Editing Halaib Triangle

{{Short description|Disputed territory between Egypt and Sudan}}
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{{Infobox settlement
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The '''Halaib Triangle''' is an area of land measuring {{convert|20580|km2|mi2}} located on the [[Northeast Africa]]n coast of the [[Red Sea]]. The area, which takes its name from the town of [[Halaib]], is created by the difference in the [[Egypt–Sudan border]] between the "political boundary" set in 1899 by the [[Anglo-Egyptian Condominium]], which runs along the [[22nd parallel north]], and the "administrative boundary" set by the British in 1902,<ref name="boundary study" /> which gave administrative responsibility for an area of land north of the line to Sudan, which was an Anglo-Egyptian client at the time.  With the independence of Sudan in 1956, both [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]] claimed [[sovereignty]] over the area. The area has been considered to be a part of the Sudan's [[Red Sea (state)|Red Sea State]], and was included in local elections until the late 1980s. In 1994, the Egyptian military moved to take control of the area as a part of [[Red Sea Governorate]], and Egypt has been actively investing in it since then.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CIA World Fact Book - Egypt |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/ |access-date=2017-03-05 |publisher=[[CIA]]}}</ref> Egypt has been recently categorical in rejecting [[international arbitration]] or even political negotiations regarding the area.<ref name="almonitor"/>

The description of the area as a "triangle" is a rough approximation. The southern boundary follows latitude 22°, the northeastern consists of the Red Sea coast, and the northwestern is jagged. A smaller area south of latitude 22°, referred to as [[Bir Tawil]], joins the Halaib Triangle at its westernmost point along the latitude line{{spaced ndash}}neither Sudan nor Egypt claims Bir Tawil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colonial Egypt, 1912 |url=https://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/7600/7640/7640.htm |website=Maps for Florida's Educational Technology Clearinghouse}}</ref>

In 2021, the population of the Halaib triangle stood at 27,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Egypt make concessions in Halayeb and Shalateen issue to satisfy Sudan? - AL-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012 |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/04/did-egypt-make-concessions-halayeb-and-shalateen-issue-satisfy-sudan |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.al-monitor.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Name ==
{{see also|Halaib}}
Spelled in {{langx|ar|مُثَلَّث حَلَايِب}} {{Transliteration|ar|ALA|Muthallath Ḥalāyib}}, lit. "Halaib Triangle"; pronounced in [[Sudanese Arabic]] {{IPA|apd|muˈsallas ħaˈlaːjib|}}, and in [[Egyptian Arabic]] {{IPA|arz|moˈsællæs ħæˈlæːjeb|}}.

==History==

=== Colonial origins ===
[[File:Map of the Hala'ib Triangle and Bir Tawil in 1912.png|alt=|left|325px|thumb|Map of the Halaib Triangle and Bir Tawil from 1912]]
[[Image:Eg-map.png|250px|thumb|right|The Halaib Triangle has been under Egyptian administration since mid-1990. This map is colored from the Sudanese perspective]]
[[Image:Su-map.png|250px|thumb|right|Although this map of Sudan depicts the Halaib Triangle as part of the country, Sudan does not exercise its jurisdiction over the area]]
[[File:Egypt Sudan claims.svg|thumb|upright|Simplified map showing Egypt's claim (yellow and green), Sudan's claim (blue and green), the Halaib Triangle (light green), Wadi Halfa Salient (dark green) and Bir Tawil (white)]]

On 19 January 1899, an agreement between the UK and Egypt relating to the administration of the Sudan defined "Soudan" as the "territories south of the 22nd parallel of latitude".<ref name="boundary study">{{Cite web |date=27 July 1962 |title=International Boundary Study: Sudan – Egypt (United Arab Republic) Boundary |url=https://library.law.fsu.edu/Digital-Collections/LimitsinSeas/pdf/ibs018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113231654/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/ibs018.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2014 |access-date=2019-05-28 |website=Bureau of Intelligence and Research |publisher=[[Florida State University]] |pages=2–3}}</ref> It contained a provision that would give Egypt control of the Red Sea port of [[Suakin]], but an amendment on 10 July 1899 gave Suakin to Sudan instead.<ref name="boundary study" /> On 4 November 1902, the UK drew a separate "administrative boundary", intended to reflect the actual use of the land by the tribes in the region.<ref name="boundary study" />

