Editing Harrowing of Hell

{{short description|Christ's triumphant descent into the underworld}}
{{redirect2|Christ in Limbo|Descent into Hell|the 1986 film|Descent into Hell (film)|the novel by Charles Williams|Descent into Hell (novel)|the 8th-century Anglo-Saxon liturgical play|Harrowing of Hell (drama)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Harrowhell.jpg|thumb|right| ''The Harrowing of Hell'', ''{{lang|fr|[[Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry|Petites Heures]]}}'', 14th-century [[illuminated manuscript]] commissioned by [[John, Duke of Berry]]]]

[[File:Harrowing of hell Christ leads Adam by the hand. On scroll in border, the motto 'Entre tenir Dieu le viuelle' (f. 125) Cropped.jpg|thumb|Christ leading Adam by the hand, depicted in the ''[[Vaux Passional]]'', {{circa|1504}}]]
[[File:Fra Angelico 024.jpg|thumb|Before his [[resurrection]] from the dead, Jesus Christ grants [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] to souls by the Harrowing of Hell. Fresco, by [[Fra Angelico]], {{circa|1430s}}.]]
{{Gospel Jesus}}
In [[Christian theology]], the '''Harrowing of Hell''' ({{langx|la|Descensus Christi ad Inferos}}; [[Greek language|Greek]]: {{Lang|el|Ἡ εἰς ᾍδου κάθοδος τοῦ Χριστοῦ}} – "the descent of Christ into [[Christian views on Hell|Hell]]" or [[Christian views on Hades|Hades]]){{efn|Note that the Latin word is {{lang|la|inferos}} "those below", not {{lang|la|infernos}} "those of the lower regions". Neither word relates to fire; the use in English and other languages of "inferno" to mean "large fire" is modern and figurative, literally "hellish".}} is the period of time between the [[Crucifixion of Jesus]] and his [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]]. In triumphant descent, [[Jesus Christ|Christ]] brought [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] to the souls held captive there since the beginning of the world.<ref name="Warren">{{Cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Harrowing of Hell |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07143d.htm |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=www.newadvent.org |at=Vol. 7 |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511224829/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07143d.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Christ's descent into the world of the dead is referred to in the [[Apostles' Creed]] and the [[Athanasian Creed]] ({{lang|la|Quicumque vult}}), which state that he "descended into the underworld" ({{lang |la|descendit ad inferos}}), although neither mention that he liberated the dead. His [[descent to the underworld]] is alluded to in the [[New Testament]] in [[1 Peter 4]]:6, which states that the "good tidings were proclaimed to the dead".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Testament: a translation| editor =Hart, David Bentley |isbn=978-0-300-18609-3|location= New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |oclc=1002687102|date = January 2017}}</ref> The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' notes [[Ephesians 4]]:9, which states that "[Christ] descended into the lower parts of the earth", as also supporting this interpretation.<ref>{{Citation| title = Catechism| url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p122a5p1.htm| section = 631| access-date = March 15, 2020| archive-date = April 10, 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200410125137/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p122a5p1.htm| url-status = live}}.</ref> These passages in the New Testament have given rise to differing interpretations.<ref>D. Bruce Lockerbie (1977). ''The Apostle's Creed: Do You Really Believe It''. Wheaton, Illinois: Victor Books, pp. [http://64.33.81.65/ancient/descendit.htm 53–54]. {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120709152254/http://64.33.81.65/ancient/descendit.htm |date= July 9, 2012}}.</ref> The Harrowing of Hell is commemorated in the [[liturgical calendar]] on [[Holy Saturday]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Keene|title=The Christian Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOuxmzwcA_sC&pg=PA112|year=1995|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=978-0-7487-2188-7|page=112|access-date=March 14, 2018|archive-date=May 29, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529135342/https://books.google.com/books?id=cOuxmzwcA_sC&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', the story first appears clearly in the [[Gospel of Nicodemus]] in the section called the [[Acts of Pilate]], which also appears separately at earlier dates within the [[Acts of Peter and Paul]].<ref name= "Wilhelm501">Wilhelm Schneemelcher, R. McLachlan Wilson (December 1, 1990) ''New Testament Apocrypha'', Vol. 1 {{ISBN |0-66422721-X}} pp. 501–02</ref> The descent into Hell had been related in [[Old English]] poems connected with the names of [[Cædmon]] (e.g. ''[[Christ and Satan]]'') and [[Cynewulf]]. It is subsequently repeated in [[Ælfric of Eynsham]]'s homilies {{circa|1000 AD}}, which is the first known inclusion of the word "harrowing". [[Middle English literature|Middle English dramatic literature]] contains the fullest and most dramatic development of the subject.<ref name=Warren/>

As a subject in [[Christian art]], it is also known as the {{transliteration|el|Anastasis}} ([[Greek language|Greek]] for "resurrection"), considered a creation of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] culture and first appearing in the [[Latin West|West]] in the early 8th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Leslie |url=http://archive.org/details/medievalarttopic00ross |title=Medieval art : a topical dictionary |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-313-29329-0 |publication-place=Westport, Connecticut, United States |pages=10–11}}</ref>

