 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Oppenheim p.54–58</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=293544&v=44 |script-title=ko:신라문화제 新羅文化祭 |trans-title=Silla Cultural Festival |language=ko |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610055246/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=293544&v=44 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> It features athletic events, folk games, music, dance, literary contests and Buddhist religious ceremonies. Other festivals include the Cherry Blossom Marathon in April,<ref>{{cite news|date=2006-02-14 |url=http://www.arirang.co.kr/News/News_View.asp?nseq=59377&code=Ne6 |title=''Info Plus: Marathon Prep'' |publisher=[[Arirang TV]]  |access-date=2009-09-16}}</ref> the Korean Traditional Liquor and Cake festival in March,<ref name="Travel Blackboard" /> and memorial ceremonies for the founders of the Silla Dynasty and General [[Kim Yu-sin]].<ref name="문화 Culture"/>

There were 15 hotels including [[Hilton Hotel]], Gyeongju Chosun Hotel, and 276 lodging facilities, and 2,817 restaurants in Gyeongju in 2006.<ref name="Brit Transport" />

Gyeongju's emerging tourist attraction is the shopping street [[Hwangnidan-gil]]. The address of Hwangnidan-gil is 1080, Poseok-ro, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province.<ref name=":0" /> There are about 400 stores,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=김 |first=현수 |date=2023-11-01 |script-title=ko:황리단길이 '신라 천년수도' 되살렸다 |url=https://www.khan.co.kr/article/202311012208015 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[[Kyunghyang Shinmun]] |language=ko}}</ref> including restaurants, cafes, bookstores, and gift shops. Hwangnidan-gil became popular through social networking sites, and neighboring Gyeongju's historical site is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The advantage of the Hwangnidan-gil is the result of voluntary efforts by merchants without help from local governments.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=윤 |first=현주 |date=2018-01-31 |title= |script-title=ko:[새로 보기 : 황리단길] 80여 식당·카페·서점 즐비한 포석로... 유행과 개성 넘쳐나는 경주의 '현재' |url=http://news20.busan.com/controller/newsController.jsp?newsId=20180131000269 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=[[Busan Ilbo]] |language=ko}}</ref>

=== List of tourist attractions ===

* [[Bulguksa]]
* [[Seokguram]]
* [[Yangdong Folk Village]]
* [[Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond]]
* [[Oreung]]
* [[Daereungwon]]
* [[Hwangnidan-gil]]
* [[Woljeonggyo]]
* [[Gyochon Traditional Village]]
* [[Namsan (Gyeongju)|Namsan]]
* [[Gyeongjueupseong]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Deep-dive into Dongbu-dong |url=https://www.gyeongju.go.kr/tour/eng/page.do?mnu_uid=2775& |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240616131520/https://www.gyeongju.go.kr/tour/eng/page.do?mnu_uid=2775& |archive-date=2024-06-16 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=gyeongju.go.kr |publisher=Gyeongju City Council |language=en}}</ref>
* {{Ill|Gyeongju East Palace Garden|ko|경주동궁원}} (Donggungwon)
* [[Gyeongju World]]
* [[Tohamsan]]

==Media==
[[File:Korea-Gyeongju Sinmun-Building.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=In front of a beige nine-story building, three cars parked|[[Gyeongju Sinmun]], a local newspaper company is housed in this building.]]
Gyeongju has two main local newspapers; the ''[[Gyeongju Sinmun]]'' and the ''Seorabeol Sinmun''.<ref>Oppenheim, (2008) p.142</ref> Both are weekly newspapers providing news via online as well and their headquarters are located in the neighborhood of [[Dongcheon-dong, Gyeongju|Dongcheon-dong]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mediasis.kpf.or.kr/mediaDirectory/detail.asp?currPage=1&cm_mediaCode=10700016900 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209034640/http://mediasis.kpf.or.kr/mediaDirectory/detail.asp?currPage=1&cm_mediaCode=10700016900 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-02-09 |script-title=ko:서라벌신문 |trans-title=Seorabeol Sinmun |publisher=MediaSIS; Media Statistics Information System |access-date=2009-09-16 |language=ko }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bjynews.com/default/pageview.php?url=page03 |script-title=ko:회원사현황 |trans-title=Status quo of members |publisher=Right Local Media Solidarity (바른지역언론연대, Baereun Jigyeok Eollon Yeondae) |access-date=2009-09-16 |language=ko |archive-date=2021-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928113525/http://www.bjynews.com/default/pageview.php?url=page03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Gyeongju Sinmun was founded in 1989 and provides various news and critics on anything concerning Gyeongju.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ham, Gyeong-su (함경수) |date=March 1996 |url=http://register.itfind.or.kr/Report01/200302/IITA/IITA-2205/IITA-2205.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5jpEVk8ZD?url=http://register.itfind.or.kr/Report01/200302/IITA/IITA-2205/IITA-2205.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-09-16 |script-title=ko:경주지역 종합정보시스템 구축 |trans-title=The establishment of general information system in the Gyeongju area |page=15 |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 }}</ref> Its online newspaper, Digital Gyeongju Sinmun opened in December, 2000 to provide live local news out of the limit as a weekly newspaper and to establish mutual information exchanges from Gyeongju locals. In 2001, Gyeongju Sinmun started to present Gyeongju Citizen Awards to people who try to develop the local industry and economy, culture and education, and welfare service. Since 2003, the [[Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant]] headquarter co-hosts the awards with Gyeongju Sinmun.<ref>{{cite news|date=2005-06-07 |url=http://www.elenews.co.kr/news/quickViewArticleView.html?idxno=938 |script-title=ko:월성원전, 경주시민상 시상식 개최 |trans-title=At Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant held the Ceremony for Gyeongju Citizen Prize |publisher=Electronics News (전자신문) |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16}}</ref>

