Editing Hammersmith Bridge

{{short description|Suspension bridge in London, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox bridge
| image         = Hammersmith Bridge 2008 06 19.jpg
| bridge_name   = Hammersmith Bridge
| caption       = 
| official_name = 
| locale        = [[London]], England
| carries       = [[A306 road#Triple-digit roads|A306 road]]
| crosses       = [[River Thames]]
| preceded      = [[Barnes Railway Bridge]]
| followed      = [[Putney Bridge]]
| maint         = [[Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council]]
| open          = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1827|10|6}} (first bridge)<br />{{Start date and age|df=yes|1887|6|11}} (current bridge)
| below         = 
| traffic       = 
| design        = [[Suspension bridge]]
| toll          = 
| mainspan      = {{convert|400|ft|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Hammersmith Bridge |url=https://historicbridges.org/bridges/browser/?bridgebrowser=unitedkingdom/hammersmith/ |publisher=Historic Bridges |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref>
| length        = {{convert|700|ft|abbr=on}}
| width         = {{convert|43|ft|abbr=on}}
| embedded={{infobox designation list
| embed=yes
| designation1 = Grade II*
| designation1_offname =Hammersmith Bridge
| designation1_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1970|5|12}}
| designation1_number = 1079819
}}
| coordinates         = {{coord|51|29|18|N|0|13|49|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| clearance_below     = {{convert|3.5|m|ft}} [[Mean high water springs|MHWS]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pla.co.uk/Safety/Thames-Bridges-Heights |title=Thames Bridges Heights |publisher=Port of London Authority}}</ref>
| lanes               = 2 (motor vehicles)
| designer            = [[William Tierney Clark]] (first bridge)<br /> [[Joseph Bazalgette]] (current bridge)
| builder             = Dixon, Appleby & Thorne (current bridge)
| begin               = 1825 (first bridge)<br /> 1884 (current bridge)
| complete            = 1827 (first bridge)<br /> 1887 (current bridge)
| cost                = £80,000 (first bridge)<br /> £82,117 (current bridge)
| number_spans        = 3
| inaugurated         = 6 October 1827 (first bridge)<br /> 11 June 1887 (current bridge)
| rebuilt             = 1884–1887
| closed              = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2019|4|10}} (motor vehicles)
| material            = Steel, wrought iron, cast iron, plywood
| material2           = Stone
|pierswater    = 2
}}

'''Hammersmith Bridge''' is a [[suspension bridge]] that crosses the [[River Thames]] in west [[London]]. It links the southern part of [[Hammersmith]] in the [[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham]], on the north side of the river, with [[Barnes, London|Barnes]] in the [[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames]], on the south side of the river. The current bridge, which is [[listed building|Grade II* listed]] and was designed by [[civil engineer]] Sir [[Joseph Bazalgette]], is the second permanent bridge on the site,<ref name=listing>{{NHLE |num=1079819 |desc=Hammersmith Bridge |date=12 May 1970 |access-date=26 May 2015}}</ref> and has been attacked three times by the [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]].

The bridge was closed indefinitely to all motor traffic in April 2019 after cracks were discovered in the bridge's pedestals.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-47891838 |title=Hammersmith Bridge 'closed indefinitely' |date=11 April 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=12 April 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The closure was extended to pedestrians and cyclists between August 2020<ref name=ESAug20>{{cite web |title=Hammersmith Bridge fully closed following fresh safety concerns |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/hammersmith-bridge-closure-a4524336.html |website=Evening Standard |access-date=13 August 2020 |language=en |date=13 August 2020 |first=Daniel |last=O'Mahony}}</ref> and July 2021 when limited use resumed. Further work and intermittent closures continued until April 2025, when the resurfaced wooden roadway was reopened to pedestrians and cyclists.