The 1902 border assigned administration of the territory of the [[Ababda people|Ababda tribe]] south of the 22-degree latitude line to Egypt, and gave to Sudan the grazing land of the [[Beja people|Beja]] tribe north of the line to administer.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}} The Sudan-administered territory comprised about 18,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (7000 sq. mi.), including the towns of Halaib and [[Abu Ramad]]. When Sudan became independent in 1956, Egypt regarded the latitude 22° territorial boundary of 1899 as the border between the two countries, while Sudan held to the 1902 administrative boundary. As a result, both Egypt and Sudan claim sovereignty over the territory.<ref name="parting">{{Cite book |last1=Dzurek |first1=Daniel J. |author-link=Daniel Dzurek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3B7KEAwookC&q=Hala%27ib+triangle |title=Parting the Red Sea: boundaries, offshore resources and transit |last2=Schofield |first2=Clive H. |publisher=International Boundaries Research Unit, Univ. of Durham |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-897643-46-4 |series=Maritime briefing |volume=3 |location=Durham |page=4 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Guo |first=Rongxing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5Le627xQLgC |title=Territorial disputes and resource management: a global handbook |date=2006 |publisher=Nova Science Pub Inc |isbn=978-1-60021-445-5 |location=New York |pages=132–133 |oclc=148587195}}</ref>  Conversely, the area south of the line which had been administered by Egypt, [[Bir Tawil]], is a ''[[terra nullius]]'', claimed by neither country.

=== 20th century ===
In February 1958, two years after Sudanese independence, with Sudan planning to hold elections in the Triangle,<ref name="parting" /> President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] of Egypt sent troops into the disputed region for the referendum of the proposed unification between Egypt and [[Syria]] in the [[United Arab Republic]],<ref name="boundary study" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 18, 1958 |title=Egypt Sends Troops To Sudan, Claim To Part Of Territory, Khartoum Rejects Demand |work=[[The Times]] |pages=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 19, 1958 |title=Sudan Rejects Egypt's Ultimatum, Offer To Discuss Border, Legal Rights To Be Defended 'Whatever The Cost' |work=[[The Times]] |pages=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 19, 1958 |title=Nasser Moves South |work=[[The Times]] |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 21, 1958 |title=Sudan Sends Appeal To Security Council, 'Huge Infiltration' By Egyptians |work=[[The Times]] |pages=8}}</ref> but withdrew them the same month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 26, 1958 |title=Egyptians Slip Away, Tension Eases On Sudan Frontier |work=[[The Times]] |pages=7}}</ref> Halaib was considered part of Sudan's Red Sea State and participated in all Sudanese elections until the last Sudanese election in the late 1980s.

Although both countries continued to lay claim to the land, joint control of the area remained in effect until 1992, when Egypt objected to Sudan's granting of exploration rights for the waters off the Triangle to a Canadian oil company. Negotiations began, but the company pulled out of the deal until sovereignty was settled.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dunn |first=Michael Collins |date=February 1993 |title=Egypt, Algeria and Tunisia Accuse Sudan, as Halaib Dispute Flares Up |url=https://www.wrmea.org/1993-february/egypt-algeria-and-tunisia-accuse-sudan-as-halaib-dispute-flares-up.html |magazine=[[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs]] |page=33 |issn=8755-4917}}</ref> In July 1994, Sudan sent memoranda to the [[United Nations Security Council]], the [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU) and the [[Arab League]] complaining about what it claimed was more than 39 military and administrative incursions by Egypt into Sudanese territory since Sudan had last filed memoranda in May 1993. In January 1995, Egypt rejected a Sudanese request for the OAU Foreign Ministers' Council to review the dispute at their meeting in Addis Ababa.<ref name="south">{{Cite book |last=Ofcansky |first=Thomas |title=Africa South of the Sahara |publisher=[[Europa Publications]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-857-43131-5 |editor-last=Murison |editor-first=Katharine |edition=32nd |page=985 |chapter=Sudan: Recent History}}</ref> Then, after an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Egyptian President [[Hosni Mubarak]] when he arrived in Addis Ababa to attend the meeting, Egypt accused Sudan of complicity, and, among other responses, strengthened its control of the Halaib Triangle, expelling Sudanese police and other officials.<ref name="parting" /><ref name=south/>