The ''Seorabeol Sinmun'' was established in 1993,<ref name="gynews">{{cite news|author=Hwang, Myeong-gang (황명강) |date=2007-09-19 |url=http://www.igynews.com/sub_read.html?uid=39854&section=sectio |script-title=ko:서라벌대상 수상자 남:서종호, 여:서옥이씨 선정 |trans-title=Seorabeol Awards go to Seo Jong-ho, Seo Ok-i |publisher=Gwangyeok News |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713005053/http://www.igynews.com/sub_read.html?uid=39854&section=sectio |archive-date=2011-07-13 }}</ref> however, from November 15, 2000, to November 10, 2005, its publication was stopped for financial difficulties after the 1997 Asian economic crisis had left a strong impact on the nationwide economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srbsm.co.kr/com/com-2.html |script-title=ko:발행인인사말 |trans-title=Publisher's Message |publisher=Seorabeol Sinmun |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130122714/http://www.srbsm.co.kr/com/com-2.html |archive-date=2009-01-30 }}</ref> Since 2006, Seorabeol Sinmun presents Serabeol Awards to people having devouring to develop Gyeongju.<ref name="gynews" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srbsm.co.kr/com/com-1.html |title=About |publisher=Seorabeol Sinmun |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512133938/http://www.srbsm.co.kr/com/com-1.html |archive-date=2009-05-12 }}</ref>

Several major feature films have been filmed in the city, including ''[[Kick the Moon]]'',<ref>{{cite web |author=Mun, Seok (문석) |date=2001-05-29 |url=http://www.cine21.com/Article/article_view.php?mm=001001001&article_id=2233 |script-title=ko:커밍순...<신라의 달밤> |trans-title=Coming soon..<Kick the Moon> |publisher=[[Cine21]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106112904/http://www.cine21.com/Article/article_view.php?mm=001001001&article_id=2233 |archive-date=2016-01-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[On the Occasion of Remembering the Turning Gate]]'',<ref>{{cite web |author=Jeong, Seong-il (정성일) |date=2002-04-12 |url=http://www.cine21.com/Article/article_view.php?mm=005001001&article_id=8818 |script-title=ko:성일, 상수의 영화를 보고 회전문을 떠올리다 |trans-title=Seong-il, reminded of a revolving door after watching Sang-su's movie |publisher=[[Cine21]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106112904/http://www.cine21.com/Article/article_view.php?mm=005001001&article_id=8818 |archive-date=2016-01-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Taegukgi (film)|Taegukgi]]'',<ref>{{cite news|date=2003-01-15 |url=http://www.cine21.com/news/view/mag_id/16483/p/1 |script-title=ko:경주서 한국전 배경 전쟁영화 촬영 |trans-title=Filming a movie in Gyeongju, with a Korean War theme |publisher=Yonhap / Cine 21 |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16}}</ref> ''[[Chwihwaseon]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kr.gugi.yahoo.com/detail/detailInfo/DetailInfoAction.php?tcode=CPN0314&cpncode=CPN03024211 |script-title=ko:영화 취화선 촬영지 |trans-title=Film locations of Chwihwaseon |publisher=[[Yahoo! Korea]] / Cine 21 |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040816173740/http://kr.gugi.yahoo.com/detail/detailInfo/DetailInfoAction.php?tcode=CPN0314&cpncode=CPN03024211 |archive-date=2004-08-16 }}</ref> and others. In 2009, the filming of the ''[[Queen Seondeok (TV series)|Queen Seondeok]]'', a popular [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] TV series took place in a studio at [[Silla Millennium Park]] located in [[Bomun Lake Resort]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Jang, Yeong-tae (장영태) |date=2009-08-17 |url=http://www.segyetimes.co.kr/Articles/News/Wholecountry/Article.asp?aid=20090817003424&subctg1=12&subctg2=00 |script-title=ko:선덕여왕의 흔적을 따라서... |trans-title=In search for tracing Queen Seondeok |publisher=[[Segye Ilbo]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Jang, Yeong-tae (장영태) |date=2009-03-26 |url=http://www.segye.com/Articles/Spn/Entertainments/Article.asp?aid=20090326002780&ctg1=05&ctg2=00&subctg1=05&subctg2=00&cid=0101060500000 |script-title=ko:드라마 '선덕여왕' 다음달 경주서 본격촬영 돌입 |trans-title=Drama 'Queen Seondeok', filming will start in Gyeongju from the next month |publisher=[[Segye Ilbo]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{see also|Education in South Korea}}

