Editing HAL Tejas

{{Short description|Indian lightweight multirole fighter}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = Tejas
| image = HAL Tejas (LA-5018) of Squadron 18 Flying Bullets.jpg
| caption = HAL Tejas from [[No. 18 Squadron IAF]]
| type = [[Multirole combat aircraft|Multirole]] [[light fighter]]
| national_origin = India <!-- Please DON'T add flag icons, as they limit horizontal space. -->
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| design_group = [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] <br />Aircraft Research and Design Centre ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]]) <br />[[Aeronautical Development Establishment]]
| designer = <!-- Only appropriate for one-person designers, not project leaders or chief designers -->
| first_flight = 4 January 2001<ref name=":24" />
| introduction = 17 January 2015<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-32-years-india-finally-gets-lca-tejas-aircraft/articleshow/45921356.cms?imageid=45757544#slide1 |title=After 32 years, India finally gets LCA Tejas aircraft |date=17 January 2015 |access-date=17 January 2015 |author=<!--staff writer--> |newspaper=Economic Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329234640/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-32-years-india-finally-gets-lca-tejas-aircraft/articleshow/45921356.cms?imageid=45757544#slide1 |archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>
| status = In service<ref>{{cite web|last=Jain|first=Smriti|date=2016-07-01|title=Tejas: IAF inducts HAL's 'Made in India' Light Combat Aircraft – 10 special facts about the LCA|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/302851/tejas-iaf-induction-light-combat-aircraft-hal-lca-indian-air-force/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816033246/http://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/302851/tejas-iaf-induction-light-combat-aircraft-hal-lca-indian-air-force/2/|archive-date=16 August 2016|access-date=2021-11-08|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>
| primary_user = [[Indian Air Force]]
| more_users = <!-- Limited to THREE (3) 'more users' here (4 total users). Separate users with <br />. Please DON'T add flag icons, as they limit horizontal space. -->
| produced = 2001–present
| number_built = 38{{efn|32 Tejas Mk 1,<ref name="BS-230823">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/delivery-of-single-seat-tejas-lca-mark-1-fighters-to-iaf-completed-123082300824_1.html|title=Delivery of single-seat Tejas LCA Mark 1 fighters to IAF completed|work=Business Standard|date=2023-08-23}}</ref> 6 Tejas trainers<ref name=":56" />}} (excluding 17 prototypes){{efn|9 Prototypes (6 PV,<ref name="SP Guide publications">{{cite web|date=16 November 2014|title=Tejas trainer PV6 completes first flight|url=https://www.spsmai.com/aerospace/?id=3302&q=Tejas-trainer-PV6-completes-first-flight|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=www.spsmai.com|publisher=SP Guide publications|language=en|issn=2230-9268|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019075115/https://www.spsmai.com/aerospace/?id=3302&q=Tejas-trainer-PV6-completes-first-flight}}</ref> 3 Naval<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=LCA Navy prototype NP5 completes successful maiden flight: DRDO |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lca-navy-prototype-np5-maiden-flight-drdo-8898709/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>), 8 LSP,<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web|date=1 April 2013|title=Tejas LSP-8 makes its maiden flight |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/apr/01/tejas-lsp-8-makes-its-maiden-flight-463758.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217093449/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/apr/01/tejas-lsp-8-makes-its-maiden-flight-463758.html|archive-date=17 February 2020|access-date=2021-11-08|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>}}
| developed_into = [[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mk2]]
}}

The '''HAL Tejas''' ({{Lit|Radiant}}) is an Indian single-engine, [[delta wing]], [[Multirole combat aircraft|multirole]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aircraft Certification {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/aircraft-certification |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref> [[Military aircraft|combat aircraft]] designed by the [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA) and manufactured by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) for the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) and the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=":44">{{Cite news|date=2023-10-04|title=HAL hands over first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft to IAF|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hal-hands-over-first-lca-tejas-twin-seater-aircraft-to-iaf/article67379361.ece|access-date=2023-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-07-01|title=Indigenous Tejas joins IAF's fighter squadron|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Indigenous-Tejas-joins-IAF%E2%80%99s-fighter-squadron/article14465804.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108101311/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Indigenous-Tejas-joins-IAF%E2%80%99s-fighter-squadron/article14465804.ece|archive-date=8 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Tejas made its first flight in 2001 and entered into service with the IAF in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2016-05-28|title=Tejas to replace MiG as key fighter|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-to-replace-MiG-as-key-fighter/article14344179.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001023038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-to-replace-MiG-as-key-fighter/article14344179.ece|archive-date=1 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 December 2021|title=Tejas not being inducted as replacement of MIG-21 fighter jet: Defence Ministry|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/tejas-not-being-inducted-as-replacement-of-mig-21-fighter-jet-defence-ministry/842180|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-20|website=Times Now News|language=en|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220202637/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/tejas-not-being-inducted-as-replacement-of-mig-21-fighter-jet-defence-ministry/842180}}</ref> In 2003, the aircraft was officially named 'Tejas'.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2016-07-06|title=Pokhran-II delayed Tejas project, says former scientist|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Pokhran-II-delayed-Tejas-project-says-former-scientist/article14474390.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013231615/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Pokhran-II-delayed-Tejas-project-says-former-scientist/article14474390.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=13 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Currently, Tejas is the smallest and lightest in its class of supersonic fighter jets.''<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2021-10-06 |title=LCA could be a good option for Argentine Air Force, says a source |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lca-could-be-a-good-option-for-argentine-air-force-says-a-source/2345231/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=The Financial Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019063337/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lca-could-be-a-good-option-for-argentine-air-force-says-a-source/2345231/ |archive-date=19 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> ''

Tejas is the second jet powered [[combat aircraft]] developed by HAL after the [[HAL HF-24 Marut|HF-24 Marut]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-01-10|title=Fit to fly: The Tejas, first India-designed fighter jet|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12152063|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927154928/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12152063|archive-date=27 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2016 |title=Tejas: India designed fighter jet joins air force |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36681110 |access-date=10 April 2025 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The first Tejas squadron became operational in 2016. The [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] (''Flying Daggers'')'','' based at [[Sulur Air Force Station]] (AFS) in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, was the first to have their [[MiG-21]] ''Bisons'' replaced with the Tejas.<ref name=":26" />

Tejas has three production variants - Mark 1, Mark 1A and a trainer/light attack variant. The IAF currently has placed an order for 123 Tejas and is planning to procure 97 more.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=DAC nod to buy 97 Tejas jets, 156 combat helicopters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre-more-tejas-jets-light-combat-choppers-mega-defence-deal-9048652/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The IAF plans to procure at least 324 aircraft or 18 squadrons of Tejas in all variants, including the heavier [[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mark 2]] which is currently being developed.<ref name=":11">{{cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=16 April 2018|title=Tejas Fighter Jets Participate in India's Biggest Air Combat Exercise|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/tejas-fighter-jets-participate-in-indias-biggest-air-combat-exercise/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020170627/https://thediplomat.com/2018/04/tejas-fighter-jets-participate-in-indias-biggest-air-combat-exercise/|archive-date=20 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

{{as of|2016|post=,}} the indigenous content in the Tejas Mark 1 is 59.7% by value and 75.5% by the number of [[line replaceable unit]]s.<ref>{{cite web|author=<!--staff writer-->|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=18 November 2016|title=Indigenous content of Tejas 59.7% by value & 75.5% by numbers The Minister of State for Defence, Subhash Bhamre, reported to Parliament|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indigenous-content-of-tejas-59-7-by-value-75-5-by-numbers-4383036/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152245/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indigenous-content-of-tejas-59-7-by-value-75-5-by-numbers-4383036/|archive-date=9 December 2017|access-date=9 December 2017|via=indianexpress.com}}</ref> The indigenous content of the Tejas Mk 1A is expected to surpass 70% in the next four years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister visits HAL facilities in Bengaluru; Appreciates its growing capabilities |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1979832 |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

The name "Tejas", meaning 'radiance' or 'brilliance' in Sanskrit, continued an Indian tradition of choosing Sanskrit-language names for both domestically and foreign-produced combat aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=The Story of Indian Aircraft Names: A Tradition and Its Evolution |url=https://iafhistory.in/2022/09/30/the-story-of-indian-aircraft-names-a-tradition-and-its-evolution/ |website=IAFHistory |date=30 September 2022 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

==Development==
{{For timeline}}

===LCA programme===
[[File:LCA-Tejas Production Partners.jpg|thumb|LCA Tejas production partners]]

The LCA programme originated in the early 1980s. In 1983, the Government of India established the LCA project with the initial goal to develop a new light combat aircraft to replace the ageing IAF fighters, especially the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] variants,<ref name=":15">{{Cite news|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=8 August 2021|title=Tejas flying record world's best, criticism unfortunate, says IAF veteran who flew LCA at 78|work=[[ThePrint]]|url=https://theprint.in/defence/tejas-flying-record-worlds-best-criticism-unfortunate-says-iaf-veteran-who-flew-lca-at-78/710466/|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031040444/https://theprint.in/defence/tejas-flying-record-worlds-best-criticism-unfortunate-says-iaf-veteran-who-flew-lca-at-78/710466/|archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> which had been the mainstay of the IAF since 1963.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=24 May 2021|title=11 down in 5 yrs, 3 in 2021, but many in IAF still swear by MiG-21s despite its 'safety record'|work=[[ThePrint]]|url=https://theprint.in/defence/11-down-in-5-yrs-3-in-2021-but-many-in-iaf-still-swear-by-mig-21s-despite-its-safety-record/663813/|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031041009/https://theprint.in/defence/11-down-in-5-yrs-3-in-2021-but-many-in-iaf-still-swear-by-mig-21s-despite-its-safety-record/663813/|archive-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> At one point the IAF had operated as many as 874 [[MiG-21]]s.<ref name=":14"/> The "Long Term Re-Equipment Plan 1981" noted that most of these IAF fighters were approaching the end of their service lives by the early-1990s, and that by 1995, the IAF would be 40 percent short of the aircraft needed to fill its projected force structure requirements.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Biswas|first1=Shreya|date=1 July 2016|title=Tejas Light Combat Aircraft: Here's how India created its first Flying Dagger|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/tejas-light-combat-aircraft-history-indian-air-force-326777-2016-07-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008205808/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/tejas-light-combat-aircraft-history-indian-air-force-326777-2016-07-01|archive-date=8 October 2021|access-date=2 November 2021|website=India Today}}</ref>

In 1984, the Government of India established [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] (ADA) under the aegis of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) to manage the LCA programme.<ref name=":15"/> The ADA was entrusted with the design and development of LCA while HAL was chosen as the principal contractor.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Subramanian|first=T.S|date=11 March 2011|title=Technology giant|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30174759.ece|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[The Hindu Group]]|issn=0970-1710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228183931/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30174759.ece|archive-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> The government's "self-reliance" goals for the LCA included the three most sophisticated and challenging systems: the [[Fly-by-wire]] (FBW) flight control system, multi-mode [[pulse-doppler radar]], and [[Afterburner|afterburning]] [[Turbofan|turbofan engine]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite news|last=Reddy|first=C.Manmohan|date=16 September 2002|title=LCA economics|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=17 March 2009|issn=0971-751X|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317030448/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/biz/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600190300.htm}}</ref>

The [[Specification|project definition]] phase was commenced in October 1986<ref name=":15"/> with France's [[Dassault|Dassault-Breguet]] Aviation as consultant. Dassault-Breguet's expertise was mainly utilised in the design and system integration of the Tejas.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=24 October 1987 |title=Dassault wins Indian LCA contract |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202148.html |magazine=[[Flight International]] |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053019/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202148.html |archive-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> In 1988, Dassault offered a hybrid fly by wire flight control system for the LCA, consisting of three digital channels and one analogue channel, with a redundant analogue channel as a back up in case the digital channels fails. But the ADA was in favour of a quadruplex digital FBW flight control system.<ref name=":16" />

The design of the Tejas was finalised in 1990 as a small tailless [[Delta wing|compound delta wing]] design with [[relaxed static stability]]. To provide enhanced manoeuvrability it would be a [[Fly-by-wire#Safety and redundancy|''control configured vehicle'']] incorporating a digital FBW flight control system.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Rajkumar|first=Philip|title=Tejas Story: The Light Combat Aircraft Project|publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors|date=1 January 2007|isbn=978-8173047640|pages=47–49|language=en}}</ref> [[Kota Harinarayana]] was the Programme Director and Chief Designer of Tejas.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-08-22|title=Tejas chief designer felicitated|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Tejas-chief-designer-felicitated/article14583452.ece|access-date=2021-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031144857/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Tejas-chief-designer-felicitated/article14583452.ece|archive-date=31 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 1992, a dedicated ''National Control Law (CLAW)'' team was set up by the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] to develop India's own state of the art FBW flight control system for the Tejas. Initially [[Lockheed Martin]]'s consultancy was sought. But it was terminated following a US embargo in response to India's second [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests]] in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mama |first=Hormuz |date=4 November 1998 |title=Indian ambition |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/indian-ambition/23907.article |url-status=live |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Flight Global |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410152655/https://www.flightglobal.com/indian-ambition/23907.article }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Michael J. H|title=Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999-2000|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|date=1 May 1999|isbn=978-1857532456|pages=29–30|language=en}}</ref> This delayed the programme partly by about 18 months.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=C Manmohan |date=2003-03-13 |title=The LCA success |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30215962.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127212326/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30215962.ece }}</ref> Later India indigenously developed a quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system for Tejas.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2013-12-26 |title=PICTURES: India's Tejas receives initial operational clearance |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pictures-indias-tejas-receives-initial-operational-clearance-/112040.article |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:KH2002 HAL Tejas Indian Air Force (8413494671).jpg|thumb|Tejas technology demonstrator in inverted flight]]
The CLAW team completed the design and integration of the flight control laws with the flight control system software, with the aid of an ''Iron Bird'' test rig. The quadruplex digital fly-by-wire flight control system conducted over 50 hours of pilot testing on Iron Bird Test Rig. On 4 January 2001, on its maiden flight, the TD-1 successfully flew with an indigenous quadruplex digital FBW flight control system.<ref name=":16" /> The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at the National Aerospace Laboratories' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref>

Another critical technology needed for LCA was the multi-mode radar (MMR). Initially, the [[Ericsson]]/[[Ferranti]] PS-05/A I/J-band multi-function radar, also used on [[Saab Group|Saab]]'s [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]], was intended to be used.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=John W.R|title="HAL Light Combat Aircraft" in "Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1989-1990"|last2=Munson|first2=Kenneth|last3=Taylor|first3=Michael J.H|publisher=Jane's Information Group|year=1989|isbn=0-7106-0896-9|location=Coulsdon, Surrey, UK|page=104}}</ref> However, DRDO decided to develop an indigenous multi-mode radar for the Tejas. HAL's Hyderabad division and the DRDO's [[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment]] (LRDE) laboratory were selected to jointly lead the MMR programme, and work commenced in 1997.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Aroor|first=Shiv|date=7 April 2006|title='Indigenous' aircraft needs foreign lift, for its radar|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-indigenous--aircraft-needs-foreign-lift-for-its-radar/2025/|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005636/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-indigenous--aircraft-needs-foreign-lift-for-its-radar/2025/|archive-date=8 January 2016}}</ref> The [[Centre for Airborne Systems]] (CABS) was responsible for the MMR's test programme. An [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748 Series 2A|HAL-748]] airborne surveillance aircraft was converted for this purpose.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|last=Kapur|first=Vivek|title=Indian Aircraft Industry: Possible Innovations for Success in the Twenty-First Century|publisher=KW Publishers|date=1 January 2018|isbn=978-9386288684|pages=57–58|language=en}}</ref> The development of multi-mode was not smooth, as it suffered some setbacks. By 2005, only two radar modes – the air-to-air look-up and look-down - were confirmed to have been successfully tested. The performance of several other modes that had been tested were suboptimal.<ref name=":17"/> The problem with the radar was mainly attributed to the lack of compatibility between the LRDE/HAL multi mode radar and the LRDE's advanced signal processor module.<ref name=":1"/> Using an "off-the-shelf" foreign radar as an interim option was considered.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=2008-10-03|title=LCA to be fitted with Israeli multi-mode radar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/LCA-to-be-fitted-with-Israeli-multi-mode-radar/article15315625.ece|access-date=2021-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006092153/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/03/stories/2008100356310900.htm|archive-date=6 October 2008|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

ADA met with success in the development of three of the five key technologies identified at the beginning of the LCA programme. The successful endeavours were mastery in the FBW flight control system,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejas Light Combat Supersonic Fighter |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/tejas/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411014434/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/tejas/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":16" /> the development and manufacturing of carbon-fibre composite structures and skins, and a modern [[glass cockpit]]. The ''Autolay'' [[computer-aided design]] software developed as part of the LCA programme has been licensed to [[Airbus]] for its [[Airbus A380|A380]] wide-body aircraft project.<ref name=":18"/> The development of a multi-mode pulse-doppler radar was abandoned,<ref name=":19"/> off the shelf Israeli [[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2032]] multi-mode and [[EL/M-2052]] [[Active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) radar units being selected for the Mk1 and initial Mk1a aircraft, respectively,<ref name="aviationweek.com" /> while DRDO opted, in 2012, to develop its own [[Uttam AESA Radar]], as of 2024 the Uttam radar is undergoing flight trials.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=24 February 2021|title=At least half of the 123 Tejas fighters ordered by the IAF to have India-made fire control radar|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/at-least-half-of-the-123-tejas-fighters-ordered-by-the-iaf-to-have-india-made-fire-control-radar/article33919219.ece|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|issn=0970-1710|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308001919/https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/at-least-half-of-the-123-tejas-fighters-ordered-by-the-iaf-to-have-india-made-fire-control-radar/article33919219.ece|archive-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> India's self-reliance goal oriented development for the LCA programme has considerably increased the indigenous components in Tejas and contributed to an aviation industry expansion in the country.<ref name="Tejas Mk1a">{{cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=13 January 2021|title=India clears deal to manufacture LCA Mk1A 'Tejas' fighter jets for the air force|work=[[The Economic Times]]|publisher=The Times Group|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-clears-deal-to-manufacture-lca-mk1a-tejas-fighter-jets-for-the-air-force/articleshow/80251604.cms|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113130347/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-clears-deal-to-manufacture-lca-mk1a-tejas-fighter-jets-for-the-air-force/articleshow/80251604.cms|archive-date=13 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Alex Philip|first=Snehesh|date=2021-01-13|title=Govt clears Rs 48,000-cr deal for 83 Tejas fighters — all you want to know about the aircraft|url=https://theprint.in/defence/govt-clears-rs-48000-cr-deal-for-83-tejas-mk-1a-all-you-want-to-know-about-the-aircraft/584743/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902070910/https://theprint.in/defence/govt-clears-rs-48000-cr-deal-for-83-tejas-mk-1a-all-you-want-to-know-about-the-aircraft/584743/|archive-date=2 September 2021|access-date=2021-11-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 20 December 2021, [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) in a written reply during winter session of [[Rajya Sabha]] clarified that the HAL Tejas is no longer considered as a replacement for the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]], instead it is now part of a general IAF fleet modernisation programme.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 December 2021|title=Tejas Aircraft Not A Replacement For MIG-21 Fighters: Defence Ministry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tejas-aircraft-not-a-replacement-for-mig-21-fighters-defence-ministry-2661734|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-20|website=NDTV|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220202630/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tejas-aircraft-not-a-replacement-for-mig-21-fighters-defence-ministry-2661734}}</ref>

===Prototypes and testing===
[[File:LCA Tejas maiden air-to-air refuelling.ogg|thumb|Tejas FOC on wet contact trial from [[Ilyushin Il-78]] tanker|left]]
Prototype testing began in 2003, a year after the first flight of the second Technology Demonstrator (TD-2).<ref name=":7" /> The first prototype aircraft, PV-1, made its maiden flight in 2003. The first trainer prototype PV-5 was rolled out in 2009 and made its first flight on 26 November 2009.<ref name=":7" /> A total of two trainer prototypes were built and designated PV-5 and PV-06. The first naval prototype, designated NP-1, made its first flight on 27 April 2012. It was a twin-seater aircraft, while the second naval prototype, designated as NP-2, was a single seater. Both naval prototypes were used extensively for various [[aircraft carrier]]-related trials at the [[Shore Based Test Facility]] in Goa. NP-2 was used in the actual carrier trials, where it made an arrested recovery and ski-jump assisted take-off from the aircraft carrier {{INS|Vikramaditya}} in January 2020.<ref name=":20" />

[[File:IAF Tejas landing (33068021935).jpg|thumb|Tejas Limited Series Production aircraft LSP-3 on landing run]]
The first Limited Series Production aircraft (LSP-1) performed its maiden flight on 25 April 2007.<ref name=":7" /> A total of seven limited series production (LSP) aircraft were built. The LSPs were extensively used for developmental trials such as weapon testing – involving test firing of the [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-12-01|title=Tejas test-fires missile successfully|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|access-date=2021-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020170215/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|archive-date=20 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and Python-5 close combat missiles, the [[Python (missile)#I-Derby ER|I-Derby ER]] beyond visual range air-to-air missile<ref name=":10">{{cite web|last1=Bedi|first1=Rahul|last2=Dominguez|first2=Gabriel|date=28 April 2021|title=India test-fires Python 5 AAM from Tejas LCA|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-test-fires-python-5-aam-from-tejas-lca|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717145349/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-test-fires-python-5-aam-from-tejas-lca|archive-date=17 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Janes.com|language=en}}</ref> and guided–unguided munition releases.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=2009-02-05|title=Tejas crosses a milestone|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/05/stories/2009020560511000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207064454/http://hindu.com/2009/02/05/stories/2009020560511000.htm|archive-date=7 February 2009|access-date=16 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=29 May 2014|title=Advanced Weapon Trials of Tejas Fighter Completed|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Advanced-Weapon-Trials-of-Tejas-Fighter-Completed/2014/05/29/article2250943.ece|access-date=22 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516232504/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/may/29/Advanced-Weapon-Trials-of-Tejas-Fighter-Completed-618586.html|archive-date=16 May 2021}}</ref> The LSPs were also used for sensor trials involving integration and testing of the Israeli [[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2032]] multi-mode radar, and [[EL/M-2052]] AESA radar,<ref name="aviationweek.com">{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=22 April 2010|title=LCA Set To Fly With Israeli Radar|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/04/22/awx_04_22_2010_p0-221793.xml&headline=LCA%20Set%20To%20Fly%20With%20Israeli%20Radar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044225/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news%2Fawx%2F2010%2F04%2F22%2Fawx_04_22_2010_p0-221793.xml&headline=LCA%20Set%20To%20Fly%20With%20Israeli%20Radar|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|website=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|publisher=[[Aviation Week Network]]}}</ref> and the Indian [[Uttam AESA Radar]]<ref name=":21"/> and Rafael [[Litening]] targeting pod.<ref name=":17"/> The Uttam radar was integrated on the Tejas LSP-2 and LSP-3, and logged about 30 hours of flight testing on the Tejas alone.<ref name=":21"/> The high altitude trials<ref name=":22">{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=5 February 2014|title=Tejas Set to Begin High-altitude Trials|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/feb/05/Tejas-Set-to-Begin-High-altitude-Trials-572285.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102082940/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/feb/05/Tejas-Set-to-Begin-High-altitude-Trials-572285.html|archive-date=2 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and hot weather trials were carried out with the LSPs and the PV-3 prototype, in IOC<ref name=":23">{{cite web|date=2010-06-13|title=Tejas undergoes second phase of hot weather trials|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tejas-undergoes-second-phase-of-hot-weather-trials/story-kNJt4SXceTVZRx9z1dmh6K.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102083249/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tejas-undergoes-second-phase-of-hot-weather-trials/story-kNJt4SXceTVZRx9z1dmh6K.html|archive-date=2 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and FOC configurations.<ref name=":22"/> These trials were mainly focused on assessing the performance of the various sensors and avionics on board, at temperatures ranging from below -10 degree Celsius<ref name=":22"/> to more than +45 degrees Celsius.<ref name=":23"/>

