Editing Hanging scroll

{{short description|Type of scroll painting}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Hanging scroll
| pic = Hanging_scroll_7a33a8.jpg
| piccap = Chinese hanging scrolls on display
| picsize = 
| c = 立軸<ref name=npm>{{cite web|title=立軸|url=http://www.npm.gov.tw/dm/album/htm/note004.htm|publisher=National Palace Museum|access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref> <br/> 掛軸<ref name=npm/> <br/> 軸<ref name=npm/>
| p = lìzhóu <br/> guàzhóu <br/> zhóu
| bpmf = ㄌㄧˋㄓㄡˊ<br> ㄍㄨㄚˋㄓㄡˊ<br> ㄓㄡˊ
| j = lap6zuk6 <br/> gwaa3zuk6 <br/> zuk6
| y = lahpjuhk <br/>gwajuhk <br/>juhk
| gd = leb6zug6<br/>gua3zug6<br/>zug6
| poj = li̍p-te̍k<br>kòa-te̍k<br>te̍k
| kanji = 掛軸
| hiragana = かけじく
| katakana = カケジク
| romaji = kakejiku
| hangul = 족자
| rr = jogja
| qn = tranh cuộn
| chuhan = 
| chunom = 𢂰𦄣
}}

A '''hanging scroll''' is one of the many traditional ways to display and exhibit East Asian painting and [[calligraphy]]. They are different from [[handscroll]]s, which are narrower and designed to be viewed flat on a table.

Hanging scrolls are generally intended to be displayed for short periods of time, after which they are rolled up and tied for storage.<ref name=lee/><ref name=met>{{cite web|title=A Look at Chinese Painting|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Chinese/html_pages/glossary.htm#thirty
|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> They are traditionally rotated according to season or occasion, rather than be on permanent display.<ref name=andrews>{{cite book|last=Andrews|first=Julia F.|title=Painters and politics in the People's Republic of China: 1949 – 1979|year=1994|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|page=232|isbn=978-0-520-07981-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3kDsTxGSJMC}}</ref> Their artwork could be mounted with decorative [[brocade]] silk borders.<ref name=met/> The craft of creating a hanging scroll is considered an art in itself.<ref name=sze/>

==History==
Scrolls originated in their earliest form from texts written on [[Bamboo and wooden slips|bamboo strips]] and [[silk]] banners across ancient China.<ref name=sze/><ref name=dillon/> The earliest hanging scrolls are related to and developed from silk banners in early Chinese history.<ref name=sze/><ref name=wash>{{cite web|title=Technical Aspects of Painting|url=http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/painting/4ptgtech.htm|access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=sullivan/> These banners were long and hung vertically on walls.<ref name=sze/> Such silk banners and hanging scroll paintings were found at [[Mawangdui]] dating back to the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BCE – 220 CE).<ref name=wash/><ref name=sullivan>{{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Michael|title=The arts of China|year=1984|publisher=University of California Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-520-04918-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CzdICSqnELkC/page/n13 71]|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CzdICSqnELkC|edition=3rd}}</ref> The aesthetic and structural objectives for hanging scrolls were summarized by the time of the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907) and are still followed in the present day.<ref name=lee/> During the early [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279), artists found that hanging scrolls were well suited to their art styles.<ref name=dillon>{{cite book|last=Dillon|first=Michael|title=China: A historical and cultural dictionary|year=1998|publisher=Curzon|location=Richmond|isbn=978-0-7007-0439-2|page=273|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VA5tKw11K8YC}}</ref><ref name=wash/>

Originally introduced to Japan from China as a means of spreading [[Buddhism]], hanging scrolls found a place in Japanese culture and art and plays an important role in interior decoration.<ref>{{Cite web| title =Hanging Scroll(2018)| url = https://ateliers-japon.com/#hangingscroll | publisher=Les Ateliers de Japon}}</ref>

==Description==
Hanging scrolls provide a vertical format to display art on walls.<ref name=met/><ref name=dillon/> They are one of the most common types of scrolls for Chinese [[Chinese painting|painting]] and [[Chinese calligraphy|calligraphy]].<ref name=qu>{{cite book|last=Qu|first=Lei Lei|title=The simple art of Chinese brush painting|year=2008|publisher=Sterling|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4027-5391-6|pages=58–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGFRtpz5WmYC}}</ref> They are made in many different sizes and proportions.<ref name=sze/> Horizontal hanging scrolls are also a common form.<ref name=qu/>

Hanging scrolls are different from the handscrolls. A handscroll is a long narrow scroll for displaying a series of scenes in Chinese painting.<ref name=dillon/><ref name=qu/> It intended to be viewed section for section, flat on a table, during its unrolling.<ref name=qu/> In contrast, a hanging scroll is appreciated in its entirety.<ref name=sze>{{cite book|last=Sze|first=Mai-Mai|title=The Tao of painting|year=1957|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=62–65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJ89AAAAIAAJ|access-date=15 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=wash/>

