Editing Handfasting

{{Short description|Medieval European betrothal practice}}
{{distinguish|Haandfæstning}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2015}}
[[File:Betrothed LCCN2003666755.jpg|thumb|''Betrothed'' by Richard Dudensing (1833–1899)]]
'''Handfasting''' is a traditional practice that, depending on the term's usage, may define an [[self-uniting marriage|unofficiated wedding]] (in which a couple marries without an [[marriage officiant|officiant]], usually with the intent of later undergoing a second wedding with an officiant), a [[betrothal]] (an engagement in which a couple has formally promised to wed, and which can be broken only through divorce), or a [[temporary marriage|temporary wedding]] (in which a couple makes an intentionally temporary marriage commitment). The phrase refers to the making fast of a pledge by the [[handshake|shaking or joining of hands]].

The terminology and practice are especially associated with Germanic peoples, including the [[English people|English]] and [[Norsemen|Norse]], as well as the Scots. As a form of betrothal or unofficiated wedding, handfasting was common up through [[Tudor period|Tudor England]]; as a form of temporary marriage, it was practiced in 17th-century Scotland and has been revived in [[Neopaganism]], though misattributed as Celtic rather than Danish and Old English.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thrupp |first1=John |title=The Anglo-Saxon Home - A History Of The Domestic Institutions And Customs Of England - From The Fifth To The Eleventh Century |date=1862 |page=44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7T8LAAAAYAAJ&q=handfasting&pg=PA1 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>

Sometimes the term is also used synonymously with "[[wedding]]" or "[[marriage]]" among Neopagans to avoid perceived non-Pagan religious connotations associated with those terms. It is also used, apparently ahistorically, to refer to an alleged pre-Christian practice of symbolically fastening or wrapping the hands of a couple together during the wedding ceremony.

== Etymology ==
The verb ''to handfast'' in the sense of "to formally promise, to make a contract" is recorded for [[Old English#Late Old English|Late Old English]], especially in the context of a contract of marriage. The derived ''handfasting'' as for a ceremony of engagement or betrothal, is recorded in [[Early Modern English]]. The term was presumably loaned into English from [[Old Norse]] '' handfesta'' "to strike a bargain by joining hands"; there are also comparanda from the [[Ingvaeonic languages]]: [[Old Frisian]] ''hondfestinge'' and [[Middle Low German]] ''hantvestinge''. The term is derived from the verb ''to handfast'', used in [[Middle English|Middle]] to Early Modern English for the making of a contract.<ref name="OED">{{Cite OED|handfast}}, n., v. and adj. and {{Cite OED|handfasting|short=yes}}, v. and n. "Old Norse hand-festa to strike a bargain by joining hands, to pledge, betroth" The earliest cited English use in connection with marital status is from a manuscript of c. 1200, when [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] is described as "handfast (to) a good man called [[Saint Joseph|Joseph]]". "?c1200 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2389 "Ȝho wass hanndfesst an god mann Þatt iosæp wass ȝehatenn."</ref> In modern Dutch, "handvest" is the term for "pact" or "charter" (e.g., "Atlantisch handvest", "Handvest der Verenigde Naties"); cf. also the Italian loan word [[manifesto]] in English.

== Medieval and Tudor England ==

The [[Fourth Lateran Council]] (1215) forbade clandestine marriage, and required marriages to be publicly announced in churches by priests. In the sixteenth century, the [[Council of Trent]] legislated more specific requirements, such as the presence of a priest and two witnesses, as well as promulgation of the marriage announcement thirty days prior to the ceremony. These laws did not extend to the regions affected by the Protestant [[Reformation]]. In England, clergy performed many clandestine marriages, such as so-called [[Fleet Marriage]], which were held legally valid;{{efn|In 1601 the poet [[John Donne]] married clandestinely in a private room where only he, his bride, his friend Christopher Brooke and Brooke's brother Samuel, a clergyman, were present. No banns were called and the bride's parents did not give consent; nevertheless, the bride's father did not later legally dispute the validity of the marriage.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=David |last=Colclough |title=Donne, John (1572–1631), poet and Church of England clergyman |entry=Donne, John (1572–1631) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press  |edition=online |date=May 2011 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7819 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7819 |access-date=23 April 2012 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>}} and in [[Scotland]], unsolemnised [[common-law marriage]] was still valid.

