Editing Halal

[[File:Halal logo.svg|thumb|right|The word ''halal''. It is used as a visual marker for Muslims in restaurants, shops and on products.|263x263px]]{{Short description|Islamic term for "permissible" things}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Usul al-fiqh}}
'''''Halal''''' ({{IPAc-en|h|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː|l|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Halal.wav}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of HALAL |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/halal |access-date=19 December 2023 |website= |language=en}}</ref> {{langx|ar|[[:wikt:حلال|حلال]]}} {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥalāl}} {{IPA|ar|ħæˈlæːl|}}) is an Arabic word that translates to {{gloss|permissible}} in English. Although the term ''halal'' is often associated with [[Islamic dietary laws]], particularly meat that is slaughtered according to Islamic guidelines, it also governs ethical practices in business, finance (such as the prohibition of interest or ''riba''), and daily living. It encompasses broader ethical considerations, including fairness, social justice, and the treatment of animals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Finance Principles|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialsector/brief/islamic-finance|website=World Bank|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> The concept of ''halal'' is central to Islamic practices and is derived from the Quran and the Sunnah (the teachings and practices of the Prophet Muhammad).

In the [[Quran]], the term ''halal'' is contrasted with the term ''[[haram]]'' ({{gloss|forbidden, unlawful}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=Halal Meaning and Definition|url=https://quran.com/2/168|website=Quran.com|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> The guidelines for what is considered ''halal'' or ''haram'' are laid out in Islamic jurisprudence (''fiqh''), and scholars interpret these guidelines to ensure compliance with Islamic principles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to Islamic Fiqh|url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/21527/the-basis-of-fiqh-is-to-determine-what-is-halal-and-what-is-haram|website=[[IslamQA]]|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> This [[binary opposition]] was elaborated into a more complex classification known as "[[Ahkam|the five decisions]]": [[Fard|mandatory]], [[Mustahabb|recommended]], [[Mubah|neutral]], [[Makruh|reprehensible]] and [[Haram|forbidden]].<ref name="vikor">{{cite encyclopedia |first=Knut S. |last=Vikør |title=Sharīʿah |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |editor=Emad El-Din Shahin |year=2014 |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0292?rskey=sOBRVr&result=410 |access-date=18 May 2017 |chapter=Ḥalāl |chapter-url-access=subscription |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5}}</ref> [[Faqīh|Islamic jurists]] disagree on whether the term ''halal'' covers the first two or the first four of these categories.<ref name="vikor" /> In recent times, Islamic movements seeking to mobilize the masses and authors writing for a popular audience have emphasized the simpler distinction of halal and haram.<ref name="campo">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |title=Halal |editor=Juan Eduardo Campo |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |year=2009 |page=284}}</ref><ref name="EoQ">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Lowry, Joseph E |year=2006 |title=Lawful and Unlawful |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00107}}</ref>

In the modern world, the concept of halal has expanded beyond individual actions and dietary restrictions to become a global industry, particularly in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and financial sectors. Halal certification bodies ensure that products and services meet the required standards for consumption by Muslims, and many companies worldwide seek halal certification to cater to the growing demand for halal products, especially with the rise in the global Muslim population.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Halal Market: A Growing Global Phenomenon|url=https://halalfoodauthority.com|website=Halal Food Authority|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> The increasing demand for halal products and services has led to the growth of the halal economy, especially in countries with significant Muslim populations, such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Middle East. Many non-Muslim-majority countries also engage in the halal market to meet the needs of their Muslim citizens and global consumers.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Global Halal Market|url=https://www.ifanca.org|website=Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>

== In the Quran ==
The words ''halal'' and ''haram'' are the common terms used in the Quran to designate the categories of lawful or allowed and unlawful or forbidden. In the Quran, the [[Semitic root|root]] ''ḥ-l-l'' denotes lawfulness and may also indicate exiting the ritual state of a pilgrim and entering a profane state. In both these senses, it has an opposite meaning to that conveyed by the root ''ḥ-r-m'' (cf. ''[[haram]]'' and {{transliteration|ar|[[ihram]]}}). In a literal sense, the root ḥr-m may refer to dissolution (e.g., breaking of an oath) or alighting (e.g., of God's wrath). Lawfulness is usually indicated in the Quran by means of the verb {{transliteration|ar|ahalla}} ({{gloss|to make lawful}}), with God as the stated or implied subject.<ref name="EoQ" />