==Mounting styles==
[[File:Hanging scroll styles chinese.png|thumb|Schematic of mounting styles: ''yisebiao'' (1), ''ersebiao'' (2), ''sansebiao'' (3), and ''Xuanhezhuang'' (4)]]
There are several hanging scroll styles for mounting, known in Chinese as:
* ''Yisebiao'' (一色裱, one color mount)<ref name=lee/>
* ''Ersebiao'' (二色裱, two color mount)<ref name=lee/>
* ''Sansebiao'' (三色裱, three color mount)<ref name=lee/>
* ''Xuanhezhuang'' (宣和裝, [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Xuanhe]] style),<ref name=lee/><ref name=npmsong>{{cite web|title=宣和装|url=http://www.npm.gov.tw/dm/album/htm/note005.htm|publisher=National Palace Museum|access-date=16 August 2011|archive-date=7 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907012133/http://www.npm.gov.tw/dm/album/htm/note005.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> also known as ''Songshibiao'' (宋式裱, [[Song dynasty]] mount)<ref name=npmsong/>

{{multiple image
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 | image1            = 明 侯懋功 高山圖 軸--High Mountains MET DP-13880-001.jpg
 | caption1          = (1)
 | image2            = 明_莫是龍_倣黃公望山水圖_軸-Landscape_in_the_Style_of_Huang_Gongwang_MET_DP-13879-001.jpg
 | caption2          = (1)
 | image3            = MET DP367196.jpg
 | caption3          = (2)
 | image4            = 元 佚名 龍虎圖 軸-Tiger MET DP-1490-002.jpg
 | caption4          = (2)
 | image5            = 明 藍瑛 紅友圖 軸-Red Friend MET DP350721.jpg
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 | image6            = MET DP350729.jpg
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 | image7            = 元-明_吳伯理_龍松圖-軸-Dragon_Pine_MET_DP235488.jpg
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 | footer_background = 
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 | footer            = Mounting styles, including ''yisebiao'' (1), ''ersebiao'' (2), and ''sansebiao'' (3)
}}{{-}}

==Arrangements and formats==

Besides the previous styles of hanging scroll mountings, there are a few additional ways to format the hanging scroll.

*'''Hall painting''' (中堂畫)
: A hall painting is intended to be the centerpiece in a main hall.<ref name=qu/> It is usually large, serves as a focal point in an interior, and often has a complicated subject.<ref name=qu/>

*'''Four hanging scrolls''' (四條屏)
:These hanging scrolls were developed from [[Folding screen|screen paintings]].<ref name=qu/> They comprise several narrow and long hanging scrolls usually hung next to each other on a wall, but they can also be hung separately.<ref name=qu/> Their subjects have related themes,<ref name=qu/> such as the ''[[Four Gentlemen]]'' ([[orchid]], [[bamboo]], [[chrysanthemum]], [[plum blossom]]) or the  ''[[Four Beauties]]'' (ladies renowned for their beauty).

*'''Panoramic screen''' (通景屏)
:The panoramic screen consists of several hanging scrolls that have continuous images, in which the subject continues further in another scroll.<ref name=qu/> These hanging scrolls cover large areas of a wall and usually do not have a border in between.<ref name=qu/>

*'''Couplet''' (對聯)
:A [[Couplet (Chinese poetry)|couplet]] is two hanging scrolls placed side by side or accompanying a scroll in the middle. They have calligraphy in [[vertical writing]]. This style became popular during the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644).<ref>{{cite web|title=Approaching "Pride of China": Understanding Chinese Calligraphy and Painting.|url=http://www.english.cciv.cityu.edu.hk/website/?redirect=/pride_of_china/|publisher=Chinese Civilisation Centre|access-date=17 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005122814/http://www.english.cciv.cityu.edu.hk/website/?redirect=%2Fpride_of_china%2F|archive-date=5 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

*'''Thin strip painting''' (條幅畫)
:Narrow strip paintings intended for smaller rooms and spaces.{{cn|date=May 2019}}

{{multiple image
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 | image1            = 清 袁江 九成宮圖 屏-The Palace of Nine Perfections MET DP274140.jpg
 | caption1          = (1)
 | image2            = 清 翁同龢 對軸-Regular-script Calligraphic Couplet MET 1976 384 2ab mtg.jpeg
 | caption2          = (2)
 | footer_background = 
 | footer_align      = left
 | footer            = Arrangements and formats, including panoramic screens (1) and couplets (2)
}}{{-}}

