Editing Handstand

{{short description|Hand-balancing posture in gymnastics and hatha yoga}}
[[Image:AcroDanceHandstand.jpg|thumb|An [[acro dance]]r pauses in a precision handstand before [[Hand walking|handwalking]] across the stage.]]
A '''handstand''' is the act of supporting the body in a stable, inverted vertical position by balancing on the hands. In a basic handstand, the body is held straight with arms and legs fully extended, with hands spaced approximately shoulder-width apart and the legs together. There are many variations of handstands, all of which require the performer to possess adequate [[balance (ability)|balance]] and upper body strength. 

==Kinematics==
Handstands use the wrist flexor muscles as well as the [[anterior deltoid]], [[pectoralis major]], [[latissimus dorsi]], [[biceps brachii]], and [[trapezius]] descendens.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kochanowicz |first1=Andrzej |last2=Niespodziński |first2=Bartłomiej |last3=Mieszkowski |first3=Jan |last4=Marina |first4=Michel |last5=Kochanowicz |first5=Kazimierz |last6=Zasada |first6=Mariusz |title=Changes in the Muscle Activity of Gymnasts During a Handstand on Various Apparatus |journal=Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research |date=2019 |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=1609–1618 |doi=10.1519/JSC.0000000000002124|pmid=28700510 |s2cid=207500662 }}</ref> It is considered demanding in terms of both the muscle and joint requirement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Calderón-Díaz |first1=Mailyn |last2=Ulloa-Jiménez |first2=Ricardo |last3=Saavedra |first3=Carolina |last4=Salas |first4=Rodrigo |title=Wavelet-based semblance analysis to determine muscle synergy for different handstand postures of Chilean circus athletes |journal=Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering |date=2021 |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1053–1063 |doi=10.1080/10255842.2020.1867113|pmid=33426917 |s2cid=231576614 }}</ref>

According to a 2017 study most handbalancers use wrist movement to maintain balance in a handstand.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blenkinsop |first1=Glen M. |last2=Pain |first2=Matthew T. G. |last3=Hiley |first3=Michael J. |title=Balance control strategies during perturbed and unperturbed balance in standing and handstand |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=2017 |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=161018 |doi=10.1098/rsos.161018|pmid=28791131 |pmc=5541526 |bibcode=2017RSOS....461018B }}</ref>

Another study found that handbalancers who were also expert gymnasts had better coordination than those at an intermediate level of gymnastics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gautier |first1=Geoffroy |last2=Marin |first2=Ludovic |last3=Leroy |first3=David |last4=Thouvarecq |first4=Régis |title=Dynamics of expertise level: Coordination in handstand |journal=Human Movement Science |date=2009 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=129–140 |doi=10.1016/j.humov.2008.05.003|pmid=18986720 }}</ref> More advanced practitioners also altered their center of pressure less to change the center of mass when making corrections to handstand position.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wyatt |first1=Hannah E. |last2=Vicinanza |first2=Domenico |last3=Newell |first3=Karl M. |last4=Irwin |first4=Gareth |last5=Williams |first5=Genevieve K. R. |title=Bidirectional causal control in the dynamics of handstand balance |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=405 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79730-z |pmid=33432011 |pmc=7801474 |language=en |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>

Handstand moves involving an especially high amount of strength include the [[press handstand]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mizutori |first1=Hisashi |last2=Kashiwagi |first2=Yu |last3=Hakamada |first3=Noriko |last4=Tachibana |first4=Yasunori |last5=Funato |first5=Kazuo |title=Kinematics and joints moments profile during straight arm press to handstand in male gymnasts |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2021 |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=e0253951 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0253951|pmid=34260617 |pmc=8279359 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1653951M |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prassas |first1=Spiros G. |title=Biomechanical Model of the Press Handstand in Gymnastics |journal=International Journal of Sport Biomechanics |date=1988 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=326–341 |doi=10.1123/ijsb.4.4.326}}</ref> and [[handstand push-up]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Abigail |last2=Meador |first2=Melanie |last3=Bodamer |first3=Meghan |last4=Langford |first4=Emily |last5=Snarr |first5=Ronald L. |title=Exercise Technique: Handstand Push-up |journal=Strength & Conditioning Journal |date=2019 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=119–123 |doi=10.1519/SSC.0000000000000427|s2cid=56807126 }}</ref>
==Types of activities that use handstands==
[[File:CapoeiraHandstand1 ST 05.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Capoeira]] handstand with bent legs]]

Handstands are performed in many athletic activities, including [[acro dance]], [[cheerleading]], [[circus]], [[yoga]], [[capoeira]], [[calisthenics]], [[swimming]] and [[gymnastics]]. Some variation of a handstand is performed on every gymnastic apparatus, and many tumbling skills pass through a handstand position during their execution. [[Breakdance]]rs incorporate handstands in [[freeze (breakdance move)|freeze]]s and [[kick (breakdance move)|kick]]s. 