Sea trials to assess the radar performance in air-to-air and air-to-sea modes at various altitudes were carried out in 2010. Flutter vibration tests were also carried out in different configurations at high [[angle of attack]] (AoA) to assess the structural integrity across the [[flight envelope]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=15 September 2010|title=Indian LCA Undergoing Sea Trials|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/09/15/awx_09_15_2010_p0-254982.xml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044145/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news%2Fawx%2F2010%2F09%2F15%2Fawx_09_15_2010_p0-254982.xml|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|publisher=[[Aviation Week Network]]}}</ref> LSP-4 completed the successful trial of BDL developed Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS) with R-73 missile on 2 December 2010. It worked well Open Architecture Mission Computer and Digital Stores Management System.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 December 2010 |title=LCA Tejas successfully testfires Chaff, Flares |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107035637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the second half of 2012, the Tejas fleet was grounded for over three months and the ejection system had to be modified to resume flight tests by the end of 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2012-11-27|title=After three months on ground, combat aircraft Tejas resumes test flight|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-three-months-on-ground-combat-aircraft-tejas-resumes-test-flight-112112702031_1.html|access-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805231156/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-three-months-on-ground-combat-aircraft-tejas-resumes-test-flight-112112702031_1.html|archive-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> In 2013, Tejas (LSP-7) conducted an inflight [[Windmill restart|engine relight]] test at high altitude to assess the engine response on flameout, a critical parameter for operational clearance. The inflight engine relight test is crucial for single engine combat aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=28 September 2013|title=Maiden engine relight test of Tejas held|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Maiden-engine-relight-test-of-Tejas-held/2013/09/28/article1807563.ece|access-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517000550/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/sep/28/Maiden-engine-relight-test-of-Tejas-held-519152.html|archive-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> On 15 April 2023, HAL received a flight clearance certificate for the Aircraft Mounted Accessory Gear Box (AMAGB) [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearings]] and [[power take-off shaft]]. The [[Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification]] (CEMILAC) also gave clearance for the pre-production of landing gear seals developed by the [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] (CVRDE) and Fluoro Carbon Seals Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ayyappan |first=V |date=2023-04-15 |title=Production of Tejas LCA gets fillip |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/production-of-tejas-lca-gets-fillip/articleshow/99520799.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Operational clearance===
[[File:Tejas at Sulur Air Force Station.jpg|thumb|left|HAL Tejas from [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] stationed at [[Sulur Air Force Station]].]]
In December 2006, the IAF announced that it would form an "LCA Induction Team" to manage the aircraft's service introduction.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Ravi|date=2006-12-03|title=IAF team to oversee LCA induction and operation|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/iaf-team-to-oversee-lca-induction-and-operation/article3028492.ece|access-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005636/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/iaf-team-to-oversee-lca-induction-and-operation/article3028492.ece|archive-date=8 January 2016|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Tejas was awarded initial operational clearance-I (IOC-I) in January 2011.<ref name="hindu_tejas">Prasad, K. V. [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1077899.ece "Tejas gets Initial Operational Clearance."] ''The Hindu'', (Chennai, India), 10 January 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202232600/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1077899.ece |date=2 February 2014}}</ref> To ease up the process of FOC, an interim IOC-II was issued to Tejas in December 2013. The IOC-II expanded the g-limit, [[angle of attack]] and allowed the aircraft to carry precision guided munitions and close combat missiles. The IOC-II Tejas have an operational radius of {{Convert|400-500|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=8 December 2013|title=Tejas Fires Missile, Clears Final Test; Big Step in Bangalore on December 20|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Tejas-Fires-Missile-Clears-Final-Test-Big-Step-in-Bangalore-on-December-20/2013/12/08/article1934339.ece|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223033405/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Tejas-Fires-Missile-Clears-Final-Test-Big-Step-in-Bangalore-on-December-20/2013/12/08/article1934339.ece|archive-date=23 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="thin9143">{{cite news|last=Bhatnagar|first=Gaurav Vivek|date=19 December 2013|title=Tejas all set to get certification for IAF induction|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-all-set-to-get-certification-for-iaf-induction/article5479143.ece|url-status=live|access-date=20 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220174030/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-all-set-to-get-certification-for-iaf-induction/article5479143.ece|archive-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> The first squadron, consisting of Tejas in IOC-II configuration, became operational in 2016.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2">{{Cite news|last=Thomas|first=Wilson|date=2020-05-27|title=IAF operationalises second LCA squadron, inducts first LCA Tejas in FOC standard|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iaf-operationalises-second-lca-squadron-inducts-first-lca-tejas-in-foc-standard/article31685568.ece|access-date=2020-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604121053/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/iaf-operationalises-second-lca-squadron-inducts-first-lca-tejas-in-foc-standard/article31685568.ece|archive-date=4 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] based at [[Sulur Air Force Station]], [[Coimbatore]] was the first to have their MiG-21s replaced by Tejas aircraft at the base.<ref name=":26">{{cite web|last=Rajkumar|first=Mike|date=19 March 2020|title=Deal for 83 Tejas fighters passes bureaucratic hurdle|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/deal-for-83-tejas-fighters-passes-bureaucratic-hurdle/137396.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118011432/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/deal-for-83-tejas-fighters-passes-bureaucratic-hurdle/137396.article|archive-date=18 January 2021|access-date=2021-11-02|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref>

The FOC campaign began in December 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=5 February 2014|title=Tejas Set to Begin High-altitude Trials|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/feb/05/Tejas-Set-to-Begin-High-altitude-Trials-572285.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102082940/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2014/feb/05/Tejas-Set-to-Begin-High-altitude-Trials-572285.html|archive-date=2 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-03|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Two critical parameters set by IAF for FOC clearance was expansion of angle of attack from 24 degree in IOC-II to 28 degree in FOC and [[inflight refueling]] capability.<ref name="thin9143"/> In February 2018, as part of the FOC campaign, the Tejas carried out a "hot refuelling" - refuelling with engine running,<ref name=":24" /> which shortens the turnaround time<ref>{{cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=28 February 2018|title=India's Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Inches Closer to Final Operational Clearance|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/indias-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-inches-closer-to-final-operational-clearance/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121061012/https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/indias-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-inches-closer-to-final-operational-clearance/|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=2021-11-03|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> by 30% and doubles the sortie rate.<ref name=":27" /> In September 2018, the Tejas successfully completed its mid-air refuelling trials required for the aircraft to obtain its FOC.<ref name=":24" /> In January 2019, HAL received permission from [[CEMILAC]] to start production of the FOC standard Tejas.<ref>{{cite news|last=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=4 January 2019|title=HAL gets nod to produce weaponised version of LCA Tejas|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-gets-nod-to-produce-weaponised-version-of-lca-tejas/articleshow/67379924.cms|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225225946/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-gets-nod-to-produce-weaponised-version-of-lca-tejas/articleshow/67379924.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 February 2019, during the Aero India 2019 show, FOC was formally awarded to the Tejas.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-20|title=Finally, FOC certification for Mark I Tejas|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/finally-foc-certification-for-mark-i-tejas/article26323511.ece|access-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108000013/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/finally-foc-certification-for-mark-i-tejas/article26323511.ece|archive-date=8 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The HAL handed over the FOC certificate to the then Air Chief Marshal BS Dhanoa at the Yelahanka Air Force base. After the formal ceremoney, ACM Dhanoa stated that Tejas was "ready" and [https://zeenews.india.com/india/lca-tejas-is-finally-battle-ready-behaves-like-a-true-fighter-says-iaf-chief-bs-dhanoa-2182140.html "behaved like a true fighter"]. The second Tejas squadron – No.18 ''Flying Bullets'' was formed at [[Sulur Air Force Station]] on 27 May 2020 with the first four serial production FOC aircraft.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2020-03-17|title=Wow! Tejas, 1st indigenous Light Combat Aircraft in Final Operational Clearance-standard, takes to skies|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/wow-tejas-1st-indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-in-final-operational-clearance-standard-takes-to-skies/1900829/|access-date=2020-03-17|website=The Financial Express|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|language=en-US|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317174304/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/wow-tejas-1st-indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-in-final-operational-clearance-standard-takes-to-skies/1900829/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A full mission simulator (FMS) phase-1 was commissioned at [[Sulur Air Force Station]] on 23 October 2021. Phase 1 of the FMS features training in aircraft handling and full envelope flying. Phase 2 will further augment the training with focus on weapons system and advance sensors onboard Tejas.<ref name="tejas-fms">{{cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/newsletter-document/DRDO_NL_Jan2022.pdf|page=15|title=INAUGURATION AND CLEARANCE OF FULL MISSION SIMULATOR FOR LCA-MK1 - DRDO Newsletter|publisher=DRDO|date=2022-01-06|access-date=11 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108111405/https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/newsletter-document/DRDO_NL_Jan2022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Upgrades and further development ===
[[File:HAL Tejas IOC variants of Squadron 45 Flying Daggers doing air manoeuvre.jpg|thumb|Tejas IOC aircraft, each carrying two [[drop tank]]s on inner pylons]]
In May 2015, the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG) noted some shortcomings in the then-delivered Tejas Mark 1 IOC standard aircraft, which according to the CAG would limit the ability to survive and operation deployment of the aircraft in actual combat.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2015-05-10|title=LCA Mark-I has limited capability: CAG|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/marki-tejas-induction-into-iaf-cag-observations/article7188984.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104062423/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/marki-tejas-induction-into-iaf-cag-observations/article7188984.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> A few of these shortcomings, including lack of [[combat endurance]], were addressed in the Tejas Mark 1 FOC configuration aircraft.<ref name=":24">{{cite web|last=Rajkumar|first=Mike|date=7 July 2018|title=India's Tejas clears in-flight refuelling hurdle|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/indias-tejas-clears-in-flight-refuelling-hurdle/129461.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603023623/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/indias-tejas-clears-in-flight-refuelling-hurdle/129461.article|archive-date=3 June 2021|access-date=4 November 2021|website=Flight Global}}</ref> Tejas Mark 1 FOC is modified to perform [[aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] from [[Ilyushin Il-78]] and [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]. Tejas is also undergoing butt firing trials and air-to-air firing at HAL, [[Nashik]] facility with [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23]].<ref name=":37">{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2021-12-29|title=Indian Air force clears Tejas Mark 2 design, production in 2023|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-air-force-clears-tejas-mark-2-design-production-in-2023-121122900035_1.html|access-date=2021-12-31|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231063733/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-air-force-clears-tejas-mark-2-design-production-in-2023-121122900035_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The shortcomings, such as the increased weight and reduced speed, would be addressed in the upcoming Tejas Mark 1A aircraft by increasing the use of composites in manufacturing and reducing the supersonic drag by using more aerodynamic pylons. The MK1A will also have AESA radar, a self-protection jammer,<ref name=":25" /> updated avionics and electronic warfare capabilities, among other improvements.<ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Angad|date=2021-01-17|title=Tejas keeps India's capability gap with China under check. It is HAL's game to lose now|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/tejas-keeps-indias-capability-gap-with-china-under-check-it-is-hals-game-to-lose-now/587028/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104075128/https://theprint.in/opinion/tejas-keeps-indias-capability-gap-with-china-under-check-it-is-hals-game-to-lose-now/587028/|archive-date=4 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-04|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> The shortcomings identified by CAG that require redesign and structural modification such as increasing internal fuel capacity, are planned to be rectified in the Tejas Mark 2.<ref name=":25">{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Saurav|date=31 January 2021|title=Tejas at the end of the tunnel|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/sunday-spotlight/tejas-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel-945482.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711125533/https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/sunday-spotlight/tejas-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel-945482.html|archive-date=11 July 2021|access-date=17 July 2021|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

An agreement has been signed by the Indian Air Force and the Aeronautical Development Agency to include advanced weaponry and sensors into HAL Tejas. By transferring technical know-how for the smooth integration of weapons and sensors, ADA and the IAF's Software Development Institute (SDI) hope to empower the IAF to carry out integration and flight testing on its own.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayan |first=Vipin |date=21 February 2024 |title=Process to equip LCA Tejas with futuristic weapons takes off |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/process-to-equip-lca-tejas-with-futuristic-weapons-takes-off-s97lb3 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Asianet News Network |language=en}}</ref>

On 5 March 2024, the high-altitude testing for On-Board Oxygen Generating System centric Life Support System (OBOGS-ILSS) of Tejas was successfully completed by DRDO. It could be used in [[MiG-29K]] and other aircraft with modifications. LCA PV-3 aircraft were used to test the system under a variety of flight conditions, including high [[g force]] and altitudes of up to {{Convert|50000|ft|km|abbr=on}}. OBOGS oxygen concentrations, demand breathing, 100% oxygen availability, and aerobatic maneuvers at the necessary altitudes for complete functional testing were carried out following [[CEMILAC]] flight approval. All of the parameters have been met by the system which will replace the earlier Liquid Oxygen System (LOX).<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-03-05 |title=DRDO conducts high-altitude trial of integrated life support system for Tejas aircraft |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-conducts-high-altitude-trial-of-integrated-life-support-system-for-tejas-aircraft/article69294459.ece |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On-Board Oxygen Generating System (OBOGS) {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/board-oxygen-generating-system-obogs |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref>

==== Naval variant ====
[[File:LCA Navy Prototype NP-1.jpg|thumb|LCA Navy prototype NP-1]]

The ''Naval LCA programme'' was commenced in 2003.<ref name=":29">{{cite web|date=11 January 2020|title=LCA does 1st carrier landing, but will Indian Navy ever buy it?|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/11/lca-does-1st-carrier-landing-but-will-indian-navy-ever-buy-it.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702234747/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/11/lca-does-1st-carrier-landing-but-will-indian-navy-ever-buy-it.html|archive-date=2 July 2021|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> According to ADA, the ''Naval LCA (N-LCA) Programme'' was envisaged to be completed in two phases, under Phase-1 two naval prototypes were developed - the two-seat ''NP-1'' and the single-seat ''NP-2'', based on the Tejas Mark 1 design, to carryout carrier suitability certification and weapons integration. Under Phase 2, two single-seat prototypes were planned to be built, based on the Tejas Mark 2 design, with further design optimisation and integration of the [[General Electric F414|General Electric F414 INS6]] engine.<ref name="auto10">{{cite web|title=ADA LCA Navy Programme|url=https://www.ada.gov.in/ada/navy-mark1-mark2.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142428/https://www.ada.gov.in/ada/navy-mark1-mark2.html|archive-date=10 May 2021|access-date=4 November 2021|website=[[Aeronautical Development Agency]]}}</ref> The first naval prototype NP-1 was rolled out in July 2010,<ref name=":28" /> and made its first flight on 27 April 2012.<ref name="First flight">Kumar, Chethan. [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/244815/lca-naval-variants-first-flight.html "LCA naval variant's first flight on Friday."] ''Deccan Herald'', 25 April 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202190045/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/244815/lca-naval-variants-first-flight.html |date=2 February 2014}}</ref> The naval LCA has stronger landing gear to absorb the forces generated during carrier take off and arrested recovery.<ref name=":29"/><ref name=":30">{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2014-12-23|title=Naval LCA makes first flight from ski-jump|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/naval-lca-makes-first-flight-from-skijump/article6717318.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609181958/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/naval-lca-makes-first-flight-from-skijump/article6717318.ece|archive-date=9 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In December 2014, the LCA Navy successfully made its first ski-jump assisted take off from a [[Shore Based Test Facility|SBTF]] at {{ship|INS|Hansa}}. The navy variant has a distinctive flight control law mode which allows hands-free take-off.<ref name=":30"/>

In December 2016, the Indian Navy (IN) opted out of the programme, owing to the long delay and technical reasons – such as inadequate thrust to weight ratio of N-LCA for carrier based combat operations,<ref>{{cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=5 December 2016|title=Indian Navy rejects naval version of Tejas LCA, seeks alternative – IHS Jane's 360|url=http://www.janes.com/article/65993/indian-navy-rejects-naval-version-of-tejas-lca-seeks-alternative|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220075020/http://www.janes.com/article/65993/indian-navy-rejects-naval-version-of-tejas-lca-seeks-alternative|archive-date=20 December 2016|access-date=27 January 2017|work=janes.com}}</ref> and issued a fresh RFI for the procurement of 57 multi-role carrier borne fighters.<ref name="janes.com">{{Cite news|last=Jennings|first=Gareth|date=26 January 2017|title=India seeks new naval fighter to replace rejected Tejas LCA|work=IHS Jane's 360|url=http://www.janes.com/article/67252/india-seeks-new-naval-fighter-to-replace-rejected-tejas-lca|url-status=live|access-date=23 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131630/http://www.janes.com/article/67252/india-seeks-new-naval-fighter-to-replace-rejected-tejas-lca|archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref>

Because the technologies developed for the Tejas programme will be carried over to other platforms currently being developed by the ADA, test flying was continued.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaushik|first1=Krishn|date=5 February 2021|title=Tejas done, focus on three other fighter jets: two for IAF, one Navy|publisher=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/|access-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205145054/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aero-india-2021-tejas-done-focus-on-three-other-fighter-jets-two-for-iaf-one-navy-7175125/|archive-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>

In 2019, an LCA navy prototype successfully carried out the first arrested landing at the [[Shore Based Test Facility|SBTF]] in Goa in day time<ref name=":31">{{cite web|date=15 January 2020|title=India's LCA makes arrested landing, as twin-engined fighter planned|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/indias-lca-makes-arrested-landing-as-twin-engined-fighter-planned/136141.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124004216/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/indias-lca-makes-arrested-landing-as-twin-engined-fighter-planned/136141.article|archive-date=24 January 2021|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> and night time.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 November 2019|title=DRDO does it again! Watch first-ever successful night-time landing of Naval version of LCA|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-does-it-again-watch-first-ever-successful-night-time-landing-of-naval-version-of-lca/1763773/|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509100556/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-does-it-again-watch-first-ever-successful-night-time-landing-of-naval-version-of-lca/1763773/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of December 2019, the Naval LCA programme completed 209 test flights,<ref name=":31"/> including 50 ski jump take-offs and 28 arrested landings.<ref name=":32" />

[[File:LCA Navy maiden landing on INS Vikramaditya.webm|thumb|Tejas NP-1 landing on {{ship|INS|Vikramaditya}}]]

In January 2020, the naval prototype NP-2 successfully carried out its first [[arrested landing]] and [[Ski-jump (aviation)|ski-jump]] assisted take-off from the aircraft carrier {{ship|INS|Vikramaditya}}.<ref name=":20">{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2020-01-11|title=Naval variant of LCA Tejas successfully lands on carrier|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/naval-variant-of-lca-tejas-successfully-lands-on-carrier/article30541842.ece|access-date=2020-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624192656/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/naval-variant-of-lca-tejas-successfully-lands-on-carrier/article30541842.ece|archive-date=24 June 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":31"/>

In July 2020, the DRDO announced that the plan to develop an LCA Mark 2 Navy had been dropped and they were working on a new carrier-borne fighter according to the Indian Navy's ''[[INS Vikrant (2013)#MRCBF|multi-role carrier borne fighter]] requirement'' floated in 2016 to replace the current fleet of MIG-29K/KUB carrier-based fighters.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2020-07-13|title=Navy to get new carrier-based jet by 2032, to replace MiG-29K|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-get-new-carrier-based-jet-by-2032-to-replace-mig-29k/article32070823.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112232036/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-to-get-new-carrier-based-jet-by-2032-to-replace-mig-29k/article32070823.ece|archive-date=12 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In [[Aero India]] 2021, a new twin engine naval fighter was unveiled, the ''[[HAL TEDBF|Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter]]'' (TEDBF).<ref>{{cite web|last=Jennings|first=Gareth|date=4 February 2021|title=Aero India 2021: Indian TEDBF naval fighter showcased by HAL|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-indian-tedbf-naval-fighter-showcased-by-hal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806144616/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-indian-tedbf-naval-fighter-showcased-by-hal|archive-date=6 August 2021|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Janes.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chandra|first=Atul|date=9 February 2021|title=New Delhi forges ahead with new naval fighter, AMCA|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/new-delhi-forges-ahead-with-new-naval-fighter-amca/142338.article|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Flight Global|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604203653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/new-delhi-forges-ahead-with-new-naval-fighter-amca/142338.article|url-status=live}}</ref> The experience gained in the N-LCA programme will help in the development of TEDBF.<ref name=":32">{{cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2 December 2019|title=Light Combat Aircraft for Indian Navy: DRDO updates naval aircraft's progress|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/light-combat-aircraft-for-indian-navy-drdo-updates-naval-aircrafts-progress/1782008/|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[The Financial Express (India)]]}}</ref>

[[File:LCA Tejas maiden landing onboard INS Vikrant (R11).webm|thumb|LCA Tejas maiden landing onboard {{ship|INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}]]

In February 2023, the naval prototype completed its maiden landing and take-off from the indigenous aircraft carrier {{ship|INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-major-milestone-naval-lca-lands-on-ins-vikrant/article66477098.ece|title=In major milestone, Naval LCA lands on INS Vikrant|work=The Hindu|date=2023-02-06|first=Dinaker|last=Peri|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206134349/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-major-milestone-naval-lca-lands-on-ins-vikrant/article66477098.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Tejas Mark 1A ====
[[File:TejasMark1A.jpg|thumb|left|First Tejas Mark 1A aircraft]]
The Tejas Mark 1A variant has more than 40 improvements over the Mark 1 variant.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bali|first=Pawan|date=2021-01-14|title=Centre clears purchase of 83 Tejas Mk-1A for Indian Air Force|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140121/centre-clears-purchase-of-83-tejas-mk-1a-for-indian-air-force.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104075633/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140121/centre-clears-purchase-of-83-tejas-mk-1a-for-indian-air-force.html|archive-date=4 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Upgraded Mark 1A features a new avionic suite centred on [[EL/M-2052]] AESA Radar and [[Uttam AESA Radar]] developed in-house. [[Defence Avionics Research Establishment|DARE]] Unified Electronic Warfare Suite (UEWS), an externally mounted self protection jammer (SPJ) for enhanced survivability, [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] capability, Onboard Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS) developed by [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory]] (DEBEL) for endurance and an expanded weapon suite consisting of [[Astra (missile)|Astra BVRAAM]] and [[ASRAAM]].<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":26" /> Two ASRAAMs are intended for use on Tejas Mark 1A. The production variant will come equipped with dual-rack pylons with weapon systems integration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2022-01-09 |title='Light Combat Aircraft MK-1A to take flight in June' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/light-combat-aircraft-mk-1a-to-take-flight-in-june/article38200517.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717081010/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/light-combat-aircraft-mk-1a-to-take-flight-in-june/article38200517.ece |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":41" /> HAL will install in-house developed Combined Interrogator and Transponder (CIT) with digital map generator by Mission and Combat Systems R&D Centre which helps transfer the required mission map on pilot display, an upgraded IFF+ from older [[identification friend or foe]] system.<ref name=":41">{{Cite news |last=Linganna |first=Girish |date=4 July 2022 |title=HAL flies Tejas Mk1A Flying Test Bed, superior to PAF JF-17 Block 3 |work=Frontier India |url=https://frontierindia.com/hal-flies-tejas-mk1a-flying-test-bed-superior-to-paf-jf-17-block-3/ |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717081012/https://frontierindia.com/hal-flies-tejas-mk1a-flying-test-bed-superior-to-paf-jf-17-block-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> To better accommodate the pilots, cockpit floor is also reshaped.<ref name=":37"/> The upgraded Tejas Mark 1A will have a reduced turnaround time.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|author=Krishnan M.|first=Anantha|date=6 August 2020|title=Upgraded Tejas fighter, touted as 'real desi game-changer', to fly in 2022-23|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/06/upgraded-tejas-jet-touted-as-real-desi-game-changer-to-fly-in-2022-23.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807175617/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/06/upgraded-tejas-jet-touted-as-real-desi-game-changer-to-fly-in-2022-23.html|archive-date=7 August 2021|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The Week}}</ref> Tejas Mark 1A will use indigenously developed Angad electronic warfare suite and DRDO Advanced Self Protection Jammer pod.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=16 October 2023 |title=India-made light combat aircraft Mark 1A to be equipped with indigenous systems |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/iaf-mark-1a-equipped-indigenous-systems-uttam-angad-radar-warfare-suite-air-force-2449417-2023-10-16 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":47">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-28 |title=Tejas MK-1A completes maiden flight, first delivery soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tejas-mk-1a-completes-maiden-flight-first-delivery-soon/articleshow/108846208.cms |access-date=2024-03-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EW Suite for LCA Mk1A |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/inline-files/WriteupEW_SuiteLCA_Mk1A27062023.pdf |access-date=28 March 2024 |publisher=DRDO Policy and Procedures for Transfer of Technology}}</ref>