Gyeongju is strongly associated with the education tradition of [[Hwarangdo]] ("Way of the Flower of Young Men") which was established and flourished during the Silla period. It is a military and philosophical code that offered the basis of training to [[Hwarang]], a military cadet of youths from the aristocratic class. The training equally emphasized practicing academic and martial arts based on Buddhism and patriotism. A number of Silla's greatest generals and military leaders such as [[Kim Yu-sin]] were Hwarang who played a central role in Silla unification of the Korean peninsula. As Silla was integrated into the next ruling dynasty, [[Goryeo]], the system declined and was officially disbanded in the [[Joseon]] period. However, the spirit and discipline were revived in the second half of the 20th century as a form of Korean martial arts with the same name.<ref>Doniger, Wendy (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?id=IDsk47MeksAC&pg=PA482 Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions] Encyclopædia Britannica, {{ISBN|1-59339-491-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=172671&contentno=172671 |script-title=ko:화랑도 花郞徒 |trans-title=Hwarangdo |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103022341/http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=172671&contentno=172671 |archive-date=2005-01-03 }}</ref>

[[File:Korea-Gyeongju Hyanggyo-04.jpg|thumb|alt=On a sunny day, a Korean traditional wooden building painted with white and dark red stands on a grass field. Luxuriant trees are seen on the right while a gate is shown at a distance.|A building of the [[Gyeongju Hyanggyo]]]]
Formal education has a longer history in Gyeongju than anywhere else in South Korea. The ''[[Gukhak]]'', or national academy, was established here in 682, at the beginning of the [[Unified Silla]] period.<ref name="Gyeongju City">{{cite web|url=http://eguide.gj.go.kr/detail_view/Detail_view.jsp?cid=8283&tab=1 |title=''Gyeongju Hyanggyo (a local school annexed to the Confucian shrine)'' |publisher=Gyeongju City-Transportation System |access-date=2009-08-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140259/http://eguide.gj.go.kr/detail_view/Detail_view.jsp?cid=8283&tab=1 |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> Its curriculum focused on the Confucian classics for local officials.<ref name="Robinson et al. 2007. p.28"/> After the fall of [[Silla]] in the 10th century, the [[Gukhak]] closed. However, due to Gyeongju's role as a provincial center under the [[Goryeo]] and early [[Joseon Dynasty|Joseon]] dynasties, the city was home to state-sponsored provincial schools (''[[hyanggyo]]'') under both dynasties such as [[Gyeongju Hyanggyo]]. During the later Joseon dynasty there were several [[seowon]], or private Confucian academies, were set up in the city such as [[Oksan Seowon, Gyeongju|Oksan Seowon]] and [[Seoak Seowon]].<ref name="Education">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008024 |script-title=ko:경주시의 교육·문화 |trans-title=Education and culture of Gyeongju |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610055533/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=3008024 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref>

The education system of Gyeongju is the same as elsewhere in the country. Schooling begins with [[preschool]]s; there are 65 in the city. This is followed by six years in [[elementary school]]s; Gyeongju has 46. Subsequently, students pass through three years of [[middle school]]. There are 19 middle schools in Gyeongju. High school education, which lasts for three years, is not [[compulsory education|compulsory]], but most students attend and graduate from high school. Gyeongju is home to 21 high schools,<ref name="Education" /> of which 11 provide specialized technical training. At each of these levels, there is a mix of public and private institutions. All are overseen by the Gyeongju bureau of North Gyeongsang's Provincial Office of Education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kbgjed.go.kr/edu/main1.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20041016160806/http://www.kbgjed.go.kr/edu/main1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-10-16 |work=Gyeongju Bureau of Education website|script-title=ko:학교현황|access-date=2005-07-22 |language=ko}}</ref> Gyeongju is home to a school for the [[mentally disabled]], which provides education to students from preschool to adult age.<ref name="Brit Edu" />