In 1998, relations between Egypt and Sudan somewhat improved, and the countries announced their intention to work together to resolve the Halaib Triangle dispute, with increased cooperation between their security forces.  Later that year, though, Sudan accused Egypt of harassing Sudanese citizens in the area, a charge which Egypt denied.  Nevertheless, by March 1999, the countries were in diplomatic discussions aimed at improving relations between them.<ref name="south" /> During a visit to Egypt by Sudanese President [[Omar al-Bashir]] in December 1999, a joint communique was issued pledging to solve the Halaib dispute "in an integrational brotherly context..."<ref name="parting" />

In January 2000, Sudan withdrew its forces from the area, effectively ceding control of the border zone to Egypt, whose forces have occupied and administered the area since.<ref>[http://www.nrc.ch/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/5DEE2FE2E8D63FBB802570B7005A5665/$file/SFp+Monthly+Briefing+Aug02.pdf "A View of Sudan from Africa: Monthly Briefing"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324200602/http://www.nrc.ch/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/5DEE2FE2E8D63FBB802570B7005A5665/$file/SFp+Monthly+Briefing+Aug02.pdf |date=2012-03-24 }}, ''The Machakos Protocol'' (August 2002)</ref>

===21st century===
In 2004, Sudanese president [[Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir|Omar Al-Bashir]] claimed that despite his nation's withdrawal in 2000, and Egypt's ''de facto'' control of the Triangle, the area still rightfully belonged to Sudan, which had "never relinquished" it. "We did not make any concessions.... The proof is that we have recently renewed the complaint to the Security Council," he said, according to the Press.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7458092C-177C-473B-83EF-845B7112158F.htm |title=مستقبل حلايب بين الخرائط والدبلوماسية |publisher=Aljazeera.net |date=2010-07-05 |access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> Al-Bashir reiterated the Sudanese claim of sovereignty over Halaib in a 2010 speech in [[Port Sudan]], saying "Halayeb is Sudanese and will always be Sudanese."<ref>[http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article35542 "Sudan’s Bashir reiterates sovereignty over disputed border area of Halayeb"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514203918/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article35542 |date=2019-05-14 }} ''Sudan Tribune'' (1 July 2010)</ref>

The [[Eastern Front (Sudan)|Eastern Front]], a Sudanese politico-military coalition comprising the [[Beja Congress]] and [[Free Lions]] that signed a peace agreement with [[Khartoum]], has stated that it considers Halaib to be part of Sudan due to its population being ethnically, linguistically and tribally connected to that country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudannewsnet.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=411&Itemid=58%5B%5D|title=مؤتمر البجا يجدد ثقتة في موسى ويطالب بتحكيم دولي في نزاع حلايب|date=18 August 2008|website=www.sudannewsnet.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320005720/http://www.sudannewsnet.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=411&Itemid=58|archive-date=20 March 2009|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref> The head of the Eastern Front and [[Beja Congress]], Musa Muhammad Ahmad, has declared that the issue of Halaib's sovereignty should be decided by international arbitration in a similar manner to the issue of sovereignty over [[Abyei]] between Northern and Southern Sudan.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

In October 2009, the Electoral Commission that prepared a comprehensive plan for Sudan's general elections in April 2010 declared that Halaib was one of the [[Red Sea State]] electoral districts and that its people should exercise their constitutional rights and register in order to participate in the general elections. Voter registration did not take place in the Halaib Triangle area because the team from the Sudanese election commission was refused entry by Egyptian authorities. In December 2009, the Sudanese presidential assistant Musa Mohamed Ahmed was barred from entering the border area. Ahmed's visit was intended to "assert [Sudanese] sovereignty over the Halaib Triangle and inspect the situation of the people and provide moral and financial support to the members of the Sudanese army unit trapped inside since the [Egyptian] occupation began." His remarks were the first official recognition that Sudanese Army personnel remained inside the area of ''de facto'' Egyptian control. Ahmed also asserted that the Halaib Triangle is Sudanese and would not be forsaken "under any circumstances."<ref>[http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33415 "Egypt bars Sudanese official from entering disputed border region: report"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127234722/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article33415 |date=2020-01-27 }} ''Sudan Tribune'' (10 December 2009)</ref>