== Foods ==
{{main|Islamic dietary laws}}
[[File:清真中國牛肉館.JPG|thumb|A halal sign in Chinese ({{lang|zh|清真}}, {{transliteration|zh|qīng zhēn}}) at a restaurant in [[Taipei]], Taiwan]]

Islam generally considers every food halal unless it is specifically prohibited in [[hadith]] or the [[Qur'an]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Halal |website=Halal Monitoring Committee U.K. |url=https://halalhmc.org/resources/definition-of-halal/}}</ref> Specifically, halal foods are those that are:

# Made, produced, manufactured, processed, and stored using machinery, equipment, and/or utensils that have been cleaned according to Islamic law ([[shariah]]).
# Free from any component that Muslims are prohibited from eating according to Islamic law.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is Halal? A Guide for Non-Muslims |website=Islamic Council of Victoria (ICV) |url=https://www.icv.org.au/about/about-islam-overview/what-is-halal-a-guide-for-non-muslims/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412041724/https://www.icv.org.au/about/about-islam-overview/what-is-halal-a-guide-for-non-muslims/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The most common example of [[haram]] (non-halal) food is pork. While pork is the only meat that categorically may not be consumed by Muslims (the Quran forbids it,<ref name="corpus.quran.com">{{cite web |url=http://corpus.quran.com/concept.jsp?id=pork |title=Pork (لَحم الخنزير) From the Quranic Arabic Corpus – Ontology of Quranic Concepts |access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref> Surah 2:173 and 16:115)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://quran.com/2/173 |title=Surah Al-Baqarah [2:173] |website=Surah Al-Baqarah [2:173] |language=en-US |access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="forbidden_food_1">{{Cite web|url=https://quran.com/an-nahl/115|title=Surah An-Nahl - 115|website=Quran.com}}</ref> other foods not in a state of purity are also considered haram. The criteria for non-pork items include their source, the cause of the animal's death and how it was processed. The majority of Islamic scholars consider shellfish and other seafood halal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://muslimversity.com/?s=seafood|title = You searched for seafood • Muslimversity}}</ref> [[Vegetarian cuisine]] is halal if it does not contain [[alcoholic drink|alcohol]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Is Vegetarian Cuisine always Halal? |website=Islamic Services of America (ISA) |date=24 Jun 2020 |accessdate=22 Feb 2022 |url=https://www.isahalal.com/news-events/blog/traditional-vegetarian-halal-foods}}</ref>

Muslims must also ensure that all foods (particularly processed foods), as well as non-food items like [[cosmetics]] and [[pharmaceuticals]], are halal.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Halal Cosmetics: A Review on Ingredients, Production, and Testing Methods |journal=Cosmetics|author=Kenji Sugibayashi, Eddy Yusuf, Hiroaki Todo, Sabrina Dahlizar, Pajaree Sakdiset, Florencio JrArce, and Gerard Lee See |date=1 Jul 2019 |volume=6 |issue=3 |page=37 |doi=10.3390/cosmetics6030037 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Halal for health: Scaling up halal pharmaceuticals |newspaper=The Economist |accessdate=22 Feb 2022 |url=https://impact.economist.com/perspectives/sites/default/files/eiu-diedc_article_5_halal_pharma_18th_october_2020_0.pdf}}</ref> Frequently, these products contain animal by-products or other ingredients that are not permissible for Muslims to eat or use on their bodies. Foods which are not considered halal for Muslims to consume include blood<ref>[http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-5/verse-3/ Quran Surah Al-Maaida ( Verse 3 )]</ref> and intoxicants such as [[alcoholic beverage]]s.<ref>[http://irebd.com/quran/english/surah-5/verse-90/ Quran Surah Al-Maidah ( Verse 90 )]</ref>

