Editing Gyrator

{{short description|Two-port non-reciprocal network element}}
A '''gyrator''' is a [[passivity (engineering)|passive]], [[Linear circuit|linear]], lossless, [[two-port network|two-port]] electrical [[lumped-element model|network element]] proposed in 1948 by [[Bernard D. H. Tellegen]] as a hypothetical fifth [[linear element]] after the [[resistor]], [[capacitor]], [[inductor]] and [[transformer#Ideal transformer|ideal transformer]].<ref name="tellegen1948"/> Unlike the four conventional elements, the gyrator is [[Reciprocity (electrical networks)|non-reciprocal]]. Gyrators permit [[network synthesis filters|network realizations]] of two-(or-more)-[[Port (circuit theory)|port]] devices which cannot be realized with just the four conventional elements. In particular, gyrators make possible network realizations of [[isolator (microwave)|isolators]] and [[circulators]].<ref name="adamsetal1975"/> Gyrators do not however change the range of one-port devices that can be realized. Although the gyrator was conceived as a fifth linear element, its adoption makes both the ideal transformer and either the capacitor or inductor redundant. Thus the number of necessary linear elements is in fact reduced to three.  Circuits that function as gyrators can be built with transistors and [[op-amp]]s using [[feedback]].

[[File:tellegen-gyrator-symbol.svg|thumb|[[Bernard D. H. Tellegen|Tellegen's]] proposed symbol for his gyrator]] Tellegen invented a [[circuit symbol]] for the gyrator and suggested a number of ways in which a practical gyrator might be built.

An important property of a gyrator is that it inverts the [[current–voltage characteristic]] of an [[electrical component]] or [[electrical network|network]].  In the case of [[linear element]]s, the [[electrical impedance|impedance]] is also inverted.  In other words, a gyrator can make a [[capacitor|capacitive]] circuit behave [[inductor|inductively]], a [[LC circuit#Series LC circuit|series LC circuit]] behave like a [[LC circuit#Parallel LC circuit|parallel LC circuit]], and so on.  It is primarily used in [[active filter]] design and [[miniaturization]].

== Behaviour ==
[[File:tellegen-gyrator-annotated.svg|thumb|Gyrator schematic labelled]]
An ideal gyrator is a linear [[two-port network|two-port device]] which couples the current on one port to the voltage on the other and conversely. The instantaneous currents and instantaneous voltages are related by

: <math>v_2 = R i_1,</math>

: <math>v_1 = -R i_2,</math>

where <math>R</math> is the ''gyration [[Electrical resistance|resistance]]'' of the gyrator.

The gyration resistance (or equivalently its reciprocal the ''gyration [[Electrical conductance|conductance]]'') has an associated direction indicated by an arrow on the schematic diagram.<ref name="Chua"/> By convention, the given gyration resistance or conductance relates the voltage on the port at the head of the arrow to the current at its tail. The voltage at the tail of the arrow is related to the current at its head by ''minus'' the stated resistance. Reversing the arrow is equivalent to negating the gyration resistance, or to reversing the polarity of either port.

Although a gyrator is characterized by its resistance value, it is a lossless component. From the governing equations, the instantaneous power into the gyrator is identically zero:

: <math>P = v_1 i_1 + v_2 i_2 = (-R i_2) i_1 + (R i_1) i_2 \equiv 0.</math>

A gyrator is an entirely non-reciprocal device, and hence is represented by [[skew-symmetric matrix|antisymmetric]] [[impedance parameters|impedance]] and [[admittance parameters|admittance matrices]]:
:<math>
  Z = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -R \\  R & 0 \end{bmatrix},\quad
  Y = \begin{bmatrix} 0 &  G \\ -G & 0 \end{bmatrix},\quad G = \frac{1}{R}.
</math>
{{multiple image
 | width = 100
 | footer = Two versions of the symbol used to represent a gyrator in single-line diagrams. A 180° (π&nbsp;radian) phase shift occurs for signals travelling in the direction of the arrow (or longer arrow), with no phase shift in the reverse direction.
 | image1 = Gyrator-single-line-symbol.svg
 | alt1 = Line interrupted by a box containing the letter pi and an arrow
 | caption1 = Customary<ref name="fox-miller-weiss"/>
 | image2 = Gyrator-single-line-symbol-ANSI-IEC.svg
 | alt2 = Line interrupted by a box containing the letter pi and an arrow
 | caption2 = ANSI Y32<ref name="ieee-315-ansi-y32"/> & IEC standards
 }}
If the gyration resistance is chosen to be equal to the [[characteristic impedance]] of the two ports (or to their [[geometric mean]] if these are not the same), then the [[Scattering parameters|scattering matrix]] for the gyrator is
:<math>
  S = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix},
</math>
which is likewise antisymmetric. This leads to an alternative definition of a gyrator: a device which transmits a signal unchanged in the forward (arrow) direction, but reverses the polarity of the signal travelling in the backward direction (or equivalently,<ref name="hogan1952"/> 180° phase-shifts the backward-travelling signal<ref name="IEEEdict6"/>). The symbol used to represent a gyrator in [[one-line diagram]]s (where a [[waveguide (electromagnetism)|waveguide]] or [[transmission line]] is shown as a single line rather than as a pair of conductors), reflects this one-way phase shift.

As with a [[quarter-wave impedance transformer|quarter-wave transformer]], if one port of a gyrator is terminated with a linear load, then the other port presents an impedance inversely proportional to the impedance of that load:

: <math>Z_\text{in} = \frac{R^2}{Z_\text{load}}.</math>

A generalization of the gyrator is conceivable, in which the forward and backward gyration conductances have different magnitudes, so that the admittance matrix is
: <math>Y = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & G_1 \\ -G_2 & 0 \end{bmatrix}.</math>
However, this no longer represents a passive device.<ref>Theodore Deliyannis, Yichuang Sun, J. Kel Fidler, ''Continuous-time active filter design'', pp.&nbsp;81–82, CRC Press, 1999, {{ISBN|0-8493-2573-0}}.</ref>

== Name ==
Tellegen named the element ''gyrator'' as a blend of ''gyroscope'' and the common device suffix ''-tor'' (as in resistor, capacitor, transistor etc.)  The -''tor'' ending is even more suggestive in Tellegen's native Dutch, where the related element ''transformer'' is called ''transformator''.  The gyrator is related to the [[gyroscope]] by an analogy in its behaviour.<ref>Arthur Garratt, "Milestones in electronics: an interview with professor Bernard Tellegen", ''Wireless World'', vol.&nbsp;85, no.&nbsp;1521, pp.&nbsp;133–140, May 1979.</ref>

The analogy with the gyroscope is due to the relationship between the [[torque]] and [[angular velocity]] of the gyroscope on the two [[axes of rotation]].  A torque on one axis will produce a proportional change in angular velocity on the other axis and conversely.  A [[mechanical–electrical analogies|mechanical–electrical analogy]] of the gyroscope making torque and angular velocity the analogs of voltage and current results in the electrical gyrator.<ref>Forbes T. Brown, ''Engineering System Dynamics'', pp. 56–57, CRC Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0849396484}}.</ref>

== Relationship to the ideal transformer ==

[[File:tellegen-gyrator-cascaded.svg|thumb|left|Cascaded gyrators]]
An ideal gyrator is similar to an ideal transformer in being a linear, lossless, passive, memoryless two-port device. However, whereas a transformer couples the voltage on port&nbsp;1 to the voltage on port&nbsp;2, and the current on port&nbsp;1 to the current on port&nbsp;2, the gyrator cross-couples voltage to current and current to voltage. [[Cascade connection|Cascading]] two gyrators achieves a voltage-to-voltage coupling identical to that of an ideal transformer.<ref name="tellegen1948" />

Cascaded gyrators of gyration resistance <math>R_1</math> and <math>R_2</math> are equivalent to a transformer of turns ratio <math>R_1 : R_2</math>. Cascading a transformer and a gyrator, or equivalently cascading three gyrators produces a single gyrator of gyration resistance <math>R_1 R_3/R_2</math>.