From about the 12th to the 17th century, "handfasting" in England was simply a term for "engagement to be married", or a ceremony held on the occasion of such a contract, usually about a month prior to a church wedding, at which the marrying couple formally declared that each accepted the other as spouse. Handfasting was legally binding: as soon as the couple made their vows to each other they were validly married. It was not a temporary arrangement. Just as with church weddings of the period, the union which handfasting created could only be dissolved by death. English legal authorities held that even if not followed by intercourse, handfasting was as binding as any vow taken in church before a priest.<ref name="Nicholl">{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Nicholl |title=The Lodger: Shakespeare on Silver Street |location=London |publisher=Allen Lane |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-713-99890-0 |chapter=Chapter 27: A handfasting |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lodgershakespear0000nich/page/251 251-258] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/lodgershakespear0000nich/page/251 }}</ref>

During handfasting, the man and woman, in turn, would take the other by the right hand and declare aloud that they there and then accepted each other as husband and wife. The words might vary but traditionally consisted of a simple formula such as "I (Name) take thee (Name) to my wedded husband/wife, till death us depart, and thereto I plight thee my troth".<ref name ="Nicholl"/> Because of this, handfasting was also known in England as "troth-plight".<ref name ="Nicholl"/> Gifts were often exchanged, especially rings:{{efn|The rings might be plain – one was made on the spot out of a rush lying on the floor – or elaborate.  They often had a posy engraved. One surviving example is a "[[gimmal ring|gimmal]]" ring, a double ring which twists apart to become two rings interlinked.  It is in the shape of two clasped hands and has the posy "As handes doe shut/so hart be knit."<ref>{{cite book |first=Catherine |last=Richardson |title=Shakespeare and Material Culture |date=2011 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |series=Oxford Shakespeare Topics |isbn=978-0-19-956228-2 |page=[{{google books|er-L6cizlRgC|page=2|text=as hands do shut|plainurl=yes}} 2] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Tarnya |last=Cooper |date=2006 |title=Searching for Shakespeare |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-11611-3 |page=[{{google books|5AXwFsTm1Z8C|page=87|text=as handes doe shut so hart |plainurl=yes }} 87] }}</ref>}}{{efn|Some rings incorporated "memento mori" devices, to remind the wearer the marriage was till death.<ref>{{cite book |first=Diana |last=Scarisbrick |title=Tudor and Jacobean Jewellery |publisher=Tate Publishing |date=1995 |quote=[Thomas Gresham's] wedding-ring has a twin 'gimmal' hoop inscribed in Latin 'Let not man put asunder those whom God has joined together', and beneath the ruby and diamond bezel there are cavities enclosing an infant and a skeleton alluding to the vanity of riches. }}</ref>}} a gold coin broken in half between the couple was also common. Other tokens recorded include gloves, a crimson ribbon tied in a knot, and even a silver toothpick.<ref name ="Nicholl"/> Handfasting might take place anywhere, indoors or out.<ref name ="Nicholl"/> It was frequently in the home of the bride, but according to records handfastings also took place in taverns, in an orchard and even on horseback. The presence of a credible witness or witnesses was usual.<ref name ="Nicholl"/>

For much of the relevant period, church courts dealt with marital matters. [[Ecclesiastical law]] recognised two forms of handfasting, ''sponsalia per verba de praesenti'' and ''sponsalia per verba de futuro''. In ''sponsalia de praesenti'', the most usual form, the couple declared they there and then accepted each other as man and wife. The ''[[sponsalia de futuro]]'' form was less binding, as the couple took hands only to declare their intention to marry each other at some future date. The latter was closer to a modern engagement and could, in theory, be ended with the consent of both parties – but only providing intercourse had not occurred. If intercourse did take place, then the ''sponsalia de futuro'' "was automatically converted into ''de iure'' marriage".<ref name ="Nicholl"/>

Despite the validity of handfasting, it was expected to be solemnised by a church wedding fairly soon afterwards.  Penalties might follow for those who did not comply.<ref>{{cite book |first=Anne |last=Laurence |title=Women in England, 1500–1760: A Social History |location=London |publisher=Phoenix Press |date=1994 |quote=A public church marriage was necessary to ensure the inheritance of property.}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2017}} Ideally the couple were also supposed to refrain from intercourse until then.<ref name ="Nicholl"/> Complaints by preachers suggest that they often did not wait,<ref name ="Nicholl"/> but at least until the early 1600s the common attitude to this kind of anticipatory behaviour seems to have been lenient.{{efn|In [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s 1604 comedy ''[[Measure for Measure]]'' a young man sleeps with his betrothed wife before his church wedding. Judged technically guilty of fornication, under puritanical laws he is condemned to die. The plot is driven by the need to rescue him, and audience sympathy is clearly expected to be on his side.}}