A Muslim who would otherwise starve to death is allowed to eat non-halal food if there is no halal food available.<ref name="forbidden_food_1" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Islam |last=Maqsood |first=Rubaiyat Waris |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-340-60901-9 |series=Teach Yourself World Faiths |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/islam0000maqs/page/204 204] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000maqs}}</ref> 

Several food companies offer halal processed foods and products, including halal [[foie gras]], [[spring roll]]s, [[chicken nugget]]s, [[ravioli]], [[lasagna]], [[pizza]] and [[baby food]].<ref name=":0" /> Halal [[TV dinner|ready meals]] are a growing consumer market for Muslims in Britain and America and are offered by an increasing number of retailers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2014/07/04/halal-la-carte |title=Halal la carte |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613 |access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref>

Opinions on [[genetically modified crops|GMO foods]] are mixed, although there is no widely accepted prohibition from consuming them.<ref name="BMC">Omobowale EB, Singer PA, Daar AS. (2009) [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/9/18 The three main monotheistic religions and gm food technology: an overview of perspectives.] BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2009 Aug 22;9:18.</ref> Some clerics and scholars have expressed support, arguing that such food production methods are halal because they contribute to human well-being.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/event/2019/07/25/islamic-scholars-back-agricultural-innovations-as-halal|title=Islamic scholars back agricultural innovations as 'halal'|date=25 July 2019|website=Dhaka Tribune|author-first1=Kamrul|author-last1=Hasan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmingfuturebd.com/|title=Farming Future Bangladesh|first=Farming Future|last=Bangladesh|website=Farming Future Bangladesh}}</ref> Voices in opposition to GMOs argue that there is no need for genetic modification of food crops because God created everything perfectly and man does not have any right to manipulate anything that God has created.<ref name="BMC" /> Some others have raised concern about the theoretical consumption of specific GMO foods produced using genes from pigs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yahyayunus.net/2.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430161013/http://www.yahyayunus.net/2.html|url-status=dead|title=yahyayunus.net|archivedate=30 April 2009|website=www.yahyayunus.net}}</ref>

===Halal meat===
{{main|Dhabihah}}
[[File:HalalMeat.jpg|thumb|Halal meat section at a grocery store in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]]]
Muslims believe in what they see as the ethical treatment of animals. Halal practices align with this philosophy by promoting kindness, compassion, and humane treatment throughout the entire lifecycle of the animal. The emphasis on swift and painless slaughter respects the animal's dignity and minimizes suffering.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahman |first1=Sira |title=Religion and Animal Welfare—An Islamic Perspective |journal=Animals |date=17 February 2017 |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/ani7020011 |pmid=28218670 |pmc=5332932 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Halal meat must come from a supplier that uses halal practices. {{transliteration|ar|[[Dhabihah|Dhabīḥah]]}} ({{lang|ar|ذَبِيْحَة}}) is the prescribed method of slaughter for all meat sources, excluding fish and other sealife, per Islamic law. This method of [[Animal slaughter|slaughtering animals]] consists of using a sharp knife to make an incision that cuts the front of the [[throat]], [[Esophagus|oesophagus]] and [[jugular vein]]s but not the [[spinal cord]].<ref name="halalcertification.ie">{{cite web |url=http://halalcertification.ie/halal/islamic-method-of-slaughtering/ |title=Islamic Method of Slaughtering – Department of Halal Certification |work=halal certification.ie}}</ref> The head of an animal that is slaughtered using halal methods should be aligned with the {{transliteration|ar|[[qiblah]]}} (the direction a Muslim faces when praying){{citation needed|date=October 2024}}. In addition to the direction, permitted animals should be slaughtered upon utterance of the Islamic prayer "[[Basmala|Bismillah]], Allahu Akbar" (In the name of God, God is greatest).<ref name="Qasim">{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Qazi Mujahidul Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1BiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |title=The Islamic Concept of Animal Slaughter: احكام الذبيحة من المنظور الاسلامي [انكليزي] ترجمة |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية |isbn=978-2-7451-6060-7 |language=en |page=44:47}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://halalcertification.ie/islamic-method-of-slaughtering/ | title=Islamic Method of Slaughtering }}</ref>