[[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] will supply 20 types of locally developed critical avionics and upgrades such as Digital Flight Control Computers from [[Aeronautical Development Agency|ADA]], Air Data Computer from [[DRDO]], Weapon Computers from [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]], Radar Warning Receiver from Combat Aircraft Systems Development and Integration Centre (CASDIC) and [[Head-up display]] from [[Central Scientific Instruments Organisation]] (CSIO) from 2023 to 2028 for ₹2,400 crore.<ref>{{Cite news  |date=2021-12-16 |title=BEL receives ₹2,400 crore order from HAL |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bel-receives-2400-crore-order-from-hal/article37970098.ece |access-date=2022-07-06 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706062128/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bel-receives-2400-crore-order-from-hal/article37970098.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In order to produce the BMI Engine Bay Door for the Tejas Mark 1A, HAL and [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] inked a [[technology transfer]] agreement. For the engine bay door, where it must survive a service temperature of roughly 200&nbsp;°C, NAL Advanced Composites Division is creating a manufacturing process technique that uses Carbon-BMI Prepreg to create co-cured composite structures that are very temperature resistant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-08 |title=HAL signs ToT with CSIR-NAL for BMI Engine Bay Door for Series Production of LCA-Tejas Mk1A |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-signs-tot-with-csir-nal-for-bmi-engine-bay-door-for-series-production-of-lca-tejas-mk1a/articleshow/105074596.cms |access-date=2023-11-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> On 28 March 2024, Tejas Mark 1A, equipped with the first set of Carbon-BMI Engine Bay Door assembly, successfully completed the inaugural flight from HAL facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-22 |title=HAL, NAL sign tech transfer pact for Tejas engine day door production |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/hal-nal-sign-tech-transfer-pact-for-tejas-engine-day-door-production-12694231.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 April 2024, [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADA]] delivered the first batch of Secondary Flight Control of Tejas Mk 1A which consists of an indigenously designed [[Leading-edge slat|Leading Edge Slats]] and Airbrake Control Module. These flight control systems features "state-of-the-art Servo-Valve based electro-hydraulic servo actuators and control modules." These development was the result of the collaboration of ADA, [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) and [[Ministry of Heavy Industries#Autonomous Bodies|Central Manufacturing Technology Institute]] (CMTI). The technology is ready to be integrated with production variants of Tejas Mk 1A as it successfully completed flight trials. These are being produced at Accessories Division, HAL, [[Lucknow]].<ref name=":48" /><ref name=":49">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-19 |title=DRDO takes another major step towards self-reliance in aeronautical technologies |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/drdo-takes-another-major-step-towards-self-reliance-in-aeronautical-technologies-1503292023.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> On 30th May 2025, the first centre fuselage assembly for the Tejas Mk1A was handed over to HAL by subcontractor VEM Technologies in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/lca-tejas-mk-1a-hal-gets-first-centre-fuselage-delivery-13079082.html/amp {{Bare URL inline|date=May 2025}}</ref>

'''Milestones'''

* According to HAL Chairman and Director R Madhavan, the design activity of Tejas Mark 1A is moving ahead, and the testing of subsystems will be completed by 2021. The taxi trials will commence in the first half of 2022, and the first flight of Mark 1A prototype will happen in the second half of 2022.<ref name="iaf-to-get-1st-tejas">{{cite web |date=23 October 2022 |title=IAF to get 1st Tejas Mk1A in February 2024 : HAL gets enquiries for LCH Prachand from various countries including Argentina & Egypt |url=https://theigmp.org/iaf-to-get-1st-tejas-mk1a-in-february-2024-hal-gets-enquiries-for-lch-prachand-from-various-countries-including-argentina-egypt/ |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=IgMp}}</ref>
* On 20 May 2022, the Tejas Mark 1A prototype completed its first flight.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=Annual Report 2022 - HAL |url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AnnualReport_2022.pdf |access-date=2022-08-01 |publisher=HAL |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128093718/https://www.hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AnnualReport_2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=<!--staff writer-->|publisher=HAL |date=17 May 2023 |title=HAL ANALYST MEET-2023 |url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/DMS/Conferencecall_17052023_presentation.pdf }}</ref> HAL intends to obtain a certificate from [[Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification]] (CEMILAC) within 30 months before this version enters mass production. 
* On 28 March 2024, the first production series Mark 1A aircraft (LA 5033) conducted its inaugural flight which lasted for 18 minutes. The aircraft will undergo more testing before being officially transferred to the IAF.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title='Airborne for 15 minutes': HAL successfully completes first flight of Made in India LCA Mark 1A fighter aircraft |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/airborne-for-15-minutes-hal-successfully-completes-first-flight-of-made-in-india-lca-mark-1a-fighter-aircraft-13753666.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2024-03-28 |title=Tejas MK-1A completes maiden flight, first delivery soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tejas-mk-1a-completes-maiden-flight-first-delivery-soon/articleshow/108846208.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* On March 12, 2025, [[Astra (missile)#Variants|Astra Mk-1]] successfully demonstrated a direct hit on a flying target from Tejas. This was a significant test for Mark 1A induction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2025 |title=Tejas LCA AF MK1 test-fires Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2111068 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

==== Tejas Mark 2 ====
{{Main|HAL Tejas Mk2}}
[[File:Tejas MKII.jpg|thumb|left|Tejas MK2 design]]
The HAL Tejas design has been further developed into the Tejas Mark 2, incorporating a more powerful [[General Electric F414|General Electric F414 INS6]] engine, [[Canard (aeronautics)|canards]] and other design changes. The Tejas Mark 2, which is expected to be rolled out in 2025, will have an increased payload carrying capacity and internal fuel capacity, more external hardpoints, improved combat range, a completely redesigned cockpit, and an integrated [[infrared search and track]] (IRST) system, in addition to the AESA radar.<ref>{{cite web|last=Waldron|first=Greg|date=20 February 2019|title=AERO INDIA: Tejas Mk2 gets canards, big payload boost|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/aero-india-tejas-mk2-gets-canards-big-payload-boost/131469.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806073602/https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/aero-india-tejas-mk2-gets-canards-big-payload-boost/131469.article|archive-date=6 August 2020|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{cite web|last=Rajkumar|first=Mike|date=8 February 2019|title=ANALYSIS: Tejas regaining its lustre|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis/analysis-tejas-regaining-its-lustre/131059.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919193801/https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis/analysis-tejas-regaining-its-lustre/131059.article|archive-date=19 September 2020|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> The [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]] (DIAT) is developing aircraft [[health and usage monitoring systems]] (HUMS) to integrate the various sensors on board the Tejas Mark 2.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 August 2011|title=DIAT system soon to monitor in-flight health of Tejas Mk-II - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/diat-system-soon-to-monitor-inflight-health-of-tejas-mkii/831436/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-04|website=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104080140/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/diat-system-soon-to-monitor-inflight-health-of-tejas-mkii/831436/}}</ref> The first flight of Tejas Mark 2 is expected to be in late 2025 or early 2026.<ref name="FG-11022025">{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/maiden-flight-approaching-for-indias-light-combat-aircraft-mk2-fighter/161747.article |title=Maiden flight approaching for India's Light Combat Aircraft Mk2 fighter |author=Mike Rajkumar |date=11 February 2025 |website= Flight Global |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

===Program costs===

====Development costs====
* LCA Programme - {{INRConvert|9063.96|c|year=2020}} (up to March 2020)<ref name=":33">{{Cite news|date=2020-03-04|title=₹11,096 cr. spent on LCA and Kaveri engine projects so far, says govt.|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/11096-cr-spent-on-lca-and-kaveri-engine-projects-so-far-says-govt/article30982412.ece|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624234703/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/11096-cr-spent-on-lca-and-kaveri-engine-projects-so-far-says-govt/article30982412.ece|archive-date=24 June 2020|issn=0971-751X|quote=Of the specified amount, ₹9063.96 crore was spent on LCA and ₹2032 crore on the Kaveri Engine.}}</ref>
* Kaveri engine programme - {{INRConvert|2032|c|year=2020}}<ref name=":33"/>
* {{INRConvert|1202|c|year=2021}} additional design and development (Jan 2021)<ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Mayank|date=13 January 2021|title=Biggest indigenous procurement, CCS approves procurement of 83 HAL manufactured fighters costing Rs 45,000 crore|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/13/govt-clears-rs-48000-crore-deal-to-buy-83-tejas-fighters-for-iaf-2249687.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717142017/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/13/govt-clears-rs-48000-crore-deal-to-buy-83-tejas-fighters-for-iaf-2249687.html|archive-date=17 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The New Indian Express|quote=Cabinet...approved procurement of 73 LCA Tejas Mk-1A fighter {{sic|aircrafts|nolink=y}} and 10 LCA Tejas Mk-1 Trainer {{sic|aircrafts|nolink=y}} at the cost of Rs. 45,696 crore along with Design and Development of Infrastructure sanctions worth Rs.1,202 crore.}}</ref>

====Flyaway costs====
* {{INRConvert|146.2|c|year=2014}} for IOC Mark 1 (2014)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Ajai|date=11 January 2014|title=HAL pegs price of Tejas fighter at Rs 162 crore|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hal-pegs-price-of-tejas-fighter-at-rs-162-crore-114011100829_1.html|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121221316/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hal-pegs-price-of-tejas-fighter-at-rs-162-crore-114011100829_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BS25Jan21">{{cite news |title=Several nations have shown interest in buying Tejas aircraft: HAL chairman |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/several-nations-have-shown-interest-in-buying-tejas-aircraft-hal-chairman-121012500056_1.html|author=<!--staff writer-->|publisher=Press Trust of India |date=25 January 2021|via=Business Standard|archive-url= https://archive.today/20210507202233/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/several-nations-have-shown-interest-in-buying-tejas-aircraft-hal-chairman-121012500056_1.html|archive-date= 7 May 2021 |url-status= live}}</ref>
* {{INRConvert|156|c|year=2010}} for FOC Mark 1 (2010)<ref name="BS25Jan21"/>
* {{INRConvert|303|c|year=2021}} for Mark 1A and {{INRConvert|309|c|year=2021}} for export variant (2021)<ref>{{cite news|author=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=18 January 2020|title=At $43 million each, the Tejas Mark 1A competes in export market|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/at-43-mn-each-hindustan-aeronautics-tejas-mark-1a-seeks-export-market-121011800019_1.html|access-date=17 July 2021|website=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512232508/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/at-43-mn-each-hindustan-aeronautics-tejas-mark-1a-seeks-export-market-121011800019_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/videos/business/expect-to-deliver-first-tejas-mark-1a-aircraft-in-36-months-from-signing-contract-hal-8036141.htm |title=Expect to deliver first Tejas Mark-1A aircraft in 36 months from signing contract: HAL |publisher=CNBC TV18 |date=18 January 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130034822/https://www.cnbctv18.com/videos/business/expect-to-deliver-first-tejas-mark-1a-aircraft-in-36-months-from-signing-contract-hal-8036141.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Philip|first1=Snehesh Alex|date=4 February 2021|title=India looking at Tejas exports at Rs 309 crore per aircraft, HAL chairman says|work=The Print|url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-looking-at-tejas-exports-at-rs-309-crore-per-aircraft-hal-chairman-says/598642/|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303211110/https://theprint.in/defence/india-looking-at-tejas-exports-at-rs-309-crore-per-aircraft-hal-chairman-says/598642/|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- 
====Operational costs==== -->

==Design==

===Overview===
The Tejas is a single-engine multirole combat aircraft which has a tailless, [[compound delta|compound delta wing]] design with "relaxed static stability" for enhanced manoeuvrability and agility. The Tejas is a multi-role combat aircraft and its flexibility permits it to carry out [[Interceptor aircraft|Interception]], [[air-to-surface missile|air-to-surface]] and [[anti-ship missile|anti-shipping]] roles in a single mission.<ref name=":34">{{cite web|date=2016-07-01|title=This is what makes India's Tejas aircraft unique|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/hal-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-features-indian-air-force-2887091/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125202037/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/hal-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-features-indian-air-force-2887091/|archive-date=25 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The wind tunnel testing and [[computational fluid dynamics]] analysis have optimised the design of Tejas for minimum transonic and supersonic wave [[Wave drag|drag]], as well low [[wing loading|wing-loading]].<ref name=":16" />

[[File:KH-2013 IAF Tejas 2 (33026195996).jpg|thumb|Tejas airshow demo|left]]
Tejas has eight hardpoints – one beneath the port-side [[intake|air-intake]], one under the [[fuselage]] (centreline station) and three hardpoints under each wing, of these, three are wet hardpoints which can carry drop tanks. The hardpoint beneath the port side air-intake is dedicated to carrying sensor pods such as [[Forward looking infrared|FLIR]], [[Infrared search and track|IRST]] or [[laser designator|laser rangefinder/designator]]. These can also be carried on the centreline pylon and inboard pairs of wing stations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Paul|title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2007-2008|publisher=Jane's Information Group|year=2007|isbn=9780710627926|page=246|language=en}}</ref> It has an [[aerial refuelling]] probe on the starboard side of the forward fuselage.<ref name=":35">{{Cite book|last=Khera|first=Kishore Kumar|title=Combat Aviation: Flight Path 1968-2018|publisher=K W Publishers|date=28 October 2020|isbn=978-9389137446|location=India|pages=157–158|language=en}}</ref> The Tejas weapon suite consists of [[Python (missile)#I-Derby ER|I-Derby ER]] and [[Astra (missile)|Astra]] beyond visual range air-to-air missiles and R-73, Python-5 and ASRAAM close combat missiles.<ref name=":27" /> The Tejas has an internal 23&nbsp;mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23]] twin-barreled [[autocannon]] under the starboard side air-intake.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandey|first=B.K|date=1 July 2016|title=Flying Daggers 45 takes wings|url=https://www.spsmai.com/experts-speak/?id=226&q=Flying-Daggers-45-takes-wings|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106075022/https://www.spsmai.com/experts-speak/?id=226&q=Flying-Daggers-45-takes-wings|archive-date=6 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-06|website=www.spsmai.com|publisher=SP Guide publications|issn=2230-9268}}</ref> The [[BrahMos-NG]] supersonic [[cruise missile]] is being developed for the Tejas.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jain|first=Smriti|date=2019-02-20|title=Aero India 2019: Lethal Make in India BrahMos NG integrated with Tejas! India eyes huge defence exports market|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/aero-india-2019-lethal-make-in-india-brahmos-ng-integrated-with-tejas-india-eyes-huge-defence-exports-market/1492901/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119054253/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/aero-india-2019-lethal-make-in-india-brahmos-ng-integrated-with-tejas-india-eyes-huge-defence-exports-market/1492901/|archive-date=19 January 2021|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

The relatively smaller size, extensive use of airframe composites, the Y-duct inlet which shields the engine compressor blades, the application of [[radar-absorbent material]] (RAM) coatings<ref name=":17"/> and so on, reduces the overall [[radar cross-section]] of the aircraft.<ref name=":34"/>

===Airframe===
Apart from [[aluminium-lithium alloy]]s and [[titanium alloy]]s,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Mathews|first=Neelam |date=17 July 2006 |title=Light Steps: India's LCA may be moving at a sedate pace, but it's progressing nonetheless |magazine=Aviation Week & Space Technology|volume=165|issue=3|page=126 |location=New York |issn=0005-2175}}</ref> [[Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer|carbon-fibre composite]] materials are used in the construction of the Tejas. The composite materials constitute 45% of the airframe by weight and 90% by surface area,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Prasad|first1=N. Eswara|title=Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies|last2=Wanhill|first2=R. J. H|publisher=Springer Singapore|date=11 November 2016|isbn=9789811021343|pages=335–336|language=en}}</ref> the highest among contemporary aircraft.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2005|title=Radiance of the Tejas: The Brawn and Brains of the Light Combat Aircraft (Special Edition)|journal=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review|volume=1|pages=2–3|oclc=62787146}}</ref> The upper and lower wing surfaces, [[wing spar]]s and [[wing rib]]s are also made out of carbon-fibre composites,<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Dreger|first=Paul |date=February 2004 |title=SE Asia Indigenous Fighter Programmes |magazine=Military Technology|volume=28|issue=2|pages=28–30 |location=Bonne |issn=0722-3226}}</ref> while the fin tip is made out of [[fiberglass]].<ref name="jawa-1617">{{cite book|title=IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production|date=2016–2017|isbn=978-0710631770|editor1-last=Jackson|editor1-first=Paul|location=Couldson|pages=302–303|chapter=India|editor2-last=Peacock|editor2-first=Lindsay|editor3-last=Bushell|editor3-first=Susan|editor4-last=Willis|editor4-first=David|editor5-last=Winchester|editor5-first=Jim|publisher=Janes Information Group}}</ref> The extensive use of [[composite material]]s in the airframe not only makes the aircraft lighter but also gives high strength. This also reduces the number of [[joint]]s or [[rivet]]s, increases the aircraft's structural integrity and lowers its susceptibility to [[Fatigue (material)|fatigue]] cracks.<ref name=":34"/> The tailfin is a monolithic [[honeycomb structure]], reducing the manufacturing cost by 80% compared to traditional methods.<ref>{{cite web|last=Prakash|first=B.G|date=16 February 2001|title=Dreams lighten in LCA.|url=http://www.stratmag.com/issueFeb-15/page03.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304212249/http://www.stratmag.com/issueFeb-15/page03.htm|archive-date=4 March 2008|access-date=30 June 2014|work=Strategic Affairs}}</ref> Initially the Tejas prototypes were equipped with a [[radome]] made out of [[Kevlar]] which was replaced with a quartz radome in the production aircraft.<ref name=":27" />

The naval LCA has a nose droop to provide improved view for carrier landings. In addition to the elevons, the naval LCA has wing [[Leading–edge extension#Leading–edge vortex controller|leading–edge vortex controllers]] (LEVCON) control surfaces that extend from the wing-root leading edge, which could be deflected to a downward angle or an upward angle to increase lift and reduce airspeed during approach. The LEVCONs also provides better low-speed handling and increase controllability at high angles of attack (AoA).<ref name=":17"/>  The naval Tejas also has a strengthened undercarriage, stronger landing gear,<ref name=":30"/> and an [[arrestor hook]] system for carrier landings.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=3 August 2018|title=Naval Version of India's Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Successfully Tests Arrestor Hook Capability|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/naval-version-of-indias-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-successfully-tests-arrestor-hook-capability/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033125/https://thediplomat.com/2018/08/naval-version-of-indias-tejas-light-combat-aircraft-successfully-tests-arrestor-hook-capability/|archive-date=9 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-05|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The two-seat LCA Navy variant (NP-1) have aerodynamic commonality with the trainer variant.<ref>{{cite web|date=2009-11-27|title=Tejas trainer jet makes smooth flight|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/38145/tejas-trainer-jet-makes-smooth.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024072016/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/38145/tejas-trainer-jet-makes-smooth.html|archive-date=24 October 2012|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

The Secondary Flight Control of Tejas Mk 1A consists of an indigenously designed [[Leading-edge slat|Leading Edge Slats]] and Airbrake Control Module. [[Aeronautical Development Agency]], on 19 April 2024, delivered the first batch of these flight control system. These flight control systems features "state-of-the-art Servo-Valve based electro-hydraulic servo actuators and control modules." The technology is ready to be integrated with production variants of Tejas Mk 1A as it successfully completed flight trials. These are being produced at Accessories Division, HAL, [[Lucknow]].<ref name=":48">{{Cite web |title=DRDO hands over first batch of indigenous Leading Edge Actuators & Airbrake Control Module to HAL for LCA Tejas Mk1A |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2018282 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":49" />

===Avionics===
The avionics of the Tejas Mark 1 is centered around Elta EL/M-2032 radar.<ref name=":27" /> Its digital flight control computer developed by ADE and manufactured BEL.<ref name=":36">{{cite web|date=29 January 2013|title=BEL delivers critical systems for over 50 LCAs|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/jan/29/bel-delivers-critical-systems-for-over-50-lcas-445451.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041556/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/jan/29/bel-delivers-critical-systems-for-over-50-lcas-445451.html|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 September 2016 |title=DFCC : Amendment Cum Renewal of Type Approval No. 1569 |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-10/TA-1569.PDF |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=Defence Research and Development Organisation |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708034453/https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-10/TA-1569.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref> It has an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite domestically developed by [[Defence Avionics Research Establishment]] (DARE), which consists of a [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR), integrated [[Radar jamming and deception|self-protection jammer]],<ref name="auto12">{{cite web|last=Somasekhar|first=M.|date=10 January 2015|title=LCA equipped with electronic warfare suite|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lca-equipped-with-electronic-warfare-suite/article6775592.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513084643/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lca-equipped-with-electronic-warfare-suite/article6775592.ece|archive-date=13 May 2021|access-date=7 November 2021|website=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] and flare dispenser system.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 December 2010|title=LCA Tejas successfully testfires Chaff, Flares|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107035637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=G.N|first=Prashanth|date=2013-10-17|title=Finally, Tejas gets electronic warfare systems|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/363477/finally-tejas-gets-electronic-warfare.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021095433/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/363477/finally-tejas-gets-electronic-warfare.html|archive-date=21 October 2013|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The upgraded variant of the Tejas Mark 1, named the Tejas Mark 1A have an AESA radar, new high performance digital flight control computer (DFCC MK1A),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnakumar |first=R. |title=Tejas Mk1A takes first flight, HAL sees early induction possibility |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/tejas-mk1a-takes-first-flight-hal-sees-early-induction-possibility-2956189 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> new EW suite and updated avionics.<ref name=":25" /> Some of the production Mark 1A fighters will be equipped with the Elta [[EL/M-2052]] AESA radar,<ref name=":26" /> while rest of the aircraft are expected to fly with the domestically developed [[Uttam AESA Radar|Uttam]] AESA radar.<ref name=":21"/> The new EW system for the Mark 1A, developed by DARE known as the ''Unified Electronic Warfare suite'' (UEWS), will have electronic countermeasures and [[electronic counter-countermeasure]] capabilities, [[digital radio frequency memory]] based<ref>{{cite web|last=Deepak|first=Jaison|title=A variety of Electronic Warfare platforms are now available to the IAF|url=https://forceindia.net/cover-story/future-of-war/|access-date=21 July 2021|website=Force Magazine|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527082229/https://forceindia.net/cover-story/future-of-war/|url-status=live}}</ref> jamming and deception capabilities.<ref name="auto3" /> The Tejas Mark 1A will also carry a pod-mounted self-protection jammer<ref name=":27" /> – the Elta ELL-8222WB.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|date=13 December 2018|title=India Selects Israeli Radar and Electronic Warfare Suite For Tejas Light Combat Aircraft|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/india-selects-israeli-radar-and-electronic-warfare-suite-for-tejas-light-combat-aircraft/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607191130/https://thediplomat.com/2018/12/india-selects-israeli-radar-and-electronic-warfare-suite-for-tejas-light-combat-aircraft/|archive-date=7 June 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The Mark 1A will have [[software-defined radio]]-based secure communications and [[Air Force Network|network]]-centric warfare capabilities.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2021-01-13|title=CCS okays 83 LCAs worth around ₹47,000 cr. for IAF|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ccs-approves-83-lca-mk-1a-jets-worth-over-48000-crore/article33568729.ece|access-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210114019/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ccs-approves-83-lca-mk-1a-jets-worth-over-48000-crore/article33568729.ece|archive-date=10 February 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Tejas can also carry pod-based sensors such as [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR). Currently the Tejas is cleared to carry the Rafael [[Litening|Litening III]] targeting/reconnaissance pod,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Ghaswalla|first=Amrita Nair|date=11 January 2018|title=Israel's Rafael eyes larger role in India's defence programme|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/israels-rafael-eyes-larger-role-in-indias-defence-programme/article9750654.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111221857/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/israels-rafael-eyes-larger-role-in-indias-defence-programme/article9750654.ece|archive-date=11 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Businessline|language=en}}</ref> while an advanced version named ''Litening 4I'' will be integrated on the Tejas. The Litening 4I pod, developed by the C4I systems division of Rafael, enables the aircraft to carry out reconnaissance, surveillance and intelligence gathering, in addition to target acquisition.<ref>{{cite web|last=Egozi|first=Arie|date=17 July 2017|title=Rafael targets Indian contract with Litening pod|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/rafael-targets-indian-contract-with-litening-pod/124805.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034614/https://www.flightglobal.com/rafael-targets-indian-contract-with-litening-pod/124805.article|archive-date=9 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> The Tejas has an integrated health-monitoring system.<ref name=":35"/>