==History==
===Origins===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Hammersmith Bridge Act 1824
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act for building a Bridge over the River Thames, from the Hamlet of Hammersmith in the County of Middlesex, to the Parish of Barnes in the County of Surrey, and for making convenient Roads and Avenues to communicate with such Bridge.
| year                  = 1824
| citation              = [[5 Geo. 4]]. c.cxii
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 9 June 1824
| commencement          = 
| expiry_date           = 
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = {{ubli|Hammersmith Bridge Act 1828}}
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = repealed
| legislation_history   = 
| theyworkforyou        = 
| millbankhansard       = 
| original_text         = 
| revised_text          = 
| use_new_UK-LEG        = 
| UK-LEG_title          = 
| collapsed             = yes
}}
A group of local people proposed a new bridge at Hammersmith rather than detouring to either [[Kew Bridge]] or [[Putney Bridge]] to cross the river.<ref name=prettiest>{{cite web |url=https://londonhistorians.wordpress.com/2018/07/19/hammersmith-londons-prettiest-bridge/ |title=Hammersmith: London's Prettiest Bridge |first=Brian |last=Cookson |via=London Historians' Blog |work=London Historians Members' Newsletter |date=August 2014}}</ref> The construction of the bridge was first sanctioned by an [[act of Parliament]], the '''{{visible anchor|Hammersmith Bridge Act 1824}}''' ([[5 Geo. 4]]. c.cxii), on 9 June 1824, which established the Hammersmith Bridge Company.<ref name=lma>{{cite web |url=https://search.lma.gov.uk/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/LMA_OPAC/web_detail?SESSIONSEARCH&exp=refd%20DD/0478 |publisher=City of London Corporation |website=London Metropolitan Archives |id=DD/0478 |title=Hammersmith Bridge Company}}</ref> Work began on site the following year, and the bridge was opened on 6 October 1827.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Hammersmith Suspension Bridge |work=[[The Times]] |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=&docId=CS34755913&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |date=9 October 1827 |page=2 |issue=13405 |access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> Construction of the bridge cost some £80,000 (equivalent to £{{inflation|UK|0.080|start_year=1824|r=1}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|UK}}).{{Inflation/fn|UK}}

{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Hammersmith Bridge Act 1828
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act for altering and amending an Act passed in the Fifth Year of His present Majesty, for building a Bridge over the River Thames at Hammersmith, and for making convenient Roads to communicate therewith.
| year                  = 1828
| citation              = [[9 Geo. 4]]. c. lii
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 23 May 1828
| commencement          = 
| expiry_date           = 
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = 
| replaces              = {{ubli|Hammersmith Bridge Act 1824}}
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = {{ubli|[[Local Law (Greater London Council and Inner London Boroughs) Order 1965]]}}
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = repealed
| legislation_history   = 
| theyworkforyou        = 
| millbankhansard       = 
| original_text         = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo4/9/52/pdfs/ukla_18280052_en.pdf
| revised_text          = 
| use_new_UK-LEG        = 
| UK-LEG_title          = 
| collapsed             = yes
}}
It was the first [[suspension bridge]] over the [[River Thames]] and was designed by [[William Tierney Clark]].<ref>{{cite web|title=William Tierney Clark|url=http://www.londonremembers.com/subjects/william-tierney-clark|publisher=London Remembers}}</ref>{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=373}} A further act of Parliament, the '''{{visible anchor|Hammersmith Bridge Act 1828}}''' ([[9 Geo. 4]]. c. lii) was obtained in 1828. The acts also included powers to acquire land by [[compulsory purchase in England and Wales|compulsory purchase]] in order to build approach roads, and required the company to purchase the entire [[Barn Elms]] estate (the surplus land was subsequently sold).<ref name=lma/>

Hammersmith Bridge Road in Hammersmith was also constructed with the bridge, together with Upper Bridge Road (now [[Castelnau, London|Castelnau]]) and Lower Bridge Road (now Lonsdale Road) in Barnes. It was operated as a [[toll bridge]], with the toll house located at the Hammersmith end of the bridge.

The bridge had a clear water-way of {{convert|688|ft|8|in}}. Its suspension towers were {{convert|48|ft}} above the level of the roadway, where they were {{convert|22|ft}} thick. The roadway was slightly curved upwards, {{convert|16|ft}} above [[high water]], and the extreme length from the back of the piers on shore was {{convert|822|ft|8|in}}, supporting {{convert|688|ft}} of roadway. There were eight chains, composed of [[wrought-iron]] bars, each five inches deep and one thick. Four of these had six bars in each chain; and four had only three, making thirty-six bars, which form a dip in the centre of about {{convert|29|ft}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Memoir of Suspension Bridges: Comprising The History Of Their Origin And Progress |url=https://archive.org/details/amemoirsuspensi01drewgoog |last=Drewry |first=Charles Stewart |year=1832 |publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman |location=London |pages=82–88, and [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw8LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT23 endplates] |access-date=13 June 2009}}</ref> From these, vertical rods were suspended, which supported the roadway, formed of strong timbers covered with granite. The width of the carriageway was {{convert|20|ft}}, with two footways of {{convert|5|ft}}. The chains passed over the suspension towers, and were secured to the piers on each shore. The suspension towers were built of stone, and designed as archways of the [[Tuscan order]]. The approaches were provided with octagonal lodges, or toll-houses, with appropriate lamps and parapet walls, terminating with stone pillars, surmounted with ornamental caps.