The slaughter must be performed by a Muslim.<ref name="Department of Halal Certification E">{{cite web |title=Department of Halal Certification EU |url=https://halalcertification.ie/islamic-method-of-slaughtering/ |website=Department of Halal Certification EU}}</ref> [[Carrion]] (carcasses of dead animals, such as animals who died in the wild) cannot be eaten.<ref name="forbidden_food_1" /> Additionally, an animal that has been strangled, beaten (to death), killed by a fall, gored (to death), savaged by a beast of prey (unless finished off by a human), or sacrificed on a stone altar cannot be eaten.<ref name="forbidden_food_2">{{Cite Quran|5|3}}</ref>

====Compatibility with other religions====
{{main|Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws|Christian dietary laws|Diet in Sikhism}}
Animals slaughtered by [[People of the Book]] ([[Jews]] and [[Christians]]) can also be considered halal if the slaughter is carried out by jugular slice, the blood drained and the name of Allah invoked.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conditions of Eating Meat Slaughtered by Jews and Christians - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/88206/conditions-of-eating-meat-slaughtered-by-jews-and-christians |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=islamqa.info |language=en}}</ref> As a result, [[kosher]] meat is permitted by some Muslim communities, and is sometimes substituted for halal meat.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justislam.co.uk/can-eat-meat-from-christian-jewish-butcher-p-168.html?osCsid=laoughfj7skfoc838t3951qtu6 |title=Lawful Foods |publisher=Just Islam |quote=Now in the case of Jews this is very easy. As long as the Jew is a practicing Jew and the meat is slaughtered in accordance with Jewish law (''Torat Moshe'') then this meat and other Kosher food is lawful (''halal'') and can be eaten by Muslims. |access-date=2 May 2014}}</ref>

[[Sikhism]] forbids eating meat from animals that were [[Kutha meat|slaughtered slowly or with religious ritual]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Aditya |date=2020-05-14 |title=Why Hindutva Outfits Are Calling for a Boycott of Halal Products |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/boycott-halal-products-hindutva-muslims-jhatka-meat |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> referred to as ''kutha meat''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Karen Pechilis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA242 |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |author2=Selva J. Raj |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=242 |quote=The Sikh Rahit Maryada forbids hair cutting, adultery, the use of intoxicants, and the eating of kutha meat, or meat of an animal or fowl slaughtered slowly.}}</ref> This includes halal meat preparation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=What does this mean in practice? - Animal rights - GCSE Religious Studies Revision |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zppykqt/revision/6 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=BBC Bitesize |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-16 |title='Halal' or 'jhatka'? Punjab govt advised to make eateries disclose meat category |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/halal-or-jhatka-punjab-govt-advised-to-make-eateries-disclose-meat-category-101639670248101.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-26 |title='Halal' meat against Hinduism, Sikhism, restaurants must specify: South Delhi body |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/halal-meat-against-hinduism-sikhism-restaurants-must-specify-south-delhi-body-7120423/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Netizens slam BCCI for making Halal meat compulsory for Indian cricket team; raise questions on new diet plan |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/netizens-slam-bcci-for-making-halal-meat-compulsory-for-indian-cricket-team-raise-questions-on-new-diet-plan |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> The religiously recommended method of slaughter among [[Sikhs]], known as {{transliteration|pa|[[jhatka]]}}, is likewise incompatible with halal principles,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science-of-meat/articleshow/11672654.cms |title=Science of meat |author=Kounteya Sinha, Amit Bhattacharya & Anuradha Varma |date=27 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as with this method not all of the blood is drained from the meat.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/halal-versus-jhatka-both-schools-of-slaughter-have-meat-in-their-arguments-162696 |title=Halal versus jhatka: Both schools of slaughter have meat in their arguments |author=M Hasan |date=4 April 2022 |publisher=News Nine}}</ref>