==Background==
{{main|Afterlife#Abrahamic religions}} 
The [[Old Testament]] view of the [[afterlife]] was that all people when they died, whether [[righteousness|righteous]] or unrighteous, went to [[Sheol]], a dark, still place.<ref>Rainwater, Robert (1990). "Sheol". In Mills, Watson E. (ed.). ''Mercer Dictionary of the Bible''. Mercer University Press. {{ISBN| 9780865543737}}</ref> Several works from the [[Second Temple Judaism|Second Temple period]] elaborate the concept of Sheol, dividing it into sections based on the righteousness or unrighteousness of those who have died.<ref>Longenecker, Richard N. (2003). "Cosmology". In Gowan, Donald E. (ed.). ''The Westminster Theological Wordbook of the Bible''. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 189 {{ISBN| 9780664223946}}</ref>

The New Testament maintains a distinction between Sheol, the common "place of the dead", and the eternal destiny of those condemned at the [[Final Judgment]], variously described as [[Gehenna]], [[Outer darkness|"the outer darkness"]], or a [[Lake of fire|lake of eternal fire]].<ref name="Cook1883">{{cite book|last=Cook|first=Joseph|title=Advanced thought in Europe, Asia, Australia, &c|year=1883|publisher=Richard D. Dickinson |location=London |page=41}}</ref>

== Terminology ==
The [[Koine Greek|Greek]] wording in the Apostles' Creed is {{lang|grc|κατελθόντα εἰς τὰ κατώτατα}} ({{transliteration|grc|katelthonta eis ta katōtata}}), and in [[Latin]] is {{lang|la|descendit ad inferos}}. The Greek {{lang|grc|τὰ κατώτατα}} ({{transliteration|grc|ta katōtata}}, "the lowest") and the Latin {{lang|la|inferos}} ("those below") may also be translated as "[[underworld]]", "netherworld", or "abode of the dead".

The realm into which Jesus descended is called Hell, in long-established English usage, but is also called [[Sheol]] or [[Limbo]] by some Christian theologians to distinguish it from the Hell of the damned.<ref name=Most>{{cite web |last=Most |first=William G. |title=Christ's Descent into Hell and His Resurrection |url=http://www.ewtn.com/faith/teachings/resua1.htm |access-date=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=February 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220220822/http://www.ewtn.com/faith/Teachings/resua1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Classical mythology]], [[Greek underworld|Hades]] is the underworld inhabited by departed souls, and the god [[Pluto (mythology)|Pluto]] is its ruler. Some New Testament translations use the term "Hades" to refer to the abode or state of the dead to represent a neutral place where the dead awaited the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus.

The word "harrow" originally comes from the [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|hergian}} meaning "to harry or despoil", and is seen in the [[homily|homilies]] of [[Ælfric of Eynsham|Aelfric]], {{circa|1000}}.{{efn|'Harrow' is a by-form of 'harry', a military term meaning to "make predatory raids or incursions".<ref>[[OED]]</ref>{{nonspecific|date=November 2022}}}} The term 'Harrowing of Hell' refers not merely to the idea that Jesus descended into Hell, as in the Creed, but to the rich tradition that developed later, asserting that he triumphed over {{lang|la|inferos}}, releasing Hell's captives, particularly [[Adam and Eve]], and the righteous men and women of the Old Testament period.

==Scripture==
[[File:MantegnaDescentLimbo.jpg|thumb|right|''Christ's Descent into [[Limbo]]'' by [[Andrea Mantegna]] and studio, c. 1470]]

The Harrowing of Hell is mentioned or suggested by several verses in the New Testament:<ref name="Episcopal">{{Cite web |title=Harrowing of Hell |url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/harrowing-of-hell/ |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=The Episcopal Church |language=en-US |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407004349/https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/harrowing-of-hell/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|The following quotes are taken from the [[New Revised Standard Version]].}}
*[[Matthew 12]]:40: "For just as [[Jonah]] was three days and three nights in the belly of the sea monster, so for three days and three nights the Son of Man will be in the heart of the earth."
*[[Matthew 27]]:50–54: "And Jesus cried out again with a loud voice, and yielded up His spirit.  Then, behold, the veil of the temple was torn in two from top to bottom; and the earth quaked, and the rocks were split, and the graves were opened; and many bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised; and coming out of the graves after His resurrection, they went into the holy city and appeared to many.  So when the centurion and those with him, who were guarding Jesus, saw the earthquake and the things that had happened, they feared greatly, saying, 'Truly this was the Son of God!{{'"}}
*[[Acts 2]]:24: "But God raised him up, having freed him from death, because it was impossible for him to be held in its power."
*Acts 2:31: "Foreseeing this, [[David]] spoke of the resurrection of the Messiah, saying, 'He was not abandoned to Hades, nor did his flesh experience corruption'."
*[[Ephesians 4]]:8-9: " When he ascended on high, he took many captives and gave gifts to his people. In saying, 'he ascended', what does it mean but that he had also descended into the lower regions, the earth?"
*[[Colossians 1]]:18: "He is the head of the body, the church; he is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, so that he might come to have first place in everything."
*[[1 Peter 3]]:18–19: "For Christ also suffered for [[sin]]s once for all, the righteous for the unrighteous, in order to bring you to God. He was put to death in the flesh, but made alive in the spirit, in which also he went and made a proclamation to the spirits in prison,&nbsp;..."
*[[1 Peter 4]]:6: "For this is the reason the gospel was proclaimed even to the dead, so that, though they had been judged in the flesh as everyone is judged, they might live in the spirit as God does."

Theologian [[Hans Urs von Balthasar]] sees parallels with [[Mark 3]]:24: "If a kingdom is divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand. And if a house is divided against itself, that house will not be able to stand. And if [[Satan]] has risen up against himself and is divided, he cannot stand, but his end has come. But no one can enter a strong man’s house and plunder his property without first tying up the strong man; then indeed the house can be plundered."