The Tejas has a [[night vision goggles]] compatible glass cockpit, equipped with a domestically developed head-up display (HUD), three multi-function displays, two Smart Standby Displays by [[Central Scientific Instruments Organisation|Central Scientific Instruments Organization]] (CSIO). The Tejas has [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) arrangement to reduce pilot's workload.<ref name=":35"/><ref name=":17"/> The displays provide key information on a need-to-know basis, the pilot interacts with onboard systems through a multi-functional keyboard and several selection panels. The Tejas has a "get-you-home" panel coupled with an [[air data computer]] developed by [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] to assist the pilot in case of an emergency. The cockpit is equipped with [[Martin-Baker]] 16LG [[zero-zero ejection seat]]<ref name="jawa-1617"/> and ''canopy severance system'' developed by the DRDO for safe ejection.<ref name=":35"/><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-06-23|title=Pune: DRDO facilities develop pilot escape path clearance system for combat aircraft|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-based-drdo-facilities-develop-pilot-escape-path-clearance-system-for-combat-aircraft-7370532/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623093613/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-based-drdo-facilities-develop-pilot-escape-path-clearance-system-for-combat-aircraft-7370532/|archive-date=23 June 2021|access-date=2021-11-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> For life support, Tejas Mark 1 relies on conventional liquid oxygen LOX system, while an onboard oxygen-generation system (OBOGS) has been developed for Tejas Mark 1A.<ref>{{cite web|last=D’Souza|first=Pearl Maria|date=20 September 2019|title=LCA Tejas to level up with on-board oxygen system by early 2020, says DRDO|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/sep/20/lca-tejas-to-level-up-with-on-board-oxygen-system-by-early-2020-says-drdo-2036300.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029144521/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/sep/20/lca-tejas-to-level-up-with-on-board-oxygen-system-by-early-2020-says-drdo-2036300.html|archive-date=29 October 2020|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The ADA has developed [[virtual reality]] assisted cockpit simulator for Tejas,<ref>{{cite web|last=Kadidal|first=Akhil|date=2019-02-23|title=Tejas virtual cockpit draws large crowds|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/tejas-virtual-cockpit-draws-720007.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184241/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/tejas-virtual-cockpit-draws-720007.html|archive-date=9 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> and N-LCA.<ref name=":30"/> Currently Tejas pilots are flying with Elbit DASH IV [[helmet-mounted display]] system.<ref name=":17"/><ref>{{cite web|date=9 November 2016|title=New Delhi signs off on 83 Tejas fighters|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/new-delhi-signs-off-on-83-tejas-fighters/122243.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108121907/https://www.flightglobal.com/new-delhi-signs-off-on-83-tejas-fighters/122243.article|archive-date=8 November 2020|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref>

===Flight control system===
[[File:Tejas Navy.jpg|thumb|N-LCA has additional flight control laws (source codes) for LEVCON and hands-free take off]]

The aerodynamic configuration of Tejas is based on a delta-wing layout with shoulder-mounted wings. The control surfaces include three-section [[Leading edge slats|slats]] on the wing's outer leading edge while the inboard sections of the wings have additional slats to generate [[vortex lift]] over the inner wing and high-energy air-flow along the tail fin to enhance high-AoA stability. The wing [[trailing edge]] fits two-segment [[elevon]]s to provide [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll control]]. The only [[empennage]]-mounted control surfaces are the single-piece [[Aircraft rudder|rudder]] and two [[Air brake (aeronautics)|airbrakes]], located in the upper rear part of the [[fuselage]], one each on either side of the fin.<ref name=":2"/> Since the Tejas is a relaxed static stability design, it is equipped with a NAL-developed full authority quadruplex digital [[fly-by-wire]] flight control system<ref name=":16" /> and an open architecture<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-12-01|title=Tejas test-fires missile successfully|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|access-date=2021-11-07|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019070629/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> digital flight control computer developed by BEL.<ref name=":36"/>  Its [[flight control surfaces]] are controlled by hybrid electro-hydraulic actuators through the digital flight control computer.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Krishnan|first1=P.S|title=Digital Flight Control Systems for Practising Engineers|last2=Narayanan|first2=K.G|year=2020|publisher=Defence Research and Development Organisation, Ministry of Defence |isbn=978-81-86514-65-8|language=en}}</ref> The fly-by-wire flight control system of the Tejas has an advanced feature called ''auto low-speed recovery.'' This enables envelope protection at low speed and high angles of attack. It prevents the aircraft from entering into uncontrolled flight while maneuvering. Another feature is ''disorientation recovery function'', once engaged it will recover the aircraft to an optimal altitude, airspeed and level flight. Some of the flight control laws for these features were formulated by the [[IIT Bombay]] research university.<ref>{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=10 November 2018|title=Tejas ready for auto low-speed recovery trials|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2018/11/10/tejas-ready-auto-low-speed-recovery-trials.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506182253/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2018/11/10/tejas-ready-auto-low-speed-recovery-trials.html|archive-date=6 May 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

On 19 February 2024, Tejas Mark-1A prototype LSP-7 successfully completed sortie with indigenously designed high performance Digital Flight Control Computer (DFCC).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qureshi |first=Tahir |date=20 February 2024 |title=Indigenously Developed Digital Flight Control Computer For Tejas Mk1A Flown Successfully |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/indigenously-developed-digital-flight-control-computer-for-tejas-mk1a-flown-successfully-6737589/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=india.com |language=en}}</ref> The system was developed by [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]] (ADE).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-20 |title=Tejas combat jet flies successfully with home grown digital flight control computer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tejas-combat-jet-successfully-flies-with-home-grown-digital-flight-control-computer/articleshow/107859312.cms |access-date=2024-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The latest DFCC has a quadraplex [[PowerPC]]-based processor, a fast I/O controller based on an autonomous state machine, increased computational throughput, and sophisticated on-board software that satisfies [[DO-178C]] [[DO-178C#Software level|level-A]] safety regulations. All important metrics and the flight controls' performance were deemed adequate during the flying test.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-20 |title=Another success: Indigenous Digital Flight Control Computer for Tejas Mk1A Flown successfully |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-another-success-indigenous-digital-flight-control-computer-for-tejas-mk1a-flown-successfully-3400271/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

===Propulsion===
{{further|GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri}}

Developing an indigenous jet engine for Tejas was one of the five self-reliance goals identified at the beginning of the LCA Programme. A programme led by the [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] (GTRE) to design and develop an indigenous powerplant, the [[GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri|Kaveri]], was launched as early as in 1986.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=15 December 2020|title=India Is Still Throwing Good Money at Hopeless Military Programmes|url=https://thewire.in/security/defence-spending-hal-drdo-military|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029123044/https://thewire.in/security/defence-spending-hal-drdo-military|archive-date=29 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Wire}}</ref> However Kaveri jet engine development faced some setbacks, hence the [[General Electric F404|General Electric F404-GE-F2J3]] [[Afterburner (engine)|afterburning]] turbofan engine was procured as an interim solution.<ref name=":12"/> Ten units of the F404-F2J3 engine power the Technology Demonstrator and Prototype variants of Tejas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-01 |title=ADA Launches Tender for Expert Support and Overhaul of Critical GE-F404 and GE-F414 Engines |url=https://defence.in/threads/ada-launches-tender-for-expert-support-and-overhaul-of-critical-ge-f404-and-ge-f414-engines.5023/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Defence.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Since 2004, uprated General Electric F404-GE-IN20 engines are being used on LSP, Naval prototypes and Mark 1 variants of Tejas.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-08-17|title=HAL signs contract worth Rs 5,375 crore with GE Aviation, for supply of engines for Tejas aircraft|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-signs-contract-worth-rs-5375-crore-with-ge-aviation-for-supply-of-engines-for-tejas-aircraft/2312672/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030064422/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-signs-contract-worth-rs-5375-crore-with-ge-aviation-for-supply-of-engines-for-tejas-aircraft/2312672/|archive-date=30 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GE Awarded $105 Million Development Contract from India {{!}} GE Aerospace News |url=https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/defense-engines/ge-awarded-105-million-development-contract-india |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.geaerospace.com}}</ref>

The production Tejas Mark 1 is powered by the F404-IN20 engine, with the same power-plant intended to power Mark 1A variant also,<ref name=":13">{{cite web|last=Waldron|first=Greg|date=18 August 2021|title=HAL orders 99 F404 engines to support Tejas production|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/hal-orders-99-f404-engines-to-support-tejas-production/145127.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819085606/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/hal-orders-99-f404-engines-to-support-tejas-production/145127.article|archive-date=19 August 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> while the heavier Tejas Mark 2 will be powered by a [[General Electric F414]]-INS6 engine.<ref name=":13"/>

== Delivery ==
=== Orders ===

* '''31 March 2006''' - Indian Government on behalf of the Indian Air Force placed an initial order for twenty LCA Tejas, from HAL, for delivery by December 2011. The order comprised 4 twin seat trainers, and 16 single seat Tejas IOC II.<ref name="Orders">{{Cite web |title=Progress in Production of Tejas Aircraft |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1563888 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The delivery, scheduled for completion in 2011, was finally completed by September 2024.<ref name=":54">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=HAL to deliver last four LCA Mk-1 trainers to IAF in 6 months |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hal-to-deliver-last-four-lca-mk-1-trainers-to-iaf-in-6-months-101726668335194.html? |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* '''23 December 2010''' - Indian Government ordered 20 additional LCA Tejas, comprising 4 twin seat trainers, and 16 single seat Tejas FOC. It was to be delivered by December 2016.<ref name="Orders" /> On 27 March 2025, the original contract value of {{INRConvert|5989.39|c|lk=on|year=2010}} was revised to {{INRConvert|6542.20|c|lk=|year=2025}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-27 |title=HAL revises Tejas Mk1 contract to ₹6,542 crore amid delay and production hurdles |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-revises-tejas-mk1-contract-to-6542-crore-amid-delay-and-production-hurdles/articleshow/119598493.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* '''Tejas Mk1A 2021 contract:''' 
** '''13 January 2021''' - [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] (CCS) cleared the procurement of 73 single seater and 10 twin seater trainer variants of Tejas Mk1A at the cost of {{INRConvert|45696|c|lk=|year=2021}} with additional funds for Design & Development and Infrastructure worth {{INRConvert|1202|c|lk=|year=2021}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Cabinet approves procurement of 83 Tejas fighter jets in Rs 48,000 cr deal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-approved-largest-indigenous-defence-deal-worth-rs-48-000-crores-1758733-2021-01-13 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
** '''3 February 2021''' - [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] signed the contract with HAL on the inaugural day of [[List of Aero India Editions#13th edition (2021)|Aero India 2021]] at a cost of almost {{INRConvert|48000|c|lk=|year=2021}}.<ref name=":61">{{Cite news |date=2021-02-03 |title=Rs. 48,000 Crore Contract for 83 Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas handed over to HAL at the Inaugural Ceremony of Aero India 2021 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1694844 |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
** '''17 August 2021''' - HAL signed a contract with GE worth {{INRConvert|5375|c|lk=|year=2021}} to supply 99 F404 engines and service support by 2029.<ref name=":111">{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. Orders 99 F404s for Tejas Light Combat Aircraft {{!}} GE Aerospace News |url=https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/defense-engines/hindustan-aeronautics-ltd-orders-99-f404s-tejas-light-combat |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.geaerospace.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 August 2021 |title=HAL signs contract worth Rs 5,375 crore for supply of engines for Tejas aircraft |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/aug/17/hal-signscontract-worth-rs-5375-crorefor-supply-of-engines-for-tejas-aircraft-2346039.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817154718/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/aug/17/hal-signscontract-worth-rs-5375-crorefor-supply-of-engines-for-tejas-aircraft-2346039.html |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-17 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*'''Second Tejas Mk1A contract:'''
**'''16 September 2023''' - [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Vivek Ram Chaudhari|VR Chaudhari]] stated that the Indian Airforce has made the decision to order around 97 more Mark 1A fighter jets.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2023 |title=India to buy 100 more indigenous LCA Mark 1A fighter jets, says Air Force chief |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-to-buy-100-more-indigenous-lca-mark-1a-fighter-jets-says-air-force-chief/1764742/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |work=ThePrint |agency=ANI}}</ref>
**'''30 November 2023''' - The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) accorded Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for procurement of additional 97 Tejas Mk 1A for IAF from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) under Buy (Indian-IDDM) category<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Acquisition Council approves capital acquisition proposals worth Rs 2.23 lakh crore to enhance the operational capabilities of the Armed Forces |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1981135 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-30 |title=97 Tejas jets, 150 helicopters: DAC clears procurement of Rs 2.23 lakh crore defence equipment from domestic firms |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/dac-clears-procurement-of-rs-1-5-lakh-crore-defence-equipment-from-domestic-companies/articleshow/105619955.cms |access-date=2023-11-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
**'''12 April 2024''' - MoD issued {{INRConvert|65000|c|lk=|year=2024}} tender to HAL for 97 Tejas Mark 1A fighter jets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-12 |title=HAL bags biggest-ever indigenous military hardware order; to supply 97 LCA Mark 1As @Rs 65,000 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-ministry-issues-rs-65000-crore-tender-to-hal-for-buying-97-lca-mark-1a-fighter-jets/articleshow/109239874.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Clearance for the deal expected to be received from [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] in December 2024 and deal to be signed by year-end.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=Deal for 97 more LCA Mk-1As by year-end, say officials |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/deal-for-97-more-lca-mk-1as-by-year-end-say-officials-101723486987673.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Production lines ===

# '''[[Bengaluru]] Plant I:''' HAL's first Tejas production line is situated at [[Bangalore]] near [[HAL Airport]]. The production line was set up at a cost of {{INRConvert|1556|c|lk=on|year=2014}}, with HAL holding 50% stake and the rest held by IAF and Navy. First serial production aircraft delivered in 2015 with production rate of 8 per year.<ref name=":57">{{Cite news |date=2015-01-18 |title=32 years on, HAL finally hands over Tejas to IAF; induction still far away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/32-years-on-hal-finally-hands-over-tejas-to-iaf-induction-still-far-away/articleshow/45926568.cms |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-03 |title=First Tejas rolls out |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/first-tejas-rolls-out-114100300044_1.html |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
# '''Bengaluru Plant II:''' In March 2017, Government of India sanctioned {{INRConvert|1381.04|c|lk=off|year=2017}} for setting up an additional production line under Aircraft Division, HAL. This would increase the production capacity from 8 to 16. Production of sub-components like Front Fuselage, Centre Fuselage, Rear Fuselage, Wings were outsourced to private partners.<ref name="Orders" /> The production plant was inaugurated by [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] on 2 February 2021.<ref name=":61" />
# '''[[Nashik Airport|Nashik]] Plant:''' On 5 April 2023, the then [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] [[Giridhar Aramane]] officially opened a third production line at HAL's [[Nashik]] facility with an investment of over {{INRConvert|150|c|lk=off|year=2023}}. This would bring the total production capacity from 16 to 24 aircraft annually. The production of aircraft at this plant would start from October 2024 while the first aircraft from Nashik was expected by the end of FY2024-25.<ref name="Aramane">{{cite web |author=<!--staff writer--> |date=7 April 2023 |title=Defence Secretary Aramane inaugurates new production line for Tejas jets |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-secretary-aramane-inaugurates-new-production-line-for-tejas-jets/articleshow/99323743.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413040315/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-secretary-aramane-inaugurates-new-production-line-for-tejas-jets/articleshow/99323743.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2023 |title=HAL Starts Third Production Line For LCA Tejas |url=https://www.mobilityoutlook.com/news/hal-starts-third-production-line-for-lca-tejas/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Mobility Outlook}}</ref> First Tejas Mk1A from the facility to be rolled out by April 2025.<ref name=":60">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-16 |title=HAL's Nashik unit to roll out first Light Combat Aircraft Mk1A by April-end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/hals-nashik-unit-to-roll-out-first-light-combat-aircraft-mk1a-by-april-end/articleshow/119084851.cms |access-date=2025-03-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
# '''Nashik Plant 2:''' HAL also plans to setup another production line at Nashik to ramp up production capacity from 24 to 32 as reported on 10 January 2025. The line can start production within one and a half years of sanction.<ref name=":56">{{Cite web |title=HAL plans fourth assembly line for Tejas jets at Nashik to make up for delivery delay |url=https://www.deccanherald.com//india/hal-plans-fourth-assembly-line-for-tejas-jets-to-make-up-for-delivery-delay-3349987#google_vignette |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== First and second orders ===
On 1 October 2014, LCA-SP1 aircraft took the first flight. On 17 January 2015 the aircraft was delivered to the Indian Air Force. Left head till then flow on 5 sorties to test various equipment. Due to delays in production the cost per aircraft rose from {{INRConvert|120|c|lk=on|year=2006}} in 2006 to {{INRConvert|160|c|lk=off|year=2015}} in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-17 |title=India finally gets indigenous Light Combat Aircraft Tejas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-finally-gets-indigenous-light-combat-aircraft-tejas/articleshow/45920922.cms |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, the aircraft was not be inducted into a squadron till 2016 until sufficient numbers were delivered by HAL. The aircraft would also require additional flight hours before induction. Expected delivery timeline was as follows: SP-2 in March, upto SP-5 by June, upto SP-8 by March 2016; completing a total of 8 aircraft.<ref name=":57" />

The formation of the first Tejas-equipped squadron started in July 2011. [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]] ''(Flying Daggers)'', the first Tejas squadron, was operationalised in July 2016. It is based in [[Sulur Air Force Station]], [[Coimbatore]].<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=10 July 2011 |title=IAF begins establishing first LCA squadron |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/175226/iaf-begins-establishing-first-lca.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220172310/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/175226/iaf-begins-establishing-first-lca.html |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=21 July 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

When the first order was placed in 2006, it was expected that ADA would receive Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) by 2008. Induction was scheduled by December 2011. However, IOC was originally received in December 2013 and the first IOC variant was delivered in FY2016-17.<ref name="Orders" />

As of 11 February 2019, 12 IOC aircraft were delivered with 4 due to be delivered by March 2019. Also, on 31 December 2018, ADA has handed over Drawing Applicability List (DAL) and Equipment Standard of Preparation (SOP) documents, for FOC configuration to HAL for production. The production and delivery of 8 Tejas Trainer would start after design clearance by ADA.<ref name="Orders" />

The second Tejas Mark 1 squadron, [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|Squadron 18]], was formed at [[Sulur Air Force Station|Sulur]] on 27 May 2020.<ref name="tejas2sq">{{cite web |last=Dinakar |first=Peri |date=19 May 2020 |title=We hope to sign the deal for 83 LCA-Mk1A within next three months, says Bhadauria |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-hope-to-sign-the-deal-for-83-lca-mk1a-within-next-three-months-says-bhadauria/article31618828.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605155116/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-hope-to-sign-the-deal-for-83-lca-mk1a-within-next-three-months-says-bhadauria/article31618828.ece |archive-date=5 June 2021 |access-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The first front fuselage of Tejas Mk1 FOC aircraft for the second order was delivered by Dynamatic Technologies on 2 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=defence.capital |date=2020-11-02 |title=India HAL gets first front fuselage for Tejas FOC variant from Dynamatic Technologies |url=https://defence.capital/2020/11/02/india-hal-gets-first-front-fuselage-for-tejas-foc-variant-from-dynamatic-technologies/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Defence.Capital |language=en-US}}</ref>

By August 2023, the delivery of all 32 single-seat Tejas Mk 1 aircraft (IOC and FOC) were completed.<ref name=":40">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2023 |title=Delivery of single-seat Tejas LCA Mark 1 fighters to IAF completed |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/delivery-of-single-seat-tejas-lca-mark-1-fighters-to-iaf-completed-123082300824_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref>[[File:HAL Tejas MK1A Aero India 2025.jpg|thumb|left|Tejas MK1 at Aero India 2025]]The first series production trainer aircraft (LT5201) completed its maiden flight on 5 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=First series production Tejas aircraft successfully completes first flight |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/first-series-production-tejas-aircraft-first-flight-8542796/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> IAF has received first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft from HAL on 4 October 2023.<ref name=":45">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-04 |title=IAF gets first LCA Tejas twin seater aircraft from HAL in boost for 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-gets-first-lca-tejas-twin-seater-aircraft-from-hal-in-boost-for-aatmanirbhar-bharat/articleshow/104156488.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=HAL hands over first Tejas trainer to IAF |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/hal-hands-over-first-tejas-trainer-to-iaf |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref> Next trainer variant delivery expected by March 31.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=Hindustan Aeronautics set to deliver 1st LCA Mark1A jets to Air Force by March 31 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hindustan-aeronautics-set-to-deliver-1st-lca-mark1a-jets-to-air-force-by-march-31-2516542-2024-03-18 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":43">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=HAL working towards delivering first LCA Mark-1A fighter to IAF by March 31, looking to deliver twin-seater trainer jet too |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/hal-working-towards-delivering-first-lca-mark-1a-fighter-to-iaf-by-march-31-looking-to-deliver-twin-seater-trainer-jet-too20240318224739/ |website=ANI}}</ref>

As of 18 September 2024, 4 trainer aircraft have been delivered to IAF while the rest of 4 are to be delivered by March 2025.<ref name=":54" />

As of 10 January 2025, 38 of the 40 aircraft have been delivered and the last two trainers would be delivered soon.<ref name=":56" /> On 11 January 2025, the last of the 40 Tejas - LT-5208 - took its first flight.<ref name="X-27032422">{{cite twitter |number=1878014115035091185 |user=FighterPiloting |title=LCA Tejas #40 LT5208 |date=2025-01-11 |access-date=2025-01-12}}</ref><ref name="X-2703242">{{cite twitter |number=1878106840686330246 |user=OsintTV |title=40th LCA Tejas - LT5208 |date=2025-01-11 |access-date=2025-01-12}}</ref>

=== Third order delays ===
As of February 2021, three units of Tejas Mk1A was to be delivered in the third year from contract signing (2024) followed by a production rate of 16 aircraft per year for five years, completing deliveries within eight years of contract signing. The first aircraft will have an indigenous content of 50% which will be elevated to 60% by the end of contract.<ref name=":61" />

As of October 2022, the delivery date of the first aircraft was reportedly scheduled on 3 February 2024 with three aircraft to be delivered by 31 March.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Ajay |date=21 October 2022 |title=On track to deliver Tejas Mark 1A in 16 months: HAL chief |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/on-track-to-deliver-tejas-mark-1a-in-16-months-hal-chief-443564 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023061628/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/on-track-to-deliver-tejas-mark-1a-in-16-months-hal-chief-443564 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=Tribune India |language=en}}</ref> In December 2023, it was reported that the IAF has plans to raise the first squadron of Tejas Mark 1A at [[Bikaner Airport|Nal Air Force Station]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dubey |first=Ajit |date=10 December 2023 |title=First LCA Mark1A fighter aircraft squadron to be deployed at Nal air base |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/first-lca-mark1a-fighter-aircraft-squadron-to-be-deployed-at-nal-air-base20231210182529/ |access-date=11 December 2023 |work=ANI}}</ref> Later in June 2024, it was confirmed that [[No. 3 Squadron IAF|No. 3 Squadron]] and [[No. 23 Squadron IAF|No. 23 Squadron]] would be the first units to operate the Mk1A variant replacing their in-service [[MiG 21]]s.<ref name=":50" />