====Concerns for animal welfare====
[[File:Old_butchery_shop_at_puran_dhaka.jpg|thumb|Butchery Shop in [[Old Dhaka]]]]
[[File:Eidpakistan.jpg|[[Eid al-Adha]] Islamic holiday in Pakistan|thumb]]
[[Stunning]] of the animal is not allowed before slaughtering, unless necessary to calm down a violent animal.<ref name="Department of Halal Certification E" /> However, the [[UK Food Standards Agency]] figures from 2011 suggest that 84% of cattle, 81% of sheep and 88% of chickens slaughtered for halal meat were stunned before they died. Supermarkets selling halal products also report that all animals are stunned before they are slaughtered. [[Tesco]], for example, says "the only difference between the halal meat it sells and other meat is that it was blessed as it was killed."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27324224 |title=What is halal meat? |first=Nick |last=Eardley |work=BBC News |date=12 May 2014 }}</ref> Concerns about animal suffering from slaughter without prior stunning has resulted in the ban of slaughter of unstunned animals in [[Denmark]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Belgium]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]] and [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dutch-religion-slaughter-idUSTRE75R4E420110628 |title=Dutch vote to ban religious slaughter of animals |author=Sekularac, Ivana |date=28 June 2011 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/02/25/comment-danish-halal-kosher-ban-leaves-religious-groups-nowhere-turn |title=Comment: Danish halal, kosher ban leaves religious groups with nowhere to turn |date=25 February 2014 |work=[[Special Broadcasting Service]] |access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref>

===Certification===
[[File:HalalIndiaCertificate.jpg|thumb|An example of a halal certificate from India]]

Certification for halal products is given by legal authorities in most [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority]] countries, while in other countries, it is voluntarily acquired by companies and issued by non-governmental organizations for an annual fee.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last1=Ganeshan |first1=Balakrishna |last2=John |first2=Haritha |date=2022-04-05 |title=What exactly is halal certification for meat and non-meat products? Explained |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-exactly-halal-certification-meat-and-non-meat-products-explained-162610 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Halal certification in the US ====
Halal certifications are provided by a number of agencies in the United States. Depending on how the certification will be used for domestic or international export, the certification may need to be done by a qualified entity. If it's for domestic use a local agency with proper knowledge, training and background can issue a halal certificate. If the certificate is going to be used for export then the halal certifier needs to be accredited by the country the halal product is being exported to. A company that needs to certify its product must do their due diligence when hiring a certifier. There are a number of halal certifiers in the US including ISWA Halal; ISA Halal; Halal Monitoring Services (HMS), based out of [[Chicago]], Illinois;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hmsusa.org/|title=Halal Monitoring Services - Home|website=hmsusa.org}}</ref> and the Halal Food Standards Alliance of America (HFSAA), based out of [[Oakland, California]].<ref name="Halal food outrage2">{{cite news |last1=Masanauskas |first1=John |date=18 July 2014 |title=Halal food outrage from anti-Islam critics |work=[[Herald Sun]] |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/halal-food-outrage-from-antiislam-critics/story-e6frf7jo-1226992523050 |url-status=dead |accessdate=4 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427151510/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/halal-food-outrage-from-antiislam-critics/story-e6frf7jo-1226992523050 |archive-date=2015-04-27}}</ref> Another agency that can help companies identify and screen the proper halal certifier is the [https://halalexpousa.com/ushc/ US Halal Consultants] based in Fairfax, Virginia.