== Early Christian teaching ==
[[File:Harrowing of Hell.jpg|thumb|''Descent into Hell'', with [[Hellmouth]], engraving by [[Michael Burghers]] (1647/48–1727)]]
The Harrowing of Hell was taught by [[Christian theology|theologians]] of the [[early church]]: St [[Melito of Sardis]] (died c. 180) in his ''Homily on the [[Passover]]'' and more explicitly in his ''Homily for Holy Saturday,'' [[Tertullian]] (''A Treatise on the Soul'', 55, though he himself disagrees with the idea), [[Hippolytus (writer)|Hippolytus]] (''Treatise on Christ and Anti-Christ''), [[Origen]] (''[[Against Celsus]]'', 2:43), and, later, [[Ambrose]] (died 397) all wrote of the Harrowing of Hell. The early heretic [[Marcion]] and his followers also discussed the Harrowing of Hell, as mentioned by Tertullian, [[Irenaeus]], and [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]]. The 6th-century sect called the [[Christolytes]], as recorded by [[John of Damascus]], believed that Jesus left his soul and body in Hell, and only rose with his divinity to Heaven.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0368&q1=christolytes |last=Chambers |first=Ephraim |encyclopedia=Cyclopædia, or, An universal dictionary of arts and sciences |year=1728 |title=Christolytes |via=History of Science and Technology, University of Wisconsin Digital Libraries |language=en-US|access-date=September 29, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135533/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0368&q1=christolytes |archive-date=September 29, 2017}}</ref>

The Gospel of Matthew relates that immediately after Christ died, the earth shook, there was [[Crucifixion darkness|darkness]], the veil in the [[Second Temple]] was torn in two, and many people rose from the dead, and after the resurrection ([[Matthew 27]]:53) walked about in [[Jerusalem]] and were seen by many people there. Balthasar says this is a "visionary and imaginistic" description of Jesus vanquishing death itself.<ref name="Balthasar">{{Cite book |last=von Balthasar |first=Hans Urs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4hHDwAAQBAJ&q=Harrowing+of+Hell |title=Mysterium Paschale: The Mystery of Easter |date=January 1, 2000 |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-1-68149-348-0 |language=en |access-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405193512/https://books.google.com/books?id=k4hHDwAAQBAJ&q=Harrowing+of+Hell |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the apocryphal [[Acts of Pilate|Gospel of Nicodemus]], the Harrowing of Hell was foreshadowed by Christ's raising of [[Lazarus of Bethany|Lazarus]] from the dead prior to his own crucifixion.
[[File:Christ's Descent into Limbo by Dürer.png|thumb|upright|''Christ's Descent into Limbo'', woodcut by [[Albrecht Dürer]], c. 1510]]
[[File:5part-icon-Hell.jpg|thumb|right|[[Russian icon]] of John the Baptist foretelling the descent of Christ to the righteous in [[Hell in Christianity|Hades]] (17th century, [[Solovetsky Monastery]])]]

In the Acts of Pilate – usually incorporated with the widely-read medieval Gospel of Nicodemus – texts built around an original that might have been as old as the 3rd century AD with many improvements and embroidered interpolations, chapters 17 to 27 are called the ''Decensus Christi ad Inferos''. They contain a dramatic dialogue between Hades and Prince Satan, and the entry of the King of Glory, imagined as from within [[Tartarus]]. <!-- nothing about "Lazarus is said to have prophesied to those in Hell both about his own imminent resurrection and Christ's coming resurrection and victory" however -->

==Interpretations of the doctrine==
===Orthodoxy===
[[File:Anastasis at Chora.jpg|thumb|In ''Harrowing of Hades'', fresco in the ''parecclesion'' of the [[Chora Church]], [[Istanbul]], c. 1315, raising Adam and Eve is depicted as part of the Resurrection icon, as it always is in the East.]]

[[John Chrysostom]]'s [[Paschal Homily]] also addresses the Harrowing of Hades, and is typically read during the [[Paschal Vigil]], the climactic service of the Orthodox celebration of [[Easter|Pascha]] (Easter).

In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the Harrowing of Hades is celebrated annually on [[Holy and Great Saturday]] during the [[Vespers|Vesperal]] [[Divine Liturgy of Saint Basil]], as is normative for the [[Byzantine Rite]]. At the beginning of the service, the [[Antependium|hangings]] in the church and the [[vestment]]s worn by the clergy are all somber [[Great Lent|Lenten]] colours (usually purple or black). Then, just before the [[Gospel]] reading, the [[liturgical colors]] are changed to white and the deacon performs a [[censing]], and the priest strews [[Bay Laurel|laurel]] leaves around the church, symbolizing the broken gates of Hell; this is done in celebration of the harrowing of Hades then taking place, and in anticipation of Christ's imminent resurrection.

====Icon====
[[File:Harrowing of hell by M.Bathas (16th c.).jpg|thumb|250 px|left|''Harrowing of Hell'' by [[Markos Bathas]] 16th Century]]
The Harrowing of Hades is generally more common and prominent in Orthodox [[iconography]] compared to the Western tradition. It is the traditional [[icon]] for [[Holy Saturday]], and is used during the [[Paschal season]] and on Sundays throughout the year.