The delivery of F404 engines, which were scheduled to begin from February 2024 have been delayed, due to supply chain issues, as claimed by [[General Electric|GE]].<ref name="Hindu-29102024">{{cite web |author=Dinakar Peri |date=29 October 2024 |title=General Electric may deliver F-404 engines by March or April; India invokes penalty clause |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/penalty-clause-invoked-against-general-electric-for-engine-delays-for-lca-mk1a/article68809690.ece |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The delivery of the first aircraft itself was shifted to the end of March 2024.<ref name="theprint.in">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=Tejas Mk-1A carries out maiden flight but delivery to IAF delayed. Here's why |url=https://theprint.in/defence/tejas-mk-1a-carries-out-maiden-flight-but-delivery-to-iaf-delayed-heres-why/2018740/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> By then, the IAF's latest requests for software upgrades and minor design changes caused the delay in delivery timeline, according to sources within the military and defence establishment. Also, a number of certifications were pending. The delivery of essential components that were ordered from Israel, Russia and Ukraine have also been delayed due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. All of which is impacting the production and delivery schedule.<ref name="theprint.in" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2024 |title=HAL delays delivery of first Tejas Mk 1A to mid-2024 |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/hal-delays-delivery-of-first-tejas-mk-1a-to-mid-2024 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2024, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] asked HAL in May to deliver at least 18 Tejas Mk 1A by March 2025 and the entire 180 jets (including later 97 Tejas Mk1A order) within 10 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Ajay |date=2024-05-15 |title=MoD asks HAL to deliver 18 Tejas Mark-1A jets by next year |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/mod-asks-hal-to-deliver-18-tejas-mark-1a-jets-by-next-year-621598 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref><ref name="X-270324">{{cite twitter |number=1790978319674147295 |user=ajaynewsman |title=#Tejas MoD asks HAL to meet contract deadline of 18 jets by March 2025. Supply chain issues being resolved. HAL needa to make 180 Tejas in 10 years. @thetribunechd @IAF_MCC @HALHQBLR |first=Ajay |last=Banerjee |date=2024-05-16}}</ref> Subsequently, the delivery dates were shifted several times from February 2024 to July-end (as of May),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-16 |title=Indian Air Force's first LCA Mark 1A fighter aircraft set for July delivery, HAL accelerates indigenous aircraft program |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-air-forces-first-lca-mark-1a-fighter-aircraft-set-for-july-delivery-hal-accelerates-indigenous-aircraft-program/articleshow/110183977.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Supply chain issues delay deliveries of LCA-Mk1A jets |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supply-chain-issues-delay-deliveries-of-lca-mk1a-jets/article68348732.ece |access-date=2024-06-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> to 15 August (as of July)<ref name=":51">{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title=Amid delays, HAL now aiming to deliver first LCA Mark 1A by August 15; GE engine supplies to start by September |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/amid-delays-hal-now-aiming-to-deliver-first-lca-mark-1a-by-august-15-ge-engine-supplies-to-start-by-september/articleshow/111681003.cms?from=mdr#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17207763917473&csi=1&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/amid-delays-hal-now-aiming-to-deliver-first-lca-mark-1a-by-august-15-ge-engine-supplies-to-start-by-september/articleshow/111681003.cms |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and again to November (as of August).<ref name=":52">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2024-08-03 |title=Despite engine delays, production of indigenous LCA jets on |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/despite-engine-delays-production-of-indigenous-lca-jets-on/articleshow/112252308.cms?from=mdr#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17227329375260&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/despite-engine-delays-production-of-indigenous-lca-jets-on/articleshow/112252308.cms |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In August, the first aircraft was undergoing critical flight tests with weapons trials to be expected soon while the second was in high speed taxi trials phase. The next 4 units were in advanced stages of production. HAL then planned to manufacture at least 14 airframes in "ready-to-go state" by the [[fiscal year]] in order to ensure swift engine integration and aircraft deliveries within few weeks after arrival of new engines.<ref name=":52" />

Again, in September 2024, [[Denmark]] prohibited the export of engine charge amplifiers, previously installed on Tejas Mk1, resulting in further delays of Tejas Mk1A deliveries. Later, HAL assigned a Bengaluru-based company to indigenously develop the component which would then be tested before integration. The engine charge amplifier is a crucial component tasked to sense engine temperature and adjust operation accordingly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2024-09-18 |title=Not just engines, Tejas Mk-1A delivery could be hit over key Danish part, now on export blacklist |url=https://theprint.in/defence/not-just-engines-tejas-mk-1a-delivery-could-be-hit-over-key-danish-part-now-on-export-blacklist/2272527/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

The same month, a report suggested that the fighter aircraft's Israeli software integration being finished and is undergoing final trials and deliveries could begin from October 2024. The delivery would begin with category B engines, which refers to the engines previously used or procured from GE. The F404-IN20 engine delivery had been shifted to arrive in November 2024.<ref name=":55">{{Cite news |author=<!--staff writer--> |date=2024-09-18 |title=Indian Air Force set to receive Tejas Mk 1A Combat Aircraft next month after delays in engine delivery |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-air-force-set-to-receive-tejas-mk-1a-combat-aircraft-next-month-after-delays-in-engine-delivery/articleshow/113446592.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

There was an additional problem for the delivery. [[General Electric]] had closed down the production line of F404-IN20 at [[Lynn, Massachusetts]] engines earlier without further prospects of orders from India and the first engine was yet to be delivered even in October 2024. First engine delivery dates were delayed to September 2024 as of then and followed by a production rate of two per month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title=Amid delays, HAL now aiming to deliver first LCA Mark 1A by August 15; GE engine supplies to start by September |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/amid-delays-hal-now-aiming-to-deliver-first-lca-mark-1a-by-august-15-ge-engine-supplies-to-start-by-september/articleshow/111681003.cms?from=mdr#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17207763917473&csi=1&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/amid-delays-hal-now-aiming-to-deliver-first-lca-mark-1a-by-august-15-ge-engine-supplies-to-start-by-september/articleshow/111681003.cms |access-date=2024-07-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2024-07-12 |title=GE Aerospace says working with HAL to fix new Tejas LCA engine supply delay |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ge-aerospace-says-working-with-hal-to-fix-delay-in-supply-of-engine-for-tejas-lca-101720787506339-amp.html |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> By November, engine deliveries was delayed by 10 months.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2023-11-08 |title=At India-US 2+2 ministerial dialogue on Friday, India likely to take up F404 engines supply delay |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/at-india-us-22-ministerial-dialogue-on-friday-india-likely-to-take-up-f404-engines-supply-delay/article67513428.ece |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> In October 2024, GE again delayed the engine deliveries to April 2025. The reason for delay was cited as supply chain issues since a South Korean firm with financial issues failed to deliver certain components of the engine. HAL had 5-6 aircraft ready for delivery. The Mk1A is in the final stages of trials before delivery.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2024-10-29 |title=GE to deliver Tejas engines by April 2025, MoD says 'no proposal under consideration to impose penalty' |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-imposes-penalties-on-ge-for-2-yr-delay-in-delivery-of-tejas-engines-delivery-to-start-by-april/2333021/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF may get the LCA-Mk1A by mid 2025; Govt works on new procurement model for multi role combat jets |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/lca-mk1a-induction-into-iaf-unlikely-before-mid-2025-3254518 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-10-29 |title=General Electric may deliver F-404 engines by March or April; India invokes penalty clause |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/penalty-clause-invoked-against-general-electric-for-engine-delays-for-lca-mk1a/article68809690.ece |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following the orders, a lengthy process of sorting out supply chain problems was undertaken and the F404 production line at [[Boston]] restarted by late 2024 to enable deliveries after a stagnation of 5 years.<ref name=":532">{{Cite news |date=2024-12-25 |title=HAL to start trial of new Tejas fighter jet in January next year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hal-to-start-trial-of-new-tejas-fighter-jet-in-january-next-year-101735068257239.html |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HAL set for LCA Tejas Mk1A missile and radar trials. When will Indian Air Force finally get the fighter jet? |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2024/12/26/hal-set-for-lca-tejas-mk1a-missile-and-radar-trials-when-will-indian-air-force-finally-get-the-fighter-jet.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> As of 10 January 2025, GE had a backlog of 26 engines.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2025-01-02 |title=The race for fighters: the IAF's dilemma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-race-for-fighters-the-iafs-dilemma/article69049922.ece |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":56" /> The first engines are expected to be delivered in March or April 2025, but there is uncertainty.<ref name="Hindu-29102024" />

As of late December, further critical trials of Tejas Mk1A using Category B F404 engines were to commence in January 2025 as a part of a [[contingency plan]]. The new deadline for delivery of first aircraft was set for 31 March 2025. The older engines would be replaced once the new engines are delivered. The trials will also include [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mk1]] [[Beyond-visual-range air-to-air missile|beyond visual range air-to-air missiles]] (BVRAAM), [[EL/M-2052]] and indigenous [[Electronic Warfare]] Suite ([[radar warning receiver]] and advanced self-protection jammer). The aircraft will be delivered after certain certifications are done.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-10 |title=Tejas Mk1A project: Engine delay forces defence firm to invoke contingency plan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hindustan-aeronautics-limited-turns-category-b-engine-delayed-gef404-engines-slow-down-tejas-mk1a-fighter-jet-project-2631228-2024-11-10 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite news |date=2024-12-25 |title=HAL to start trial of new Tejas fighter jet in January next year |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hal-to-start-trial-of-new-tejas-fighter-jet-in-january-next-year-101735068257239.html |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

As of 6 February 2025, HAL had three Tejas Mk1A  aircraft “ready in the flight line” with another two to be prepared by March-April. Deliveries were expected within few days after GE starts engine deliveries in March. Integration of EW Suite and radars was complete while trials of Astra missiles form these jets was expected soon. GE "promised" to deliver 12 engines in 2025-26 starting in March 2025 with 20 engines to be delivered from 2026-27 onwards. Tejas delivery rate will depend on the revised engine delivery schedules. Meanwhile, Nashik line is reportedly operational and the first Tejas Mk1A is planned to roll out in one or two months.<ref name=":58">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-06 |title=India plans to crank up Tejas production to stem IAF's depletion in fighters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-plans-to-crank-up-tejas-production-to-stem-iafs-depletion-in-fighters/articleshow/117967197.cms |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":59">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-02-10 |title=Deliveries of light combat Tejas jets to commence by March, confirms official |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aero-india-deliveries-of-light-combat-jets-to-commence-by-march-confirms-defence-official-sanjeev-kumar-2677709-2025-02-10 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Secretary of Defence Production Sanjeev Kumar stated during [[Aero India]]'s [[List of Aero India Editions#15th edition (2025)|2025 edition]] that Tejas' production line was stabilized, both with HAL and GE engines, and that Tejas' supply will follow the original plan starting in 2025–2026 when 16 to 24 jets would be delivered.<ref name=":59" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2025-02-09 |title=LCA Tejas supply as originally planned from 2025-26: Defence Secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-supply-as-originally-planned-from-2025-26-defence-secretary/article69200291.ece |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 9 March 2025, the first rear [[fuselage]] for Tejas Mk1A was delivered to HAL by Alpha Tocol Engineering Services. Also, 12 rear fuselages manufactured by HAL was also ready on production line.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-10 |title='Make in India' boost as private company produces key Tejas component |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/118824830.cms |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-03-09 |title=First rear fuselage for LCA Mk1A manufactured by Indian private sector handed over to HAL |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/first-rear-fuselage-for-lca-mk1a-manufactured-by-indian-private-sector-handed-over-to-hal/article69309813.ece |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As of 16 March 2025, the first Tejas Mk1A from the Nashik (Ozar) production line is expected to be rolled out in April.<ref name=":60" /> On 22 March, a report confirmed that, after two years of delay, the General Electric was preparing to deliver the first engine by March-end from the contracted 99 GE F404-IN20 engines as it was undergoing flight tests in their [[testbed aircraft]]. Further, GE plans to deliver a total of 12 engines in 2025 followed by a steady rate of only 20 engines per year from 2026 onwards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-22 |title=GE to deliver first of 99 F-404 engines for Tejas MK 1A by March-end |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ge-to-deliver-first-of-99-f-404-engines-for-tejas-mk-1a-by-marchend-101742615337284.html |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

After a two-year delay from the anticipated timeframes, the first of 99 F404-IN20 engines was rolled out from GE's factory on 25 March 2025, signaling the start of deliveries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title=Delivering for India Today and Into the Future {{!}} GE Aerospace News |url=https://www.geaerospace.com/news/articles/delivering-india-today-and-future |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.geaerospace.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-03-26 |title=US aerospace giant delivers first of Tejas Mk1A engines, ends 2-year delay |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/us-ge-aerospace-delivers-tejas-fighter-jet-engines-hal-delay-air-force-chief-ap-singh-2699298-2025-03-26 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The engine will be further tested at the HAL plant when it arrives in India in April. HAL produced three aircraft in 2025, will receive twelve engines from GE, and plans to produce eleven more aircraft by the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2025-03-26 |title=After delays, GE Aerospace announces delivery of jet engines for Tejas LCA-Mk1A |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/after-delays-ge-aerospace-announces-delivery-of-jet-engines-for-tejas-lca-mk1a/article69376400.ece |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As of 30 March, Tejas Mk1A was undergoing extra firing and EW trials. Also, the first Tejas Mk1A is expected to be delivered from Nashik facility in the first quarter of FY 2025-26 after the HAL gets physical possession of the first engine in India in early April.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=2025-03-30 |title=HAL to hand over first LCA Mk-1A to IAF in first quarter of FY26 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/first-lca-mk-1a-to-be-handed-over-to-iaf-in-first-quarter-of-fy26/article69392957.ece |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> 

On 30 May, the first centre fuselage by VEM Technologies for Tejas Mk1A was delivered to HAL. Another assembly jig to manufacture the component has also been cleared. The centre fuselage of the aircraft is a [[semi-monocoque]] construction with both metallic and [[carbon fiber composite]] material.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-05-26 |title=VEM Tech to hand over Centre Fuselage Assembly for LCA Tejas to HAL |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/vem-tech-to-hand-over-centre-fuselage-assembly-for-lca-tejas-to-hal/article69621206.ece |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-30 |title=First Centre Fuselage for LCA Tejas Mk 1A Handed Over to HAL |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2132890 |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

==Operational history==
The Tejas Mark 1 made its international debut on 21 January 2016, at the fourth [[Bahrain International Airshow]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hoyle|first=Craig|date=25 January 2016|title=Bahrain debut for export-ready Tejas fighter|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/bahrain-debut-for-export-ready-tejas-fighter/119434.article|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125133542/https://www.flightglobal.com/bahrain-debut-for-export-ready-tejas-fighter/119434.article|archive-date=25 January 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Exercise Garuda IAF Su-30 MKI, French Rafale, IAF Tejas.jpg|thumb|IAF [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30 MKI]], French [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]], IAF Tejas FOC during [[Exercise Garuda]] VII.]]

On 26 January 2017, Tejas made its maiden appearance in the 68th [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] by joining in the fly-past over the [[Rajpath|Kartavya Path]] (then Rajpath) in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=<!--staff writer-->|publisher=Livemint |date=2017-01-26 |title=Tejas makes Republic Day Parade debut: Here's what we know about the aircraft |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/EEFrFDVIc8qJH86k83IVRI/Tejas-makes-Republic-Day-Parade-debut-Heres-what-we-know-a.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2018, the IAF's entire fleet of Tejas Mark 1 aircraft participated in the Gagan Shakti 2018 exercise. It was the IAF's largest air exercise, involving 1,100 aircraft and 15,000 military personnel. During the exercise, the Tejas were deployed to forward bases and demonstrated their reliability and precision strike capability.<ref name=":11"/> In 2019, six Tejas fighter jets participated in the Vayu Shakti air exercise, where it has demonstrated its "[[Multirole combat aircraft#Swing-role|swing role]]" capability.<ref>{{cite web|date=2019-02-14|title=Vayu Shakti 2019: IAF's fire power will be demonstrated for the world on Saturday|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/vayu-shakti-2019-iafs-fire-power-will-be-demonstrated-for-the-world-on-saturday/1487845/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030025650/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/vayu-shakti-2019-iafs-fire-power-will-be-demonstrated-for-the-world-on-saturday/1487845/|archive-date=30 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

According to the commanding officer of [[No. 45 Squadron IAF|No. 45 Squadron]] – [[Group captain (India)|Group Captain]] Samrath Dhankhar, DASH IV HMDS enables the Tejas pilot to take full advantage of high off-boresight [[Air-to-air missile#Fifth generation|close combat missiles]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Waldron|first=Greg|date=5 April 2019|title=How Lima Deployment Marked New High For India's Tejas|newspaper=FlightGlobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-how-lima-deployment-marked-new-high-for-in-457001/|access-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929000734/https://www.flightglobal.com/analysis/analysis-how-lima-deployment-marked-new-high-for-indias-tejas/132030.article|archive-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> such as [[Python (missile)|Python-5]] and [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-28|title=LCA Tejas adds 5th gen air-to-air missile to its weapons capability|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-adds-5th-gen-air-to-air-missile-to-its-weapons-capability/article34430456.ece|access-date=2021-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022214843/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-adds-5th-gen-air-to-air-missile-to-its-weapons-capability/article34430456.ece|archive-date=22 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 18 August 2020, IAF deployed the No. 45 Squadron "Flying Dagger" on the western front along the Pakistani border ([[line of control]]). It was the first operational deployment of Tejas.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=18 August 2020 |title=IAF deploys LCA Tejas along Pakistan border amid tensions with China |url=https://theprint.in/defence/iaf-deploys-lca-tejas-along-pakistan-border-amid-tensions-with-china/484394/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115041623/https://theprint.in/defence/iaf-deploys-lca-tejas-along-pakistan-border-amid-tensions-with-china/484394/ |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=19 October 2021 |work=The Print}}</ref>

On 27 April 2021, Tejas Mark 1 successfully test fired [[Python-5]] high off-boresight (HOBS) close combat [[air-to-air missile]] and further validated enhanced capability of [[Rafael Derby|I-Derby ER]] (extended range) BVR missile. Both missiles scored direct hits on targets during the trial.<ref name=":10"/>
IAF participated in Exercise Desert Flag VIII, with five Tejas and two [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster III]] aircraft, held in UAE from 27 February to 17 March 2023. This is the first time Tejas participated in an international flying exercise outside India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-25 |title=India's indigenous LCA Tejas lands in UAE to take part in its first-ever foreign air exercise - details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/indias-indigenous-lca-tejas-lands-in-uae-to-take-part-in-its-first-ever-foreign-air-exercise-details-article-98232078 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>[[File:HAL Tejas LSP7 during a maiden firing of Astra Mk1 missile.webm|thumb|Tejas LSP7 firing Astra Mk1 missile]]On 23 August 2023, Astra Mk-1 Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile was successfully test fired from HAL Tejas aircraft off the coast of [[Goa]] from an altitude of {{Convert|20000|ft|km|abbr=on}}. This is the first time when India test fire an indigenously developed BVRAAM from a homegrown fighter aircraft<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-08-23 |title=LCA Tejas successfully test-fires Astra Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-successfully-test-fires-astra-beyond-visual-range-missile/article67227156.ece |access-date=2023-11-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LCA Tejas successfully test-fires indigenous ASTRA Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile off Goa coast |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1951428 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref>

In December 2023, plans were revealed to deploy the first batch of Tejas Mk 1A in the [[Bikaner Airport|Nal airbase]] in Bikaner, [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Air Force to deploy first Tejas Mark 1A aircraft squadron in Rajasthan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-air-force-lca-tejas-mark-1a-bikaner-airbase-pakistan-border-defence-sector-2474299-2023-12-10 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=India Today |date=10 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[No. 3 Squadron IAF|No. 3 Squadron]] and [[No. 23 Squadron IAF|No. 23 Squadron]], the last and current operators of [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21s]], are expected to become the first operators of Tejas Mk1A. Both the squadrons were deployed in Nal AFS by June 2024. The first delivery of Tejas Mk 1A is expected by November 2024.<ref name=":50">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2024-06-28 |title=IAF relocates MiG-21s to Nal base as it prepares to replace the fleet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-relocates-mig-21s-to-nal-base-as-it-prepares-to-replace-the-fleet-101719515430591.html |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":52" />[[File:Tejas from Flying Bullets Squadron arrive to participate in Milan 2024.jpg|thumb|[[No. 18 Squadron IAF]] at [[INS Dega]] for [[Milan (naval exercise)|Milan Naval Exercise]] 2024. |left]]On 26 January 2024, on the occasion of 75th Republic Day of India, four Tejas took part in the parade fly-past held at [[Rajpath|Kartavya Path]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=75th Republic day flypast: IAF fighter planes including Rafale, Sukhoi, Jaguar, Tejas dazzle spectators |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/75th-republic-day-flypast-iaf-fighter-planes-including-rafale-sukhoi-jaguar-tejas-dazzle-spectators-684071 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=WION |date=26 January 2024 |language=en-us}}</ref>
[[File:HAL_Tejas_(LA-5022)_of_Squadron_No._18_being_flown_by_Vice_chief_AP_Singh_during_Ex_Tarangshakti24.jpg|thumb|Tejas (LA-5022) of [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|Squadron No. 18]] piloted by [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|VCOAS]] [[Amar Preet Singh|AP Singh]] during Exercise Tarang Shakti 2024]]
HAL Tejas Mk 1 participated in the first phase of [[Exercise Tarang Shakti]] 2024. The jets were escorted by a formation of four HAL Tejas Mk 1 aircraft, one of which was piloted by [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]] [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Amar Preet Singh]]. The exercise began with Tejas intercepting German, French and Spanish jets as a part of the training exercise.<ref name=":210">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-06 |title=India's first ever multinational air exercise 'Tarang Shakti' begins at Sulur Air Force Station |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/indias-first-ever-multinational-air-exercise-tarang-shakti-begins-at-sulur-air-force-station/articleshow/112324197.cms |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> HAL Tejas was assigned to the Red Force (hostile) as well as the Blue Force (friendly) and its capabilities were proved in both the cases. The jet also received appreciation from the foreign pilots who piloted them. On 13 August, the [[Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force|Chief of French Air Force]], General {{ill|Stéphane Mille|fr}} and the Chief of German Air Force [[Generalleutnant#Germany|Lieutenant General]] [[Ingo Gerhartz]] piloted HAL Tejas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=LCA proved its mettle in Tarang Shakti drills, says IAF chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lca-proved-its-mettle-in-tarang-shakti-drills-says-iaf-chief-101723547971515.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

The first production aircraft of Tejas Mk1A will be showcased at [[Aero India]] 2025.<ref name=":56" />

On 12 March 2025, Astra Mk-1 Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile was successfully test fired from a Tejas Mk1 prototype over the [[Integrated Test Range]], [[Chandipur, Odisha]]. The missile scored a direct hit on a flying target at a range of over 100 km. This test was significant for the subsequent induction of Tejas Mk1A aircraft. Further trials are also expected for performance evaluation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 March 2025 |title=Tejas LCA AF MK1 test-fires Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2111068 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

===Potential operators===
HAL proposed exporting the Tejas, with preliminary talks taking place with several friendly countries.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2021-07-26 |title=HAL ready to export LCA-Tejas, Mark-2 getting ready |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hal-ready-to-export-lca-tejas-mark-2-getting-ready/article35541408.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902173155/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/hal-ready-to-export-lca-tejas-mark-2-getting-ready/article35541408.ece |archive-date=2 September 2021 |access-date=2021-07-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was reported in March 2020 that HAL is willing to set up logistic facilities in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam as part of exporting the Tejas.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 March 2020|title=HAL planning to set up bases in four countries to push exports|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-planning-to-set-up-bases-in-four-countries-to-boosts-exports/articleshow/74545435.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824215018/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-planning-to-set-up-bases-in-four-countries-to-boosts-exports/articleshow/74545435.cms|archive-date=24 August 2021|access-date=21 July 2021|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

====Brazil====
In September 2024, the [[Brazilian Air Force]] (FAB) has reportedly considered the adoption of the Tejas to replace their [[AMX International AMX|AMX]] and [[Northrop F-5]] jets in service and complement the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]], which is being done with a swap of [[Embraer C-390 Millennium]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=The Tejas is one of the options for Brazil's second or third fighter, says Air Force chief - Air Data News |url=https://www.airdatanews.com/the-tejas-is-one-of-the-options-for-brazils-second-or-third-fighter-says-air-force-chief/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.airdatanews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=Brazil may be in talks to buy Indian HAL Tejas fighter jet |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2024/09/12/brazil-may-be-in-talks-to-buy-indian-hal-tejas-fighter-jet/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="FAB">{{cite web |url=https://www.aeroflap.com.br/en/hal-tejas-learn-more-about-the-indian-fighter-that-is-catching-the-attention-of-the-fab/|title=HAL Tejas: learn more about the Indian fighter that is attracting the attention of the FAB|last=Centeno|first=Gabriel|date=17 September 2024|publisher=Aeroflap}}</ref> FAB wanted to acquire [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16 Fighting Falcon]] at first from the US, but it was rejected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroflap.com.br/en/f-16-fab-confirms-interest-in-the-American-fighter-but-denies-negotiations/|title=F-16: FAB confirms interest in the American fighter but denies negotiations|last=Centeno|first=Gabriel|date=14 June 2024|publisher=Aeroflap}}</ref>

According to the FAB, the AMX is due to be retired by 2025 with the F-5s being next by 2030.<ref name="FAB"/> In November 2024, Brazil offered to India a swap between the C-390 Millennium and the HAL Tejas, to replace the older F-5s in operation,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aereo.jor.br/2024/11/25/delegacao-da-india-visitara-o-brasil-para-explorar-parcerias-em-defesa-e-aviacao/|title=Delegação da Índia visitará o Brasil para explorar parcerias em Defesa e Aviação|date=25 November 2024|publisher=Poder Aereo}}</ref> an Indian delegation visited Brazil in December 2024 to negotiate the deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/5082759/delegacion-india-viajara-brasil-diciembre-hablar-cazas-aviones-transporte|title=Una delegación india viajará a Brasil en diciembre por posibles acuerdos sobre cazas y aviones de transporte|date=25 November 2024|publisher=Indodefensa}}</ref>

