Editing Hadrosaurus

{{short description|Hadrosaurid dinosaur genus from the Late Cretaceous}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Late Cretaceous]], <br>~{{fossilrange|83.6|77.9}} Possible Maastrichtian Record<ref name=Brownstein/>
| image = Hadrosaurus reconstruction.jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| image_caption = Reconstructed skeleton, Academy of Natural Sciences
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Hadrosaurus
| authority = [[Joseph Leidy|Leidy]], [[1858 in paleontology|1858]]
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Hadrosaurus foulkii'''''
| type_species_authority = Leidy, 1858
| synonyms_ref = 
| synonyms = *''[[Trachodon]] foulkii'' <small>(Leidy, 1858) Lydekker, 1888</small>
*''Hadrosaurus cavatus'' <small>(Cope, 1871)</small>{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}
}}

'''''Hadrosaurus''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|æ|d|r|ə|ˈ|s|ɔːr|ə|s}}; {{lit|bulky lizard}}) is a [[genus]] of [[hadrosaurid]] [[ornithopod]] [[dinosaur]]s that lived in [[North America]] during the [[Late Cretaceous]] [[Period (geology)|Period]] in what is now the [[Woodbury Formation]] in [[New Jersey]] about 83.6 to 77.9 Ma. The [[holotype]] specimen was found in fluvial marine sedimentation, meaning that the corpse of the animal was transported by a river and washed out to sea. Some fossils are found in the [[Tar Heel/Coachman Formation]].<ref name=Brownstein>{{cite journal |last=Brownstein |first=Chase |year=2018 |title=The biogeography and ecology of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs of Appalachia |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2018/2123-appalachia-biogeography |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–56 |doi=10.26879/801 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

They were large animals ranging from {{cvt|7|to|8|m}} and {{cvt|2|to|4|t|ST}}. Most of the preserved elements are very robust, unusual traits in hadrosaurs. ''Hadrosaurus'' were ponderously built animals equipped with [[keratin]]ous beaks for cropping foliage and a specialized and complex dentition for food processing.

'''''Hadrosaurus foulkii''''', the only [[species]] in this [[genus]], is known from a single specimen consisting of much of the skeleton and parts of the skull. The specimen was collected in 1858 from the [[Woodbury Formation]] in [[New Jersey]], US, representing the first dinosaur species known from more than isolated teeth to be identified in North America. Using [[radiometric dating]] of [[bivalve]] shells from the same formation, the sedimentary rocks where the ''Hadrosaurus'' fossil was found have been [[Chronological dating|dated]] at some time between 83.6 and 77.9 million years ago. In 1868, the only known specimen became the first-ever dinosaur skeleton to be mounted. In 1991, ''H. foulkii'' became the official [[state dinosaur]] of New Jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NJDEP - New Jersey Geological and Water Survey - Hadrosaurus foulkii |url=https://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/hadro.htm |access-date=January 4, 2025 |website=state.nj.us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vastano |first=Julia A. |title=The Story of New Jersey's State Fossil: Hadrosaurus foulkii |url=https://geologymuseum.rutgers.edu/about-us-geology-museum/mastodon-musings/mastodon-musings/255-the-story-of-new-jersey-s-state-fossil-hadrosaurus-foulkii |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Geology Museum, The School of Arts and Sciences {{!}} Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-02 |title=State Dinosaur - SNJ Today |url=https://snjtoday.com/state-dinosaur/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=snjtoday.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Designation: New Jersey State Dinosaur |url=https://www.levins.com/state.shtml |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=levins.com}}</ref>

==History of discovery==
[[File:Hadrosaurus mount.jpg|thumb|left|[[Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins]]' mounted ''Hadrosaurus'', the first mounted dinosaur skeleton in the world]] 
[[File:NHL Marl Pit 2.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|Photograph of the site where the fossils were found (2010)]]
In 1838, John Estaugh Hopkins was digging in a [[marl]] pit (on a small tributary of the [[Cooper River (New Jersey)|Cooper River]] in [[Haddonfield, New Jersey]], and part of the [[Campanian]]-age [[Woodbury Formation]]) when he uncovered large bones. He put them on display at his home, also in Haddonfield. In 1858, the bones sparked the interest of a visitor, [[William Parker Foulke]], who dug out the rest of the bones from the marl pit in the same year. The excavation site, known as the [[Hadrosaurus Foulkii Leidy Site|''Hadrosaurus foulkii'' Leidy Site]], is now a [[National Historic Landmark]].