The traditional Orthodox icon of the [[Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art|Resurrection of Jesus]], partially inspired by the apocryphal [[Gospel of Nicodemus|Acts of Pilate]] (4th c.), does not depict simply the physical act of Christ coming out of the [[Holy Sepulchre|Tomb]], but rather it reveals what Orthodox Christians believe to be the spiritual reality of what his [[Resurrection of Jesus|Death and Resurrection]] accomplished. The icon depicts Jesus, vested in white and gold to symbolize his divine majesty, standing on the brazen gates of Hades (also called the "Doors of Death"), which are broken and have fallen in the form of a cross, illustrating the belief that by his death on the cross, Jesus "trampled down death by death" (see [[Paschal troparion]]). He is holding [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]] and [[Eve]] and pulling them up out of Hades. Traditionally, he is not shown holding them by the hands but by their wrists, to illustrate the theological teaching that mankind could not pull himself out of his [[Original sin]], but that it could come about only by the work (''[[Essence-Energies distinction|energia]]'') of God. Jesus is surrounded by various righteous figures from the Old Testament ([[Abraham]], [[David]], etc.); the bottom of the icon depicts Hades as a chasm of darkness, often with various pieces of broken locks and chains strewn about. Quite frequently, one or two figures are shown in the darkness, bound in chains, who are generally identified as personifications of [[Death]] or the [[devil]].

===Catholicism===
[[File:HarrowingBermejo.jpg|thumb|left|''Christ leads the patriarchs from Hell to Paradise'', by Bartolomeo Bertejo, Spanish, c. 1480: [[Methuselah]], [[Solomon]] and the [[Queen of Sheba]], and [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]] and [[Eve]] lead the procession of the righteous behind Christ.]]

There is an ancient [[homily]] on the subject, of unknown authorship, usually entitled ''The Lord's Descent into Hell'' that is the second reading at the Office of Readings on [[Holy Saturday]] in the [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=From an ancient homily for Holy Saturday: The Lord's descent into hell|url=https://www.vatican.va/spirit/documents/spirit_20010414_omelia-sabato-santo_en.html|access-date=July 28, 2020|publisher=Holy See|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808204348/http://www.vatican.va/spirit/documents/spirit_20010414_omelia-sabato-santo_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2025/04/19/identifying-an-ancient-homily-for-holy-saturday-on-the-harrowing-of-hell/ Identifying “an ancient homily for Holy Saturday”, on the Harrowing of Hell], by Roger Pearse, accessed 19 April 2025.</ref>

The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' states: "By the expression 'He descended into Hell', the Apostles' Creed confesses that Jesus did really die and through his death for us conquered death and the devil 'who has the power of death' ([[Hebrews 2]]:14). In his human soul united to his divine person, the dead Christ went down to the realm of the dead. He opened Heaven's gates for the just who had gone before him."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p122a5p1.htm |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church] |at=p. 636–37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100320090722/https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p122a5p1.htm |archive-date=March 20, 2010}}</ref>

As the Catechism says, the word "Hell"—from the Norse, ''Hel''; in Latin, {{Lang|la|infernus, infernum, inferni}}; in Greek, {{lang|grc|ᾍδης}} ([[Hell in Christianity|Hades]]); in Hebrew, {{Lang|he|שאול}} (Sheol)—is used in Scripture and the Apostles' Creed to refer to the abode of all the dead, whether righteous or evil, unless or until they are admitted to Heaven (CCC 633). This abode of the dead is the "Hell" into which the Creed says Christ descended. His death freed from exclusion from Heaven the just who had gone before him: "It is precisely these holy souls who awaited their Savior in [[Bosom of Abraham|Abraham's bosom]] whom Christ the Lord delivered when he descended into Hell", the Catechism states (CCC 633), echoing the words of the [[Roman Catechism]], 1, 6, 3. His death was of no avail to the damned.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Conceptualization of the abode of the dead as a place, though possible and customary, is not obligatory (Church documents, such as catechisms, speak of a "state or place"). Some maintain that Christ did not go to the place of the damned, which is what is generally understood today by the word "Hell". For instance, [[Thomas Aquinas]] taught that Christ did not descend into the "Hell of the lost" in his essence, but only by the effect of his death, through which "he put them to shame for their unbelief and wickedness: but to them who were detained in [[Purgatory]] he gave hope of attaining to glory: while upon the holy Fathers detained in Hell solely on account of [[original sin]], he shed the light of glory everlasting."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Summa theologiae: Christ's descent into hell (Tertia Pars, Q. 52)|url=https://www.newadvent.org/summa/4052.htm|access-date=July 28, 2020|website=www.newadvent.org|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728123004/https://www.newadvent.org/summa/4052.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

While some maintain that Christ merely descended into the "limbo of the fathers", others, notably theologian [[Hans Urs von Balthasar]] (inspired by the visions of [[Adrienne von Speyr]]), maintain that it was more than this and that the descent involved suffering by Jesus.<ref name="Reno">{{cite web |last1=Reno |first1=R. R. |title=Was Balthasar a Heretic? |url=https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2008/10/was-balthasar-a-heretic |website=[[First Things]] |access-date=May 24, 2020 |date=October 15, 2008 |archive-date=May 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529135343/https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2008/10/was-balthasar-a-heretic |url-status=live }}</ref> Some maintain that this is a matter on which differences and theological speculation are permissible without transgressing the limits of orthodoxy.<ref name=Reno/> However, Balthasar's point here has been forcefully condemned by conservative Catholic outlets.<ref>[http://www.churchmilitant.tv/dispatches/emptyhell/ "Massa Damnata"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007103810/http://www.churchmilitant.tv/dispatches/emptyhell/ |date=October 7, 2020 }}. ChurchMilitant.TV.</ref>{{unreliable source?|reason=authority not established|date=November 2022}}<!-- Dead video source not archived: <ref>Taylor Marshall. [http://taylormarshall.com/2013/03/did-christ-suffer-in-hell-when-he.html "Did Christ Suffer in Hell When He Descended into Hell?"].</ref> -->

===Lutheranism===
[[Martin Luther]], in a sermon delivered in Torgau in 1533, stated that Christ descended into Hell.