In order to increase profits, the company built a floating steamboat pier to the downstream side of the suspension pier closest to Barnes.<ref name=lma/>

By the 1870s, the bridge was no longer strong enough to support the weight of heavy traffic and the owners were alarmed in 1870 when 11,000 to 12,000 people crowded onto the bridge to watch the [[University Boat Race]],<ref name=listing/> which passes underneath just before the halfway point of its [[The Championship Course|{{convert|4+1/4|mi|0|adj=on}} course]].

The [[Metropolitan Board of Works]] purchased the bridge from the Hammersmith Bridge Company in 1880 under the [[Metropolis Toll Bridges Act 1877]] ([[40 & 41 Vict.]] c. xcix),<ref name=lma/> and transferred the approach roads to the local authorities ([[Fulham District Board of Works]] and the Parish of Barnes). The tolls were removed from the bridge on 26 June 1880.<ref name=lma/>

There were no immediate plans to replace the bridge, which remained sound, until a boat collided with it in 1882 causing damage, and leading to the [[Metropolitan Board of Works (Bridges, &c.) Act 1883]] that authorised the construction of a replacement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://londonhistorians.wordpress.com/2011/06/18/birthday-greetings-a-bridge-most-fair/ |title=Birthday Greetings: A Bridge Most Fair |website=London Historians' Blog |date=18 June 2011 |access-date=12 October 2021 |first=Mike |last=Paterson}}</ref> In 1884 a temporary bridge was put up to allow a more limited cross-river traffic while a replacement was constructed.<ref name=listing/>

[[File:Hammersmith Bridge 1827 - Project Gutenberg etext 12595.png|thumb|600px|Engraving of the first Hammersmith Bridge, completed 1827|center]]

=== 1880s construction ===

[[File:Joseph Bazalgette by Lock & Whitfield.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Joseph Bazalgette]] designed the bridge.]]

The current Hammersmith Bridge was designed by Sir [[Joseph Bazalgette]] and rests on the same pier foundations constructed for Tierney Clark's original structure. As built, the carriageway was 27 feet 2 inches wide, narrowing to 19 feet 9 inches between the towers, with two footways of 5 feet 10 inches. The maximum headway above high water was 15 feet 1 inch<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Report of the Royal Commission on Cross-River Traffic in London |collaboration=Royal Commission on Cross-River Traffic in London |date=1926 |publisher=HMSO |year=1926 |location=London |pages=54}}</ref>.

The new bridge was built by Dixon, Appleby & Thorne and was opened by the [[Edward VII|Prince of Wales]] on 11 June 1887.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thames.me.uk/s00240.htm |title=Where Thames Smooth Waters Glide}}</ref> With much of the supporting structure built of [[wrought iron]], it is {{convert|700|ft}} long and {{convert|43|ft}} wide and cost £82,117 to build (equivalent to £{{inflation|UK|0.082117|start_year=1887|r=1}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|UK}}).{{Inflation/fn|UK}} With the abolition of the Metropolitan Board of Works on 21 March 1889, ownership of Hammersmith Bridge passed to the new [[London County Council]].<ref name="lbhftimeline" />

=== 20th century ===

Near midnight on 27 December 1919, Lieutenant Charles Campbell Wood, a [[South Africa]]n serving as an airman in the [[Royal Air Force]], dived from the upstream footway of the bridge into the Thames to rescue a drowning woman. Although Wood saved her life, he later died from [[tetanus]] as a consequence of his injuries. His act of bravery is commemorated by a plaque on the handrail, which reads: 
{{quote|Lieutenant Charles Campbell Wood RAF<br/>of Bloemfontein, South Africa dived from this spot into<br/>the Thames at midnight 27 Dec. 1919 and saved a woman's life.<br/>He died from the injuries received following the rescue.|}}

The Royal Commission on Cross-River Traffic in London, 1926 recorded that the limited headroom for navigation was considered unsatisfactory and that there was little room for any increase in traffic. It continued<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>Moreover the bridge is so constantly under repair that it is frequently available for only one line of vehicles and is the source of so much delay and congestion of traffic.