The government of Egypt is taking steps to close the Egyptian-Sudanese trade center of [[Alshalateen]] and move it to the border control pass point on the 22nd parallel, which has had its facilities enlarged and its administrative manpower increased to handle the Egyptian-Sudanese land trade. By doing this, trucks bringing goods to Egypt from Sudan will not be allowed to unload their goods in Alshalateen, as in the past, but instead at the [[Hadarba]] border pass point. [[Wadi Halfa]] is another border pass point west of the [[Nile River]] at 22 degrees north.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

In 2009, the Egyptian electricity authority was building a line to supply the city of Alshalateen with electric power from the main Egyptian grid to replace the generators being used there. This line will extend in the future to Abu Ramad and Halaib. Since May 2010 a new paved road has connected the triangle to [[Port Sudan]].{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

It was reported in the Sudanese daily ''Al-Ahram Today'' on 22 April 2010 that Al-Taher Muhammad Hasaay, the former head of the Halaib Council and a member of the [[Bishari tribe|Bisharin tribe]] who was campaigning against the Egyptian military presence in the Halaib Triangle, died in a hospital in [[Cairo]] after having been detained by Egyptian security forces without trial for two years. A delegation of the Bisharin tribe stated to the Sudan Media Centre that seven of their members were also in detention: Muhammad Eissa Saeed, who had been in custody for six years, Ali Eissa Abu Eissa and Muhammad Saleem, detained for five years, and Hashim Othman, Muhammad Hussein AbdalHakam, Karrar Muhammad Tahir and Muhammad Tahir Muhammad Saleh each in holding for two years.<ref>[http://www.alahramsd.com/ah_news/5959.html "Worry Over the Fate of 8 Halaib Detainees in Egyptian Prisons after the Death of a Fifth Detainee"] ''Al-Ahram Today'' (22 April 2010)</ref>

In July 2010, it was reported in the Egyptian newspaper ''[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]'' that the chiefs of three tribes in the Halaib Triangle – [[Ababda]], el-Basharya and [[Beja people|Beja]] – supported the Egyptian claims for the area, stating that they are Egyptian and not Sudanese citizens, and that they have all the rights of Egyptian citizens, including national identity cards, the right to vote in elections and to serve in the Egyptian military.<ref>[http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/halayeb-tribes-chiefs-assert-belonging-egypt-not-sudan "Halayeb tribes' chiefs assert belonging to Egypt, not Sudan"] ''Al-Masry Al-Youm'' (3 July 2010) (translated from the Arabic edition)</ref>

On November 29, 2010, an open letter was sent to the President of Sudan by Muhammad Al-Hassan Okair (Honda) who had been the parliamentary member of Halaib in 1995, from Halaib itself. The letter was written on behalf of the [[Bishari tribe|Bisharin]], Hamad-Orab and Aliyaab tribes and complained of the forced inclusion of 20 villages that had been administered under indigenous civil society structures into two Egyptian electoral districts. The letter further complained of the siege of Halaib, the fact that its inhabitants live within barbed wire and that anything from Sudan is refused entry on the premise that Halaib is Egyptian and that the tribes' camels are not allowed to travel and graze for pasture in the ancestral lands of the Bisharin from Halaib to the neighbouring state of [[River Nile (state)|River Nile]] in Sudan.<ref>[http://www.sudaneseonline.com/cgi-bin/ar4/exec/view.cgi/7/2561 "Letter from Occupied Halayeb to the Presidential Palace in Khartoum"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716161744/http://www.sudaneseonline.com/cgi-bin/ar4/exec/view.cgi/7/2561 |date=2011-07-16 }} ''Sudanese Online'' (29 November 2010) (translated from the Arabic)</ref>

The Egyptian government converted the village of Halayeb to a city, and various civilian projects are under construction. Mamdouh Ali Omara was elected by the local inhabitants as representative for the Halayeb area in the Egyptian parliamentary election of November 2015.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