The [[Formula of Concord]] (a Lutheran confession) states, "we believe simply that the entire person, God and human being, descended to Hell after his burial, conquered the devil, destroyed the power of Hell, and took from the devil all his power" (Solid Declaration, Art. IX).

Many attempts were made following Luther's death to systematize his theology of the descensus, whether Christ descended in victory or humiliation. For Luther, however, the defeat or "[[Humiliation of Christ|humiliation]]" of Christ is never fully separable from His victorious glorification. Luther himself, when pressed to elaborate on the question of whether Christ descended to Hell in humiliation or victory responded, "It is enough to preach the article to the laypeople as they have learned to know it in the past from the stained glass and other sources."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Skaggs |first=Rebecca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1zvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |title=1, 2 Peter and Jude Through the Centuries |date=June 2, 2020 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-97330-1 |language=en |access-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406025208/https://books.google.com/books?id=M1zvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Anglicanism===
"Anglican orthodoxy, without protest, has allowed high authorities to teach that there is an intermediate state, Hades, including both Gehenna and Paradise, but with an impassable gulf between the two."<ref name="Cook1883"/> The traditional language of the Apostles' Creed affirms that Jesus "descended into hell"; the contemporary ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'' says that Jesus "descended to the dead" (BCP, pp.&nbsp;53, 96).<ref name=Episcopal/>

===Calvinism===
[[John Calvin]] expressed his concern that many Christians "have never earnestly considered what it is or means that we have been redeemed from God's judgment. Yet this is our wisdom: duly to feel how much our salvation cost the Son of God."

Calvin's conclusion is that "If any persons have scruples about admitting this article into the Creed, it will soon be made plain how important it is to the sum of our redemption: if it is left out, much of the benefit of Christ’s death will be lost."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Center for Reformed Theology and Apologetics|url=https://reformed.org/master/index.html?mainframe=/documents/Christ_in_hell/index.html|access-date=July 28, 2020|website=reformed.org|archive-date=March 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304145431/https://reformed.org/master/index.html?mainframe=/documents/Christ_in_hell/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Calvin strongly opposed the notion that Christ freed prisoners, as opposed to traveling to Hell as part of completing his sufferings.<ref>[https://ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes/institutes/Page_441.html ''Institutes of the Christian Religion'', Book 2, chapter 16, sections 8–10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928161907/https://ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes/institutes/Page_441.html |date=September 28, 2020 }}.</ref>

The [[Calvinism|Reformed]] interpret the phrase "he descended into Hell" as referring to Christ's pain and humiliation ''prior'' to his death, and that this humiliation had a spiritual dimension as part of God's judgement upon the sin which he bore on behalf of Christians. The doctrine of Christ's humiliation is also meant to assure believers that Christ has redeemed them from the pain and suffering of God's judgment on sin.<ref>Allen, R. Michael (2012). ''Reformed Theology''. pp. 67–68</ref>

===The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints===
{{main|Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)|Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)}}
The Harrowing of Hell has been a unique and important doctrine among members of the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] since its founding in 1830 by [[Joseph Smith]], although members of the church usually call it by other terms, such as "Christ's visit to the spirit world". Like Christian exegetes distinguishing between [[Sheol]] and [[Gehenna]], Latter-day Saints distinguish between the realm of departed spirits (the "[[Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)|spirit world]]") and the portion (or state) of the wicked ("[[Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)#Spirit prison|spirit prison]]"). The portion or state of the righteous is often referred to as "paradise".

Perhaps the most notable aspect of Latter-day Saint beliefs regarding the Harrowing of Hell is their view on the purpose of it, both for the just and the wicked. [[Joseph F. Smith]], the sixth president of the Church, explained in what is now a canonized revelation, that when Christ died, "there were gathered together in one place an innumerable company of the spirits of the just, ... rejoicing together because the day of their deliverance was at hand. They were assembled awaiting the advent of the Son of God into the spirit world, to declare their redemption from the bands of death".<ref>[[Doctrine and Covenants|D&C]] {{lds||dc|138|12|,15–16|||x}}</ref>

