Editing Hand-kissing

{{Short description|Form of respectful gesture}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Photograph of hand-kissing on 24 April 2018, from- Arrival Ceremony - The Official State Visit of France (39892884320) (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|350x350px|French President [[Emmanuel Macron]] greets U.S. First Lady [[Melania Trump]] by kissing her hand (24 April 2018).]]
'''Hand-kissing''' is a [[greeting]] gesture that indicates courtesy, politeness, respect, admiration, affection or even devotion by one person toward another. A hand-kiss is considered a respectful way for a [[gentleman]] to [[greeting|greet]] a [[lady]].  Today, non-ritual hand-kissing is rare and takes place mostly within conservative class or diplomatic contexts. Today, the hand kiss has largely been replaced by a [[cheek kissing|kiss on the cheek]] or a [[handshake]].

A non-ritual hand-kiss can be initiated by the lady, who would hold out her right hand with the back of the hand facing upward; or by the gentleman extending his right hand with the palm facing upward to invite the lady to put her right hand lightly on it facing downward. The gentleman may bow towards the offered hand and (often symbolically) would touch her knuckles with his lips, while lightly holding the offered hand. However, the lips do not actually touch the hand in modern tradition, especially in a formal environment where any intimate or romantic undertones could be considered inappropriate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-31 |title=Do you know about the secrets of hand-kiss? |url=https://acdebernadac.com/2019/12/31/do-you-know-about-the-secrets-of-hand-kiss/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Academie de Bernadac |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-28 |title=The Hand Kiss - Meaning, History & The Proper Way |url=https://lemetropolelille.com/hand-kiss/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Lemetropolelille}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hand Kissing: a Guide For The Perplexed |url=https://whitebard.tripod.com/handkiss.htm |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=whitebard.tripod.com}}</ref> The gesture is short, lasting less than a second.

==Around the world==
In [[Arab World]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Brunei]], hand-kissing is a common way to greet elder people of all genders, primarily the closest relatives (both parents, grandparents, and uncles or aunts) and teachers. Occasionally, after kissing the hand, the greeter will draw the hand to his own forehead. In the [[Philippines]], the gesture evolved into just touching the hand to the forehead; hand-kissing itself has become a separate kind of gesture that has merged with the European custom concerning when it may be used.

In [[Southern Italy]], especially [[Sicily]], the verbal greeting "I kiss the hands." ({{langx|it|"Bacio le mani."}}) derives from this usage. Similarly, in Hungary the verbal greeting "I kiss your hand." (Hungarian: "Kezét csókolom.") is sometimes used, especially when greeting elders and in rural communities. The shortened version "I kiss it." (Hungarian: "Csókolom.") is more wide spread. A similar expression exists also in Poland (Polish: "Całuję rączki", meaning "I kiss [your] little hands"), although nowadays it's considered obsolete.

In [[Romania]] the gesture is reserved for priests and women and it is common greeting when first introduced to a woman in parts of the country. The verbal expression towards women is "I kiss your hand" (Romanian: "sarut mana" and sometimes shortened to "saru-mana") Towards priests it is sometimes changed into "i kiss your right" due to the belief that the right hand of the priest is holy and blessed regardless of the priest himself and any eventual shortcomings. In the past both parents used to get their hand kissed and seen as a type of blessing, however the expression is now almost exclusively towards women.

==Chivalrous gesture==
{{Multiple image
|total_width=400
|perrow=3
| image1= Kändler Polish hand kiss.jpg
| caption1=''Polish hand kiss'' by [[Johann Joachim Kändler]] (1740s, [[National Museum, Warsaw|National Museum]], [[Warsaw]])
| image2= Handkissing.jpg
| caption2=A nobleman kissing a lady's hand, by [[Pietro Longhi]] (1746)
| image3= Simm In der Theaterloge.jpg
| caption3= In the theatre (19th/20th century)
| image4= Denis Thatcher Nancy Reagan 1988.jpg
| caption4=[[Denis Thatcher]] greets U.S. [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Nancy Reagan]] by kissing her hand (1988)
| image5= Dilma and Prince Felipe.jpg
| caption5=Brazilian President [[Dilma Rousseff]] and [[Felipe VI|Felipe, Prince of Asturias]], during [[First inauguration of Dilma Rousseff|her inaugural ceremony]] (1 January 2011)
| image6=Buckingham Palace reception (52873215831).jpg
| caption6=[[Charles III|King Charles III]] kissing [[Queen Letizia of Spain]]'s hand at a reception on the eve of [[Coronation of Charles III and Camilla|his coronation]] (5 May 2023)
}}
A hand-kiss was considered a respectful way for a [[gentleman]] to [[greeting|greet]] a [[lady]]. The practice originated in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] and the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] courts of the 17th and 18th centuries. The gesture is still at times observed in [[Central Europe]], namely in [[Poland]], [[Austria]] and [[Hungary]], among others.<ref>{{cite book |last=Scott |first=Andy |date=2019 |title=One Kiss or Two?: The Art and Science of Saying Hello |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTuEDwAAQBAJ&dq=hand+kiss+poland+hungary+austria&pg=PT161 |location=Richmond |publisher=Duckworth |isbn=9780715653197}}</ref>

Traditionally, the hand-kiss was initiated by a woman, who offered her hand to a man to kiss. The lady offering her hand was expected to be of the same or higher social status than the man. It was a gesture of [[courtesy]] and extreme [[politeness]], and it was considered impolite and even rude to refuse an offered hand. Today, the practice is very uncommon in many European countries, and has been largely replaced by a [[cheek kissing|kiss on the cheek]] or a [[handshake]].