We regard it as essential that Hammersmith Bridge should be rebuilt as soon as possible and widened to take four lines of traffic, without restriction of weight.</blockquote>The first attempt by [[Irish republicans]] to destroy Hammersmith Bridge occurred on Wednesday 29 March 1939, when it was attacked by the [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|IRA (of 1922–1969)]] as part of their [[S-Plan]].<ref name="Childs">Diary of London resident Norah Margaret Morris</ref><ref name="Shaking">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/772925.stm |title='The windows started shaking' |work=[[BBC News]] |date=1 June 2000 |access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref> Maurice Childs, a women's hairdresser from nearby [[Chiswick]], was walking home across the bridge at one o'clock in the morning when he noticed smoke and sparks coming from a suitcase that was lying on the walkway.<ref name="Childs" /> He opened it to find a bomb and quickly threw the bag into the river. The resulting explosion sent up a {{convert|60|ft|adj=on}} column of water. Moments later, a second device exploded causing some girders on the west side of the bridge to collapse and windows in nearby houses to shatter. Childs was later awarded an [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] for his quick-thinking. Eddie Connell and William Browne were subsequently jailed for 20 and 10 years respectively for their involvement in the attack.<ref name="Shaking" />

On 1 April 1965, the bridge was transferred to the [[Greater London Council]] (GLC) when it took over from [[London County Council]].<ref name=lbhftimeline/>

In 1986 the GLC was abolished. The [[Local Government Act 1985]] transferred non-[[trunk road#United Kingdom|trunk road]] bridges in their entirety to one of the two London boroughs that each bridge lay within – the choice of borough to be decided between the two councils, or failing agreement, by the Secretary of State for Transport. In addition to the bridge, the London borough taking responsibility also gained 100 yards of approach road from the other borough. For Hammersmith Bridge, on 31 March 1986 the [[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham]] took responsibility.<ref name=lbhftimeline>{{cite web |url=https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/transport-and-roads/hammersmith-bridge/hammersmith-bridge-timeline |title=Hammersmith Bridge timeline |website=London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|date=7 December 2020 }}</ref>

On 26 April 1996, the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Provisional IRA]] [[1996 Hammersmith Bridge bomb|attempted to destroy the bridge]] after installing two large [[Semtex]] devices on the south bank of the Thames. Though the detonators were activated, the bomb, the largest Semtex bomb ever found in Britain at the time,<ref name="Shaking"/> failed to ignite.{{sfn|Weinreb|Hibbert|Keay|Keay|2008|p=373}}<ref name=lbhftimeline/>

At 4:30&nbsp;am on 1 June 2000, the bridge was damaged by a [[Real Irish Republican Army|Real IRA]] bomb planted underneath the Barnes span.<ref name=lbhftimeline/> Following two years of closure for repairs the bridge was reopened with further weight restrictions in place.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,327159,00.html |title=Dissident republicans suspected in Hammersmith bombing |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Mark |last=Tran |date=1 June 2000}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Hammersmith Bridge 1, London, UK - April 2012.jpg|Hammersmith Bridge and riverside, seen from the Hammersmith bank
File:hammersmith.bridge.arp.jpg|Hammersmith Bridge, seen from the Westminster to Kew tourist boat
File:HORR 05.jpg|[[Sport rowing|Rowing]] crews racing under Hammersmith Bridge
File:Hammersmith Bridge, London 12.JPG|End details
File:Hammersmith Bridge, London 08.JPG|Tower
</gallery>