Foulke contacted [[paleontologist]] [[Joseph Leidy]], and together they recovered eight [[teeth]] from the [[maxilla]]r and [[dentary]] areas, [[dental battery]] fragments, left maxilla fragments, three partial [[dorsal vertebrae]], 13 caudal [[Vertebra#Structure|centra]], including an almost complete middle [[caudal vertebra]]. Other fragments included a partial right [[coracoid]], left [[humerus]], left [[Radius (bone)|radius]], left [[ulna]], left [[Ilium (bone)|ilium]], right [[ischium]], right partial [[Pubis (bone)|pubis]], the left hindlimb composed by the [[femur]], [[tibia]], [[fibula]] with [[metatarsals]] II and IV and the first pedal [[Phalanx bone|phalanx]] from the third [[Digit (anatomy)|digit]]. Foulke and Leidy studied the fossils together and, in 1858, Leidy formally described and named ''Hadrosaurus foulkii'' in honor of his collaborator. While originally a portmanteau of Haddonfield, the location of its discovery with the accepted suffix for dinosaurs -saurus, the name ''Hadrosaurus'' was scientifically justified as deriving from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ἁδρός}}, {{transliteration|grc|hadros}}, meaning "bulky" or "large", and {{lang|grc|σαῦρος}}, {{transliteration|grc|sauros}}, meaning "lizard". The name was an additional play on words by Leidy since it translates from Greek as ''Foulke's big lizard''.

Leidy recognized that the bones were from a dinosaur because of their similarity to those of ''[[Iguanodon]]'', discovered in England some decades before but, at the time, the skeleton of ''Hadrosaurus'' was one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons known. Leidy's monograph ''Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States'', describing ''Hadrosaurus'' more completely, and with illustrations, was written in 1860, but the [[American Civil War]] delayed its publication until 1865.<ref name="PRIETOetal2006">{{cite journal |last1=Prieto-Márquez |first1=Albert |last2=Weishampel |first2=David B. |author-link2=David B. Weishampel |last3=Horner |first3=John R. |author-link3=Jack Horner (paleontologist) |name-list-style=and |date=2006 |title=The dinosaur Hadrosaurus foulkii, from the Campanian of the East Coast of North America, with a reevaluation of the genus |url=http://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app51/app51-077.pdf |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=77–98}}</ref>

Leidy reconstructed ''Hadrosaurus'' as a biped, in contrast to the view at the time that such dinosaurs were [[quadruped]]al. The entire skeleton was completely assembled in 1868 by a team including English [[sculpture|sculptor]] and [[natural history|naturalist]] [[Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins]] and was put on display at [[Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences]]. It was the first-ever mounted dinosaur skeleton. When the skeleton was first put together, it was displayed with a plaster skull sculpted by Hawkins. Many other artists have recreated ''Hadrosaurus'' with skulls from other, related species such as ''[[Gryposaurus]]'' and ''[[Brachylophosaurus]]''. A statue of ''Hadrosaurus'', sculpted by Haddonfield resident John Giannotti, now stands in the center of the town of Haddonfield, commemorating its discovery there. Thanks to Joyce Berry and her fourth-grade classes (1988–1991) at Strawbridge Elementary School in [[Haddon Township, New Jersey]], the ''Hadrosaurus'' was named the state dinosaur<ref>Assembly, No. 1660 June 13, 1991</ref> of [[New Jersey]] in 1991. It is one of the most celebrated dinosaurs ever and is of great historic importance.<ref name=PRIETOetal2006/> The skeleton is usually kept out of sight in the Academy's collections. However, from November 22, 2008, to April 19, 2009, a fully assembled cast of the skeleton, and an exhibit about the science and culture surrounding the dinosaur's discovery, was open to the public.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==Description==
[[File:Hadrosaurus Scale.svg|thumb|Size of ''Hadrosaurus'' compared to a human]] 
''Hadrosaurus'' were large-sized animals growing up to {{convert|7|-|8|m}} and weighing as much as {{cvt|2|to|4|t|ST}}.<ref name=Holtz2012>{{cite book|last1=Holtz|first1=T. R.|title=Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaursmostcom00holt|url-access=registration|last2=Rey|first2=L. V.|publisher=Random House|year=2007|isbn=9780375824197}} [https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf Genus List for Holtz 2012]  [https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/appendix.html Weight Information]</ref><ref name="Paul2016">{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=G. S. |author-link=Gregory S. Paul |title=The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780691167664 |edition=2nd |location=Princeton, New Jersey |pages=330}}</ref> According to Prieto-Márquez, ''Hadrosaurus'' can be distinguished in having a shortened pectoral crest that is slightly over 40% of the total [[humeral]] length, a deltopectoral crest that is developed from the humeral shaft causing the laterodistal border to display a broad lateral facet, a lower greatest point of the supraacetabular crest located above lateral edge from the rear to the bottom on the posterior tuberosity of the ischial peduncle of the ilium, a shortened supraacetabular crest from the front to the rear with its breadth being half the length of the middle iliac plate.<ref name=Hadrosaurus2011>{{cite journal|last1=Prieto-Márquez|first1=A.|date=2011|title=Revised diagnoses of Hadrosaurus foulkii Leidy, 1858 (the type genus and species of Hadrosauridae Cope, 1869) and Claosaurus agilis Marsh, 1872 (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Late Cretaceous of North America|journal=Zootaxa|volume=2765|pages=61–68|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2765.1.6|s2cid=83268290|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a94a/d19c362312d14fda047bf18d3b5b848e2797.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216113601/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a94a/d19c362312d14fda047bf18d3b5b848e2797.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>