From the point of view of network theory, transformers are redundant when gyrators are available. Anything that can be built from resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers and gyrators, can also be built using just resistors, gyrators and inductors (or capacitors).
<!-- force a break as there may be too little text to stop the picture intruding into the next section -->{{-}}

===Magnetic circuit analogy===
{{main|Gyrator–capacitor model}}

In the two-gyrator [[equivalent circuit]] for a transformer, described above, the gyrators may be identified with the transformer windings, and the loop connecting the gyrators with the transformer magnetic core. The electric current around the loop then corresponds to the rate-of-change of magnetic flux through the core, and the [[electromotive force]] (EMF) in the loop due to each gyrator corresponds to the [[magnetomotive force]] (MMF) in the core due to each winding.

The gyration resistances are in the same ratio as the winding turn-counts, but collectively of no particular magnitude. So, choosing an arbitrary conversion factor of <math>r</math> ohms per turn, a loop EMF <math>V</math> is related to a core MMF <math>\mathcal{F}</math> by

: <math>V = r \mathcal{F},</math>

and the loop current <math>I</math> is related to the core flux-rate <math>\dot{\Phi}</math> by

: <math>I = \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \Phi.</math>

The core of a real, non-ideal, transformer has finite [[permeance]] <math>\mathcal{P}</math> (non-zero [[reluctance]] <math>\mathcal{R}</math>), such that the flux and total MMF satisfy

: <math>\Phi = \frac{\mathcal{F}}{\mathcal{R}} = \mathcal{P} \mathcal{F},</math>

which means that in the gyrator loop

: <math>I = \frac{\mathcal{P}}{r^2} \frac{\partial}{\partial t} V</math>

corresponding to the introduction of a series capacitor

: <math>C = \frac{1}{r^2} \mathcal{P}</math>

in the loop. This is Buntenbach's capacitance–permeance analogy, or the [[gyrator–capacitor model]] of magnetic circuits.

== Application ==
===Simulated inductor===

[[File:Op-Amp Gyrator.svg|right|thumb|300px|An example of a gyrator simulating inductance, with an approximate equivalent circuit below. The two ''Z''<sub>in</sub> have similar values in typical applications. Circuit from {{Harvtxt|Berndt|Dutta Roy|1969}}]]

A gyrator can be used to transform a load capacitance into an inductance. At low frequencies and low powers, the behaviour of the gyrator can be reproduced by a small [[op-amp]] circuit.  This supplies a means of providing an [[inductor|inductive]] element in a small [[electrical network|electronic circuit]] or [[integrated circuit]].  Before the invention of the [[transistor]], coils of wire with large [[inductance]] might be used in [[electronic filter]]s.  An inductor can be replaced by a much smaller assembly containing a [[capacitor]], [[operational amplifier]]s or transistors, and [[resistor]]s. This is especially useful in integrated circuit technology.

==== Operation ====

In the circuit shown, one port of the gyrator is between the input terminal and ground, while the other port is terminated with the capacitor. The circuit works by inverting and multiplying the effect of the capacitor in an [[RC circuit#Differentiator|RC differentiating circuit]], where the voltage across the resistor ''R'' behaves through time in the same manner as the voltage across an inductor. The op-amp follower buffers this voltage and applies it back to the input through the resistor ''R<sub>L</sub>''. The desired effect is an impedance of the form of an ideal inductor ''L'' with a series resistance ''R<sub>L</sub>'':
<math display="block">Z = R_L + j \omega L.</math>

From the diagram, the input impedance of the op-amp circuit is
<math display="block">Z_\text{in} = (R_\text{L} + j \omega R_L R C) \parallel \left(R + \frac{1}{j \omega C}\right).</math>

With ''R<sub>L</sub>RC'' = ''L'', it can be seen that the impedance of the simulated inductor is the desired impedance in parallel with the impedance of the RC circuit.  In typical designs, ''R'' is chosen to be sufficiently large such that the first term dominates; thus, the RC circuit's effect on input impedance is negligible:

<math display="block">Z_\text{in} \approx R_L + j \omega R_L R C.</math>

This is the same as a resistance ''R<sub>L</sub>'' in series with an inductance ''L'' = ''R<sub>L</sub>RC''. There is a practical limit on the minimum value that ''R<sub>L</sub>'' can take, determined by the current output capability of the op-amp.