== Renewed structural problems ==

<!--The bridge was refurbished in 1973 with replacement steel trusses, improvements to the mid-span hangers and new deck expansion joints. New deck timbers were installed and surfacing was changed from wooden blocks to coated plywood panels. These panels were subsequently replaced in 1987.{{cn}} In 1984, the Barnes-side tower bearings failed under a heavy load and had to be replaced.{{cn}}-->In February 1997, the bridge was closed to all traffic except buses, bicycles, motorcycles, emergency vehicles and pedestrians to allow further essential repair works. Structural elements of the bridge were corroded or worn, in particular cross girders and deck surfacing, as well as some areas of masonry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hammersmithbridge.co.uk/ |title=Hammersmith Bridge |website=hammersmithbridge.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209062200/http://www.hammersmithbridge.co.uk/ |archive-date=9 December 2007}}</ref><!--The bridge re-opened in July 1998 to all road users, subject to a {{convert|7.5|t|adj=on}} weight restriction and with a priority measure in place for buses. Local bus flow was controlled by [[traffic lights]], and routes (such as the [[London Buses route 72|number 72]]) were required to convert from [[double-decker bus]]es to smaller single-deckers to reduce the load on the bridge.{{cn}} As part of the renovations following the 2000 bomb attack, the bridge received a complete new paint job restoring it to the original colour scheme of 1887, and new lighting was installed.{{cn}}--> The bridge was declared a [[Listed building|Grade II* listed structure]] in 2008, providing protection to preserve its special character from unsympathetic development.<ref name="Listed">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7750180.stm "London bridges get listed status"], ''[[BBC News]]'', 26 November 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref> The bridge was again temporarily closed to traffic to allow repairs in early 2014.<ref name="BBC-25Jan2014">{{cite news |title=Hammersmith Bridge closed for urgent repairs |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-25895028 |access-date=4 May 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=25 January 2014}}</ref> Further repairs and strengthening works were delayed in November 2016 in a wrangle over funding between [[Hammersmith and Fulham Council]] and [[Transport for London]] (TfL). LBHF leader Steven Cowan said: "There's no way that this council is going to spend anything like that money, the majority of this issue is the responsibility of TfL and we will work with them to make sure the bridge is fit for public purpose".<ref name="BBC-30Nov2016">{{cite news |title=Hammersmith Bridge repair works delayed amid funding gap |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-38134617 |access-date=11 April 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=30 November 2016}}</ref>

=== 2019–24 closure ===

With funding for a major refurbishment still not resolved, on 10 April 2019, Hammersmith and Fulham Council closed the bridge indefinitely to motor traffic on safety grounds. Pedestrians and cyclists were allowed to use the bridge.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/transport-and-roads/roads-bridges-and-pavements/hammersmith-bridge-closed |title=Hammersmith Bridge Closed |date=10 April 2019 |access-date=10 April 2019 |publisher=[[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham]]}}</ref><ref name="Prior-11Apr2019">{{cite news |last1=Prior |first1=Grant |title=Critical faults force sudden closure of Hammersmith Bridge |url=http://www.constructionenquirer.com/2019/04/11/critical-faults-cause-sudden-closure-of-hammersmith-bridge/ |access-date=11 April 2019 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref name=lbhftimeline/> On 24 May 2019) the closure was due to cracks in the iron [[foundation (engineering)|pedestals]] which support the structure.<ref name="BBC-24May2019">{{cite news |title=Hammersmith Bridge closed because cracks in pedestals |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-48395371 |access-date=25 May 2019 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=24 May 2019}}</ref> On 10 October 2019, ''Planning in London'' magazine published the results of its competition for a quick fix to Hammersmith Bridge's closure. The winning entry, by marine civil engineers Beckett Rankine, consisted of a prefabricated temporary road and foot bridge downstream of Hammersmith bridge and connecting in to Queen Caroline Street on the Hammersmith side. Beckett Rankine claimed that the bridge's cost could be recouped by charging a toll on vehicles.<ref name="PiL Oct-Dec 2019">{{cite news |title=A quick fix for Hammersmith Bridges |url=http://planninginlondon.com/assets/pil111%20assets/pil111%20PDF%20proof%20pages/HAMMERSMITH%20BRIDGE%20spreads%20pil111%20OCTOBER-DECEMBER%202019.pdf |access-date=11 Feb 2021}}</ref><ref name="Horgan-16)ct2019">{{cite magazine |last1=Horgan |first1=Rob |title=Hammersmith Bridge: Temporary bridge mooted to speed up repairs |url=https://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/hammersmith-bridge-temporary-bridge-mooted-speed-repairs-16-10-2019/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |magazine=New Civil Engineer |date=16 October 2019}}</ref> On 13 August 2020, the structural issues worsened in a heatwave, and the bridge was closed even to cyclists and pedestrians.<ref name=lbhftimeline/> River traffic and pedestrian routes under the bridge were also stopped.<ref name=ESAug20/><ref name=BD>{{cite web |url=https://bdnews24.com/world/europe/2020/09/08/londons-bridges-really-are-falling-down |title=London's bridges really are falling down |date=8 September 2020 |publisher=BD News 24 |access-date=13 September 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Observer">{{cite web |title=London's bridges are falling down: how politics has failed the capital's crossings |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/feb/14/london-bridges-are-falling-down-how-politics-has-failed-the-capitals-crossings |work=[[The Observer]] |last=Moore |first=Rowan |access-date=14 February 2021 |language=en |date=14 February 2021}}</ref> The costs were reported as £141 million to fully repair the bridge and £46 million to stabilise it for use by cyclists and pedestrians. Neither the council nor the transportation authority had this money available.<ref name=BD/>