As in most hadrosaurs, the forelimbs were not as heavily built as the hindlimbs, but were long enough to be used in standing or movement.<ref name=PRIETOetal2006/><ref name="Paul2016"/><ref name="Erickson2012">{{cite journal |last1=Erickson |first1=Gregory M. |last2=Hamilton |first2=Matthew |last3=Sawyer |first3=W. Gregory |last4=Krick |first4=Brandon A. |last5=Bourne |first5=Gerald R. |last6=Norell |first6=Mark A. |last7=Lilleodden |first7=Erica |date=2012 |title=Complex Dental Structure and Wear Biomechanics in Hadrosaurid Dinosaurs |url=https://www.hereon.de/imperia/md/content/gkss/zentrale_einrichtungen/bibliothek/journals/2012/erickson_30188 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=338 |issue=338 (6103): 98 |pages=98–101 |bibcode=2012Sci...338...98E |doi=10.1126/science.1224495 |pmid=23042891 |s2cid=35186603}}</ref> The holotype specimen was a relatively large animal at the time of death with a {{convert|1.05|m|cm|-long|adj=mid|sp=us}} [[femur]] and {{convert|93.3|cm|mm|-long|adj=mid|sp=us}} [[tibia]]. Most of the preserved elements feature a marked robust composition with the [[fibula]] being one of the most robust among hadrosaurs.<ref name=PRIETOetal2006/>

==Classification==
[[File:Hadrosaurus foulkii vertebrae.jpg|thumb|left|Plates from Leidy's description]]
Despite the fact that the family [[Hadrosauridae]] has ''Hadrosaurus'' as its [[type genus]], the skeleton lacks a skull and was long viewed as too incomplete to compare to other hadrosaurs for classification purposes, leading most scientists to consider it a ''nomen dubium'', or dubious name.<ref name=Hadrosaurus2011/> However, a re-evaluation of the fossil material in 2011 noted several distinct characteristics of the skeleton that could allow the genus ''Hadrosaurus'' and species ''H. foulkii'' to remain in use as valid [[taxon|taxa]].<ref name=Hadrosaurus2011/>