====Congo====
In October 2024, a report suggested that the [[Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (FAC) was interested to acquire HAL Tejas.<ref name="MAFAC">{{Cite web |last=Abdul |first=Kazim |date=2024-10-14 |title=DR Congo in talks with HAL for Tejas jet |url=https://www.military.africa/2024/10/dr-congo-in-talks-with-hal-for-tejas-jet/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Military Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> It was reported back in August 2024 that a FAC delegation visited India to speak with HAL representatives about the Tejas.<ref name="MAFAC"/>

The FAC plans to replace their [[Sukhoi Su-25]]s with the Tejas if purchased.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indianpolitics.co.in/african-countries-in-talks-for-tejas-jets/ | title=African countries in talks for TEJAS Jets &#124; Indian Politics | date=16 October 2024 }}</ref>

===Failed bids===

==== Argentina ====
The [[Argentine Air Force]] had indicated its interest in possibly purchasing the Tejas, as part of its modernization initiative.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|date=17 October 2021|title=Argentina reveals talks with India on Tejas. Will ejection seat shoot down a deal?|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/10/17/argentina-reveals-talks-with-india-on-tejas-will-ejection-seat-shoot-down-a-deal.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=The Week|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107182253/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/10/17/argentina-reveals-talks-with-india-on-tejas-will-ejection-seat-shoot-down-a-deal.html}}</ref> [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] had offered the Tejas to Argentina, amidst other offers of the [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17]] from [[China]] and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35|MiG-35]] from [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gonzalo|first=Mary|date=14 October 2021|title=X. Isaac (Argentina): "La prioridad absoluta está en la búsqueda de un avión de 4º generación"|url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3233080/x-isaac-argentina-prioridad-absoluta-esta-busqueda-avion-4-generacion|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Infodefensa|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107182306/https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3233080/x-isaac-argentina-prioridad-absoluta-esta-busqueda-avion-4-generacion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Dalal|first=Pazdin|date=17 October 2021|title=Argentina enquires about Tejas|url=https://iadnews.in/2021/10/17/argentina-enquires-about-tejas/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Indian Aerospace Defence News|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113135233/https://iadnews.in/2021/10/17/argentina-enquires-about-tejas/}}</ref> Multiple sources had also indicated that the Tejas may likely be a good option for Argentina.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=6 October 2021|title=LCA could be a good option for Argentine Air Force, says a source|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lca-could-be-a-good-option-for-argentine-air-force-says-a-source/2345231/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Financial Express|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019063337/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/lca-could-be-a-good-option-for-argentine-air-force-says-a-source/2345231/}}</ref>

However, any potential sale of the Tejas to Argentina may likely be threatened by British [[Arms embargo|imposed arms sanctions]], since the Tejas utilizes the British [[Martin-Baker|Martin-Baker MK16 IN16 GS Tejas ejection seat]], along with other British-origin components — including an [[Aerial refueling|aerial-refueling probe]] and a quartz radome, both supplied by [[Cobham (company)|Cobham Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Banerjee|first=Aritra|date=21 September 2021|title=Did Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder Beat Indian HAL Tejas To Win Argentine Fighter Jet Contract?|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/did-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-beat-indian-hal-tejas-to-win-argentine-fighter-jet-contract/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=The Eurasian Times|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120073934/https://eurasiantimes.com/did-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-beat-indian-hal-tejas-to-win-argentine-fighter-jet-contract/}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> The UK has barred any sale of military-equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina ever since the 1982 [[Falklands War]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2021-11-17|title=Eye on export markets, Tejas debuts in Dubai|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/eye-on-export-markets-tejas-debuts-in-dubai-121111700015_1.html|access-date=2022-01-13|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119185810/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/eye-on-export-markets-tejas-debuts-in-dubai-121111700015_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's previous efforts to procure modern fighter aircraft, including the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to British diplomatic pressure, since the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain UK-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Waldron|first=Greg|date=3 November 2020|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Flight Global|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|date=23 June 2021|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Merco Press|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo}}</ref>

Given the nature of the Argentine-specific sanctions, the Tejas would essentially be subject to UK-scrutiny. Nevertheless, HAL reportedly stated multiple times that they are willing to accommodate Argentinian requests to retrofit the Tejas,<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=Argentina's Defense Acquisition: India's Tejas Fighter Jet Deal Hangs in Balance Over UK Component Issue |url=https://easternherald.com/2023/07/20/argentina-india-tejas-fighter-jet-deal-uk-components-2023/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/new-india-ready-to-modify-lca-tejas-for-argentina-looks-to-bypass/ |title=India Ready To 'Modify' LCA Tejas For Argentina; Looks To Bypass British Embargo On South American Nation|date=20 July 2023 }}</ref> and had offered a customised-variant of the Tejas which replaces around 50-specific components and the substitutes all major British-origin components with diplomatically suitable non-British alternatives,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/08/30/india-prepared-to-eliminate-uk-components-from-tejas-jet-fighter-of-interest-for-argentina|title=India prepared to eliminate UK components from Tejas jet fighter, of interest for Argentina|website=MercoPress|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228022740/https://en.mercopress.com/2022/08/30/india-prepared-to-eliminate-uk-components-from-tejas-jet-fighter-of-interest-for-argentina|url-status=live}}</ref> including possibly substituting the ejection seat with one indigenously developed and manufactured in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/11/india-seeks-to-develop-its-own-ejection-seats/|title=India seeks to develop its own ejection seats|first=Gastón|last=Dubois|website=Aviacionline|date=3 November 2022 |access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref>
However, any customisation to the HAL Tejas would encompass considerable changes to the aircraft's design and additional flight certification.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 November 2021|title=India ofrece sus aviones LCA Tejas Mk1A a Argentina con la posibilidad de reemplazar componentes|url=https://www.zona-militar.com/2021/11/18/india-ofrece-sus-aviones-lca-tejas-mk1a-a-argentina-con-la-posibilidad-de-reemplazar-componentes/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Zonamilitar|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120033148/https://www.zona-militar.com/2021/11/18/india-ofrece-sus-aviones-lca-tejas-mk1a-a-argentina-con-la-posibilidad-de-reemplazar-componentes/}}</ref> Subsequently, there were indications that the Argentines were willing to look at the JF-17 because of concerns that the time and money required to modify the Tejas to remove non-British parts was beyond what Buenos Aires was willing to spend.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defensenews.com/air/2022/09/21/argentina-eyes-664-million-for-fighter-jets/ |title=Argentina eyes $664 million for fighter jets |publisher=Defensenews.com |date= 21 September 2022|accessdate=2022-09-24 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20220922075242/https://www.defensenews.com/air/2022/09/21/argentina-eyes-664-million-for-fighter-jets/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/10-reasons-why-indias-lca-tejas-will-be-shot-down-by-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-in-global-arms-market/|title=10 Reasons Why India's LCA Tejas Could Be 'Shot-Down' By Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder In Global Arms Market?|first=Younis|last=Dar|date=13 December 2020|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=9 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209235912/https://eurasiantimes.com/10-reasons-why-indias-lca-tejas-will-be-shot-down-by-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-in-global-arms-market/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2022, the Argentine government decided to abandon the decision to acquire new fighter aircraft.<ref name="neither-jf-17-nor-tejas">{{cite web|last=Venckunas|first=Valius|date=2022-12-09|title=Neither JF-17 nor Tejas: Argentina stops fighter jet tender|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/neither-jf-17-nor-tejas-argentina-stops-fighter-jet-tender|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-20|website=aerotime.aero|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213203413/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/neither-jf-17-nor-tejas-argentina-stops-fighter-jet-tender}}</ref> With President [[Alberto Fernandez]] stating in an interview that “Argentina has to allocate its resources to more important things than the purchase of military aircraft. We are in a very unequal continent, but there are no war problems and unity among countries is sought."<ref name="neither-jf-17-nor-tejas"/><ref>{{cite web|author=<!--staff writer-->|publisher=Meta Defence|date=2022-12-09|title=Argentina abandons plans to acquire new fighter jets|url=https://meta-defense.fr/en/2022/12/09/argentina-abandons-plans-to-acquire-new-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-20|website=Meta-Defence|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219225620/https://meta-defense.fr/en/2022/12/09/argentina-abandons-plans-to-acquire-new-fighter-jets/}}</ref> In July 2023,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/india-china-y-estados-unidos-las-opciones-que-analiza-el-gobierno-para-la-compra-de-aviones-nid24072023/ |title=India, China y Estados Unidos, las opciones que analiza el Gobierno para la compra de aviones militares |website=La Nacion |date=24 July 2023 |author=Mariano De Vedia }}</ref> Argentine newspaper ''La Nacion'' reported that Tejas had been eliminated, with the remaining options being second-hand Danish F-16 fighters or Chinese-Pakistani JF-17s, both which the bidding selection board deemed more advantageous.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/in-argentinas-fighter-competition-washington-and-beijing-fight-for-regional-influence/ |title=In Argentina's fighter competition, Washington and Beijing fight for regional influence|website=Breaking Defense|date=25 September 2023|first=Reuben|last=Johnson}}</ref> In March 2024, Denmark agreed to the purchase of 24 Danish F-16s by Argentina.<ref>{{cite web|last=Charpentreau|first=Clement|date=2024-04-29|title=Neither JF-17 nor Tejas: Argentina stops fighter jet tender|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/denmark-f-16-argentina|website=Aerotime}}</ref>

====Australia====
In July 2020, the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF) had issued a tender, seeking a new jet trainer to replace its fleet of [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 127]] trainer aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 October 2021|title=India offers LCA Tejas for RAAF trainer requirement|url=https://www.timesaerospace.aero/news/training/india-offers-lca-tejas-for-raaf-trainer-requirement|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Times Aerospace|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114113437/https://www.timesaerospace.aero/news/training/india-offers-lca-tejas-for-raaf-trainer-requirement}}</ref> According to HAL's "58th Annual Report" covering 2020–2021, HAL had offered the HAL Tejas in its "Lead in Fighter Trainer" (LIFT) configuration to Australia's [[Department of Defence (Australia)|Department of Defence]] (DoD) in July 2020.<ref name=":39">{{cite web|date=30 August 2021|title=58th Annual Report 2020-21|url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AR%2020-21.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=14 January 2022|website=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029132036/https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/Finance/AR%2020-21.pdf}}</ref> Other aircraft also reported to be participating in the tender were the [[Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk]], the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346 Master]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI T-50]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Satam|first=Parth|date=2021-09-10|title=India Pitches Its HAL Tejas Fighter Jets To Australia; Pins Hope On Malaysia For The 1st Elusive Contract|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/india-pitches-its-hal-tejas-fighter-jets-to-australia-pins-hope-on-malaysia-for-the-1st-elusive-contract/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115000958/https://eurasiantimes.com/india-pitches-its-hal-tejas-fighter-jets-to-australia-pins-hope-on-malaysia-for-the-1st-elusive-contract/}}</ref>

However, the Australian Government rejected a government to government deal proposed by the Indian government for 35 Tejas LIFT aircraft for US $1 billion.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kadam|first=Tanmay|date=2022-07-04|title=Setback For India's Tejas Program? Australia Rejects G2G Tejas-LIFT Trainer Deal Amid Stiff Contest From Boeing & Saab — Reports|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/setback-for-indias-tejas-program-australia-rejects-tejas-lift-trainer-deal/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-19|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218224708/https://eurasiantimes.com/setback-for-indias-tejas-program-australia-rejects-tejas-lift-trainer-deal/}}</ref> During bilateral defence talks held in September 2021, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reported Australia's lack of interest in the offer.<ref>{{cite web|last=Faridi|first=Shahid|date=2022-07-06|title=Power games: Australia may not accept India's G2G trainer deal|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Jul/04/power-games-australia-may-not-accept-indias-g2g-trainer-deal-2472677.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-19|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218224707/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jul/04/power-games-australia-may-not-accept-indias-g2g-trainer-deal-2472677.amp}}</ref> In February 2022, the Australian government decided to take up a proposal by BAE to upgrade and refurbish its Hawks with new engines and avionics, extending their lifespan until 2032.<ref>{{cite web|last=Venckunas|first=Valius|date=2022-08-10|title=Fact Check: Does India's Tejas really have seven potential customers?|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31856-fact-check-are-seven-countries-interested-in-buying-tejas|url-status=live|access-date=2022-12-19|website=aerotime.aero|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218231329/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31856-fact-check-are-seven-countries-interested-in-buying-tejas}}</ref>

====Botswana====
The [[Botswana Defence Force Air Wing]] had approached HAL to procure the Tejas for potentially replacing its [[Canadair CF-5]]s due to the aircraft's age and problems of acquiring needed parts for maintenance.<ref name="AIB">{{Cite web|url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/southern-africa-and-islands/2023/03/16/gaborone-looks-to-procure-indian-hal-fighter-aircraft,109924094-art|title=BOTSWANA : Gaborone looks to procure Indian HAL fighter aircraft|date=16 March 2023|website=Africa Intelligence|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317162031/https://www.africaintelligence.com/southern-africa-and-islands/2023/03/16/gaborone-looks-to-procure-indian-hal-fighter-aircraft,109924094-art|url-status=live}}</ref> The BDFAW had previously considered acquiring Gripens,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hoyle |first1=Craig |title=Saab reveals full Gripen E design, cost savings |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/saab-reveals-full-gripen-e-design-cost-savings/112646.article |website=Flight Global |access-date=27 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> the F-16,<ref name="MAJ">{{Cite web|url=https://www.military.africa/2021/03/contest-for-botswana-new-fighter-jet-gathers-momentum/|title=Contest for Botswana's new fighter jet gathers momentum|first=Ekene|last=Lionel|date=25 March 2021|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160538/https://www.military.africa/2021/03/contest-for-botswana-new-fighter-jet-gathers-momentum/|url-status=live}}</ref> KAI T-50,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesaerospace.aero/features/defence/south-koreas-eagle-swoops-on-botswana|title=South Korea's Eagle swoops on Botswana &#124; Times Aerospace|website=www.timesaerospace.aero|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160525/https://www.timesaerospace.aero/features/defence/south-koreas-eagle-swoops-on-botswana|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Leonardo [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|M-346]].<ref name="AIB"/>

As of July 2024, there were reports that talks on acquiring the Tejas are suspended.<ref name="MAT">{{cite web|url=https://www.military.africa/2024/07/one-year-later-no-sign-of-indias-affordable-weapons-in-africa/ | title=One year later, no sign of India's 'affordable' weapons in Africa|date=12 July 2024 }}</ref> In January 2025, Botswana officially ended negotiations to purchase the Tejas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/govt-halts-plans-to-purchase-indian-fighter-jets/|title=Govt Halts Plans To Purchase Indian Fighter Jets|date=23 January 2025|access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref>

====Egypt====
During the Dubai Airshow 2021, Egyptian officials expressed their interest in procuring 70 LCA Tejas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2022/07/01/india-plans-to-manufacture-hal-tejas-fighter-jet-in-egypt/|title=StackPath|website=dailynewsegypt.com|date=July 2022 |access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701020939/https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2022/07/01/india-plans-to-manufacture-hal-tejas-fighter-jet-in-egypt/|url-status=live}}</ref> to replace 100 [[Hongdu JL-8]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/how-pm-modis-sortie-in-tejas-signifies-indias-confidence-in-defence-indigenisation-13432572.html | title=How PM Modi's sortie in Tejas signifies India's confidence in defence indigenisation | date=26 November 2023 }}</ref> Following the Dubai Airshow 2021, HAL and Indian Air Force officials visited Cairo and discussions were going on. As of June 2022, India has offered to set up local production facilities for the LCA Tejas and also for the Light Utility and Light Combat Helicopters in Egypt.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-offers-to-set-up-production-facilities-for-light-combat-aircraft-copters-in-egypt/articleshow/92477494.cms?from=mdr|title=India offers to set up production facilities for light combat aircraft, helicopters in Egypt|first=Manu|last=Pubby|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=27 June 2022 |access-date=27 June 2022|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627204528/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-offers-to-set-up-production-facilities-for-light-combat-aircraft-copters-in-egypt/articleshow/92477494.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

During Aero India 2023, it was reported that Egypt was seeking around 20 multi-role aircraft.<ref name="TD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.military.africa/2023/02/hal-egypt-tejas-aircraft-contract-in-the-works/|title=HAL, Egypt Tejas aircraft contract in the works|first=Darek|last=Liam|date=20 February 2023|access-date=17 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160531/https://www.military.africa/2023/02/hal-egypt-tejas-aircraft-contract-in-the-works/|url-status=live}}</ref> HAL previously reported that 35 LCA Mk-1As were being offered in a contract.<ref name="TD"/><ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-07/india-taps-nigeria-argentina-philippines-to-sell-fighter-jets | title=India Taps Nigeria, Argentina, Philippines to Sell Fighter Jets | newspaper=Bloomberg | date=7 December 2023 }}</ref> In August 2024, it was reported that an agreement to purchase the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|Chengdu J-10C]], had been signed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-09 |title=Egypt's Strategic Shift to Chinese J-10C Fighter Jets |url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2024/09/egypts-strategic-shift-to-chinese-j-10c.html |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Aero News Journal |language=en-gb}}</ref>

====Malaysia====
[[Malaysia]] had frequently indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the HAL Tejas for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its attempts to supplement its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in procuring the aircraft date back to as early as 2019.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=21 July 2021|title=HAL is all set to respond to Royal Malaysian Air Force's RfP for LCA|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-is-all-set-to-respond-to-royal-malaysian-air-forces-rfp-for-lca/2295082/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-13|website=The Financial Express|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113152245/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/hal-is-all-set-to-respond-to-royal-malaysian-air-forces-rfp-for-lca/2295082/}}</ref>

In March 2019, the HAL Tejas made its international debut at the [[Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition]] (LIMA); its presence reportedly generated a great deal of interest, especially by the RMAF.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 March 2019|title=IAF's LCA-Tejas fighter jets steal the show at LIMA 2019 in Malaysia|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/iafs-lca-tejas-fighter-jets-steal-the-show-at-lima-2019-in-malaysia-2190634.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Zee News|archive-date=13 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113144343/https://zeenews.india.com/india/iafs-lca-tejas-fighter-jets-steal-the-show-at-lima-2019-in-malaysia-2190634.html}}</ref> However, in mid-2019, HAL's prospects of exporting the HAL Tejas to Malaysia were severely blemished, owing to [[India–Malaysia relations#Modern history|diplomatic tussles between India and Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=18 November 2019|title=HAL eyes first foreign sale of Tejas as Malaysian air force shortlists contenders|url=https://theprint.in/defence/hal-eyes-first-foreign-sale-of-tejas-as-malaysian-air-force-shortlists-contenders/322569/|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=The Print|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104213333/https://theprint.in/defence/hal-eyes-first-foreign-sale-of-tejas-as-malaysian-air-force-shortlists-contenders/322569/}}</ref> After the diplomatic skirmishes had ceased in 2020,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jadhav|first1=Rajendra|last2=Thukral|first2=Naveen|date=19 May 2020|title=Exclusive: India resumes purchases of Malaysian palm oil - traders|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-malaysia-palmoil-exclusive-idUSKBN22V0QM|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=Reuters|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118012729/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-malaysia-palmoil-exclusive-idUSKBN22V0QM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 March 2019|title=Malaysian PM interacts with HAL, IAF teams at LIMA '19|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/malaysian-pm-interacts-with-hal-iaf-teams-at-lima-1920190327231530/|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2022|website=ANI News|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328202556/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/malaysian-pm-interacts-with-hal-iaf-teams-at-lima-1920190327231530/}}</ref>  an RMAF delegation reportedly visited HAL's manufacturing-facility at [[Bangalore]] in 2021, to assess the suitability of the HAL Tejas. Possibly in anticipation of a potential order — reaffirming Malaysia's interest in the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dar|first=Younis|date=2021-04-07|title=Tejas Jets: Malaysia Gets Serious About LCA Tejas; To Visit India for Full Evaluation|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/tejas-jets-malaysia-gets-serious-about-lca-tejas-to-visit-india-for-full-evaluation/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723104413/https://eurasiantimes.com/tejas-jets-malaysia-gets-serious-about-lca-tejas-to-visit-india-for-full-evaluation/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2019-01-09|title=Malaysia shows interest in India's Tejas fighter jets, may buy 30 of them|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/malaysia-shows-interest-in-india-s-tejas-fighter-jets-may-buy-30-of-them-119010900029_1.html|access-date=2022-01-15|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924185605/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/malaysia-shows-interest-in-india-s-tejas-fighter-jets-may-buy-30-of-them-119010900029_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender and [[request for proposal]]s for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft - labelled as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mahadzir|first=Dzirhan|date=22 June 2021|title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Shephard Media|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121738/https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2021-06-22|title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender|url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=MilitaryLeak|language=en-US|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{cite web|last1=Barrock|first1=Jose|date=18 October 2021|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live|access-date=13 January 2022|website=The Edge Markets|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract}}</ref> Six aircraft were running in the bid for the FLIT/LCA tender — the HAL Tejas MK1A, [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]], [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]], [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]], [[TAI Hürjet]] and  [[Mikoyan MiG-35]].<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> Coincidentally, the [[PAC/CAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17]] — which was reported to be a leading choice for the RMAF, did not participate in the FLIT/LCA tender.<ref>{{cite web|last=Venckunas|first=Valius|date=19 October 2021|title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Aerotime Hub|language=en|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213235805/https://www.aerotime.aero/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 October 2021|title=Six contenders for Royal Malaysian Air Force light combat aircraft tender|url=https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2021/october/7771-six-contenders-for-royal-malaysian-air-force-light-combat-aircraft-tender.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Air Recognition|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111094630/https://www.airrecognition.com/index.php/news/defense-aviation-news/2021/october/7771-six-contenders-for-royal-malaysian-air-force-light-combat-aircraft-tender.html}}</ref>

In February 2023, the Malaysian government announced that the South Korean bid had won the tender with the Tejas failing to win the contract.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/11/the-fa-50-won-the-malaysian-competition-for-18-light-fighters-but-the-decision-was-challenged-by-the-competition/|title=The FA-50 won the Malaysian competition for 18 light fighters, but the decision was challenged by the competition|first1=Gastón|last1=Dubois|date=22 November 2022|website=Aviacionline.com|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124013838/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/11/the-fa-50-won-the-malaysian-competition-for-18-light-fighters-but-the-decision-was-challenged-by-the-competition/|url-status=live}}</ref> Malaysia subsequently ordered 18 KAI FA-50 Block 20 aircraft worth US$920 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/kai-signs-a-deal-with-malaysia-for-fa-50-aircraft|title=KAI signs a deal with Malaysia for FA-50 aircraft|last=Kadidal|first=Akhil|date=February 24, 2023|website=Janes.com|access-date=April 10, 2023|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406150953/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/kai-signs-a-deal-with-malaysia-for-fa-50-aircraft|url-status=live}}</ref> The FA-50 was reportedly chosen because of it being a tried-and-tested platform in service with numerous countries while the Tejas is largely unproven and untested, with the Indian Air Force being the sole operator. Logistics issues and the FA-50 better meeting the RMAF's FLIT/LCA requirements were also other factors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2023/03/18/golden_eagle_soaring_malaysias_fa-50_decision_888125.html|title=Golden Eagle Soaring: Malaysia's FA-50 Decision|last=Beng Ho|first=Ben Wan|date=March 18, 2023|website=Real Clear Defense|access-date=April 10, 2023|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410152656/https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2023/03/18/golden_eagle_soaring_malaysias_fa-50_decision_888125.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Nigeria====
On December 7, 2023, HAL reported that Nigeria has expressed interest in acquiring the Tejas.<ref name="Bloomberg"/> It was reportedly in competition with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/chinas-jf-17-wrestles-indias-lca-tejas-for-nigerian/ | title=China's JF-17 'Wrestles' India's LCA Tejas for Nigerian Fighter Deal; Back Channel Diplomacy in Full Swing | date=26 January 2024 }}</ref> However in July 2024, there were reports that talks on acquiring the Tejas were suspended.<ref name="MAT"/> In January 2025, Nigeria withdrew from negotiations to purchase the Tejas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/govt-halts-plans-to-purchase-indian-fighter-jets/|title=Govt Halts Plans To Purchase Indian Fighter Jets|date=23 January 2025|access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Nigeria instead bought JF 17 from Pakistan which were delivered in 2021.