==Features and materials==

Chinese mounting and conservation techniques are considered a traditional craft and are believed to have developed around 2,000 years ago.<ref name=lee>{{cite journal|last=Lee|first=Valerie|author2=Gu, Xiangmei |author3=Hou, Yuan-Li |title=The treatment of Chinese ancestor portraits: An introduction to Chinese painting conservation techniques|journal=Journal of the American Institute for Conservation|year=2003|volume=42|issue=3|pages=463–477|url=http://cool.conservation-us.org/jaic/articles/jaic42-03-007.html|doi=10.2307/3179868|jstor=3179868|url-access=subscription}}</ref> This craft is considered an art unto itself.<ref name=sze/> Careful attention was and still is paid to ensure the quality and variety of the silk and paper to protect and properly fit the artwork onto the mounting, as it gives form to the art.<ref name=sze/> The art is fixed onto a four-sided inlay, made from paper or silk, thus providing a border.<ref name=sze/>

The artwork in the middle of the scroll is called ''huaxin'' (畫心; literally "painted heart").<ref name=npm/> There is sometimes a section above the artwork called a ''shitang'' (詩塘; literally "poetic pool"), which is usually reserved for inscriptions onto the work of art, ranging from a short verse to poems and other inscriptions.<ref name=dillon/> These inscriptions are often done by people other than the artist.<ref name=dillon/> Although inscriptions can also be placed onto the material of the artwork itself.<ref name=wash/> The upper part of the scroll is called ''tiantou'' (天頭; symbolizing "Heaven") and the lower part is called ''ditou'' (地頭; symbolizing "Earth").<ref name=npm/><ref name=sze/>

At the top of the scroll is a thin wooden bar, called ''tiangan'' (天杆), on which a cord is attached for hanging the scroll.<ref name=met/>  Two decorative strips, called ''jingyan'' (惊燕; literally "frighten swallows"), are sometimes attached to the top of the scroll.<ref name=lee/><ref name=sze/> At the bottom of the scroll is a wooden cylindrical bar, called ''digan'' (地杆), attached to give the scroll the necessary weight to hang properly onto a wall, but it also serves to roll up a scroll for storage when the artwork is not in display.<ref name=lee/><ref name=met/><ref name=sze/><ref name=spielvogel>{{cite book|last=Spielvogel|first=Jackson J.|title=The essential world history, Volume 1: To 1800|year=2010|publisher=Wadsworth/Cengage Learning|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-0-495-90291-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxWLxjyOUooC|edition=6th|page=258|author2=Duiker, William J.}}</ref> 
The two knobs at the far ends of the lower wooden bar are called ''zhoutou'' (軸頭) and help to ease the rolling of the scroll.<ref name=lee/> These could be ornamented with a variety of materials, such as jade, ivory, or horn.<ref name=sze/>

{{multiple image
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 | caption_align     = center
 | image1            = 元 唐棣 松溪歸漁圖 軸-Returning Fishermen MET DP235473.jpg
 | caption1          = (1)
 | image2            = 南宋 金處士 十王圖 軸-Ten Kings of Hell MET DP217404.jpg
 | caption2          = (2)
 | image3            = 元 倪瓚 秋林野興圖 軸-Enjoying the Wilderness in an Autumn Grove MET 1989 363 38 mtg.jpeg
 | caption3          = (3)
 | image4            = MET 52 177 15 (2014AT) label stip sf.jpg
 | caption4          = (4)
 | footer_background = 
 | footer_align      = left
 | footer            = Elements of a hanging scroll: decorative strips known as ''jingyan'' (1, 2) at the top, attached and loose respectively; an inscription panel known as ''shitang'' (3) above the artwork; a rolled-up hanging scroll with a label strip (4) on the back and two knobs known as ''zhoutou'' (4) on the sides
}}{{-}}

==Method and processes==
Traditional scroll mounters go through a lengthy process of backing the mounting silks with paper using paste before creating the borders for the scroll. Afterwards, the whole scroll is backed before the roller and fittings are attached. The whole process can take two weeks to nine months depending on how long the scroll is left on the wall to dry and stretch before finishing by polishing the back with [[Chinese wax]] and fitting the rod and roller at either end. This process is generally called 'wet mounting' due to the use of wet paste in the process.

In the late 20th century a new method was created called 'dry mounting' which involves the use of heat activated [[silicone]] sheets in lieu of paste which reduced the amount of time from a few weeks to just a few hours. This new method is generally used for mass-produced artwork rather than serious art or conservation as mounting done this way tends not to be as robust as wet mounting whose scrolls can last for over a century before it requires remounting.

==See also==
*[[History of scrolls]]
*[[Ink and wash painting]]
*[[Kakemono]]
*[[Seal (East Asia)|Seal]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050417/http://tech2.npm.gov.tw/sung/moreinfo/index.htm#5 MoreInfo: Formats (Mounting)]. National Palace Museum. (for a diagram of the components of a hanging scroll)
*[http://vimeo.com/65808110 Short documentary about how a japanese hanging scroll is being made]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arts in China]]
[[Category:Chinese art]]
[[Category:Chinese inventions]]
[[Category:Chinese painting]]
[[Category:East Asian art]]
[[Category:East Asian calligraphy]]