''Hadrosaurus'' has also traditionally served as the basis for a large subfamily called Hadrosaurinae, which was seen as a group of largely crestless hadrosaurs related to the crested subfamily [[Lambeosaurinae]]. However, the changing view of ''Hadrosaurus'' classification in relation to other hadrosaurs has led some scientists to rename these subfamilies. In a 2008 study, ''Hadrosaurus'' was found to be more primitive than either lambeosaurines or other "hadrosaurines", and not a particularly close relative of classic "hadrosaurines" such as ''[[Edmontosaurus]]'' and ''[[Saurolophus]]''. As a result of this, the name Hadrosaurinae was restricted to ''Hadrosaurus'' alone, and the subfamily comprising the traditional "hadrosaurines" was renamed the [[Saurolophinae]].<ref name=APM2013>{{cite journal |last=Prieto-Márquez |first=A. |year=2013 |title=Skeletal morphology of ''Kritosaurus navajovius'' (Dinosauria:Hadrosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of the North American south-west, with an evaluation of the phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of Kritosaurini |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=133–175 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2013.770417|bibcode=2014JSPal..12..133P |s2cid=84942579 }}</ref>

Below is a simplified [[cladogram]] recovered by Ramírez-Velasco ''et al.'' in 2012 in their description of ''[[Huehuecanauhtlus]]''. This topology was recovered using an extensive sampling of 60 [[hadrosauroid]] species, and two outgroup taxa, which were scored based on 287 morphological traits,<ref name="Huehuecanauhtlus">{{Cite journal |last1=Ramírez-Velasco |first1=A. A. |last2=Benammi |first2=M. |last3=Prieto-Márquez |first3=A. |last4=Ortega |first4=J. S. A. |last5=Hernández-Rivera |first5=R. |last6=Sues |first6=H. D. |author-link6=Hans-Dieter Sues |year=2012 |title=''Huehuecanauhtlus tiquichensis'', a new hadrosauroid dinosaur (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) from the Santonian (Late Cretaceous) of Michoacán, Mexico |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=379–395 |bibcode=2012CaJES..49..379R |doi=10.1139/e11-062}}</ref> and included data from two recent redescriptions of ''Hadrosaurus'' by Prieto-Márquez ''et al.'' (2006)<ref name=PRIETOetal2006/> and Prieto-Márquez (2011).<ref name=Hadrosaurus2011/>
[[File:Hadrosaurus remains.jpg|thumb|Displayed casts of the 35 known bones at the [[Philadelphia]] [[Academy of Natural Sciences]]]]
[[File:Hadrosaurus cranial & appendicular elements.png|200px|thumb|Cranial and postcranial elements from the holotype]]
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Hadrosauroidea]]
|1={{clade
   |1=''[[Jinzhousaurus yangi]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Fukuisaurus tetoriensis]]''
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Penelopognathus weishampeli]]''
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Equijubus normani]]''
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Probactrosaurus gobiensis]]''
               |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |1=''[[Eolambia caroljonesa]]''
                     |2=''[[Protohadros byrdi]]''}}
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Tanius sinensis]]''
                     |2={{clade
                        |1={{clade
                           |1=''[[Bactrosaurus johnsoni]]''
                           |2=''[[Glishades ericksoni]]''}}
                        |2={{clade
                           |1=''[[Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis]]''
                           |2={{clade
                              |1=''[[Huehuecanauhtlus tiquichensis]]''
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1={{clade
                                    |1=''[[Jintasaurus meniscus]]''
                                    |2=''[[Tethyshadros insularis]]''}}
                                 |label2=[[Hadrosauridae]]
                                 |2={{clade
                                    |label1=[[Hadrosaurinae]]
                                    |1='''''Hadrosaurus foulkii'''''
                                    |2={{clade
                                       |label1=[[Saurolophinae]]
                                       |1={{clade
                                          |1={{clade
                                             |1=''[[Acristavus gagslarsoni]]''
                                             |2={{clade
                                                |1=''[[Maiasaura peeblesorum]]''
                                                |2=''[[Brachylophosaurus canadensis]]''}} }}
                                          |2={{clade
                                             |1=''[[Shantungosaurus giganteus]]''
                                             |2={{clade
                                                |1={{clade
                                                   |1=''[[Edmontosaurus annectens]]''
                                                   |2=''[[Edmontosaurus regalis]]''}}
                                                |2=Derived saurolophines →}} }} }}
                                       |label2=[[Lambeosaurinae]]
                                       |2={{clade
                                          |1=''[[Aralosaurus tuberiferus]]''
                                          |2={{clade
                                             |1=''[[Jaxartosaurus aralensis]]''
                                             |2={{clade
                                                |1={{clade
                                                   |1=''[[Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus]]''
                                                   |2=''[[Pararhabdodon isonensis]]''}}
                                                |2=Derived lambeosaurines → }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==Paleobiology==
[[File:Hadrosaurus foulkii restoration.png|thumb|Life restoration]]
In 2003, Rothschild and colleagues performed a study looking for epidemiology of [[tumor]]s in dinosaurs. Evidence of tumors, including [[hemangiomas]], [[desmoplastic fibroma]], [[metastatic cancer]] and [[osteoblastoma]] were discovered in specimens of ''Hadrosaurus'' by analyzing dinosaur vertebrae using [[computerized tomography]] and [[fluoroscope]] screening. Several other hadrosaurids, including ''[[Brachylophosaurus]]'', ''[[Edmontosaurus]]'' and ''[[Gilmoreosaurus]]'', also tested positive. Although more than 10,000 [[fossil]]s were examined in this manner, the tumors were limited to ''Hadrosaurus'' and other hadrosaurs. The tumors were only found on caudal vertebrae and they may have been caused by environmental factors or genetic inheritance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rothschild |first1=B. M. |last2=Tanke |first2=D. H. |author-link2=Darren Tanke |last3=Helbling |first3=M. II |last4=Martin |first4=L. D. |name-list-style=amp |date=2003 |title=Epidemiologic study of tumors in dinosaurs |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13884/files/PAL_E816.pdf |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=90 |issue=11 |pages=495–500 |bibcode=2003NW.....90..495R |doi=10.1007/s00114-003-0473-9 |pmid=14610645 |s2cid=13247222}}</ref>