====Philippines====
In May 2022, India and the Philippines signed an MOU with the [[Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/psu/philippines-eyes-indian-made-lcas-and-lchs-ties-up-with-hal-to-upgrade-military-aircraft-fleet/91595678 | title=Philippines eyes Indian made LCAs and LCHS, ties up with HAL to upgrade military aircraft fleet - ET Government }}</ref> which mentioned the consideration of purchasing the Tejas and other Indian-made aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31020-philippines-eyes-indias-tejas-fighter-jet-reports|title=Philippines eyes India's Tejas fighter jet – reports|website=www.aerotime.aero|date=16 May 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022|archive-date=8 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708122847/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31020-philippines-eyes-indias-tejas-fighter-jet-reports|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 7, 2022, the Tejas was dropped from further consideration from the multi-role fighter jet (MRF) project. The [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16V]] Block 70/72 and the JAS-39 Gripen C/D+ are currently the main contenders for the Philippine Air Force's MRF project.<ref>{{cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |date=7 July 2022 |title=PAF drops Tejas, keeps F-16 and Gripen in fighter jet tender |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31523-paf-drops-tejas-keeps-f-16-and-gripen-in-fighter-jet-tender |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Aerotime |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709075139/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/31523-paf-drops-tejas-keeps-f-16-and-gripen-in-fighter-jet-tender |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2024, HAL reported that it has offered the Tejas Mark 1A to the PADC as a naval strike platform, equipped with the [[BrahMos-NG|BrahMos NG]] missile. HAL also agreed to help set up a local partnership for the assembly of the MK1A.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=India gets set to export LCA to the Philippines: Talks in Final Stages |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-india-gets-set-to-export-lca-to-the-philippines-talks-in-final-stages-3401829/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

====Sri Lanka====
In 2018, it had been reported that Sri Lanka had shown interest in purchasing the Tejas to replace its aging fleets of [[IAI Kfir]] and [[Chengdu J-7]] aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 July 2018|title=Sri Lanka, Egypt evince interest in Tejas|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/sri-lanka-egypt-evince-interest-in-tejas/articleshow/51880338.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522091149/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/sri-lanka-egypt-evince-interest-in-tejas/articleshow/51880338.cms?from=mdr}}</ref> The intention was for the acquisition of 8 to 12 aircraft to be pursued through a government-government basic agreement.<ref>{{cite web|last=Grevatt|first=Jon|date=15 August 2016|title=Sri Lanka prepares to launch combat aircraft procurement program|url=http://www.janes.com/article/62956/sri-lanka-prepares-to-launch-combat-aircraft-procurement-programme|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318031848/http://www.janes.com/article/62956/sri-lanka-prepares-to-launch-combat-aircraft-procurement-programme|archive-date=2017-03-18|access-date=2017-02-09|website=[[Janes Information Services]]}}</ref>

In 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-09|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref>

====United Arab Emirates====
The Tejas had attracted interest from the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE), with some discussions held during a visit by UAE Minister of State and Defence, Mohammed Ahmed Al Bowardi Al Falacy, during a state visit in October 2018, as part of growing defence relations between India and UAE.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gurung|first1=Shaurya Karanbir|date=17 October 2018|title=UAE 'interested' in HAL-made light combat aircraft Tejas|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/uae-interested-in-hal-made-light-combat-aircraft-tejas/articleshow/66253936.cms|access-date=13 January 2022|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042336/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/uae-interested-in-hal-made-light-combat-aircraft-tejas/articleshow/66253936.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> By May 2022, Tejas had failed to gain any further interest<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/make-in-india-weapons-after-akash-the-uae-lca-tejas-fighters/|title=Royal Emirati Snub For Make In India Weapons: After Akash Missiles, Did The UAE Turn A Blind Eye To LCA Tejas Fighters?|date=28 February 2022|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News|access-date=29 May 2022|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525110817/https://eurasiantimes.com/make-in-india-weapons-after-akash-the-uae-lca-tejas-fighters/|url-status=live}}</ref> with the UAE placing an order for 80 Rafale F4s from France.

In February 2023, the UAE signed a deal for purchase of 12 [[Hongdu L-15]] trainer and light combat aircraft from China,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/china-signs-historic-deal-with-uae-for-l-15-trainer-aircraft/|title=China Signs 'Historic Deal' With UAE For L-15 Trainer Aircraft As Beijing 'Raids' Traditional US Bastion|last=Tiwari|first=Sakshi|date=22 February 2023|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=25 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525110817/https://eurasiantimes.com/china-signs-historic-deal-with-uae-for-l-15-trainer-aircraft/|url-status=live}}</ref> with options for another 36.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2023/02/china-closes-sale-of-l-15-advanced-trainers-to-united-arab-emirates/|title=China closes sale of L-15 advanced trainers to United Arab Emirates|last=Dubois|first=Gastón|date=21 February 2023|website=Aviacionline.com|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> UAE officials stated the L-15 order aligned with the UAE's framework for diversifying the military's sources of equipment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/light-attack-advanced-training/uae-signs-chinese-jet-trainer-deal|title=UAE Signs Chinese Jet Trainer Deal|last=Osborne|first=Tony|date=21 February 2023|website=Aviation Week Network|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

====United States====
In December 2020, in response to a [[Request for Information]] (RFI) from the [[Naval Air Systems Command|United States Naval Air Systems Command]] (NAVAIR), HAL offered the "Lead In Fighter Trainer" variant of the HAL Tejas — classified as the "HAL Tejas LIFT", to the [[United States Navy]] (USN), as part the latter's initiative to replace its fleet of [[McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk|T-45 Goshawk]] trainer aircraft, dubbed the "Undergraduate Jet Training System".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=9 December 2020|title=Role reversal: India offers US fighter jet trainer in 1st major defence sales pitch|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/role-reversal-india-offers-us-fighter-jet-trainer-in-1st-major-defence-sales-pitch/articleshow/79635249.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-01-14|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114143728/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/role-reversal-india-offers-us-fighter-jet-trainer-in-1st-major-defence-sales-pitch/articleshow/79635249.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":38">{{cite web|date=9 December 2020|title=India offers LCA Tejas trainer variant to US Navy: Report|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/09/india-offers-lca-tejas-trainer-variant-to-us-navy-report.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624123958/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/09/india-offers-lca-tejas-trainer-variant-to-us-navy-report.html}}</ref> Other aircraft participating in the UJTS, are the [[Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk|T-7 Red Hawk]] — offered by [[Boeing]] in partnership with [[Saab AB|Saab]], and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI T-50A Golden Eagle]] — offered by [[Korea Aerospace Industries]] (KAI), in partnership with [[Lockheed Martin]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Aakriti|date=2020-12-10|title=LCA Tejas For The US Navy - India Pitches Its Light Combat Aircraft To The US To Replace Its Ageing T-45 Goshawks|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/will-indias-indigenous-lca-lift-replace-t-45-goshawk-as-jet-trainer-for-the-us-navy/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211172120/https://eurasiantimes.com/will-indias-indigenous-lca-lift-replace-t-45-goshawk-as-jet-trainer-for-the-us-navy/}}</ref>

Despite being the only aircraft among the three to be reportedly capable of undertaking operations from an aircraft carrier, the prospects of the USN selecting the HAL Tejas LIFT are reportedly slim, according to multiple sources.<ref name=":38" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Kalita|first=Jayanta|date=2021-08-12|title=HAL Tejas Fails To Impress US Navy; Washington Likely To Sideline Indian Jet For Boeing, Lockheed Trainer Aircraft|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/hal-tejas-fails-to-impress-us-navy-washington-likely-to-sideline-indian-jet-for-boeing-lockheed-trainer-aircraft/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Eurasian Times|language=en-US|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813110551/https://eurasiantimes.com/hal-tejas-fails-to-impress-us-navy-washington-likely-to-sideline-indian-jet-for-boeing-lockheed-trainer-aircraft/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Newdick|first=Thomas|date=10 August 2021|title=These Contenders Are Vying To Replace The Navy's T-45 Goshawk With A New Jet Trainer|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/41935/these-contenders-are-vying-to-replace-the-navys-t-45-goshawk-with-a-new-jet-trainer|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Drive|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114143717/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/41935/these-contenders-are-vying-to-replace-the-navys-t-45-goshawk-with-a-new-jet-trainer}}</ref> Several reasons suggested as the cause of the LIFT's bleak prospects in the UJTS are that HAL has refrained from partnering with a US-based company to offer the LIFT (unlike the consortiums of [[Boeing]]-[[Saab AB|Saab]] and [[Korea Aerospace Industries|KAI]]-[[Lockheed Martin]], offering the [[Boeing-Saab T-7 Red Hawk|T-7]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|T-50A]], respectively), a lack of export orders for the type, and its delta-wing design — which makes it less-suitable for low-speed landing.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 September 2021|title=After US Navy, LCA trainer variant offered to Australia: HAL|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/08/after-us-navy-lca-trainer-variant-offered-to-australia-hal.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114143654/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/08/after-us-navy-lca-trainer-variant-offered-to-australia-hal.html}}</ref>

==Variants==
[[File:LCA Tejas Naval Prototype-2 launched off ski jump.jpg|thumb|[[Ski-jump (aviation)|Ski-jump]] takeoff of by Tejas NP-2 at {{INS|Hansa}}]]

===Prototypes===
Aircraft already built and projected models to be built. Model designations, tail numbers and dates of first flight are shown.

;Technology Demonstrators (TD)
* '''TD-1''' (KH2001) – 4 January 2001.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last1=Schillings|first1=Melissa|title=Strategic Management of Technological Innovation|last2=Shankar|first2=Ravi|publisher=[[McGraw Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]]|date=1 August 2019|isbn=978-9353168315|edition=6|pages=333–334|chapter=Case 3: Tejas - A Dream LCA Project for the Indian Armed Forces}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sagar|first=Pradip R|date=5 January 2021|title=20 years since LCA Tejas's first flight: What's next for India's indigenous fighter programme?|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/01/05/20-years-since-lca-tejass-first-flight-whats-next-for-indias-indigenous-fighter-programme.html|access-date=21 July 2021|website=The Week|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305225530/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/01/05/20-years-since-lca-tejass-first-flight-whats-next-for-indias-indigenous-fighter-programme.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''TD-2''' (KH2002) – 6 June 2002.<ref name=":7" />
;Prototype Vehicles (PV)
* '''PV-1''' (KH2003) – First flight on 25 November 2003.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rajkumar|first1=Philip|title=Radiance in Indian Skies - The Tejas saga|last2=Srikanth|first2=B.R|year=2021|publisher=Desidoc|isbn=9788186514788|page=15}}</ref>
* '''PV-2''' (KH2004) – First flight on 1 December 2005.
* '''PV-3''' (KH2005) – First flight on 1 December 2006.
* '''PV-5''' (KH-T2009) – First flight on 26 November 2009 – Fighter/Trainer variant.<ref name=":7" />
* '''PV-6''' (KH-T2010) – First flight on 8 November 2014 – Fighter/Trainer variant.<ref name="SP Guide publications">{{cite web|date=16 November 2014|title=Tejas trainer PV6 completes first flight|url=https://www.spsmai.com/aerospace/?id=3302&q=Tejas-trainer-PV6-completes-first-flight|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=www.spsmai.com|publisher=SP Guide publications|language=en|issn=2230-9268|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019075115/https://www.spsmai.com/aerospace/?id=3302&q=Tejas-trainer-PV6-completes-first-flight}}</ref>
;Naval Prototypes (NP)
* '''NP-1''' (KHN-T3001) – Two-seat naval variant for carrier operations. Rolled out in July 2010.<ref name=":28">{{cite web|last=Rao|first=Radhakrishna|date=7 July 2010|title=PICTURE: India rolls out naval version of Tejas fighter|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/picture-india-rolls-out-naval-version-of-tejas-fighter/94442.article|access-date=2021-10-19|website=Flight Global|language=en}}</ref> NP-1 made its first flight on 27 April 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=Katoch|first=P.C|date=18 June 2020|title=Indigenous Fighter Jet for Navy|url=https://www.sps-aviation.com/experts-speak/?id=466&h=Indigenous-Fighter-Jet-for-Navy|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-19|website=www.sps-aviation.com|publisher=SP Guide Publications|issn=2230-9225|oclc=70225772|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193123/http://sps-aviation.com/experts-speak/?id=466&h=Indigenous-Fighter-Jet-for-Navy}}</ref>
* '''NP-2''' (NAVY3002) – Single-seat naval variant. First flight on 7 February 2015 with ski-jump take-off and arrested landing required in [[STOBAR]] carrier.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|author=<!--staff writer-->|date=7 February 2015|title=Maiden flight by 2nd prototype of LCA Tejas' naval variant|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maiden-flight-by-2nd-prototype-of-lca-tejas-naval-variant/articleshow/46156784.cms|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405024001/http://www.defenceaviation.com/2010/04/lca-tejas-finally-gets-radar.html|archive-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>
* '''NP-5''' (NAVY3005) – Two-seat naval variant. First flight on 29 August 2023. Built to production standard incorporating improvements learned from NP-1 and NP-2.<ref name="IE-200823">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lca-navy-prototype-np5-maiden-flight-drdo-8898709/|title=LCA Navy prototype NP5 completes successful maiden flight: DRDO|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=2023-08-20}}</ref> It will help in the development of [[HAL TEDBF]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-18 |title=LCA Navy prototype NP5 completes successful maiden flight: DRDO |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lca-navy-prototype-np5-maiden-flight-drdo-8898709/ |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

;Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft
[[File:HAL Tejas (LSP-07) firing Python-5 missile better visibility.png|thumb|Tejas LSP-7 (KH2017) firing [[Python-5]].]]

* '''LSP-1''' (KH2011) – 25 April 2007. This LCA is powered by F404-F2J3 Engine.<ref name="abh1">{{cite web|last=Warwick|first=Graham|date=19 June 2008|title=India flies another Tejas|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3Af5946a2e-922b-4a19-a48b-87f5c9bc65eb&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044148/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&newspaperUserId=27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3Af5946a2e-922b-4a19-a48b-87f5c9bc65eb&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref><ref name=":7" />
* '''LSP-2''' (KH2012) – 16 June 2008. This is the first LCA fitted with F404-IN20 engine.<ref name="abh1" />
* '''LSP-3''' (KH2013) – 23 April 2010. The first aircraft to have the Hybrid MMR radar<ref name="aviationweek.com" /> and will be close to the IOC standard.
* '''LSP-4''' (KH2014) – June 2010. The first aircraft that was flown in the (Mark 1) configuration that will be delivered to the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-12-01|title=Tejas test-fires missile successfully |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|access-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020170215/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Tejas-test-fires-missile-successfully/article15575578.ece|archive-date=20 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The aircraft flew with the Hybrid MMR, a [[Countermeasure]] Dispensing System, and an [[identification friend or foe|identify friend or foe]] electronic system.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2010-06-05|title=Tejas boosts test programme|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tejas-boosts-test-programme-110060500045_1.html|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614021628/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/tejas-boosts-test-programme-110060500045_1.html|archive-date=14 June 2013}}</ref>
* '''LSP-5''' (KH2015) – 19 November 2010. IOC standard, with all sensors including night lighting in the cockpit, and an auto-pilot.<ref>{{cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=1 November 2010|title=India To Fly Tejas LSP-5 Soon|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/asd/2010/10/29/04.xml&headline=India%20To%20Fly%20Tejas%20LSP-5%20Soon|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510044140/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fasd%2F2010%2F10%2F29%2F04.xml&headline=India%20To%20Fly%20Tejas%20LSP-5%20Soon|archive-date=10 May 2011|access-date=30 June 2014|work=Aviation Week & Space Technology}}</ref>
* '''LSP-7''' (KH2017) – First flight on 9 March 2012.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 March 2012|title=Tejas LSP-7 does its maiden flight|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/tejas-lsp-7-does-its-maiden-flight/articleshow/12202169.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-10-19|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019065749/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/tejas-lsp-7-does-its-maiden-flight/articleshow/12202169.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''LSP-8''' (KH2018) – First flight trial completed in March 2013. LSP 8 is the final version upon which production is based.<ref name="newindianexpress.com" />

===Production variants===
[[File:Tejas Singapore Air Show 5.jpg|thumb|HAL Tejas MK1 FOC at the 2022 [[Singapore Airshow]]]]
*'''Tejas Mark 1 IOC'''&nbsp;− Single-seat operational variant for the Indian Air Force. 16 aircraft have been delivered in IOC standard constituting [[No. 45 Squadron IAF]]. 
*'''Tejas Mark 1 FOC'''&nbsp;−Adding a Cobham refuelling pod and Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23 auto-cannon, to the IOC specification. Delivery of the Tejas Mark 1 in FOC standard has begun and [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|18 Squadron]] (''Flying Bullets'') was equipped with the first aircraft in May 2020.<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2" /> FOC standard Tejas Mark 1 are [[BVRAAM]] capable, with general flight envelope expansion, increased angle of attack, higher g-limit of +9 g,<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Chopra|first=Anil|title=Indian Defence Review|date=30 November 2020|publisher=[[Lancer Books|Lancer Publishers LLC]]|isbn=9781940988535|volume=35|location=New York|pages=37–38|chapter=Turnaround of the IAF fighter fleet|issue=4}}</ref> updated avionics and flight control software suite, as well as capable of hot refueling and [[aerial refueling]].<ref name="HinduTejasSqn2" /> Delivery of all 32 single seat Tejas Mk 1 aircraft is complete.<ref name=":40" />
*'''Tejas Trainer''' − Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Air Force; also act as LiFT (Lead-in Fighter Trainer) and ground-attack aircraft.
*'''Tejas Mark 1A'''&nbsp;− An enhanced Tejas Mark 1 equipped with [[EL/M-2052]] and [[Uttam AESA]] radar, [[Radar jamming and deception|self-protection jammer]], radar warning receiver, as well as being able to mount an external [[Electronic countermeasure|ECM]] pod.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-03-18|title=Advanced version of Tejas light combat aircraft makes its debut flight|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/advanced-version-of-lca-tejas-makes-its-debut-flight/story-eJx0pJ6hba3tCvZdNyYz4M.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430205442/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/advanced-version-of-lca-tejas-makes-its-debut-flight/story-eJx0pJ6hba3tCvZdNyYz4M.html|archive-date=30 April 2021|access-date=2021-11-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> The first Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft of the Mark.1A variant rolled out in April 2022, and meant to be used as a Flying Testbed (FTB). A second LSP rolled out in late 2022, and shall be used to validate design changes meant to make the Mark.1A variant lighter than the Mark.1, and to optimize weight distribution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HAL prepares first two Tejas Mk 1As for delivery to IAF |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/hal-prepares-first-two-tejas-mk-1as-for-delivery-to-iaf |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Janes.com |date=28 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":42" /><ref name=":43" />

===Future developments===
*'''SPORT''' - Supersonic Omni-Role Trainer (SPORT) aircraft is a two-seater [[Lead-in fighter training|Lead-in Fighter Training]] (LiFT) aircraft being developed from the LCA Trainer Mark 1 for export purposes as [[light fighter]].<ref name=":8">{{cite web|date=31 January 2021|title=India offers LCA Tejas trainer variant to US Navy: Report|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/09/india-offers-lca-tejas-trainer-variant-to-us-navy-report.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922230916/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-mark-ii-to-roll-out-next-year-high-speed-trials-in-2023-hal-chief-madhavan/article33708634.ece|archive-date=22 September 2021|access-date=2021-07-21|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mark 2]]'''&nbsp;- or Medium Weight Fighter, is an enhanced Tejas Mark 1 design which is expected to have a more powerful engine and an increased payload carrying capacity.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|date=31 January 2021|title=Tejas Mark II to roll out next year; high-speed trials in 2023: HAL Chief Madhavan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-mark-ii-to-roll-out-next-year-high-speed-trials-in-2023-hal-chief-madhavan/article33708634.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727153922/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-mark-ii-to-roll-out-next-year-high-speed-trials-in-2023-hal-chief-madhavan/article33708634.ece|archive-date=27 July 2021|access-date=17 July 2021|work=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Tejas Mark 2 will feature an AESA radar, an on-board oxygen generation system and a built-in electronic warfare suite among other improvements to avionics.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|date=11 July 2018|title=Tejas Mk-II: India may avail consultancy from European manufacturers who bid for MMRCA deal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/tejas-mk-ii-india-may-avail-consultancy-from-european-manufacturers-who-bid-for-mmrca-deal/articleshow/48347892.cms|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328024416/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/tejas-mk-ii-india-may-avail-consultancy-from-european-manufacturers-who-bid-for-mmrca-deal/articleshow/48347892.cms|archive-date=28 March 2020}}</ref> In January 2019, Air Chief Marshal [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]] said that the IAF has committed to procure twelve squadrons of Tejas Mark 2 aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Peri|first1=Dinakar|date=31 January 2019|title=IAF chief flags delays in manufacture of equipment|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-chief-flags-delays-in-manufacture-of-equipment/article26142246.ece|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108032120/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-chief-flags-delays-in-manufacture-of-equipment/article26142246.ece|archive-date=8 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''CATS MAX''' - The main component of [[HAL Combat Air Teaming System]] (CATS), CATS MAX will be a twin seater Tejas Mark 1A modified with CATS interface to act as the mothership of CATS components. The CATS MAX is to be crewed by a pilot and a weapon system officer (WSO), with the later controlling the CATS.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chandra|first=Atul|date=4 February 2021|title=HAL unveils ambitious air-teaming system centred on Tejas|work=Flight Global|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/hal-unveils-ambitious-air-teaming-system-centred-on-tejas/142280.article|access-date=5 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603211035/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/hal-unveils-ambitious-air-teaming-system-centred-on-tejas/142280.article|archive-date=3 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Jane's">{{cite web|last=Parakala|first=Akshara|date=5 February 2021|title=Aero India 2021: HAL's loyal wingmen break cover|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-hals-loyal-wingmen-break-cover|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607074259/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-hals-loyal-wingmen-break-cover|archive-date=7 June 2021|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Janes|language=en}}</ref>
* '''Tejas Trainer''' - NP-5 based operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy, with IFR-probe. Indian Navy was reported to be considering HAL's proposal to reestablish a "Carrier Training Squadron" with 18 Naval Tejas, that would be posted on both of India's carriers and additionally serve as point defence interceptors.