Handfasting remained an acceptable way of marrying in England throughout the [[Middle Ages]] but declined in the early modern period.<ref>{{cite book |first=Anne |last=Laurence |title=Women in England, 1500–1760: A Social History |location=London |publisher=Phoenix Press |date=1994 |quote=Between the mid-sixteenth century and the mid-seventeenth century the number of spousal actions in the church courts declined markedly, partly because of the increasing belief that the only proper form of marriage was one solemnized in church. }}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2017}} In some circumstances handfasting was open to abuse, with persons who had undergone "troth-plight" occasionally refusing to proceed to a church wedding, creating ambiguity about their former betrothed's marital status.<ref name ="Nicholl"/> [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] negotiated and witnessed a handfasting in 1604, and was called as a witness in the suit ''[[Bellott v Mountjoy]]'' about the dowry in 1612. Historians speculate that his own marriage to [[Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare's wife)|Anne Hathaway]] was so conducted when he was a young man in 1582, as the practice still had credence in Warwickshire at the time.<ref name="Nicholl"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Shakespeare's Wife |url=https://archive.org/details/shakespeareswife00gree |url-access=registration |first=Germaine |last=Greer |publisher=Harper Perennial |date=2009 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/shakespeareswife00gree/page/108 108-110] |isbn=978-0747590194}}</ref>

After the beginning of the 17th century, gradual changes in English law meant the presence of an officiating priest or magistrate became necessary for a marriage to be legal.<ref>{{cite book |first=Anne |last=Laurence |date=1994 |title=Women in England, 1500–1760: A Social History |location=London |publisher=Phoenix Press }}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2017}} Finally the [[Marriage Act 1753|1753 Marriage Act]], aimed at suppressing clandestine marriages by introducing more stringent conditions for validity, effectively ended the handfasting custom in England.<ref>{{cite book |first=Anne |last=Laurence |title=Women in England, 1500–1760: A Social History |location=London |publisher=Phoenix Press |date=1994 |quote=From 1754...Pre-contracts (promises to marry someone in the future) and oral spousals ceased to have any force... }}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2017}}

== Early modern Scotland ==
In February 1539 [[Marie Pieris]], a French lady-in-waiting to [[Mary of Guise]], the consort of [[James V of Scotland]], was married by handfasting to [[George Seton, 6th Lord Seton|Lord Seton]] at [[Falkland Palace]]. This ceremony was recorded in the royal accounts for the payment to an [[apothecary]] for his work on the day of "Lord Seytounis handfasting".<ref>[[James Balfour Paul]], ''Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 140.</ref>

The [[Scottish Hebrides]], particularly in the [[Isle of Skye]], show some records of 'Handfast" or "left-handed" marriage occurring in the late 1600s, when the Gaelic scholar [[Martin Martin]] noted, "It was an ancient custom in the Isles that a man take a maid as his wife and keep her for the space of a year without marrying her; and if she pleased him all the while, he married her at the end of the year and legitimatised her children; but if he did not love her, he returned her to her parents."<ref name=Martin1693>{{cite book |title=A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland |first=Martin |last=Martin |publisher=London Hamilton, Adams |date=1693 |edition=1st |page=114 }}  (2nd ed., 1716)</ref>

The most disastrous war fought between the MacLeods and MacDonalds of Skye culminated in the [[Battle of Coire Na Creiche]] when Donald Gorm Mor, who handfasted [for a year and a day] with Margaret MacLeod, a sister of [[Roderick Macleod of Macleod|Rory Mor]] of [[Dunvegan Castle|Dunvegan]], ignominiously expelled his mistress from Duntulm. It is probable that it was as a result of this war that [[Andrew Stuart, 1st Baron Castle Stuart|Lord Ochiltree's]] Committee, which formed the [[Statutes of Iona]] in 1609 and the Regulations for the Chiefs in 1616, was induced to insert a clause in the Statutes of Iona by which "marriages contracted for several [archaic definition 'single'] years" were prohibited; and any who might disregard this regulation were to be "punished as fornicators".<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Skye |first=Alexander |last=Nicolson |date=1930 |publisher=MacLean Press |location=60 Aird Bhearnasdail, by Portree, Isle of Skye |page=87 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland |first=D. |last=Gregory |date=1881 |page=331|publisher=Palala Press }}</ref>