The impedance cannot increase indefinitely with frequency, and eventually the second term limits the impedance to the value of ''R''.

==== Comparison with actual inductors ====

Simulated elements are electronic circuits that imitate actual elements. Simulated elements cannot replace physical inductors in all the possible applications as they do not possess all the unique properties of physical inductors.

'''Magnitudes.''' In typical applications, both the inductance and the resistance of the gyrator are much greater than that of a physical inductor. Gyrators can be used to create inductors from the microhenry range up to the megahenry range. Physical inductors are typically limited to tens of henries, and have [[parasitic resistance|parasitic series resistances]] from hundreds of microhms through the low kilohm range. The parasitic resistance of a gyrator depends on the topology, but with the topology shown, series resistances will typically range from tens of ohms through hundreds of kilohms.

'''Quality.''' Physical capacitors are often much closer to "ideal capacitors" than physical inductors are to "ideal inductors". Because of this, a synthesized inductor realized with a gyrator and a capacitor may, for certain applications, be closer to an "ideal inductor" than any (practical) physical inductor can be. Thus, use of capacitors and gyrators may improve the quality of filter networks that would otherwise be built using inductors. Also, the [[Q factor]] of a synthesized inductor can be selected with ease.  The [[Q factor|Q]] of an LC filter can be either lower or higher than that of an actual LC filter&nbsp;– for the same frequency, the inductance is much higher, the capacitance much lower, but the resistance also higher. Gyrator inductors typically have higher accuracy than physical inductors, due to the lower cost of precision capacitors than inductors.

'''Energy storage.''' Simulated inductors do not have the inherent energy storing properties of the real inductors and this limits the possible power applications. The circuit cannot respond like a real inductor to sudden input changes (it does not produce a high-voltage [[Counter-electromotive force|back EMF]]); its voltage response is limited by the power supply. Since gyrators use active circuits, they only function as a gyrator within the power supply range of the active element. Hence gyrators are usually not very useful for situations requiring simulation of the 'flyback' property of inductors, where a large voltage spike is caused when current is interrupted. A gyrator's transient response is limited by the bandwidth of the active device in the circuit and by the power supply.

'''Externalities.''' Simulated inductors do not react to external magnetic fields and permeable materials the same way that real inductors do. They also don't create magnetic fields (and induce currents in external conductors) the same way that real inductors do. This limits their use in applications such as sensors, detectors and transducers.

'''Grounding.''' The fact that one side of the simulated inductor is grounded restricts the possible applications (real inductors are floating). This limitation may preclude its use in some low-pass and notch filters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carter |first=Bruce |title=An audio circuit collection, Part 3 |date=July 2001 |id=SLYT134 |url=http://focus.tij.co.jp/jp/lit/an/slyt134/slyt134.pdf |journal=Analog Applications Journal |publisher=Texas Instruments }}. Carter page 1 states, "The fact that one side of the inductor is grounded precludes its use in low-pass and notch filters, leaving high-pass and band-pass filters as the only possible applications."</ref>  However the gyrator can be used in a floating configuration with another gyrator so long as the floating "grounds" are tied together.  This allows for a floating gyrator, but the inductance simulated across the input terminals of the gyrator pair must be cut in half for each gyrator to ensure that the desired inductance is met (the impedance of inductors in series adds together).  This is not typically done as it requires even more components than in a standard configuration and the resulting inductance is a result of two simulated inductors, each with half of the desired inductance.

==== Applications ====

The primary application for a gyrator is to reduce the size and cost of a system by removing the need for bulky, heavy and expensive inductors. For example, [[RLC circuit|RLC]] bandpass filter characteristics can be realized with capacitors, resistors and operational amplifiers without using inductors. Thus [[graphic equalizer]]s can be achieved with capacitors, resistors and operational amplifiers without using inductors because of the invention of the gyrator.