[[File:Dongguk University at Night.jpg|thumb|alt=A night scene of a building complex.|Campus of [[Dongguk University]] in Gyeongju at night]]

Gyeongju is home to four institutions of [[tertiary education]].<ref name="Brit Edu" /> [[Sorabol College]] is a technical college in the district of Chunghyo-dong that offers majors specializing in tourism, leisure, health care and cosmetic treatments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=705561&contentno=705561 |script-title=ko:서라벌대학 Sorabol College 徐羅伐大學 |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-31 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Kim, Hui-jeong (김희정) |date=2009-08-03 |url=http://www.dailian.co.kr/area/news/n_view.html?t_name=dg_news&id=15282 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328073241/https://www.dailian.co.kr/area/news/n_view.html?t_name=dg_news&id=15282 |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |script-title=ko:뜨는' 직종 따라 신설학과도 뜬다? |trans-title=New departments becoming popular according to popular jobs? |publisher={{ill|Dailian|ko|데일리안}} |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 }}</ref>

Each of Gyeongju's three universities reflects the city's unique role. [[Dongguk University|Dongguk]] and [[Uiduk University|Uiduk]] universities are Buddhist institutions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=295878 |script-title=ko:동국대학교 (東國大學校) |trans-title=Dongguk University |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610060021/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=295878 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=300450 |script-title=ko:위덕대학교 (威德大學校) |trans-title=Uiduk University |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610060046/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=300450 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> reflecting that religion's link to the city.<ref>{{cite news|author=Yu, Nam-gyeong (유남경) |date=2004-02-14 |url=http://www.manbulshinmun.com/upload_html/200402/200402120015.ASP?gb=0010&no=200402120015 |script-title=ko:독점 아닌 공유, 학문발전 지름길 |trans-title=Instead of monopoly, sharing is a fast way for development of scholarship |publisher=Manbul Sinmun |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308065558/http://www.manbulshinmun.com/upload_html/200402/200402120015.ASP?gb=0010&no=200402120015 |archive-date=2012-03-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Yun, Seung-heon, (윤승헌) |date=2006-11-07 |url=http://www.manbulshinmun.com/upload_html/200611/200611070012.ASP?gb=&no=200611070012 |script-title=ko:(인터뷰) 개교 10주년 맞은 위덕대 한재숙 총장 |trans-title=(Inverview) The president, Han Jae-suk of Uiduk University in the 10th year of the foundation. |publisher=Manbul Sinmun |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308133635/http://www.manbulshinmun.com/upload_html/200611/200611070012.ASP?gb=&no=200611070012 |archive-date=2012-03-08 }}</ref> [[Gyeongju University]], formerly Korea Tourism University, is strongly focused on tourism, reflecting its importance in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=289144 |script-title=ko:경주대학교 (慶州大學校) |trans-title=Gyeongju University |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610060102/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?i=289144 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==

===Healthcare===
[[File:Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital 2.jpg|thumb|alt=A large seven-story hospital complex on a slope that consists of about two buildings. The wall of one on the left is covered with blue glasses, and the other building with round corners is covered with beige bricks. Large green vertical signs are attached on the wall of the latter. The signs say "동국대학교 부속병원 한방병원". In front of the hospital, a black car coming down from the slope.|Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital]]
According to the 2008 yearbook of Gyeongju, the total number of medical institutions was 224 with 3,345 beds, including two general hospitals, thirteen hospitals, 109 clinics, five nursing homes, forty-two dental hospitals, two [[Korean traditional medicine]] hospitals and 50 Korean traditional medicine clinics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/12.pdf |title=Statistical yearbook of Gyeongju 2008 : 12. Health and Social Security |publisher=Gyeongju City |pages=343–344 |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325071650/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/administrative/administrative/tonggye2008/12.pdf |archive-date=March 25, 2023 }}</ref> There are also twenty-eight medical institutions related to Gyeongju Health Center affiliated to the Gyeongju City government.<ref name="Brit Edu" />