On 9 September 2020, the [[Secretary of State for Transport]], [[Grant Shapps]] appointed a [[Department for Transport]] task force to investigate the bridge's condition, and work towards reopening the bridge for cyclists and pedestrians, and later the return of motor traffic.<ref name="Morby-10Sep2020">{{cite news |last=Morby |first=Aaron |title=Government task force to reopen Hammersmith Bridge |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2020/09/10/government-forms-task-force-to-reopen-hammersmith-bridge/ |access-date=10 September 2020 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=10 September 2020}}</ref><ref name=lbhftimeline/> In October 2020, it was announced that the bridge would not re-open to vehicles until at least 2027.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-54733776 |title=Hammersmith Bridge 'will not reopen to traffic until 2027' |work=[[BBC News]] |date=29 October 2020 |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> In November 2020, engineers proposed a temporary double-decked steel structure within the existing bridge to allow damaged elements to be removed for repair. The scheme, designed by [[Foster and Partners]] with bridge engineers [[COWI A/S|COWI]], was backed by the local council and presented to Shapps.<ref name="Morby-30Nov2020">{{cite news |last1=Morby |first1=Aaron |title=Double-decker temporary fix for Hammersmith Bridge |url=https://www.constructionenquirer.com/2020/11/30/double-decker-temporary-fix-for-hammersmith-bridge/ |access-date=30 November 2020 |work=Construction Enquirer |date=30 November 2020}}</ref> The scheme, costed at around £100 million, would allow the bridge to reopen for pedestrians and cyclists in the summer of 2021, with cars and vans able to cross two months later, and full restoration by 2023. The proposals were discussed on 19 March 2021 at a meeting of the government's Hammersmith Bridge taskforce, and plans for the work to be funded through a £3 toll scheme were accepted.<ref name="Marshall-22Mar2021">{{cite news |last1=Marshall |first1=Jordan |title=Fosters' plan for Hammersmith Bridge could slash £40m from repair bill |url=https://www.building.co.uk/news/fosters-plan-for-hammersmith-bridge-could-slash-40m-from-repair-bill/5111022.article |access-date=22 March 2021 |work=Building |date=22 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Double deck bridge is going ahead |url=https://www.hammersmithbridge.org.uk/n/n128/it-looks-like-the-double-decker-bridge-is-going-ahead |work=hammersmithbridge.org.uk via BBC tweet}}</ref> In December 2020, reports from [[AECOM]] and [[University of Cambridge]] professor [[Norman Fleck]] suggested that the full closure was overly cautious, and that the bridge could be reopened to cyclists and pedestrians with minimal work.<ref name="Horgan-10Dec2020">{{cite magazine |last=Horgan |first=Rob |title=Hammersmith Bridge could reopen after Aecom rules cracks 'may not be as serious as previously thought' |url=https://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/hammersmith-bridge-could-reopen-after-aecom-rules-cracks-may-not-be-as-serious-as-previously-thought-10-12-2020/ |access-date=11 December 2020 |magazine=New Civil Engineer |date=10 December 2020}}</ref>

===2021: partial reopening===

On 1 June 2021, TfL, Hammersmith and Fulham Council and central government came to a cost-sharing agreement that would reopen the bridge in the near future.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Prynn |first1=Jonathan |last2=Lydall |first2=Ross |date=1 June 2021 |title=Hammersmith Bridge 'set to reopen' as Govt proposes cost-sharing deal |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/hammersmith-bridge-reopen-summer-2021-cost-sharing-deal-government-b938194.html |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=standard.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> The following month, council leader Stephen Cowan announced that the bridge would partially re-open to pedestrians and cyclists from 17 July 2021.<ref name="BBC-15Jul2021">{{cite news |title=Hammersmith Bridge to reopen to pedestrians and cyclists |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-57848290 |access-date=1 June 2022 |work=BBC News |date=15 July 2021}}</ref> A £6 million, 46-week stabilisation plan designed by consultants [[Mott MacDonald]] was approved by the council in August 2021. This was to be the first phase of works. A second phase, involving extensive strengthening and full restoration, was to allow the bridge to reopen to motor vehicles.<ref name="TCI-17Aug2021">{{cite news |title=Mott's £6m plan approved for Hammersmith Bridge |url=https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/news/view/motts-6m-plan-approved-for-hammersmith-bridge |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=The Construction Index |date=17 August 2021}}</ref>