Handstands are known by various other names. In modern [[yoga as exercise]], the handstand is called '''Adho Mukha Vrksasana'''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://yogavastu.com/p/adho-mukha-vrksasana/ | publisher=Yoga Vastu |title=Adho Mukha Vrksasana | date=October 2020}}</ref> 
In [[capoeira]] it is named [[List_of_capoeira_techniques#Bananeira|bananeira]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Gerard |title=Capoeira 100: An Illustrated Guide to the Essential Movements and Techniques |date=4 September 2012 |publisher=North Atlantic Books |isbn=978-1-58394-638-1 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrTxDWqfcfgC&pg=PA90 |language=en}}</ref>

===Yoga===
[[File:Mr-yoga-eagle-handstand-pose.jpg|thumb|upright| [[Adho Mukha Vrikshasana]] with legs in [[Garudasana]] (Eagle pose)]]

In modern [[yoga as exercise]], the handstand is among the inverted poses; it is known as Adho Mukha Vrksasana,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Budilovsky |first1=Joan |last2=Adamson |first2=Eve |title=The complete idiot's guide to yoga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5pE8-Oyly0C |edition=2 |year=2000 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-02-863970-3 |page=179}}</ref> Downward-facing Tree Pose. In traditional [[hatha yoga]] in the 18th and 19th centuries, the ''Vyayāmadipike'', which calls it the "second ''gardam''", and the ''[[Śrītattvanidhi]]'' use the handstand in a sequence involving touching the nose to the ground; the ''[[Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati]]'' calls this Syenasana, meaning hawk pose.<ref name="Birch Singleton 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Birch |first1=Jason |author1-link=Jason Birch |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=The Yoga of the Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati: Hathayoga on the Cusp of Modernity |journal=Journal of Yoga Studies |date=2019 |volume=2 |pages=3–70 |doi=10.34000/JoYS.2019.V2 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/32089/1/Jason%20Birch%20and%20Mark%20Singleton%20Hathabhyasapaddhati%20Journal%20of%20Yoga%20Studies%20Dec%202019.pdf <!--authorised eprint at authors' site-->|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Swimming===
 
[[Swimming (sport)|Swimmers]] often perform [[underwater]] handstands as a stunt, with their heads, arms, and bodies underwater and their legs and feet extended above the surface, often having games or contests with the winner being the person who can remain in an underwater handstand the longest.
 
Armstand dives—a category found in competitive [[Diving (sport)#Dive groups|platform diving]]—are dives that begin with a handstand.  

===Gymnastics===

There are two basic handstand styles in modern [[gymnastics]]: ''curved-back'' and ''straight-back''.<ref>
{{cite web
 | title = ''Different Styles of Handstands''
 | url = http://www.lostartofhandbalancing.com/articles/different-styles-of-handstands
 | access-date = 2010-09-29 }}
</ref> Straight-back style is employed when the aesthetics of straight body lines are desired and feasible. In many cases (e.g., when a handstand is being performed in conjunction with a gymnastic apparatus), however, the curved-back style is preferred as it offers superior control of the legs and torso over balance. In all cases, balance is maintained by shifting body weight towards the fingers or the heel of the hand.

All basic gymnastic handstands have these characteristics:
*''Straight arms'' with hands placed on the ground approximately shoulder-width apart.
*''Straight legs'', held together.
*''Pointed toes'' so as to continue the lines of the legs.

In addition, straight-back handstands have these characteristics:
*''Tucked head'' (face pointed forward) as if standing upright.
*''Straight spine'', with hips pushed forward. If performed while lying flat, this would cause the small of the back to contact ground.

==See also==
{{Commons}}
*[[Hand walking]]
*[[Head stand]]
*[[List of asanas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Gautier |first1=G. |last2=Thouvarecq |first2=R. |last3=Chollet |first3=D. |title=Visual and postural control of an arbitrary posture: The handstand |journal=Journal of Sports Sciences |date=2007 |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=1271–1278 |doi=10.1080/02640410601049144|pmid=17654239 |s2cid=37015380 }}
{{Asana}}
{{Yoga as exercise}}
{{Hatha yoga}}

[[Category:Static elements (gymnastics)]]
[[Category:Human positions]]
[[Category:Inverted asanas]]
[[Category:Acro dance moves]]
[[Category:Medieval Hatha Yoga asanas]]