The two general hospitals are associated with two major universities in Gyeongju and nearby [[Daegu]]. One is the [[Dongguk University]] Gyeongju Hospital, located in the district of Seokjang-dong, which is affiliated with Dongguk University Medical School and Center. The Gyeongju Hospital was opened in a seven-story building in 1991 to provide Gyeongju locals with a quality medical service and train medical specialists in the region.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kim Gyeong-yeop (김경엽) |date=2008-05-22 |url=http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/society/200805/h2008052202485874990.htm |script-title=ko:(경북) 동국대 의대 일산 이전 '먹튀' 논란 |trans-title=(Gyeongbuk) Controversies over the plan of Dongguk University Medical School to move to Ilsan |publisher=[[Hankook Ilbo]] |access-date=2009-08-06 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613224236/http://news.hankooki.com/lpage/society/200805/h2008052202485874990.htm |archive-date=2011-06-13 }}</ref> After various renovations the hospital currently has 24 departments including a [[radiation]] [[oncology]] center and 438 beds.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Im, Na-jeong (임나정) |date=2006-08-09 |url=http://www.buddhistnews.net/archive/75161/200608101155178291.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110723033007/http://www.buddhistnews.net/archive/75161/200608101155178291.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-23 |script-title=ko:개원 15주년 동국대 경주병원, 제2도약 준비 |journal={{ill|Bulgyo Sinmun|ko|불교신문}} |issue=2251 |access-date=2009-08-06|language=ko }}</ref> It is also assigned as a teaching and learning hospital and in partnership with Dongguk University Oriental Hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=217469&v=42 |script-title=ko:동국대학교 경주병원 東國大學校慶州病院 |trans-title=Dogguk University Gyeongju Hospital |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |access-date=2009-08-06 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610062824/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=217469&v=42 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> The other general hospital is a branch of [[Keimyung University]], Dongsan Medical Hospital in Daegu. It is the successor of Gyeongju Christianity Hospital founded in 1962, and was reborn as the current general hospital in 1991. The Gyeongju Dongsan Hospital is located in the district of Seobu-dong and has 12 departments in a three-story building.<ref>{{cite news |date=2008-10-02 |url=http://www.idaegu.co.kr/new_gisa.html?uid=173596&part=peo |script-title=ko:경주동산병원장 김재룡 |trans-title=Kim Jae-ryeong, the head chief of Gyeongju Dongsan Hospital |publisher=Daegu Ilbo |access-date=2009-08-06 |language=ko |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718083305/http://www.idaegu.co.kr/new_gisa.html?uid=173596&part=peo |archive-date=2011-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Utilities===
[[File:Korea-Gyeongju-Hyeongsan River-1.jpg|thumb|alt=A vast and tranquil river in a clear day of fall. Apartment blocks and buildings under construction are seen at a distance.|A view of [[Hyeongsan River]] from Dong Bridge. The river is one of water sources of Gyeongju.]]
Water supply and sewage disposal are municipal services which are respectively handled by the Water Supply Office and Water Quality and Environment Office. Water comes from the [[Hyeongsan River]], the multi-purpose [[Deokdong Dam]] and several streams. The city is divided into seven water districts, with eight filtration plants and seven sewage treatment plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inboard.asp?PCODE=A0105_10&main=1&sub=2&cor=1 |script-title=ko:상하수도 |trans-title=Water supply and sewage service |publisher=Gyeongju City |access-date=2009-08-06 |language=ko |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613163356/http://www.gyeongju.go.kr/inboard.asp?PCODE=A0105_10&main=1&sub=2&cor=1 |archive-date=June 13, 2011 }}</ref> One of the sewage treatment plants, Angang Sewage Disposal Plant began operating in April 2005 by the co-investment of the governments of North Gyeongsang and Gyeongju with a fund of 44,300,000,000 [[South Korean won|won]] to install facilities to prevent the pollution of the [[Hyeongsan River]], which is a main water source for Gyeongju and [[Pohang]] residents. The plant is located on a spacious site with {{convert|39000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} in Homyeong-ri, [[Gangdong-myeon, Gyeongju|Gangdong-myeon]] in Gyeongju where nature friendly facilities provide recreational venues for the locals. Through {{convert|56.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} of sewer pipes and 14 [[pumping station]]s, the plant has a capacity of 18,000 tonnes of [[domestic sewage]] per day that comes from [[Angang-eup]], and [[Gangdong-myeon, Gyeongju|Gangdong-myeon]]. The facilities have high-powered disposal equipment developed by related industrial companies to maintain the discharged water at the first or second degree in quality, so that it is used as [[river maintenance flow]] and [[agricultural water]] in case a [[drought]] occurs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Yonhap News |date=2005-04-28 |url=http://info.waternow.go.kr/jsp/search/search.jsp?query=%C8%AF%B0%E6&target=news&detail_target=&page=34&resultcount=10&sortfield=score&sortorder=desc&range=all&resrch=no&mode=paging |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218203620/http://info.waternow.go.kr/jsp/search/search.jsp?query=%C8%AF%B0%E6&target=news&detail_target=&page=34&resultcount=10&sortfield=score&sortorder=desc&range=all&resrch=no&mode=paging |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-18 |script-title=ko:경주 안강하수처리장 준공 |trans-title=The completion of the Angang Sewage Disposal Plant in Gyeongju |publisher=Ministry of Environment of South Korea |access-date=2009-08-06 |language=ko }}</ref>

