Editing HM Prison Fairlea

{{Short description|Australian female prison in Victoria, Australia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{coord|37.79082|S|145.010637|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox Prison
| prison_name    = HM Prison Fairlea
| image          = 
| location       = [[Fairfield, Victoria|Fairfield]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| coordinates    = 
| status         = Closed, demolished
| classification = Minimum & Maximum security
| capacity       = 60 (1956–1982)<br/>106 (1986–1996)
| opened         = {{Start date|df=yes|1956|03|09}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71791088 |title=Women in new gaol |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)]] |location=Victoria, Australia |date=9 March 1956 |accessdate=22 April 2017 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
| closed         = 1996
| managed_by     = [[Corrections Victoria|Department of Corrections]]
| director       = }}

'''HM Prison Fairlea''' was an Australian female prison located on Yarra Bend Road in the suburb of [[Fairfield, Victoria|Fairfield]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Nicholson | first = John  | title = Australia Locked Up | publisher = Allen & Unwin | year = 2006 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nif-qWQerpQC&dq=Prison+Fairlea+-wikipedia&pg=PA25 | isbn = 1-74114-609-7 | page = 25}}</ref> The first all-female prison in Victoria, it was built on the site of the [[Yarra Bend Asylum]],<ref>{{cite book | last = Greig | first = Deidre N.  | title = Neither Bad Nor Mad: The Competing Discourses of Psychiatry, Law and Politics | publisher = Jessica Kingsley Publishers | year = 2002 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hKLM4tyF7JwC&dq=Yarra+Bend+Asylum+prison+women&pg=PA21  | isbn = 1-84310-006-1| page = 21}}</ref> with remnants of the walls and gates being used in the layout of the prison.  In 1982 a deliberately lit fire led to the deaths of three inmates. The rebuilt and expanded prison reopened in 1986. After closing in 1996 due to [[privatisation]] of sections of the prison system, Fairlea was demolished and the site converted to parkland.

==Site==
In the 1950s, the Victorian Government committed to building the state's first all-female prison.<ref name=Albany>{{cite encyclopedia| last =Darebin Libraries| title =Fairlea Women's Prison – Yarra Bend (1856–1996)| encyclopedia =Darebin Historical Encyclopaedia| url =http://dhe.darebin-libraries.vic.gov.au/encyclopedia.asp?id=436| access-date =2009-05-16| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090621155326/http://dhe.darebin-libraries.vic.gov.au/encyclopedia.asp?id=436| archive-date =2009-06-21}}</ref>  The site chosen on National Park Road (now Yarra Bend Road), Fairfield included the grounds and structures of the former Yarra Bend Lunatic Asylum and Fairhaven Venereal Disease Clinic, many of which were converted for prison use.<ref name=walk>{{Cite journal
 |last        = City of Yarra
 |author-link  = City of Yarra
 |title       = Fairfield Heritage Walk
 |url         = http://www.yarracity.vic.gov.au/Planning/Heritage/pdf/Fairfield%20Heritage%20Walk.pdf
 |access-date  = 2009-05-17
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20091021205034/http://www.yarracity.vic.gov.au//Planning/Heritage/pdf/Fairfield%20Heritage%20Walk.pdf
 |archive-date = 2009-10-21
}}</ref>  Prior to the opening of Fairlea, female prisoners had been held in a small section [[HM Prison Pentridge|Pentridge Prison]].  Fairlea's grounds and buildings were more spacious than those of the female unit at Pentridge; however many of the buildings were unsatisfactory, dating from the site's time as an asylum in the 1860s.<ref name="Albany" />

==Notable inmates==
* The [[Fairlea Five]] Vietnam War protesters: [[Jean McLean (politician)|Jean McLean]], [[Joan Coxsedge]], Irene Miller, Jo Maclaine-Cross and Chris Cathie <ref>{{cite book | title=Cold Tea for Brandy: A Tale of Protest, Painting and Politics | publisher=Vulcan Press | author=Coxsedge, Joan | year=2007 | location=Balwyn North | pages=82–87}}</ref>
* Heather Parker<ref>{{cite book  | last = Encel  | first = Vivien  |author2=Sharpe, Alan  | title = Murder! 25 True Australian Crimes  | publisher = Kingsclear Books  | year = 1997  | isbn = 0-908272-47-2}}</ref>{{spaced ndash}}Office of Corrections worker who aided the escape of prisoners Peter Gibb and Archie Butterly in 1993.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-03-29/former-prison-guard-back-in-court-on-assault/2229740|title = Former prison guard back in court on assault charges|newspaper = ABC News|date = 29 March 2007}}</ref>

==Incidents==
===Riot===
In January 1980 prisoners staged a riot in the mess hall where furniture and crockery were smashed and fittings ripped from kitchen walls. During the incident four prisoners took advantage of the diversion and climbed through smashed windows onto the roof. At 2.00 am prisoners set alight toilet paper in two bathrooms at either end of two adjoining dormitories. Prisoners from two dormitories were locked in the mess hall during the blaze. Firemen, prison officers and a few inmates soon controlled the fire.<ref>Fairlea blaze sorts rebels from the rest. ''[[The Age]]'': 9 January 1980, p.4.</ref>