Gyrator circuits are extensively used in telephony devices that connect to a [[Plain old telephone service|POTS]] system. This has allowed telephones to be much smaller, as the gyrator circuit carries the [[Direct current|DC]] part of the line loop current, allowing the transformer carrying the AC voice signal to be much smaller due to the elimination of DC current through it.<ref>
Joe Randolph.
[http://www.randolph-telecom.com/articles/AN-5,%20Transformer-based%20phone%20line%20interfaces%20_DAA,%20FXO_.pdf AN-5: "Transformer-based phone line interfaces (DAA, FXO)"].
</ref>
Gyrators are used in most DAAs ([[data access arrangement]]s).<ref>
[http://www.daycounter.com/Circuits/Gyrator/Gyrator.phtml "Gyrator - DC Holding Circuit"]
</ref>
Circuitry in telephone exchanges has also been affected with gyrators being used in [[line card]]s. Gyrators are also widely used in [[hi-fi]] for graphic equalizers, [[parametric equalization|parametric equalizers]], discrete [[Bandstop filter|bandstop]] and bandpass filters such as [[Rumble measurement|rumble filters]]), and [[Pilot signal|FM pilot tone]] filters.

There are many applications where it is not possible to use a gyrator to replace an inductor:
* [[High voltage]] systems utilizing flyback (beyond working voltage of transistors/amplifiers)
* RF systems commonly use real inductors as they are quite small at these frequencies and integrated circuits to build an active gyrator are either expensive or non-existent.  However, passive gyrators are possible.
* Power conversion, where a coil is used as energy storage.

==Impedance inversion==

In [[microwave]] circuits, impedance inversion can be achieved using a [[quarter-wave impedance transformer]] instead of a gyrator.  The quarter-wave transformer is a passive device and is far simpler to build than a gyrator.  Unlike the gyrator, the transformer is a reciprocal component.  The transformer is an example of a [[distributed-element circuit]].<ref>Matthaei, George L.; Young, Leo and Jones, E. M. T. ''Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures'', pp. 434-440, McGraw-Hill 1964 (1980 edition is {{ISBN|0-89006-099-1}}).</ref>

== In other energy domains ==
Analogs of the gyrator exist in other energy domains.  The analogy with the mechanical gyroscope has already been pointed out in the name section.  Also, when systems involving multiple energy domains are being analysed as a unified system through analogies, such as [[mechanical-electrical analogies]], the [[transducer]]s between domains are considered either transformers or gyrators depending on which variables they are translating.<ref>Clarence W. de Silva, ''Mechatronics: An Integrated Approach'', pp. 62-65,  CRC Press, 2004 {{ISBN|0203502787}}.</ref>  Electromagnetic transducers translate current into force and velocity into voltage.  In the [[impedance analogy]] however, force is the analog of voltage and velocity is the analog of current, thus electromagnetic transducers are gyrators in this analogy.  On the other hand, [[piezoelectric transducers]] are transformers (in the same analogy).<ref>Forbes T. Brown, ''Engineering System Dynamics'', pp. 57-58, CRC Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0849396484}}.</ref>