==Paleoecology==
The holotype of ''Hadrosaurus'' was found in marine sediments, which suggests the skeleton was transported by a river and then deposited in the Cretaceous sea. The ''Hadrosaurus'' remains all persist to the [[Woodbury Formation]].<ref name=PRIETOetal2006/> Through the [[radiometric dating]] of [[bivalve]] shells known from the formation, the sedimentary rocks where the holotype specimen of ''Hadrosaurus'' was found have been [[Chronological dating|dated]] from 80.5 million to 78.5 million years ago.<ref name=Gallagher2005>Gallagher, W.B. (2005). "[http://www.njgonline.nl/publish/articles/000257/article.pdf Recent mosasaur discoveries from New Jersey and Delaware, USA: stratigraphy, taphonomy and implications for mosasaur extinction.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904202306/http://www.njgonline.nl/publish/articles/000257/article.pdf |date=2012-09-04 }}" ''Netherlands Journal of Geosciences'', '''84'''(3): 241.</ref> However, a more accurate date make range from 83.6 to around 77.9 mya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stringer |first1=Gary L. |last2=Oman |first2=Luke D. |last3=Badger |first3=Robert F. |date=November 2016 |title=Woodbury Formation (Campanian) in New Jersey yields largest known Cretaceous otolith assemblage of teleostean fishes in North America |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1635/053.165.0101 |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |language=en |volume=165 |issue=1 |pages=15–36 |doi=10.1635/053.165.0101 |bibcode=2016PANSP.165...15S |issn=0097-3157|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hadrosaurus}}
{{Wikispecies|Hadrosaurus}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080321160455/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/science/12/03/dinosaur.mummy.ap/index.html Hadrosaur mummy]
*[http://www.levins.com/dinosaur.shtml The discovery of ''H. foulkii'']
*[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/ornithischia/hadrosauria.html Hadrosaurids on UCMP]
*[https://www.deviantart.com/getawaytrike/art/First-mounted-652222726 Hadrosaurus skeletal diagram]
*[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/hadro.htm New Jersey State Museum] website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080923042540/http://www.ansp.org/museum/leidy/paleo/hadrosaurus.php Joseph Leidy and ''Hadrodaurus foulkii'' at The Academy of Natural Sciences]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081208023327/http://www.ansp.org/hadrosaurus/index.php ''Hadrosaurus foulkii'' exhibit at The Academy of Natural Sciences]

{{Portal bar|Dinosaurs|Paleontology|United States}}
{{Ornithopoda|H.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q14511}}

[[Category:Hadrosauridae]]
[[Category:Dinosaur genera]]
[[Category:Campanian dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Joseph Leidy]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1858]]
[[Category:Dinosaurs of the United States]]