==== Criticism ====
In Australia, [[Halal certification in Australia|halal food certification]] has been criticized by groups who claim that certifying foods as halal leads to consumers subsidizing a particular religious belief.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/why-halal-certification-is-in-turmoil-20141227-12cmd3.html |title=Why halal certification is in turmoil |date=28 December 2014 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |last=Johnson |first=Chris |access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> [[Australian Federation of Islamic Councils]] spokesman [[Keysar Trad]] told a journalist in July 2014 that this was an attempt to exploit [[Islamophobia in Australia|anti-Muslim sentiments in Australia]].<ref name="Halal food outrage3">{{cite news |last1=Masanauskas |first1=John |date=18 July 2014 |title=Halal food outrage from anti-Islam critics |work=[[Herald Sun]] |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/halal-food-outrage-from-antiislam-critics/story-e6frf7jo-1226992523050 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427151510/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/halal-food-outrage-from-antiislam-critics/story-e6frf7jo-1226992523050 |archive-date=2015-04-27 |access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> A study in 2022 showed that halal certifications did not necessarily reflect the extent to which a halal product came about in whole, and called for greater means of assurance and transparent qualitative methods of halal certification.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=El Daouk |first=Mohamad |date=2022-01-01 |title=Introducing ḥalāl to construction supply chains in the UK's construction sector |url=https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2022-0016 |journal=Journal of Islamic Marketing |pages=2385–2403 |volume=14 |issue=10 |doi=10.1108/JIMA-01-2022-0016 |s2cid=252059540 |issn=1759-0833}}</ref>

=== Business ===
The [[Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] estimated the global industry value of halal food consumer purchases to be $1.1 trillion in 2013, accounting for 16.6 percent of the global food and beverage market, with an annual growth of 6.9 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zawya.com/story/Dubai_Chamber_Report_shows_increasing_preference_for_halal_food_as_global_market_grows_to_US11_trillion_in_2013-ZAWYA20140810094306/ |title=Dubai Chamber Report shows increasing preference for halal food as global market grows to US$1.1 trn {{!}} Zawya |website=www.zawya.com |access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> Growth regions include [[Indonesia]] ($197 million market value in 2012) and [[Turkey]] ($100 million).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fdfworld.com/production/206/REPORT:-Consumer-Demand-for-Halal-is-On-the-Rise |title=REPORT: Consumer Demand for Halal is on the Rise |website=www.fdfworld.com |access-date=31 August 2016 |archive-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911020925/http://www.fdfworld.com/production/206/REPORT:-Consumer-Demand-for-Halal-is-On-the-Rise |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[European Union]] market for halal food has an estimated annual growth of around 15 percent and is worth an estimated $30 billion,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Halal%20Food%20Market_Paris_France_11-15-2013.pdf |title=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service – Halal Food Market |access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> approximately $8 billion of which are accounted for in France.<ref name=":1">"Halal Food Market". ''Gain.fas.usda.gov'', Growth Agricultural Information Network, 15 November 2015, gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent GAIN Publications/Halal Food Market_Paris_France_11-15-2013.pdf. Accessed Nov.2018 1:00 pm</ref>

The halal food and beverage industry has also made a significant impact on supermarkets and other food business such as restaurants. French supermarkets had halal food sales totalling $210 million in 2011, a 10.5% growth from five years prior. In France, the market for halal foods is even larger than the market for other types of common foods. For example, in 2010, the market for halal foods and beverages in France was nearly twice that of organic foods.<ref name=":1" /> [[Auchan]], a large French supermarket chain, now sells 80 certified halal meat products, along with 30 pre-cooked halal meals and 40 frozen halal products. Upscale restaurants and catering services have also added halal foods to their menus. In addition, many beverage companies such as [[Evian]] have taken the effort to add a halal stamp on their products to show that their water and other beverages are pure and not haram or forbidden under Islamic law.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/world/europe/09france.html |title=Halal Food in France Takes an Upscale Turn |last=Baume |first=Maïa de la |date=8 September 2010 |work=The New York Times |access-date=8 November 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

===Interaction with global regulation===
Halal standards and regulations have been considered as an obstacle to international trade while the discrimination towards import products also lacks transparency. Trade disputes related to halal have emerged even among Muslim and Islamic countries, for instance at the regional level within the ASEAN.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johan |first1=Eva |last2=Schebesta |first2=Hanna |date=2022-03-01 |title=Religious Regulation Meets International Trade Law: Halal Measures, a Trade Obstacle? Evidence from the SPS and TBT Committees |journal=Journal of International Economic Law |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=61–73 |doi=10.1093/jiel/jgac003 |issn=1369-3034|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Matrix of actual cases on NTMs/trade barriers |url=https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/Matrix-of-Actual-Cases-as-of-26-April-21.pdf |website=ASEAN portal}}</ref>