===Dormitory fire===
A dormitory fire claimed the lives of three remand prisoners on the evening of Saturday 6 February 1982. Two of the women killed, Clelia Teresa Vigano and Mary Escola Catilo, were the respective partners and criminal associates of [[drug smuggler]] [[David McMillan (smuggler)|David McMillan]] and his associate Michael Sullivan. Two other remand prisoners were injured. A senior police officer said that the fire had been set at 8.15 pm and was "a reaction" to an escape earlier that day.  That escape had occurred at 3.00 pm when four women forced a laundry door and scaled two fences; two women were quickly caught by prison officers near the prison grounds while two prisoners evaded capture.<ref>Bolt, Andrew. State warned in 1978 of Fairlea fire hazard. ''[[The Age]]'': 8 February 1982, p.1.</ref>

At the subsequent coronial inquiry, two surviving prisoners reported that the third deceased prisoner, Danielle Wright, was angry that two of her friends had been promptly recaptured and placed in solitary confinement after their escape that afternoon. Wright wanted to tear up the building in protest, the witnesses stated, but Vigano suggested she should instead light a fire, reasoning that the buildings were very old and worthy of being condemned anyway. It was planned they would cause some damage with the fire, but then extinguish it. Torn up papers, bedding and mattresses were set fire at about 8.00 pm, and Wright threatened violence against any prisoner who pressed the buzzer to summon an officer. However the fire quickly got out of control and Wright sounded the buzzer. Ten minutes had elapsed before help arrived.<ref>Two started Fairlea blaze, say witnesses. ''[[The Age]]'': 27 July 1982, p.15.</ref>

Coroner Kevin Mason criticised the lack of fire training carried out by the prison. He ruled that the three deceased all died of asphyxiation from carbon monoxide poisoning, and that Wright had lit the fire. The hearing heard that two prisoners were rescued by officer Roy Ansfield who crawled into the burning building to retrieve them. At the hearing it was suggested by the counsel for Vigano's parents that the building's wooden construction was unsuitable for its purpose as a locked dormitory; he called it "a potential fire hazard and a death trap".<ref>Two planned fire they died in: SM. ''[[The Age]]'': 23 September 1982, p.5.</ref>

As a result of the fire, many of the inmates were temporarily housed at Pentridge Prison whilst Fairlea was rebuilt. The new complex was opened in 1986 and 3.7 million dollars was spent on the rebuilding, which allowed the prison to hold up to 106 women at a time.<ref name="Albany" /> The old asylum and clinic structures were demolished and one of the 1860 gate pillars was relocated to a site opposite the original entry to Fairlea.<ref name=walk/>

===Cell fire===

A deliberately lit cell fire caused $3,200 damage on 8 May 1988. An officer ordered three women prisoners from their cell after seeing smoke coming from under its door. They refused and he entered to find them kneeling by a broken window trying to get fresh air. By the time the chief prison officer arrived at 8.15 pm the fire was out. No one was killed or injured in the fire.<ref>Blackhouse, Megan. Woman on trial on jail fire. ''[[The Age]]'': 14 December 1988, p.21.</ref>

==Closure==
Within ten years of the rebuilding, a change of Government led to the demise of Fairlea. The new Liberal Government began the [[privatisation]] of the prison system and as a result private contractors won the right to administer the women's prison system. A new privately run prison, the [[Dame Phyllis Frost Centre|Metropolitan Women's Correctional Centre]] was built at [[Deer Park, Victoria|Deer Park]] and during the course of 1996 the inmates of Fairlea Prison were transferred across to the new facility.<ref name="Albany" /> The Metropolitan Women's Correctional Centre was returned to government control in 2000.<ref>{{cite web
  | last = Justice Victoria
  | author-link = Department of Justice (Victoria)
  | title = Prison Profiles - Dame Phyllis Frost Centre
  | url = http://www.justice.vic.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/DOJ+Internet/Home/Prisons/Prisons+in+Victoria/JUSTICE+-+Prison+Profiles+-+Dame+Phyllis+Frost+Centre
  | accessdate = 2009-05-16
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090525122721/http://www.justice.vic.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/DOJ+Internet/Home/Prisons/Prisons+in+Victoria/JUSTICE+-+Prison+Profiles+-+Dame+Phyllis+Frost+Centre
  | archive-date = 25 May 2009
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref>

Fairlea Women's Prison finally closed in August 1996, with the majority of structures demolished shortly thereafter.  The basketball courts, [[Parks Victoria]] Office, and the adjacent building are the only structural remains of Fairlea,<ref name=walk/> with the remaining grounds returned to parkland.<ref>{{cite press release
  | title = Development plan decision improves parkland for Fairfield
  | publisher = Offices of the Ministers for Planning and Local Government and Conservation and Land Management
  | date = 20 October 1997
  }}</ref> Fairlea Road and the Fairlea East and Fairlea West ovals identify the former prison site.  During its forty years of operation nearly 18,000 female inmates served time at Fairlea Women's Prison.<ref name="Albany" />  Fairlea is registered with [[Heritage Victoria]] and given the register number VHR H1552.<ref>{{cite web
  | last = Heritage Victoria
  | author-link = Heritage Victoria
  | title = Fairlea {{sic|Womens|nolink=y}} Prison
  | url = http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/places/heritage/442
  | accessdate = 2009-05-16}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Thomas Embling Hospital]]
*[[Yarra Bend Asylum]]
*[[Yarra Bend Park]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{VictorianPrisons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fairlea}}
[[Category:1925 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:1993 disestablishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Defunct prisons in Melbourne]]
[[Category:Defunct prisons in Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Maximum security prisons in Australia]]
[[Category:Defunct women's prisons in Australia]]