The city had managed its own recycling service, but privatized it since July 1, 2009.<ref>{{cite news|author=Lee, Seung-hyeong (이승형) |url=http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/society/2009/08/20/0706000000AKR20090820129700053.HTML |script-title=ko:경주 재활용 선별장 갈등 해법 못찾나 |trans-title=No way to resolve the conflicts over Gyeongju's recycling center? |publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |access-date=2009-08-06|language=ko  }}</ref>

Other utilities are provided by private entities or South Korean government-owned companies. Seorabeol City Gas, an affiliate of [[GS Group]], provides gas to the Gyeongju residents,<ref>{{cite web|language=ko |url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=1014764&v=43 |script-title=ko:서라벌도시가스주식회사 -都市-株式會社, SEORABEOL CITY GAS Co., Ltd |publisher=Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |access-date=2009-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610062531/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=&i=1014764&v=43 |archive-date=2011-06-10 }}</ref> while, electrical power is supplied by the public enterprises, [[Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power]] via the [[Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant]]. The plant is known for the only nuclear power plant operating [[PHWR]]s (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor) in South Korea<ref name="Industry" /> and supplies about 5% of South Korea's electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.candu.org/khnp.html |title=KHNP Fact Sheet |publisher=[[CANDU Owners Group]] website |access-date=2009-08-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515030705/http://www.candu.org/khnp.html |archive-date=May 15, 2009 }} See also [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716084817/http://www.khnp.co.kr/wolsong/Official site].</ref> The owner, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power<ref name="Star">{{cite news |date=2007-09-10 |url=https://www.thestar.com/Business/article/254895 |title=ATS wins South Korea nuclear deal |work= TheStar.com |agency= [[Canadian Press]] |access-date=2009-08-06}}</ref> began to build the Wolseong 1 in the districts of [[Yangnam-myeon]], [[Yangbuk-myeon]] and [[Gampo-eup]] in 1976. Since 1983, the power plant has been providing commercial service<ref name="Star" /> and operating with the PHWRs that has a capacity of 678,000&nbsp;kW. As the construction of each Wolseong 2, 3 and 4 with a capacity of 70,000&nbsp;kW were completed respectively in 1997, 1998 and 1999, Wolseong Nuclear Power plant site has been successfully operating the four PHWRs plants.<ref name="Industry" /> New project, Sinwolseong No. 1 and No. 2 are currently under construction which is estimated to be completed until 2011–12.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.knef.or.kr/nuclear/nuclear5.asp |title=Wolseong Nuclear Power plant |publisher=Korea Neclear Energy Foundation |access-date=2009-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201040203/http://eng.knef.or.kr/nuclear/nuclear5.asp |archive-date=2010-02-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Wald, Matthew L. |date=1991-01-10 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/10/business/talking-deals-help-for-canada-s-nuclear-industry.html |title=TALKING DEALS; Help for Canada's Nuclear Industry |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2009-08-06}}</ref> The [[Wolseong Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Center]], which treats and stores low and intermediate level radioactive waste from the local power plants,<ref name="Park, T; Choi, J">{{Cite report|author1=Park T. |author2=Choi J. |year=2012|title=Radioactive Waste Management in Korea|publisher=Haceteppe University, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute |url=http://www.nuke.hun.edu.tr/tr/webfiles/Activities/KEPCONF_DOOSAN/Workshop/Presentations/1_1600_1630_9%20Radioactive%20Waste%20Management%20in%20Korea-KAERI.pdf}}</ref> is overseen and inspected by the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS).<ref name="FNCA">{{Cite report|author=FNCA|year=2007|title=FNCA consolidated Report: Radioactive Waste Management in Korea|publisher=FNCA|url=http://www.fnca.mext.go.jp/english/rwm/news_img/rwm_cr03-05_r004.pdf}}</ref>

=== Transportation ===
[[File:Singyeongju Station 20191111 02.jpg|thumb|alt=A front view of a one-story building with a Korean traditional roof.|Gyeongju train station]]