==== European Union ====
On 17 December 2020, the [[Court of Justice of the European Union]] ruled that member countries may ban religious slaughter to promote [[animal welfare]] and could impose non-lethal stunning before the killing of animals. The ruling was in response to a challenge to a 2017 Flemish government prohibition on the killing of animals without prior non-lethal (also called reversible) stunning by Jewish and Muslim associations.<ref name="Politico">{{cite news |last=Nelsen |first=Arthur |date=17 December 2020 |title=EU states can ban kosher and halal ritual slaughter, court rules |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-states-can-ban-kosher-and-halal-ritual-slaughter-court-rules/ |newspaper=Politico}}</ref>

==== India ====
{{Main|Hindu–Islamic relations#Foods}}
The Muslim community has been receptive of halal food and certification.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title='Discrimination based on religion…": Owaisi on Muslim vendor row in Karnataka |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/discrimination-based-on-religion-owaisi-on-muslim-vendor-row-in-karnataka-101648730953613.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-25 |title=The Halal certification in the food industry and this meanings |url=https://www.btsa.com/en/halal-certification-food-industry/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=BTSA |language=en-US}}</ref> Members of the right-wing [[Hindutva]] groups in India have protested against the sale of Halal food in India. [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] and other Hindutva groups have run door to door campaigns in the state of [[Karnataka]], asking people not to purchase halal meat. In March 2022 the Hindutva group Bajrang Dal physically attacked a Muslim meat seller, five persons were arrested in the incident. In March 2022, [[C. T. Ravi]], national general secretary for the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, referred to halal food as "economic jihad".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslim Meat Seller Attacked as Karnataka Hindutva Groups Now Train Focus on 'Halal' Meat |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/karnataka-halal-meat-muslim-hindutva |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
{{As of|August 2012}}, an estimated 27 UK [[Tesco]] supermarkets, in addition to most urban [[Asda]] and many [[Morrisons]] supermarkets, had halal meat counters, selling meat approved for consumption by Muslims.<ref name="halalTesco">{{cite news |title=National Halal Centre |url=http://www.nationalhalal.com/viewlocator.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308212651/http://www.nationalhalal.com/viewlocator.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 March 2010 |work=National Halal Food Group |publisher=National Halal Food Group |date=20 August 2012 |access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> According to the Food Standards Agency Animal Welfare Update report, published September 2017, 16 percent of animals slaughtered by the halal method were not stunned before slaughter, which violates [[RSPCA]] standards on animal welfare.<ref name="halal RSPCA">{{cite news |title=Religious Slaughter – RSPCA |url=https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/farm/slaughter/religiousslaughter |publisher=RSPCA |access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> However, it is legal in the UK due to an exemption in the law granted to Jews and Muslims.<ref>{{cite web |quote=The stunning of livestock before slaughter has been compulsory in the EU since 1979 but most member states, including the UK, grant exemptions to Muslims and Jews. |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/politics/2012/05/halal-hysteria |title=Halal hysteria |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=9 May 2012}}</ref>

== Non-food applications ==
{{main|Halal tourism|Islamic banking and finance}}
In addition to food and diet, a halal lifestyle can include [[Halal tourism|travel]], [[Islamic banking and finance|finance]], clothing, media, recreation, cosmetics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cf.cdn.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/best_practice_halal_life_indonesia.pdf |title=Halal Lifestyle in Indonesia – UN World Tourism Organization |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920170939/http://cf.cdn.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/best_practice_halal_life_indonesia.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halal lifestyle can even involve professional practises ranging from industrial and manufacturing logistics to supply chains.<ref name=":3" />