By the 18th century, the [[Kirk of Scotland]] no longer recognised marriages formed by mutual consent and subsequent sexual intercourse, even though the Scottish civil authorities did.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=William |title=Bygone Church Life in Scotland |publisher=Hull Press |year=1899 |pages=210–212 |url={{google books|tvYOAAAAQAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |via=Google Books }}</ref> To minimise any resulting legal actions, the ceremony was to be performed in public.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Macfarlane | first=Leslie J. | editor-last=MacDonald | editor-first=Alasdair A. | editor2-last=Lynch | editor2-first=Michael | contribution=William Elphinstone's Library Revisited | title=The Renaissance in Scotland: Studies in Literature, Religion, History, and Culture |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1994 |location=Leiden | page=75 |url={{google books|Yl71m3YBVGwC|plainurl=yes}} |via=Google Books | isbn=978-90-04-10097-8 }}</ref> This situation persisted until 1939, when Scottish marriage laws were reformed by the [[Marriage (Scotland) Act 1939]] and handfasting was no longer recognised.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rackwitz |first=Martin |title=Travels to Terra Incognita: The Scottish Highlands and Hebrides in Early Modern Travellers' Accounts c. 1600 to 1900 |publisher=Waxmann Verlag GmbH |year=2007 |page=497, note 199 |url={{google books|GZWpQi7vY0QC|plainurl=yes}} |via=Google Books |isbn=978-3-8309-1699-4}}</ref>

The existence of handfasting as a distinct form of "trial marriage" was doubted by A. E. Anton, in ''Handfasting in Scotland'' (1958). In the article, he asserted that the first reference to such a practice is by [[Thomas Pennant]] in his 1790 ''Tour in Scotland'',<ref name=Anton1958>{{cite journal |last=Anton |first=A.E. |title='Handfasting' in Scotland |journal=The Scottish Historical Review |volume=37 |issue=124 |date=October 1958 |pages=89–102 }}</ref> that this report had been taken at face value throughout the 19th century, and was perpetuated in [[Walter Scott]]'s 1820 novel ''[[The Monastery]]''. However, the Pennant claim in 1790 was not the first time this had been discussed or put to print, as the Martin Martin texts predate Pennant by almost 100 years.<ref name=Martin1693/>

== Neopaganism ==
[[File:Handfasting of Ivannia & Jon 2007.jpeg|thumb|upright|Neopagan handfasting ceremony]]
The term "handfasting" or "hand-fasting" was appropriated into modern [[Celtic neopaganism]] and [[Wicca]] for wedding ceremonies from at least the late 1960s, apparently first used in print by [[Hans Holzer]].<ref>"My wife and I were married by the handfasting ceremony, and it was most controversial." – Hans Holzer, ''The Truth about Witchcraft'' (1969), p. 172; "Then I learned that the "special meeting" was, in effect, a wedding ceremony called "hand-fasting" in Wicca." Hans Holzer, ''Heather: confessions of a witch'', Mason & Lipscomb, 1975, p. 101.</ref>

Handfasting was mentioned in the 1980 [[Jim Morrison]] biography ''[[No One Here Gets Out Alive]]'' and again in the 1991 film ''[[The Doors (film)|The Doors]]'', where a version of the real 1970 handfasting ceremony of Morrison and [[Patricia Kennealy-Morrison|Patricia Kennealy]]<ref name="Kennealy-Morrison">{{cite book | first =Patricia | last =Kennealy | year =1992 | title =Strange Days: My Life With And Without Jim Morrison | publisher =Dutton/Penguin | location =New York | isbn =0-525-93419-7 | url =https://archive.org/details/strangedaysmylif00kenn/page/63 | page =[https://archive.org/details/strangedaysmylif00kenn/page/63 63] | url-access =registration }}</ref> was depicted (with the actual Kennealy-Morrison portraying the [[Celtic neopaganism|Celtic neopagan]] priestess).<ref name="Kennealy-Morrison"/>