==Kissing the ring==

Kissing the hand, or particularly a ring on the hand was also a gesture of formal submission or pledge of allegiance of man to man, or as a diplomatic gesture. The gesture would indicate submission by kissing the [[signet ring]] (a form of [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] worn as a [[jewelry ring]]), the person's symbol of authority. The gesture was common in the European upper class throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. It started to disappear in the 20th century, to be replaced by the [[egalitarian]] [[handshake]]. However, former French president [[Jacques Chirac]] made hand-kissing his trademark and the gesture is still encountered in diplomatic situations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/donald-trump-handshake-emmanuel-macron-november-2018/#Gje3WSxm2uqo|title = Please enjoy a photo of Emmanuel Macron crushing Donald Trump's hand|website = [[Mashable]]|date = 10 November 2018 |last=Rosenberg |first=Adam}}</ref>

==Religious usage==
[[File:Enrique Simonet - La primera misa.jpg|thumb|right|300px|''The first Mass'' (1907) by [[Enrique Simonet]].]]
In the [[Catholic Church]], a Catholic meeting the [[Pope]] or a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], or even a lower-ranking prelate, will kiss the ring on his hand. This has become uncommon in circles not used to formal protocol, even often dispensed with amongst clergy. Sometimes, the devout Catholic combines the hand kissing with kneeling on the left knee as an even stronger expression of filial respect for the clerically high-ranking father. The cleric may then in a fatherly way lay his other hand on the kisser's head or even bless him/her by a manual cross sign.  In the Catholic Church, it is also traditional for the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqUHY0_Cq-c laity to kiss the hands of a newly-ordained priest after his inaugural mass], in veneration of the Body of Christ, which is held in the priest's hands during the Holy Eucharist. In May 2014, [[Pope Francis]] kissed the hands of six Holocaust survivors to honour the six million Jews killed in the Holocaust.<ref> [https://nationalpost.com/news/pope-kisses-the-hands-of-holocaust-survivors-prays-at-jerusalem-memorial-site-in-poignant-gesture Pope kisses the hands of Holocaust survivors, prays at Jerusalem memorial site in poignant gesture] </ref>

In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], and [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Oriental Orthodox Churches]], it is appropriate and common for [[laity]] to greet clergy, whether priests or bishops, by making a profound [[Bowing (social)|bow]] and saying, "Father, bless" (to a priest) or "Master, bless" (to a bishop) while placing their right hand, palm up, in front of their bodies. The priest then blesses them with the [[sign of the cross]] and then places his hand in theirs, offering the opportunity to kiss his hand. Orthodox Christians kiss their priest's hands not only to honor their spiritual father confessor, but in veneration of the [[Body of Christ]] which the priest handles during the [[Divine Liturgy]] as he prepares [[Holy Communion]]. It is also a common practice when writing a [[Letter (message)|letter]] to a priest to begin with the words "Father Bless" rather than "Dear Father" and end the letter with the words "Kissing your right hand" rather than "Sincerely."

During liturgical services, altar servers and lower clergy will kiss the hand of a priest when handing him something in the course of their duties, such as a censer, when he receives it in his right hand, and a bishop when he receives it in either hand since a bishop bestows blessings with both hands.

There are records of hand-kissing in the [[Islamic Caliphate]] as early as the 7th century.<ref name=islam1>Tirmizî, Sünen, İsrâ Tefsiri, İbn Mâce, II, p. 1221</ref><ref name=islam2>{{cite web |title=Kissing hands and feet |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/226614 |work=[[Arab News]] |last1=Salahi |first1=Adil |date=13 Dec 2002 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230813213622/https://www.arabnews.com/node/226614 |archive-date=13 Aug 2023}}</ref> Hand-kissing known as [[Taqbil]], as a respect for nobility, is practiced by the [[Hadharem]] of Yemen.

==In popular culture==
The hand-kiss is used quite prominently in ''[[The Godfather]]'' series, as a way to indicate the person who is the Don. It also features in [[List of historical period drama films|period films]], such as ''[[Dangerous Liaisons]]''.

==See also==
*[[Greeting]]
*[[Salute]]
*[[Kissing hands]]
*[[Mano (gesture)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070705134743/http://dappledphotos.blogspot.com/2005/11/baciamano.html Catholics kissing prelate's hands on a church watching blog]

{{Gestures}}

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[[Category:Gestures]]
[[Category:Kissing]]
[[Category:Gestures of respect]]
[[Category:Bowing]]
[[Category:Hands in culture]]