=== Pharmaceuticals ===
Some Muslims refrain from using pharmaceuticals that are not halal. This distinction is most noticeably practiced in [[Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Halal And Haram Medicines (Islamic Perspective) |url=http://www.myhealth.gov.my/en/halal-haram-medicines-islamic-perspective/ |website=PORTAL MyHEALTH |date=8 November 2016}}</ref> which has a large halal pharmaceutical industry, complete with government regulations to make sure the products are {{transliteration|ar|tayyib}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332671712|title=Prospects of Halal Pharmaceuticals}}</ref> On the other hand, the Quran obliges Muslims to seek treatment, including preventive ones, for diseases regardless of what the care provider believes in.<ref name="AU">{{cite web |last1=Hussain |first1=Shadim |title=Why are some Muslims suspicious of a COVID-19 vaccine? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/overcoming-muslim-reticence-toward-covid-vaccine/12927958 |website=ABC Religion & Ethics |language=en |date=27 November 2020}}</ref> In particular, medicines containing animal products like [[gelatin]] have been deemed permissible by a 1995 council of Islamic jurisprudents, making such distinction unnecessary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.immunize.org/concerns/porcine.pdf |title=(Form letter EDB.7/3 P6/61/3) |publisher=World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean |date=2001-07-17 |author=Gezairy HA |access-date=2009-05-12}}</ref> The decentralized nature of Islam allows both opinions to exist.

===Vaccines===
{{see also|Vaccination and religion}}
The controversy over pharmaceuticals has led to the refusal of childhood vaccination in some Muslim-majority countries,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Ali |last2=Lee |first2=Kah S. |last3=Bukhsh |first3=Allah |last4=Al-Worafi |first4=Yaser M. |last5=Sarker |first5=Md. Moklesur R. |last6=Ming |first6=Long C. |last7=Khan |first7=Tahir M. |title=Outbreak of vaccine-preventable diseases in Muslim majority countries |journal=Journal of Infection and Public Health |date=March 2018 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=153–155 |doi=10.1016/j.jiph.2017.09.007 |pmid=28988775 |doi-access=free}}</ref> despite many religious leaders expressly endorsing vaccination.<ref name="aap">{{cite web |title=Religious Views of Vaccination At-A-Glance |url=https://www.maineaap.org/assets/docs/Religious-Views-of-Vaccination-At-a-Glance.pdf |website=Maine Chapter, American Academy of Pediatrics}}</ref> It is also a concern in the rollout of the [[COVID-19 vaccine]].<ref name="AU" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Birmingham mosque becomes UK's first to offer Covid vaccine |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-55752056 |website=BBC News |date=21 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Paddock |first1=Richard C. |title=Is the Vaccine Halal? Indonesians Await the Answer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/world/asia/indonesia-sinovac-vaccine-halal.html |website=The New York Times |date=5 January 2021}}</ref>

=== Personal care ===
[[Feminine hygiene]] products and nappies have been certified as halal in Malaysia. Such certification is not required by the religion, nor is there a demand from Muslims. Critics{{who|date=May 2021}} consider such "unnecessary" certification as little more than a marketing [[gimmick]], e.g., halal labels on clearly vegetarian soft drinks or naturally grown food items like cereals, pulses, vegetables and processed foods made exclusively from vegetable products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.salaamgateway.com/story/malaysian-company-says-halal-certification-for-its-diapers-sanitary-pads-signal-safety-and-quality-b|title=Malaysian company says halal certification for its diapers, sanitary pads signal safety and quality but experts question motives|first=Salaam|last=Gateway|website=Salaam Gateway - Global Islamic Economy Gateway}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=May 2021}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam|Animals|Food}}
{{div col}}
* [[Islamic ethics]]
* {{transliteration|ar|[[Al-Jami'a]]}}, a Shi'a text which contains all the details of halal things.
* {{transliteration|ar|[[Istihlal]]}}
* [[Halal certification in Australia]]
* [[Halal certification in Europe]]
* [[Food and drink prohibitions]]
* [[Kashrut]] (Jewish dietary laws)
* [[Christian dietary laws]]
* [[Scottish pork taboo]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* Yungman, Limor, "Food", in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I.

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|halal}}
{{Commons category|Halal}}
{{Cookbook|Halal}}

* [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-27324224 What is halal meat?]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130504025051/http://www.halalworld.org/home?lang=en Halal World certificate]

{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Halal food|*]]
[[Category:Food law]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Ritual slaughter]]
[[Category:Ritual purity in Islam]]