===Cancelled variants===
*'''Tejas Mark 1 Navy'''&nbsp;- Naval Variant based on HAL Tejas Mark 1 powered by F404 engine. Cancelled in favour of the new twin-engine naval fighter [[HAL TEDBF]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|date=2 December 2016|title=Navy rules out deploying 'overweight' Tejas on aircraft carriers|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-rules-out-deploying-overweight-tejas-on-aircraft-carriers-4407349/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221212318/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-rules-out-deploying-overweight-tejas-on-aircraft-carriers-4407349/|archive-date=21 February 2020|access-date=21 July 2021|work=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref>
* '''Tejas Mark 2 Navy'''&nbsp;- Proposed naval variant based on the [[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mk 2]]. Cancelled in favour of the [[HAL TEDBF]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|last=Joe|first=Rick|date=11 October 2021|title=A Tale of 2 Navies: India and China's Carrier Airwing Development|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/a-tale-of-2-navies-india-and-chinas-carrier-airwing-development/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024071213/https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/a-tale-of-2-navies-india-and-chinas-carrier-airwing-development/|archive-date=24 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-19|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Tejas Trainer IN''' - Two-seat operational conversion trainer for the Indian Navy. Cancelled in favour of the HAL TEDBF.<ref name=":4" />

== Operators ==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->
;{{IND}}

* [[Indian Air Force]]<ref name=":40" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-04 |title=IAF chief receives 1st LCA trainer from HAL, 7 more to come by Mar '24 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-chief-receives-1st-lca-trainer-from-hal-7-more-to-come-by-mar-24-101696421772646.html |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejas fighter aircraft sees over Rs 36,000 crore worth of order, says officials |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tejas-fighter-aircraft-more-than-rs-36000-crore-worth-of-order-prime-minister-narendra-modi-government-2467431-2023-11-25 |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=India Today |date=25 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=How PM Modi's sortie in Tejas signifies India's confidence in defence indigenisation |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/how-pm-modis-sortie-in-tejas-signifies-indias-confidence-in-defence-indigenisation-13432572.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
** Mark 1 – 32 delivered (31 operational)<ref name=":40"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st Crash In 23 Years Of Its History, 5 Facts About Tejas Fighter Jet |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/1st-crash-in-23-years-of-its-history-5-facts-about-tejas-fighter-jet-5224145 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> 
** Mk 1 trainer – 6 delivered, 12 on order<ref name=":56" />
** Mark 1A – 73 on order,<ref name=":46">{{Cite news |date=3 February 2021 |title=Contract signed for 83 LCA Tejas fighters, all eyes now on HAL delivery schedule |url=https://theprint.in/defence/contract-signed-for-83-lca-tejas-fighters-all-eyes-now-on-hal-delivery-schedule/597841/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |newspaper=Print}}</ref> 97 more cleared.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2023 |title=Rs 2.23 lakh crore-deal: India approves purchase of 97 Tejas aircraft, 156 Prachanda helicopters, other defence equipment |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/defence-ministry-approves-purchase-of-97-tejas-aircraft-and-156-prachanda-helicopters-sources-11833571.html |access-date=30 November 2023 |newspaper=Money Control |language=en}}</ref>
*** [[Sulur Air Force Station]]
**** [[No. 45 Squadron IAF|No. 45 Squadron]] (''Flying Daggers'') (Mk 1 single, twin seater IOC)<ref>{{cite web |last=Sathish |first=Deepak |date=27 May 2020 |title=Second squadron of Tejas fighter jets inducted into Indian Air Force at Sulur air base |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/may/27/second-squadron-of-tejas-fighter-jets-inducted-into-indian-air-force-at-sulur-air-base-2148617.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019053950/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/may/27/second-squadron-of-tejas-fighter-jets-inducted-into-indian-air-force-at-sulur-air-base-2148617.html |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-19 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
***[[Naliya Air Force Station]]
****[[No. 18 Squadron IAF|No. 18 Squadron]] (''Flying Bullets'') (Mk 1 single, twin seater FOC)<ref name="TOI-180924">{{cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Who is Squadron leader Mohana Singh? The first woman fighter pilot joins 18 Flying Bullets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/who-is-squadron-leader-mohana-singh-the-first-woman-fighter-pilot-joins-18-flying-bullets-highlights-tarang-shakti-significance/articleshow/113466316.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
* '''12 March 2024''': A Tejas from the [[No. 18 Squadron IAF|No. 18 Squadron]] (Flying Bullets) of the [[Indian Air Force]] crashed near [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]] after taking part in a tri-service exercise, Bharat Shakti. The pilot ejected safely and no one was harmed.<ref>{{cite news |title=IAF's Tejas aircraft crashes near Jaisalmer, pilot ejects safely |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence/indian-army-chopper-crashes-in-rajasthan-jaisalmer-bharat-shakti-pokhran/3422612/ |access-date=12 March 2024 |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IAF's Tejas aircraft crashes near Jaisalmer, pilot ejects safely |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iafs-light-combat-aircraft-tejas-aircraft-crashes-near-jaisalmer/articleshow/108430779.cms |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The crash was the first for the Tejas in its operational history of around 8 years and the first since its maiden flight 23 years ago.<ref>{{cite news |title=1st Crash In 23 Years Of Its History, 5 Facts About Tejas Fighter Jet |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/1st-crash-in-23-years-of-its-history-5-facts-about-tejas-fighter-jet-5224145#google_vignette |access-date=12 March 2024 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--staff writer--> |date=2024-03-12 |title=IAF's Tejas Aircraft crashes at Jaisalmer; pilot ejects safely |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/light-combat-aircraft-tejas-crashes-at-jaisalmer-pilot-ejects-safely/article67942267.ece |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> An investigation launched for the matter stated that an "oil pump malfunction" led to engine seizure resulting in the crash.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Engine seizure led to IAF's first LCA Tejas crash, say officials |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/engine-seizure-led-to-iaf-s-first-lca-tejas-crash-say-officials-101720492822231.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |date=9 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Specifications (Tejas Mk-1A)==
[[File:HAL Tejas Mark 1A 3-view line drawing.png|thumb|3-view line drawing of Tejas Mark 1A]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Tejas,<ref name="lca-tejas1">[http://tejas.gov.in/specifications/leading_particulars_and_performance.html "Leading particulars and performance."] tejas.gov.in. Retrieved 19 December 2017. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221014017/http://tejas.gov.in/specifications/leading_particulars_and_performance.html |date=21 December 2017}}</ref> DRDO Techfocus,<ref name="DRDO Techfocus">[http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/feb%202011%20.pdf "DRDO TechFocus."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322031428/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2011/feb%202011%20.pdf |date=22 March 2011}} ''DRDO'', February 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</ref> Jane's All the World's Aircraft,<ref name="jawa-1617"/>
DFI Tejas Mk-1A<ref name="DFI Tejas Mk-1A">[https://defenceforumindia.com/attachments/1619602195461-jpeg.87122/ "DFI Tejas Mk-1A"]</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--  General characteristics
-->
|crew=1 or 2
|capacity=
|length m=13.2
|length note=
|span m=8.2
|span note=
|width m=<!-- if applicable -->
|width ft=<!-- if applicable -->
|width in=<!-- if applicable -->
|width note=
|height m=4.4
|height note=
|wing area sqm=38.4
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=6560
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=9800
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=13,500
|max takeoff weight note=<ref name="auto6"/>
|fuel capacity={{cvt|2458|kg}}{{cvt|3060|L}} internal; 2 × {{cvt|1200|L}}, {{cvt|800|L}} drop tank inboard, {{cvt|725|L}} drop tank under fuselage
|more general=* '''Payload''': {{cvt|4500|kg}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson FRAes |first=Paul |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production 2017-2018 (2017-2018) |publisher=Jane's Information Group |date=27 April 2017 |isbn=978-0710632500 |edition=105th |pages=244 |language=English}}</ref> – {{cvt|5300|kg}} external stores<ref name="auto6">{{cite web |url =https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=20 |title=LCA {{!}} Series Production Phase |access-date=19 November 2020 |author=[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] |work=hal-india.co.in |date= 19 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200605035908/https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=20 |archive-date= 5 June 2020 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-02 |title=Operational Capability of LCA Tejas Variants |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/operational-capability-of-lca-tejas-variants/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Indian Defence Review |language=en-US}}</ref>
<!--  Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[General Electric F404|General Electric F404-GE-IN20]]
|eng1 type=[[afterburning turbofan]] with [[FADEC]]
|eng1 kn= 
|eng1 note=

|power original=
|thrust original=
|eng1 kn-ab=85
|eng1 lbf-ab=19,000
|more power=<ref>{{Cite web |title=F404-GE-IN20 Engines Ordered for India Light Combat Aircraft {{!}} GE Aerospace |url=https://www.geaerospace.com/press-release/military-engines/f404-ge-in20-engines-ordered-india-light-combat-aircraft |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=www.geaerospace.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=F404 turbofan engines|url=https://www.geaviation.com/sites/default/files/datasheet-F404-Family.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=17 October 2021|website=[[GE Aviation]]|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112175538/https://www.geaviation.com/sites/default/files/datasheet-F404-Family.pdf}}</ref>
<!--  Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=2220 
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=
|max speed note=
|max speed mach=1.8<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson FRAes |first=Paul |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production 2017-2018 (2017-2018) |publisher=Jane's Information Group |date=27 April 2017 |isbn=978-0710632500 |edition=105th |pages=244 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=How India's LCA Tejas fares against Chinese J-10C fighter jet |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-how-indias-lca-tejas-fares-against-chinese-j-10c-fighter-jet-3116719/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed kts=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=
|range miles=
|range nmi=
|range note=
|combat range km=
|combat range miles=459
|combat range nmi=
|combat range note=<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson FRAes |first=Paul |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production 2017-2018 (2017-2018) |publisher=Jane's Information Group |date=27 April 2017 |isbn=978-0710632500 |edition=105th |pages=244 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadidal |first=Akhil |date=10 May 2023 |title=Tejas Mk 2 languishes amid lack of funds |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/tejas-mk-2-languishes-amid-lack-of-funds |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|ferry range km=3000
|ferry range miles=1864.1
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tejas Light Combat Supersonic Fighter |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/tejas/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
|endurance=
|ceiling m=16000
|ceiling ft=52,500
|ceiling note=<ref name="auto6">{{cite web |url =https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=20 |title=LCA {{!}} Series Production Phase |access-date=19 November 2020 |author=[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] |work=hal-india.co.in |date= 19 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200605035908/https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=20 |archive-date= 5 June 2020 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikolov |first=Boyko |date=2024-09-15 |title=Milestone for Indian Air Force: First Tejas Mk1A into service |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2024/09/15/milestone-for-indian-air-force-first-tejas-mk1a-into-service/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|g limits=+9/-3.5<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson FRAes |first=Paul |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production 2017-2018 (2017-2018) |publisher=Jane's Information Group |date=27 April 2017 |isbn=978-0710632500 |edition=105th |pages=244 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LCA Tejas Specifications |url=https://www.ada.gov.in/ada/lca-air-force-mark-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828134023/https://www.ada.gov.in/ada/lca-air-force-mark-1.html |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Aeronautical Development Agency}}</ref>
|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic -->
|glide ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|sink rate ms=<!-- sailplanes -->
|sink rate ftmin=<!-- sailplanes -->
|sink rate note=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2=255.2
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=1.07<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-03 |title=Light Combat Aircraft: US-Backed FA-50 Takes A Clear Lead, JF-17 Banks On Chinese Push, But Tejas Is The Real Darkhorse |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/light-combat-aircraft-us-backed-fa-50-takes-clear-lead-jf-17/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=The EurAsian Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
|more performance=
<!--  Armament
-->
<!--|armament= add bulletted list here or if you want to use the following specific parameters, remove this parameter-->
|guns=1x 23 mm twin-barrel [[GSh-23]] cannon
|bombs= 
|rockets= 
|missiles= 
|hardpoints=9<ref name="auto6"/>
|hardpoint capacity= 5300 kg
|hardpoint rockets=[[S-8 rocket]] pods (expected)<ref name="awst-11apr11">{{cite magazine |title=Tejas Trials: Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Enters Key Test Phase |magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]] |date=11 April 2011|issue=17|volume=173|pages=26–27 |location=New York |publisher=Informa |issn=0005-2175}}</ref>
|hardpoint missiles=<br />
*** '''[[Air-to-air missile]]s''':
****2 × [[R-73 (missile)|R-73]]<ref name="awst-11apr11"/>
****4 × [[Python (missile)#I-Derby ER|I-Derby ER]]<ref name=":27" />
****2 × [[Python-5]]<ref name=":27" />
****4 × [[Astra (missile)|Astra Mark 1]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-23 |title=LCA Tejas successfully test-fires ASTRA air-to-air missile: Aeronautical Development Agency |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lca-tejas-successfully-test-fires-astra-air-to-air-missile-aeronautical-development-agency-8906078/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-23 |title=LCA Tejas successfully test-fires Astra Beyond Visual Range air-to-air missile |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lca-tejas-successfully-test-fires-astra-beyond-visual-range-missile/article67227156.ece |access-date=2023-08-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
****4 × [[ASRAAM]]<ref>{{cite news |title=India moves towards broad adoption of ASRAAM |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-moves-towards-broad-adoption-of-asraam-460441/ |access-date=7 September 2019 |newspaper=FlightGlobal |date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914045803/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/india-moves-towards-broad-adoption-of-asraam-460441/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 
*** '''[[Air-to-surface missile]]''':
****2 × [[Kh-59]]ME, [[Kh-59]]L, [[Kh-59]]T
**** [[Armement Air-Sol Modulaire|AASM-Hammer]] (SBU-38/54/64)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/iaf-boosts-lca-tejas-capabilities-with-french-hammer-missiles-under-emergency-powers20211116093745/|title=IAF boosts LCA Tejas capabilities with French HAMMER missiles under emergency powers|publisher=ANI|date=2021-11-16|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116042536/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/iaf-boosts-lca-tejas-capabilities-with-french-hammer-missiles-under-emergency-powers20211116093745/|url-status=live}}</ref>
****2 × [[BrahMos-NG]] [[Air-launched cruise missile|ALCM]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/brahmos-to-make-a-generational-leap-become-lighter-faster-and-more-lethal-supersonic-cruise-missile-2182681.html |title=BrahMos to make a generational leap, become lighter, faster and more lethal supersonic cruise missile |date=22 February 2019 |website=Zee News |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511091626/https://zeenews.india.com/india/brahmos-to-make-a-generational-leap-become-lighter-faster-and-more-lethal-supersonic-cruise-missile-2182681.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (Planned)
***'''[[Anti-radiation missile]]''':
****2 × [[Rudram (missile)#Rudram I|Rudram-1]] (Planned)<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mallikarjun|first=Y.|date=2016-02-17|title=Captive flight trials of anti-radiation missile soon|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/captive-flight-trials-of-antiradiation-missile-soon/article8245955.ece|access-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014001256/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/captive-flight-trials-of-antiradiation-missile-soon/article8245955.ece|archive-date=14 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*** '''[[Anti-ship missile]]''':
****2 × [[Kh-35]]
****2 × [[Kh-59]]MK
|hardpoint bombs=<br />
*** '''[[Precision-guided munition]]''':
**** [[Spice (bomb)|Spice]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tejas-mark-ii-to-have-ability-to-conduct-balakot-like-ops/story-kMUDWj7o7GkrK2WTsAsGEM.html |title=Tejas Mark II to have ability to conduct Balakot-like operations |date=19 March 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729072744/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tejas-mark-ii-to-have-ability-to-conduct-balakot-like-ops/story-kMUDWj7o7GkrK2WTsAsGEM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
**** [[Joint Direct Attack Munition|Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM)]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-lca-combat-aircraft-now-being-armed-with-american-jdam-precision-bombing-kits20220329164333/|title=Indian LCA combat aircraft now being armed with American JDAM precision bombing kits/|website=ANI Digital|date=29 March 2022|access-date=29 March 2022|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210011614/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-lca-combat-aircraft-now-being-armed-with-american-jdam-precision-bombing-kits20220329164333/|url-status=live}}</ref>
**** [[High Speed Low Drag Bomb|HSLD-100/250/450/500]]
**** [[DRDO Glide Bombs]]
**** [[DRDO SAAW]]
**** [[High Speed Low Drag Bomb#Tactical Advance Range Augmentation (TARA)|Tactical Advanced Range Augmentation]] (TARA)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1791821|title=Indigenous Sensor, Weapons & EW Suite for LCA Tejas and Air Independent Propulsion for submarines to be showcased|website=PIB India|date=22 January 2022|access-date=22 January 2022|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210011607/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1791821|url-status=live}}</ref>
**** [[Denel Dynamics Umbani#Joint venture|AL TARIQ-LR]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=McNeil |first1=Harry |title=EDGE entity elevates Tejas capabilities with long-range precision munitions |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/edge-entity-elevates-tejas-capabilities-with-long-range-precision-munitions/?cf-view&cf-closed |access-date=14 November 2023 |publisher=Airforce Technology |date=14 November 2023}}</ref>
*** '''[[Laser-guided bomb]]''':
**** [[KAB-1500L]]
**** [[GBU-16 Paveway II]]
**** [[Sudarshan laser-guided bomb|Sudarshan]]
**** [[Griffin LGB]]<ref name="flight-15nov16">{{cite magazine |title=HAL to hike Tejas output as India approves order |magazine=[[Flight International]] |date=15–21 November 2016 |issue=5563 |volume=190 |page=20 |location=London |issn=0015-3710}}</ref>
*** '''[[Cluster munition]]''':
**** [[RBK-500]]<ref name="awst-11apr11"/>
*** '''[[Unguided bomb]]''':
**** ODAB-500PM
**** ZAB-250/350
**** BetAB-500Shp
**** [[FAB-500T]]
**** FAB-250
**** OFAB-250-270
**** [[OFAB-100-120]]
* '''Others:'''
**[[Bharat Dynamics Limited|BDL]] [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|Flare]] Counter Measure Dispensing System (CMDS)<ref>{{cite news |title=LCA Tejas successfully testfires Chaff, Flares |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html |access-date=6 July 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=3 December 2010 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107035637/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/dec/03/lca-tejas-successfully-testfires-chaff-flares-207807.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 
**[[Defence Avionics Research Establishment|DARE]] [[Targeting pod]] (Tejas Mk.1 FOC)<ref>{{cite news |title=Tejas fighter to get indigenous Laser Designator Pod to target the enemy |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/tejas-fighter-to-get-indigenous-laser-designator-pod-to-target-the-enemy-2172996.html |access-date=6 July 2022 |publisher=Zee News |date=22 January 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017191659/https://zeenews.india.com/india/tejas-fighter-to-get-indigenous-laser-designator-pod-to-target-the-enemy-2172996.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=EXCLUSIVE: How A Secretive DRDO Lab Is Saving The IAF Su-30MKI |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/how-a-secretive-drdo-lab-is-saving-the-iaf-su-30mki/ |access-date=6 July 2022 |publisher=Livefist |date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017181649/https://www.livefistdefence.com/how-a-secretive-drdo-lab-is-saving-the-iaf-su-30mki/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems|Rafael]] [[Litening|Litening III]]<ref name=":0" />
|avionics=
*[[Radar]]
**[[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2032]] multimode [[fire control radar]] (Tejas Mk 1, Tejas trainer)
**[[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2052]] [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] [[fire control radar]] (upto 40th Tejas Mk 1A)
**[[LRDE]] [[Uttam AESA Radar]] (LSP 2&3, From 41st Tejas Mk 1A onwards)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=2021-12-08 |title=India develops AESA radar to make IAF fighters more lethal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-to-showcase-use-of-indigenous-aesa-radar-101638924141445.html |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Defence Avionics Research Establishment|DARE]]-[[Elisra]] Mayawi self protection suite<ref name="vayu-sepoct14">{{cite magazine |last=Majumdar |first=Sayan |title=Tejas Redux: The Israeli Touch |magazine=Vayu Aerospace and Defence Review |date=September–October 2014 |issue=5 |pages=82–84 |publisher=Society for Aerospace Studies}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Withington |first1=Thomas |title=Enhancing the Force |url=https://www.armadainternational.com/2020/01/enhancing-the-force/ |access-date=7 July 2022 |publisher=Armada International |date=22 January 2020 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210011615/https://www.armadainternational.com/2020/01/enhancing-the-force/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[DRDO]] Angad electronic warfare suite (From 41st Tejas Mk 1A onwards)<ref>{{cite news |title=Angad', 'Uttam' to replace imported systems in indigenous LCA fighter jets |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/angad-uttam-to-replace-imported-systems-in-indigenous-lca-fighter-jets20231015182148/ |access-date=14 February 2025 |agency=ANI |date=15 October 2023}}</ref>
*[[Elta Systems|Elta]] ELL-8222WB jamming pod (possibly Scorpius ELL-8222SB upgrade in Tejas Mk 1A)<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel is establishing itself as a prominent player in the electronic warfare sector |date=27 June 2022 |url=https://defencereviewasia.com/israel-is-establishing-itself-as-a-prominent-player-in-the-electronic-warfare-sector/ |publisher=Defence Review Asia |access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chen |first1=Chuanren |title=IAI Sells Scorpius-SP Jammer To Asian Air Force |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/missile-defense-weapons/iai-sells-scorpius-sp-jammer-asian-air-force |access-date=27 October 2024 |publisher=Aviation Week Network |date=21 June 2022}}</ref> 
*[[Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre|CASDIC]]-[[DLRL]] Advanced Self Protection Jammer (ASPJ Pod on Tejas Mk 1A)<ref>{{cite web |title=EW Suite for LCA Mk1A |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/inline-files/WriteupEW_SuiteLCA_Mk1A27062023.pdf |access-date=28 March 2024 |publisher=DRDO Policy and Procedures for Transfer of Technology}}</ref> 
*[[MIL-STD-1553#Revisions|MIL-STD-1553B]] bus<ref>{{cite news |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat by HAL |url=https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/ContentTemplate/305_Download_HAL%20R_D%20Capabilities.pdf |access-date=6 July 2022 |publisher=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210011611/https://hal-india.co.in/Common/Uploads/ContentTemplate/305_Download_HAL%20R_D%20Capabilities.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation|India}}
{{aircontent
|see also=
* [[HAL Tejas timeline]]
* [[HAL AMCA]]
* [[HAL HLFT-42]]
|related=
* [[HAL Tejas Mk2|HAL Tejas Mark 2]]
* [[HAL TEDBF]]
<!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list. -->
|lists=<!-- relevant lists that this aircraft appears in: -->
* [[List of fighter aircraft]]
* [[List of active Indian military aircraft]]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
<!-- ===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=N}} Save for future use. -->

===Citations===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{citation |editor1-last=Jackson |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Munson |editor2-first=Kenneth |editor3-last=Peacock |editor3-first=Lindsay |title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2005–06 |edition=96th |date=2005 |publisher=Jane's Information Group Limited |location=Coulsdon, Surrey, UK |isbn=978-0-7106-2684-4 |chapter=ADA Tejas}}
* {{citation |editor1-last=Taylor |editor1-first=John W. R. |editor2-last=Munson |editor2-first=Kenneth |editor3-last=Taylor |editor3-first=Michael J. H. |title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1989–1990 |date=1989 |publisher=Jane's Information Group Limited |location=Coulsdon, Surrey, UK |isbn=978-0-7106-0896-3 |chapter=HAL Light Combat Aircraft}}
* {{citation |last1=Frawley |first1=Gerard |title=The International Directory of Military Aircraft |date=2002 |publisher=Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd |location=[[Manly, New South Wales|Manly NSW]], Australia |isbn=1-875671-55-2}}
* {{citation |last1=Hoh |first1=Roger H. |last2=Mitchell |first2=David G. |title=Flying Qualities of Relaxed Static Stability Aircraft – Volume I: Flying Qualities Airworthiness Assessment and Flight Testing of Augmented Aircraft |url=http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA128758&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |publisher=Federal Aviation Administration |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115422/http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA128758&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead |date=September 1983}}
* {{citation |last1=Aronstein |first1=David C. |last2=Piccirillo |first2=Albert C. |title=The Lightweight Fighter Program: A Successful Approach to Fighter Technology Transition |date=1996 |publisher=AIAA |location=[[Reston, Virginia]] |isbn=978-1-56347-193-3}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
<!-- Please put links by alphabetical order -->
* [http://www.tejas.gov.in/ Official Government of India Tejas site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127143351/http://tejas.gov.in/ |date=27 November 2015 }}

'''Features and analysis:'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070523125531/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/02/05/stories/2007020501180100.htm "Flying into the unknown"] <small>— A feature by ''[[The Hindu]]'' on the Tejas [[test pilot]]s.</small>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060613081832/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-5/sainis.html "LCA and Economics" by Sunil Sainis and George Joseph]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060503102058/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-5/wollen.html "The Light Combat Aircraft Story"], by Air Marshal MSD Wollen (Retd).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080312201111/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/09/stories/2008030955051000.htm The case to support the indigenous LCA programme], by Ashok Parthasarathi and Raman Puri.

'''Technical:'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061842/http://www.csirwebistad.org/aesi/pdf/ftgseminar05/presentations/2005/HIGH_AOA_TEJAS.pdf An Approach to High AoA Testing of the LCA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080224025554/http://csirwebistad.org/aesi/pages/tejasflight.htm Development Flight Testing of the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100928052634/http://www.bitsoftsystems.com/mydocs/Avionics%20Mission%20Computer%20Case%20Study.pdf LCA Avionics And Weapon System Mission Computer Software Development: A Case Study]
* [https://tejas.gov.in/ADA-Tejas%20Brochure-2015.pdf TEJAS The Indian Light Combat Aircraft, official brochure 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711071247/https://www.tejas.gov.in/ADA-Tejas%20Brochure-2015.pdf |date=11 July 2020 }}
* [https://www.ada.gov.in/images/IOC%20content/ADA-%20Tejas%20Brochure%20Final.pdf ADA Tejas IOC brochure]
* [https://www.geaviation.com/sites/default/files/datasheet-F404-Family.pdf General Electric F404 family turbofan engines datasheet]

'''General:'''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150118032556/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/lca.htm "Tejas / Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)", Fighter-planes.com]
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/Features/Aero-India-special/Dawn-of-Tejas/ "Dawn of Tejas" Aero India special report from flightglobal.com]
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/monographs-documents/Radiance%20in%20Indian%20Skies%20The%20Tejas%20Saga.pdf Radiance in Indian Skies - The Tejas Saga by Air Marshal P Rajkumar, BR Srikant]

{{HAL aircraft}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hal Tejas}}
[[Category:HAL aircraft|Tejas]]
[[Category:2000s Indian fighter aircraft]]
[[Category:Tailless delta-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined jet aircraft]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 2001]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]
[[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]]