The city lies at the junction of two minor lines operated by the [[Korean National Railroad]].  The [[Jungang Line]] runs from Seoul to Gyeongju and carries trains from the [[Daegu Line]], which originates in [[Dongdaegu Station|Dongdaegu]].<ref name="Brit Transport" /> In Gyeongju, the Jungang line connects to the [[Donghae Line]] which runs between [[Busan]] and [[Yeongdeok County|Yeongdeok]].<ref name="Brit Transport" /> The [[Gyeongbu Expressway]], which runs from Seoul to Busan, passes through Gyeongju,<ref name="Brit Transport" /> and Provincial Highway 68, aided by the South Korean government, connects [[Seocheon]] in [[South Chungcheong Province]] to Gyeongju.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kmrnews.com/ynews/ynews_view.php?pid=1246&code=NS06 |script-title=ko:직도지원책, 고군산연결도로사업 청신 |publisher=KMR News |author=Lee Jeong-hun (이정훈) |language=ko |date=2006-10-11 |access-date=2009-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713161639/http://www.kmrnews.com/ynews/ynews_view.php?pid=1246&code=NS06 |archive-date=2011-07-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Additionally national highways such as Route 4,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=761941&contentno=761941 |title=Route 4 |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-10 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 7,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?gs=wsmasterno=761948&contentno=761948 |title=Route 7 |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-10 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 14,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?gs=wsmasterno=761948&contentno=761948 |title=Route 14 |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-10 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 20,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=761954&contentno=761954 |title=Route 20 |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-10 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 28,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?gs=wsmasterno=761962&contentno=761962 |title=Route 28 |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-10 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 31,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=761965&contentno=761965 |title=Route 31 |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-10 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and 35<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyber.com/search_w/ctdetail.php?masterno=761969&contentno=761969 |title=Route 35 |publisher=[[Doosan Encyclopedia]] |language=ko |access-date=2009-08-10 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  crisscross the city. Since the city is a popular tourist destination, nonstop bus services are available from most major cities in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kobus.co.kr/main.do|title=Official Express Bus Website|publisher=Kobus|language=en|trans-title=Transport information – Express/Cross-country buses}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[High-speed rail]] does not serve central Gyeongju, but the [[Korea Train Express|KTX]] [[Gyeongbu Line]] stops at the nearby [[Gyeongju station]], in [[Geoncheon-eup]], west of Gyeongju's city center.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jo, Min-hui |date=2009-02-12 |language=ko |url=http://www.kookje.co.kr/news2006/asp/center.asp?gbn=v&code=0300&key=20090213.22003213912 |script-title=ko:서울~부산 30분 단축 '완행 KTX'시대 끝난다 |publisher=[[The Kookje Daily News]] |quote={{lang|ko|KTX 2단계 구간(동대구~경주~울산~부산 123㎞)}} |access-date=2009-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Lee, Jong-hun |date=2009-07-08 |language=ko |url=http://www.idaegu.co.kr/new_gisa.html?uid=193016&part=%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C |script-title=ko:경북도, KTX역세권 개발계획 |trans-title=North Gyeongsang province, KTX station areas under the development plan |access-date=2009-08-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801151335/http://www.idaegu.co.kr/new_gisa.html?uid=193016&part=%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C |archive-date=2012-08-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea}}
Gyeongju is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=자매우호도시|url=https://www.gyeongju.go.kr/open_content/ko/page.do?mnu_uid=293|website=gyeongju.go.kr|publisher=Gyeongju|language=ko|access-date=2025-03-02}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Iksan]], South Korea (1998)
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nara (city)|Nara]], Japan (1970)
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Obama, Fukui|Obama]], Japan (1977)
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Pompei]], Italy (1985)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]], France (1987)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xi'an]], China (2007)