In the Latter-day Saint view, while Christ announced freedom from physical death to the just, he had another purpose in descending to Hell regarding the wicked. "The Lord went not in person among the wicked and the disobedient who had rejected the truth, to teach them; but behold, from among the righteous, he organized his forces ... and commissioned them to go forth and carry the light of the gospel to them that were in darkness, even to all the spirits of men; and thus was the gospel preached to the dead, ... to those who had died in their sins, without a knowledge of the truth, or in transgression, having rejected the prophets".<ref>{{lds|D&C|dc|138|29|30,32}}</ref> From the Latter-day Saint viewpoint, the rescue of spirits was not a one-time event but an ongoing process that still continues.<ref>{{lds|D&C|dc|138}}; {{lds|1 Peter|1-pet|4|6}}</ref> This concept goes hand-in-hand with the doctrine of [[baptism for the dead]], which is based on the Latter-day Saint belief that those who choose to accept the gospel in the spirit world must still receive the saving ordinances in order to dwell in the kingdom of God.<ref>{{lds|Mark|mark|16|16}}; {{lds|John|john|3|5}}; {{lds|1 Peter|1-pet|3|21}}</ref> These baptisms and other ordinances are performed in Latter-day Saint temples, wherein a church member is baptized vicariously, or in behalf of, those who died without being baptized by proper authority. The recipients in the spirit world then have the opportunity to accept or reject this baptism.<ref>{{citation |url=http://mormon.org/faq/topic/baptism/question/baptism-for-the-dead |title=Why do Mormons perform baptisms for the dead? |department=Frequently Asked Questions |website=Mormon.org |publisher=LDS Church |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213103405/http://mormon.org/faq/topic/baptism/question/baptism-for-the-dead |archive-date=February 13, 2016}}</ref>

==Rejection of the doctrine==
Although the Harrowing of Hell is taught by the Lutheran, Catholic, Reformed, and Orthodox traditions, a number of Christians reject the doctrine of the "harrowing of hell", claiming that "there is scant scriptural evidence for [it], and that Jesus's own words contradict it."<ref name="burke">Daniel Burke, '[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/what-did-jesus-do-on-holy-saturday/2012/04/02/gIQATLMSrS_story.html What did Jesus do on Holy Saturday?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225134634/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/what-did-jesus-do-on-holy-saturday/2012/04/02/gIQATLMSrS_story.html |date=February 25, 2020 }}' in ''[[The Washington Post]]'', April 2, 2012 (accessed January 14, 2013)</ref> [[John Piper (theologian)|John Piper]], for example, says "there is no textual [i.e. Biblical] basis for believing that Christ descended into hell", and, therefore, Piper does not recite the "he descended into hell" phrase when saying the Apostles' Creed.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Piper |first1=John |last2=Columnist |first2=Christian Post Guest |date=April 23, 2011 |title=Did Christ Ever Descend to Hell? |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/did-christ-ever-descend-to-hell.html |access-date=May 11, 2023 |website=The Christian Post |language=en-US |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511224831/https://www.christianpost.com/news/did-christ-ever-descend-to-hell.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Wayne Grudem]] also skips the phrase when reciting the Creed; he says that the "single argument in ... favor [of the "harrowing of hell" clause in the Creed] seems to be that it has been around so long. ... But an old mistake is still a mistake."<ref name="burke"/> In his book ''Raised with Christ'', Pentecostal Adrian Warnock agrees with Grudem, commenting, "Despite some translations of an ancient creed [i.e. the Apostles' Creed], which suggest that Jesus ... 'descended into hell', there is no biblical evidence to suggest that he actually did so."<ref>Adrian Warnock, ''Raised with Christ'' (Wheaton: Crossway, 2010), p. 33-34</ref>

[[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], in his 99th epistle, confesses that this text is replete with difficulties. This he declares is clear, beyond all doubt, that Jesus Christ descended in soul after his death into the regions below, and concludes with these words: ''Quis ergo nisi infidelis negaverit fuisse apud inferos Christum?'' ("Who, then, but an unbeliever, has denied that Christ was in hell?") In this prison souls would not be detained unless they were indebted to divine justice, nor would salvation be preached to them unless they were in a state that was capable of receiving salvation.

===Christian mortalism===
The above views share the traditional Christian belief in the [[immortality of the soul]]. The [[Christian mortalism|mortalist]] view of the [[Intermediate state (Christianity)|intermediate state]] requires an alternative view of the {{bibleref2|Acts|2:27}} and {{bibleref2|Acts|2:31}}, taking a view of the [[New Testament]] use of [[Hell]] as equivalent to use of [[Hell in Christianity|Hades]] in the [[Septuagint]] and therefore to [[Sheol]] in the [[Old Testament]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Norman T. |last=Burns |title=Christian Mortalism from Tyndale to Milton |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1972 |page=180 |isbn=0-674-12875-3 }}</ref> [[William Tyndale]] and [[Martin Bucer]] of Strassburg argued that Hades in Acts 2 was merely a metaphor for the grave. Other reformers [[Christopher Carlisle]] and [[Walter Deloenus]] in London, argued for the article to be dropped from the creed.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Descent into Hell |title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A–D |year=1979 |editor-first=Geoffrey W. |editor-last=Bromiley |first=Geoffrey W. |last=Bromiley |pages=926–927 |isbn=0-8028-8161-0 }}</ref> The Harrowing of Hell was a major scene in traditional depictions of Christ's life avoided by [[John Milton]] due to his mortalist views.<ref>{{cite book |first=William Bridges |last=Hunter |title=Milton's English poetry: being entries from A Milton encyclopedia |page=151 }}</ref> Mortalist interpretations of the Acts 2 statements of Christ being in Hades are also found among later Anglicans such as [[E. W. Bullinger]].<ref>{{cite book |first=E. W. |last=Bullinger |chapter=Hell |title=A Critical Lexicon and Concordance to the English and Greek New Testament |pages=367–369 }}</ref>

While those holding mortalist views on the soul would agree on the "harrowing of hell" concerning souls, that there were no conscious dead for Christ to literally visit, the question of whether Christ himself was also dead, unconscious, brings different answers:
* To most [[Protestant]] advocates of "[[soul sleep]]" such as [[Martin Luther]], Christ himself was not in the same condition as the dead, and while his body was in Hades, Christ, as second person of the Trinity, was conscious in heaven.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Hagen |title=A theology of Testament in the young Luther: the lectures on Hebrews |year=1974 |page=95 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=90-04-03987-2 |quote=For Luther it refers to God's abandonment of Christ during the three days of his death: }}</ref>
* To Christian mortalists who are also [[non-Trinitarian]], such as [[Socinians]] and [[Christadelphians]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Whittaker |first=H. A. |title=Studies in the Gospels |year=1984 |oclc=43138946 }}</ref> the maxim "the dead know nothing" includes also Christ during the three days.