=== Handfasting ribbon ===
The term has entered the English-speaking mainstream, most likely from neopagan wedding ceremonies during the early 2000s, often erroneously being described as "pre-Christian" by wedding planners.<ref>Mary Neasham, ''Handfasting: A Practical Guide''. Green Magic, 2000, {{ISBN|9780954296315}}</ref> Evidence that the term "handfasting" had been re-interpreted as describing this ceremony specifically is found in the later 2000s, e.g. "handfasting—the blessed marriage rite in which the hands of you and your beloved are wrapped in ribbon as you 'tie the knot'."<ref>cover blurb of Kendra Vaughan Hovey, ''Passages Handfasting: A Pagan Guide to Commitment Rituals'', Adams Media, 2007.</ref>

By the 2010s, "handfasting ceremonies" were on offer by commercial wedding organizers and had mostly lost their neopagan association (apart from occasional claims that attributes the ceremony to the "ancient Celts").<ref>Wendy Haynes, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100128025757/http://www.wendyhaynes.com/handfasting_ceremonies "Handfasting Ceremonies"]}} (wendyhaynes.com), January 2010: "It was used to acknowledge the beginning of a trial period of a year and a day during which time a couple were literally bound together – hand fasted."<!--this site presumably just cites the broken Wikipedia article back at us. Another case where Wikipedia has been abused in the creation of [[fakelore]].--></ref> The term "handfasting ribbon" appears from about 2005.<ref>[http://www.wormspit.com/blog/2005/06/04/handfasting-ribbon-finished/ Handfasting ribbon, finished] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025231508/http://www.wormspit.com/blog/2005/06/04/handfasting-ribbon-finished/ |date=2014-10-25 }} (wormspit.com) 4 July 2005; Jacquelyn Frank, ''Jacob: The Nightwalkers'', Zebra Books, 2006, p. 320.</ref>

{{Gallery
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|width=200
|File:HandFasting.jpg 
 |Civil wedding ceremony in Ukraine. The cloth is a ceremonial ''[[rushnyk]]'' decorated with traditional [[Ukrainian embroidery]].
|File:HandFastingKnot-1.jpg
 |An example of a modern handfasting knot where each wedding guest has tied a ribbon around the clasped hands of the couple.
}}

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Betrothal]]
* [[Broomstick marriage]]
* [[Civil marriage]]
* [[Common-law marriage]]
* [[Elopement]]
* [[Self-uniting marriage]]
* [[Temporary marriage]]
* [[Marriage law]]
* [[Black wedding]]
* [[White wedding]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |first=Rebecca |last=Probert |author-link=Rebecca Probert |title=Marriage Law and Practice in the Long Eighteenth Century: A Reassessment |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2009 |isbn=978-0521516150}}
* {{cite book |last=Nicolson |first=Alexander |title=History of Skye |publisher=MacLean Press |location=60 Aird Bhearnasdail, by Portree, Isle of Skye |date=1930 |pages=73, 86, 120 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Rachel |title=Elite Women in Ascendancy Ireland, 1690-1745: Imitation and Innovation |publisher=Boydell and Brewer |location=Woodbridge |date=2015 |chapter=Chapter 1 |isbn=978-1-78327-039-2 }}
* Stearns, Peter N. Encyclopedia of European Social History: from 1350 to 2000. Scribner, 2001.
* Dolan, Frances E. Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 2, 1997, pp.&nbsp;653–655. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3039244.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Handfasting}}
*[http://www.medievalscotland.org/history/handfasting.shtml Historical handfasting]
*[http://www.religioustolerance.org/mar_hand.htm Handfasting Information – facts and beliefs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206215013/http://www.religioustolerance.org/mar_hand.htm |date=6 December 2010 }}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130617184139/http://www.tplt.ca/practical_spirit/handfasting.php The History of Handfasting]}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20201218113057/https://www.uofgschooloflaw.com/blog/2020/12/17/cohabitation-in-scotland-lessons-from-history 'Cohabitation in Scotland: Lessons from history']}}

{{Types of marriages|state=autocollapse}} 
{{wedding}}
{{Wicca}}

[[Category:Marriage, unions and partnerships in England]]
[[Category:Modern pagan beliefs and practices]]
[[Category:Social history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Marriage and religion]]
[[Category:Temporary marriages]]
[[Category:Types of marriage]]
[[Category:Wedding traditions]]
[[Category:Hand gestures]]