In 2016, an Egyptian Foreign Ministry spokesman said in a brief statement that these are Egyptian territories subject to Egyptian sovereignty, and that Egypt had no additional comment to make.<ref name="almonitor">{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/04/sudan-expel-egyptians-halayeb-shalateen-triangle.html|title=Land dispute continues to threaten Egypt-Sudan ties|publisher=almonitor.com |author=Khalid Hassan|date=2017-04-10 |access-date=2018-01-06}}</ref> International arbitration requires the consent of the concerned parties, whereas Egypt has been refusing arbitration to date.<ref name="almonitor"/>

A new asphalt-paved road has been built which begins south-west of Alshalateen and goes through the western portion of the triangle to the border pass of Suhin (Sohin), which is located at the 22nd parallel. In the future, this road will connect to the city of [[Abu Hamad]] in Sudan. Parts of the road can be seen on Google Earth and Bing maps.

==Settlements==
The town of [[Halaib]] lies on the Red Sea coast. The major town in the area is [[Abu Ramad]] which lies {{convert|30|km|mi}} north west of Halaib on the coast. Abu Ramad is the last destination of the buses that connect the area to Cairo and the other cities of Egypt such as [[Aswan]], [[Marsa Alam]] and [[Qena]]. The only other populated place is the small village of Hadarba, south east of Halaib town on the coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/oldsite/PDFs/egysudp1.pdf |title=1st Joint Survey Egypt/Sudan border |access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> [[Alshalateen]] is an Egyptian town just on the northern administrative boundary. The closest Sudanese town south of the disputed area is Osief (Marsa Osief), located {{convert|26|km|mi}} south of latitude 22, the political border line claimed by Egypt based on the 1899 agreement.

==Ecology and geography==
In the Halaib region, [[Afrotropical]] elements have their northern limits at [[Gebel Elba]],<ref name="Biomapegypt_gebelelba">{{cite web |title=Gebel Elba |publisher=Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs: Nature Conservation Sector |url=http://www.biomapegypt.org/biodiversity/Habitats/GebelElba.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201051047/http://www.biomapegypt.org/biodiversity/Habitats/GebelElba.html |archive-date=2011-02-01 }}</ref>  making it a unique region among Egypt's dominating [[Mediterranean]] and [[North Africa]]n ecosystems. There is also dense cover of [[acacia]]s, [[mangrove]]s and other [[shrubs]], in addition to endemic species of plants such as ''[[Biscutella elbensis]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

The highest peaks in the area are [[Gabal Elba|Mount Elba]] ({{convert|1,435|m|ft|abbr=on}}), [[Mount Shellal]] ({{convert|1,409|m|ft|abbr=on}}), [[Mount Shendib]] ({{convert|1,911|m|ft|abbr=on}}) and [[Mount Shendodai]] ({{convert|1,526|m|ft|abbr=on}}). The mountainous area of Gebel Elba is a [[nature reserve]] declared by Egypt in a decree signed by the former prime minister [[Ahmed Nazif]].<ref name = "M&G">{{citation |last1=Meininger |first1=Peter |last2=Goodman |first2=Stephen |year=1996 |title=From the verge of the Western Palearctic: birds of the Gebel Elba area, Egypt |publisher=[[Dutch Birding]] |volume=18 |pages=285–292}}</ref>

== Map ==
[[File:Cut Map of the Hala'ib triangle.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Area map pasted from four individual sheets]]

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==See also==
* [[Annexation]]
* [[Bir Tawil]], an adjoining ''[[terra nullius]]'', claimed by neither Egypt nor Sudan
* [[Egypt–Sudan border]]
* [[Egypt–Sudan relations]]
* [[Foreign relations of Egypt]]
* [[Foreign relations of Sudan]]
* [[Territorial dispute]]
* [[Wadi Halfa Salient]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Halaib Triangle}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171113103648/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/africa_1808.jpg 1808 Map of Africa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120158/http://img.lib.msu.edu/branches/map/AfJPEGs/83_g1019m4_1892_l.jpg 1892 Map of Egypt]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160602214243/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/ward_1912/egypt_under_british.jpg 1912 Map of Egypt under the British]

{{Countries and territories of North Africa}}
{{Coord|22|28|9|N|35|31|23|E|display=title}}
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[[Category:Disputed territories in Africa]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Egypt]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Sudan]]
[[Category:Egypt–Sudan border]]
[[Category:Egypt–Sudan relations]]
[[Category:Red Sea Governorate]]
[[Category:Red Sea State]]