Of the three days, Christ says "I was dead" (Greek ''egenomen nekros'' ἐγενόμην νεκρὸς, Latin {{Lang|la|fui mortuus}}).<ref>{{bibleverse|Revelation|1:18}}</ref>

== In culture ==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2011}}
[[File:Descent into hell-Russian Museum.jpg|thumb|''Harrowing of Hades'', an icon by [[Dionisius]], from the [[Ferapontov Monastery]]]]

===Drama===
The richest, most circumstantial accounts of the Harrowing of Hell are found in medieval dramatic literature, such as the four great cycles of English [[Mystery play]]s which each devote a separate scene to depict it.<ref name=Warren/> Christ was portrayed as conquering Satan, and then victoriously leading out Adam and Eve, the prophets, and the patriarchs. The earliest surviving Christian drama probably intended to be performed is the ''[[Harrowing of Hell (drama)|Harrowing of Hell]]'' found in the 8th-century ''[[Book of Cerne]]''.

The subject is found also in the Cornish Mystery plays and the York and Wakefield cycles. These medieval versions of the story derive from scripture, but the details come from the Gospel of Nicodemus.

=== Literature ===

==== Middle Ages ====

In [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'' the Harrowing of Hell is mentioned in Canto IV by the pilgrim's guide [[Virgil]]. Virgil was in Limbo (the first circle of Hell) in the first place because he was not exposed to Christianity in his lifetime, and therefore he describes Christ in generic terms as a "mighty one" who rescued the Hebrew forefathers of Christianity, but left him and other [[virtuous pagan]]s behind in the very same circle. It is clear that Virgil does not fully understand the significance of the event as Dante does.

An incomplete [[Middle English]] telling of the Harrowing of Hell is found in the [[Auchinleck manuscript]].<ref>{{cite web|website=Auchinleck.nls.uk|url=http://auchinleck.nls.uk/mss/harrow.html|title=Auchinleck manuscript|access-date=February 24, 2013|archive-date=September 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917024734/http://auchinleck.nls.uk/mss/harrow.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A scene of the Harrowing of Hell is included by [[William Langland]] (Willielmus de Langland; circa 1330 – circa 1386) in ''[[Piers Plowman]]'' (circa 1377). This is a Middle English allegorical narrative poem, written in un-rhymed, alliterative verse divided into sections called passus (Latin for "step"). 

Although the [[Orpheus|Orfeo]] legend has its origin in pagan antiquity, the medieval [[Romance (heroic literature)|romance]] of ''[[Sir Orfeo]]'' has often been interpreted as drawing parallels between the Greek hero and Jesus freeing souls from Hell,<ref>{{cite book|author=Henry, Elisabeth |title=Orpheus with His Lute: Poetry and the Renewal of Life|publisher=Bristol Classical Press|date= 1992|pages= 38, 50–53, 81}} ''et passim''</ref><ref>{{cite news|author= Treharne, Elaine|title=Speaking of the Medieval|work=The Oxford Handbook of Medieval Literature in English|publisher=Oxford University Press|date= 2010|page= 10}}</ref> with the explication of Orpheus' descent and return from the Underworld as an allegory for Christ's as early as the ''[[Pierre Bersuire|Ovide Moralisé]]'' (1340).<ref>{{cite book|last=Friedman |first=John Block |title=Orpheus in the Middle Ages|publisher=Syracuse University Press|date= 2000|pages= 125–126 |isbn=0-8156-2825-0 }}</ref>

==== Modern ====

The Catholic philologist and fantasy author [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] echoes the Harrowing of Hell theme in multiple places in ''[[The Silmarillion]]'' (1977) and ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' (1954–55). [[Christian light in Tolkien's legendarium#Harrowing of Hell|Identified instances]] include the tale "[[Of Beren and Lúthien]]" in which Beren is rescued from [[Sauron]]'s dark dungeons, and [[Gandalf]]'s freeing of King [[Théoden]] of [[Rohan, Middle-earth|Rohan]] from the dark insinuations of the traitorous [[Wormtongue]].<ref name="Steed 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Steed |first1=Robert |title=The Harrowing of Hell Motif in Tolkien's Legendarium |journal=Mallorn |date=2017 |issue=58 |pages=6–9 |url=https://journals.tolkiensociety.org/mallorn/article/download/26/21 |access-date=March 5, 2024 |archive-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130134336/https://journals.tolkiensociety.org/mallorn/article/download/26/21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[Stephen Lawhead]]'s novel ''Byzantium'' (1997), a young [[Irish monk]] is asked to explain Jesus Christ's life to a group of [[Vikings]], who were particularly impressed with his "[[descent to the underworld]]" ''(Helreið)''.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

In 2021, Jonathan Jackson wrote “The Harrowing of Hell: An epic poem” about the descent of Jesus to Hell after the crucifixion. It was published by Hilasterion Publishing of Tennessee and illustrated by Anastasia Chybireva-Fender.