*{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Huế]], Vietnam (2007)
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Nitra]], Slovakia (2014)
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ōita Prefecture]], Japan (2023)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chizhou]], China (2023)
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[Geography of South Korea]]
* [[List of cities in South Korea]]
* [[Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region]]
* [[World Heritage Site]]
* [[Tourism in South Korea]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*Breen, Michael (1999) ''The Koreans: who they are, what they want, where their future lies'' Macmillan, {{ISBN|0-312-24211-5}}
*Cherry, Judith (2001), ''Korean multinationals in Europe'', Routledge Advances in Korean Studies, Routledge, {{ISBN|0-7007-1480-4}}
*[[Cumings, Bruce]] (1997). ''Korea's place in the sun: A modern history''. New York: Norton. {{ISBN|0-393-31681-5}}
*Kang, Bong W. (2002).  A study of success and failure in the water management of the Buk Chun in Kyongju, Korea.  Paper delivered at the Eighteenth Congress of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage.  (Electronic Version).
*Kang, Jae-eun; Lee,  Suzanne. (2006) ''The land of scholars: two thousand years of Korean Confucianism'' Homa & Sekey Books, {{ISBN|1-931907-37-4}}
*Kim, Chang-hyun (August, 2008), ''[http://www.dbpia.co.kr/view/ar_view.asp?arid=1105741 The Position and the Administration System of Donggyeong in Koryeo Dynasty]'', (in Korean) Dongguk University, Silla Culture, issue 32, pp.&nbsp;1–43
*Kim, Chong-un; Fulton, Bruce, (1998) ''A ready-made life: early masters of modern Korean fiction'', University of Hawaii Press, pp.&nbsp;107–120, {{ISBN|0-8248-2071-1}}
*Kim, Deok-muk, (2003) ''전국의 기도터와 굿당 (Jeon-gukui gidoteo wa gutdang.  Tr. "Sites of Buddhist prayer and shamanic practice nationwide")'', (in Korean), 한국민속기록보존소 {{ISBN|89-953630-3-7}}
*[[Kim, Won-yong]]. (1982). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212651/http://www.ekoreajournal.net/archive/detail.jsp?VOLUMENO=22&BOOKNUM=9&PAPERNUM=3&TOTALSEARCH=Kyongju&AUTHORENAME=&PAPERTITLE=&KEYWORD=&PAPERTYPE=0&SUBJECT=0&STARTYEAR=&ENDYEAR=&LISTOPTION=1&KEYPAGE=10&PAGE=1 ''Kyŏngju:  The homeland of Korean culture'']. Korea Journal 22(9), pp.&nbsp;25–32.
*[[Kookmin University]], Department of Korean History (2004) "경주문화권 (Gyeongju Munhwagwon. The Gyeongju cultural area)", Seoul:역사공간 {{ISBN|89-90848-02-4}}
*Korean Overseas Information Service, (2003), ''Handbook of Korea'' (11th ed.), Seoul, Hollym, {{ISBN|1-56591-212-8}}
*Lee, Ki-baek; Tr. by E.W. Wagner & E.J. Schulz, (1984), ''A new history of Korea'' (rev. ed.), Seoul, Ilchogak, {{ISBN|89-337-0204-0}}
*Nilsen, Robert, ''South Korea'', Moon Handbooks, {{ISBN|1-56691-418-3}}
*[[Robert M. Oppenheim|Oppenheim, Robert]]. (2008) ''Kyŏngju things: assembling place'', University of Michigan Press, {{ISBN|0-472-05030-3}}
*Ring, Trudy; Robert M. Salkin, Paul E Schellinger, Sharon La Boda (1996) ''International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania'' Taylor & Francis, {{ISBN|1-884964-04-4}}
*Robinson, Martin; Ray Bartlett, Rob Whyte (2007), ''Korea'' Lonely Planet, pp.&nbsp;197–209, {{ISBN|1-74104-558-4}}
*Rutt, Richard; Hoare, James. (1999) ''Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary'', Durham East-Asia series. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7007-0464-7}}
*Sundaram, Jomo Kwame. (2003) ''Manufacturing competitiveness in Asia: how internationally competitive national firms and industries developed in East Asia'', Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-29922-5}}
*Tamásy, Christine; Taylor, Mike. (2008) ''Globalising Worlds and New Economic Configurations'', Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., {{ISBN|0-7546-7377-4}}
*Yi, Sŭng-hwan; Song, Jaeyoon (translation) (2005) ''A topography of Confucian discourse: politico-philosophical reflections on Confucian discourse since modernity'', Homa & Sekey Books, {{ISBN|1-931907-27-7}}
*Yu, Hong-jun; (translation) Mueller, Charles M., (1999) ''Smiles of the baby Buddha: appreciating the cultural heritage of Kyŏngju'', Changbi (창비), {{ISBN|89-364-7056-6}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons and category|Gyeongju}}
* {{wikivoyage inline|Gyeongju}}
* {{Official website|https://www.gyeongju.go.kr/open_content/eng/index.do|City of Gyeongju Government official website}}
* {{Official website|http://guide.gyeongju.go.kr/deploy/eng/|Gyeongju Guide official website}}

{{North Gyeongsang}}
{{Metropolitan cities of South Korea}} 
{{Most populous cities in South Korea}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gyeongju]]
[[Category:50s BC establishments]]
[[Category:57 BC]]
[[Category:Cities in North Gyeongsang Province]]