Thus another possible way to make an electrical passive gyrator is to use transducers to translate into the mechanical domain and back again, much as is done with [[mechanical filter]]s.  Such a gyrator can be made with a single mechanical element by using a [[multiferroics|multiferroic]] material using its [[magnetoelectric effect]].  For instance, a current carrying coil wound around a multiferroic material will cause vibration through the multiferroic's [[magnetostrictive]] property.  This vibration will induce a voltage between [[electrode]]s embedded in the material through the  multiferroic's [[piezoelectric]] property.  The overall effect is to translate a current into a voltage resulting in gyrator action.<ref>Haribabu Palneedi, Venkateswarlu Annapureddy, Shashank Priya and Jungho Ryu, [http://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/5/1/9/htm "Status and perspectives of multiferroic magnetoelectric composite materials and applications"], ''Actuators'', vol. 5, iss. 1, sect. 5, 2016.</ref><ref>Nian X. Sun and Gopalan Srinivasan, [http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S2010324712400048 "Voltsage control of magnetism in multiferroic heterostructures and devices"], ''Spin'', vol.2, 2012, 1240004.</ref><ref>Junyi Zhai, Jiefang Li, Shuxiang Dong, D. Viehland, and M. I. Bichurin, [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2402967 "A quasi(unidirectional) Tellegen gyrator"], ''J. Appl. Phys.'', vol.100, 2006, 124509.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sallen–Key topology]]
* [[Frequency-dependent negative resistor]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="tellegen1948">
{{Cite journal
 |author      = B. D. H. Tellegen
 |date        = April 1948
 |title       = The gyrator, a new electric network element
 |journal     = Philips Res. Rep.
 |volume      = 3
 |pages       = 81–101
 |url         = http://techpreservation.dyndns.org/beitman/abpr/newfiles/The%20Gyrator.pdf
 |access-date  = 2010-03-20
 |url-status     = bot: unknown
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20140423045739/http://techpreservation.dyndns.org/beitman/abpr/newfiles/The%20Gyrator.pdf
 |archive-date = 2014-04-23
}}</ref>
<ref name="adamsetal1975">{{cite journal
| author      = K. M. Adams, E. F. A. Deprettere and J. O. Voorman
| editor      = Ladislaus Marton
| year        = 1975
| title       = The gyrator in electronic systems
| journal     = Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics
| volume      = 37
| pages       = 79–180
| publisher   = Academic Press, Inc.
| doi=10.1016/s0065-2539(08)60537-5
| bibcode = 1975AEEP...37...79A
| isbn = 9780120145379
}}</ref>
<ref name="Chua">{{Citation
 |last= Chua
 |first= Leon
 |title= EECS-100 Op Amp Gyrator Circuit Synthesis and Applications
 |access-date= May 3, 2010
 |publisher= Univ. of Calif. at Berkeley
 |url= http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee100/fa04/lab/lab10/EE100_Gyrator_Guide.pdf
 }}</ref>
<ref name="ieee-315-ansi-y32">{{cite book
 | title = Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams (Including Reference Designation Letters): IEEE-315-1975 (Reaffirmed 1993), ANSI Y32.2-1975 (Reaffirmed 1989), CSA Z99-1975
 | publisher = IEEE and ANSI, New York, NY
 | year = 1993
}}</ref>
<ref name="fox-miller-weiss">{{Cite journal
| last1       = Fox
| first1      = A. G.
| last2       = Miller
| first2      = S. E.
| last3       = Weiss
| first3      = M. T..
|date=January 1955
| title       = Behavior and Applications of Ferrites in the Microwave Region
| journal     = [[The Bell System Technical Journal]]
| volume      = 34
| issue       = 1
| pages       = 5–103
| url         = http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol34-1955/articles/bstj34-1-5.pdf
| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1955.tb03763.x
}}</ref>
<ref name="hogan1952">{{Cite journal
| last        = Hogan
| first       = C. Lester
| author-link  = Lester Hogan
|date=January 1952
| title       = The Ferromagnetic Faraday Effect at Microwave Frequencies and its Applications - The Microwave Gyrator
| journal     = [[The Bell System Technical Journal]]
| volume      = 31
| issue       = 1
| pages       = 1–31
| url         = https://archive.org/stream/bell00systemvol31techniamerrich#page/n9/mode/2up
| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01374.x
}}</ref>
<ref name="IEEEdict6">{{cite book
|title=The IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics terms
|edition=6th
|orig-year=1941
|year=1996
|publisher=IEEE
|isbn=1-55937-833-6
}}</ref>

}}

{{Commons category|Gyrators}}
* {{Citation
 |last1= Berndt
 |first1= D. F.
 |last2= Dutta Roy
 |first2= S. C.
 |title= Inductor simulation with a single unity gain amplifier
 |journal=IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
 |volume= SC-4
 |pages= 161–162
 |year= 1969
 |doi=10.1109/JSSC.1969.1049979}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Analog circuits]]
[[Category:Dutch inventions]]
[[Category:Linear filters]]