[[File:Follower of Jheronimus Bosch Christ in Limbo.jpg|thumb|''Christ in Limbo'', by a follower of [[Hieronymus Bosch]]]]

Parallels in Jewish literature refer to legends of Enoch and Abraham's harrowings of the Underworld, unrelated to Christian themes. These have been updated in [[Isaac Leib Peretz]]'s short story "[[Neilah]] in [[Gehenna]]", in which a Jewish [[hazzan]] descends to Hell and uses his unique voice to bring about the repentance and liberation of the souls imprisoned there.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

===Music===
* The Harrowing of Hell is the subject of [[baroque]] [[oratorio]]s including [[Antonio Salieri|Salieri]]'s ''Gesù al Limbo'' (1803) to a text by Luigi Prividali.<ref>Recording and essay with Il Giudizio Finale; Te Deum. dir Alberto Turco, Bongiovanni</ref>

===Art===
* A follower of [[Hieronymus Bosch]] depicts ''Christ in Limbo'' in a vivid composition, now owned by the Indianapolis Museum of Art.<ref>{{cite web|title=Christ in Limbo|url=http://collection.imamuseum.org/artwork/79340/|website=Indianapolis Museum of Art|access-date=March 17, 2016|archive-date=March 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326095653/http://collection.imamuseum.org/artwork/79340/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Television ===

* The harrowing is mentioned in the [[The Harrowing (Inside No. 9)|eponymous episode]] of the British dark comedy anthology series ''[[Inside No. 9]]''.
* In [[Supernatural (American TV series)|''Supernatural'']], the [[seraph]] [[Castiel (Supernatural)|Castiel]] is said to have earned the respect of other angels during the harrowing due to his military prowess.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Misha Collins: Supernatural's Warrior Angel |url=http://sfuniverse.com/2008/09/23/mischa-collins-supernaturals-warrior-angel/ |access-date=May 11, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=March 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321011930/http://sfuniverse.com/2008/09/23/mischa-collins-supernaturals-warrior-angel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Adam#Adam's grave: Golgotha replaces Solomon's Temple|Adam: original sin, Resurrection of Jesus, and Adam's grave at Golgotha]] – theology behind Orthodox iconography
* [[Christian mythology]]
* [[Lost body hypothesis]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* Trumbower, J. A., "Jesus' Descent to the Underworld", in Idem, ''Rescue for the Dead: The Posthumous Salvation of Non-Christians in Early Christianity'' (Oxford, 2001) (Oxford Studies in Historical Theology), 91–108.
* Brinkman, Martien E., "The Descent into Hell and the Phenomenon of Exorcism in the Early Church", in Jerald D. Gort, Henry Jansen and Hendrik M. Vroom (eds), ''Probing the Depths of Evil and Good: Multireligious Views and Case Studies'' (Amsterdam/New York, NY, 2007) (Currents of Encounter – Studies on the Contact between Christianity and Other Religions, Beliefs, and Cultures, 33).
* Alyssa Lyra Pitstick, ''Light in Darkness: Hans Urs von Balthasar and the Catholic Doctrine of Christ's Descent into Hell'' (Grand Rapids (MI), Eerdmanns, 2007).
* Gavin D'Costa, "Part IV: Christ’s Descent into Hell", in Idem, ''Christianity and World Religions: Disputed Questions in the Theology of Religions'' (Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009),
* Georgia Frank, "Christ’s Descent to the Underworld in Ancient Ritual and Legend", in Robert J. Daly (ed), ''Apocalyptic Thought in Early Christianity'' (Grand Rapids (MI), Baker Academic, 2009) (Holy Cross Studies in Patristic Theology and History), 211–226.
* Hilarion Alfayev, "Christ the Conqueror of Hell: The Descent into Hades from an Orthodox Perspective". St Vladimirs Seminary Pr (November 20, 2009)

== External links ==
{{commons category|Harrowing of Hell}}
* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/actspilate.html ''Gospel of Nicodemus'': Descensus Christ ad inferos]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071211142319/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/gospelnicodemus.html The Gospel of Nicodemus] including the Descent into Hell
* [http://www.umm.maine.edu/faculty/necastro/drama/chester/play_18.html Harrowing of Hell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314020352/http://www.umm.maine.edu/faculty/necastro/drama/chester/play_18.html |date=March 14, 2012 }} in the [[Chester Mystery Plays|Chester Cycle]]
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060506000017/http://www.patzinakia.ro/libri/Harrowing.html Le Harrowing of Hell dans les Cycles de York, Towneley et Chester]'', by Alexandra Costache-Babcinschi (ebook, French)
* [https://www.vatican.va/spirit/documents/spirit_20010414_omelia-sabato-santo_en.html Lord's Descent into Hell, The]
* [https://www.icon-art.info/topic.php?lng=en&top_id=70&mode=img Russian Orthodox iconography of the Harrowing of Hell]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930005617/http://www.newadvent.org/summa/405200.htm Summa Theologica: Christ's descent into hell]

{{Early Lutheran Controversies}}
{{Major events in Jesus life}}
{{Life of Jesus in Christian art}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Harrowing of Hell| ]]
[[Category:Life of Christ in art]]
[[Category:Christian mythology]]
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[[Category:Christianity and death]]
[[Category:Christology]]
[[Category:Hell (Christianity)]]
[[Category:New Testament miracles]]