===2022: repairs===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="185px">
File:Hammersmith Bridge footings repair works.jpg|Repair works to the bridge footings
File:Hammersmith Bridge footing cooled in heatwave.jpg|Footing foil-wrapped and cooled in heatwave, with sensors
</gallery>

In February 2022, highways contractor [[FM Conway]] started work on a 10-month first phase of the restoration. The council approved the full £8.9 million cost, hoping that DfT and TfL would reimburse them for their one-third shares.<ref name="TCI-14Feb2022">{{cite news |title=Conway team to start Hammersmith Bridge stabilisation this month |url=https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/news/view/conway-team-to-start-hammersmith-bridge-stabilisation-this-month |access-date=14 February 2022 |work=The Construction Index |date=14 February 2022}}</ref> Completion of this work was delayed a year as steel became hard to procure due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="TCI-13Oct2022"/> In July 2022, the chains were wrapped in foil and cooled with air-conditioning to 13°C during a [[2022 United Kingdom heat wave|heatwave]] to prevent further cracking.<ref>{{cite news |last=Neary |first=Hannah |title=Protective Heat Cover for Hammersmith Bridge To Avoid Closure: Structure swaddled in foil due to extreme temperatures |url=http://www.chiswickw4.com/default.asp?section=community&link=http://neighbournet.com/server/common/ldrshambridge038.htm |access-date=14 July 2022 |work=Chiswick W4 |date=14 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hammersmith Bridge wrapped in foil during heatwave |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-62162687 |access-date=15 July 2022 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 July 2022}}</ref> In October 2022, Hammersmith and Fulham Council agreed to lodge a planning application to temporarily double-deck the bridge to speed up its restoration.<ref name="TCI-13Oct2022">{{cite news |title=Hammersmith council backs double-deck bridge plan |url=https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/news/view/hammersmith-council-backs-double-deck-bridge-plan |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=The Construction Index |date=13 October 2022}}</ref> The council intended to appoint a private sector contractor to design, renovate, finance and maintain the bridge, with the council's construction and ongoing operation and maintenance costs funded by tolls.<ref name="TCI-13Oct2022"/>

=== 2024: partial reopening ===

In February 2024, Hammersmith & Fulham Council reopened the central vehicle lane to cyclists for 10 weeks from 13 February 2024, <ref name="LBHF2024-a581">{{cite web |title=Temporary cycle lanes across Hammersmith Bridge open |website=London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham |date=7 February 2024 |url=https://www.lbhf.gov.uk/news/2024/02/temporary-cycle-lanes-across-hammersmith-bridge-open |access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref> while construction was paused to allow the repair of a {{cvt|130|m|adj=on}} steel gantry damaged in a collision with a boat, MV ''Emerald of London'', in December 2023.<ref name="BBC News 2023 f076">{{cite web |title=Boat carrying football fans gets stuck under Hammersmith Bridge in London |website=BBC News |date=11 December 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-67680559 |access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref> The final stage of the stabilisation works was to be the replacement of the [[Bearing (mechanical)|bridge's bearings]] on the four corner pedestals, following which the council would "review e-mobility options to shuttle residents across the bridge, notably the elderly or disabled".<ref name="LBHF2024-a581"></ref> In January 2024, the cost of repairing the bridge had increased to £250&nbsp;million (US$316&nbsp;million).<ref name="BBC-18Jan2024">{{cite news |title=Hammersmith Bridge: Cost of repairs more than doubles |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-68024233 |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=BBC News |date=18 January 2024}}</ref> A day later, London Mayor [[Sadiq Khan]] said that "I do want that bridge fit for purpose for vehicles" but neither Hammersmith & Fulham Council nor TfL had the money to make it so. TfL's 2024 Business Plan did not include funding for the bridge.<ref name="ES-19Jan2024">{{cite news |title=Sadiq Khan intervenes in Hammersmith bridge saga: 'I want it reopened for cars' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/hammersmith-bridge-reopened-car-drivers-sadiq-khan-b1133494.html |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=Evening Standard |date=19 January 2024}}</ref>

=== 2025: roadway reopened to pedestrians and cyclists ===

After work on the hangers that link the bridge deck to its suspension chains, the roadway was resurfaced. Its deck is of plywood boards, bolted to timber supports; worn boards and some of the timbers were replaced, at a cost of £2.9 million. The bridge reopened to pedestrians and cyclists in April 2025, with the roadway divided into wide pedestrian and cycle lanes. Pedestrians can also use the two outer footways.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Pedestrian and Cycle Lanes Open on Hammersmith Bridge |url=https://www.chiswickw4.com/default.asp?section=community&link=https://neighbournet.com/server/common/hambridge038.htm |publisher=Chiswick W4 |access-date=21 April 2025 |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="185px">
File:Hammersmith Bridge 2024 reopened as cycleway.jpg|February 2024: worn roadway reopened as cycleway
File:Hammersmith Bridge 2025 roadway opened to pedestrians and cyclists.jpg|April 2025: resurfaced roadway opened to pedestrians and cyclists
</gallery>

== Heraldry ==

[[File:Detail, Hammersmith Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 2623088.jpg|thumb|Heraldic shields on the bridge]]

At both the Hammersmith and Barnes ends of the bridge, there is a heraldic composition made up of seven coats of arms. These were formerly painted in their "correct" [[Tincture (heraldry)|heraldic colours]] but have now been painted in the standard colour scheme. In the centre is the [[Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom|royal coat of arms of Queen Victoria]] which is surrounded by six others, representing the area of the Metropolitan Board of Works, from top clockwise the coats of arms of the Borough of [[Guildford]] (representing the county of [[Surrey]]), the [[City and Liberty of Westminster|City of Westminster]], the Borough of [[Colchester]] (representing the County of [[Essex]]), the County of [[Middlesex]], the [[Coat of arms of the City of London|City of London]], and the County of [[Kent]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skydive.ru/en/londons-bridges/265-hammersmith-bridge-part-four.html |title=Hammersmith Bridge – Part Four |work=skydive.ru |access-date=22 July 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201231331/http://www.skydive.ru/en/londons-bridges/265-hammersmith-bridge-part-four.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Crossings of the River Thames]]
* [[Sir John Scott Lillie]] – shareholder in the 1820s Hammersmith Bridge project
* [[List of bridges in London]]

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Sources'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|title=The London Encyclopedia|first1=Ben|last1=Weinreb|first2=Christopher|last2=Hibbert|first3=Julia|last3=Keay|first4=John|last4=Keay|publisher=Macmillan|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4050-4924-5}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Hammersmith Bridge}}
* [https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/collections/collections-online/photographs London Transport Museum Photographic Archive]
** {{LTM archive|1999-1622|Partial view of William Tierney Clark's bridge, circa 1880}} 
* {{Structurae|id=20008011|title=Hammersmith Bridge (1827)}}
* {{Structurae|id=20008013|title=Hammersmith Bridge (1887)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510102126/http://lltv.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=309970 London Landscape TV episode (6 mins) about Hammersmith Bridge]
* [https://www.hammersmithbridge.org.uk/ Information and updates about the 2019 closure of Hammersmith Bridge, and proposals to keep it car-free]
* [https://www.hammersmithbridge.org.uk/n/n92/floating-bridge-and-navigable-pontoon-mooted-for-ferry-service Proposal for floating-pontoon ferry]

{{Crossings navbox
| structure = [[Crossings of the River Thames|Crossings]]
| place = [[River Thames]]
| upstream = [[Barnes Railway Bridge]] (railway) <br /> [[Chiswick Bridge]] (road)
| downstream = [[Putney Bridge]]
| bridge = Hammersmith Bridge <br /> [[British national grid reference system|Grid reference]]: {{gbmappingsmall|TQ229780}}
}}
{{Metropolitan Board of Works}}

{{LB Richmond}}

[[Category:1887 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Barnes, London]]
[[Category:Bridges across the River Thames]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1887]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham]]
[[Category:Former toll bridges in England]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed bridges in London]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames]]
[[Category:Hammersmith]]
[[Category:History of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham]]
[[Category:Suspension bridges in London]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in London]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the United Kingdom in 2000]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames]]
[[Category:Transport in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham]]
[[Category:Transport in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames]]