Editing Headline

{{Short description|Text at the top of a newspaper article}}
{{about|newspaper headlines|other uses|Headlines (disambiguation)}}
The '''headline''' is the text indicating the content or nature of the article below it, typically by providing a form of brief summary of its contents.

The large type ''front page headline'' did not come into use until the late 19th century when increased competition between [[newspaper]]s led to the use of attention-getting headlines.

It is sometimes termed a news ''hed'', a deliberate misspelling that dates from production flow during [[hot type]] days, to notify the composing room that a written note from an editor concerned a headline and should not be [[Typesetting|set in type]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/18/magazine/on-language-hed-folo-my-lede-unhed.html NY Times: On Language: HED]</ref>

Headlines in English often use a set of grammatical rules known as '' [[headlinese]]'', designed to meet stringent space requirements by, for example, leaving out forms of the verb "to be" and choosing short verbs like "eye" over longer synonyms like "consider".

==Production==
[[File:NYTimes-Page1-11-11-1918.jpg|thumb|250px|''The New York Times'' uses an unusually large headline to announce the [[Armistice with Germany]] at the end of [[World War I]].]]
A headline's purpose is to quickly and briefly draw attention to the story. It is generally written by a [[copy editor]], but may also be written by the writer, the page layout designer, or other editors. The most important story on the front page [[above the fold]] may have a larger headline if the story is unusually important. ''[[The New York Times]]''{{'s}} 21 July 1969 front page stated, for example, that "[[Apollo 11|MEN WALK ON MOON]]", with the four words in gigantic size spread from the left to right edges of the page.<ref name="wilford20090714">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/14/science/space/14mission.html?pagewanted=all | title=On Hand for Space History, as Superpowers Spar | work=The New York Times | date=14 July 2009 | access-date=24 April 2011 | author=Wilford, John Noble}}</ref>

In the United States, headline contests are sponsored by the [[American Copy Editors Society]], the [[National Federation of Press Women]], and many state press associations; some contests consider created content already published,<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://aceseditors.org/awards/headline-contest
|title=Headline Contest}}</ref> others are for works written with winning in mind.<ref>A NYTimes contest to write a NYPost-style headline{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/11/readers-offer-tabloid-titles-for-bloomberg-term
|title=After Winning N.Y. Times Contest
|date=November 11, 2011}}</ref>

== Typology ==
Research in 1980 classified newspaper headlines into four broad categories: [[question headlines|questions]], commands, statements, and explanations.{{sfn|Davis|Brewer|1997|p=56}} Advertisers and marketers classify advertising headlines slightly differently into questions, commands, benefits, news/information, and provocation.{{sfn|Arens|1996|p=285}}

==Research==
{{See also|Media studies|Misinformation}}
{{multiple image
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| image1            = Emotionality in news articles headlines since 2000.png
| caption1          = Emotionality in news articles headlines since 2000<ref name="10.1371/journal.pone.0276367"/>
| image2            = Average yearly sentiment of headlines across 47 popular news media outlets.png
| caption2          = Average yearly sentiment of headlines across 47 popular news media outlets<ref name="10.1371/journal.pone.0276367"/>
}}
A study indicates there has been a substantial increase of [[sentiment analysis|sentiment]] negativity and decrease of emotional neutrality in headlines across written popular U.S.-based [[news media]] since 2000.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brooks |first1=David |title=Opinion {{!}} The Rising Tide of Global Sadness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/27/opinion/global-sadness-rising.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=21 November 2022 |date=27 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="10.1371/journal.pone.0276367">{{cite journal |last1=Rozado |first1=David |last2=Hughes |first2=Ruth |last3=Halberstadt |first3=Jamin |title=Longitudinal analysis of sentiment and emotion in news media headlines using automated labelling with Transformer language models |journal=PLOS ONE |date=18 October 2022 |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=e0276367 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0276367 |pmid=36256658 |pmc=9578611 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1776367R |language=en |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Another study concluded that those who have gained the most experience with reading newspapers "spend most of their reading time scanning the headlines—rather than reading [all or most of] the stories".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dor |first1=Daniel |title=On newspaper headlines as relevance optimizers |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |date=May 2003 |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=695–721 |doi=10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00134-0|s2cid=8394655 }}</ref>

Headlines can bias readers toward a specific interpretation and readers struggle to update their memory in order to correct initial misconceptions in the cases of misleading or inappropriate headlines.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ecker |first1=Ullrich K. H. |last2=Lewandowsky |first2=Stephan |last3=Chang |first3=Ee Pin |last4=Pillai |first4=Rekha |title=The effects of subtle misinformation in news headlines. |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied |date=December 2014 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=323–335 |doi=10.1037/xap0000028 |pmid=25347407 |language=en}}</ref>

One approach investigated as a potential [[Misinformation#Countermeasures|countermeasure to online misinformation]] is "attaching warnings to headlines of news stories that have been disputed by third-party fact-checkers", albeit its potential problems include e.g. that false headlines that fail to get tagged are considered validated by readers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pennycook |first1=Gordon |last2=Bear |first2=Adam |last3=Collins |first3=Evan T. |last4=Rand |first4=David G. |title=The Implied Truth Effect: Attaching Warnings to a Subset of Fake News Headlines Increases Perceived Accuracy of Headlines Without Warnings |journal=Management Science |date=November 2020 |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=4944–4957 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.2019.3478|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Criticism==

===Sensationalism, inaccuracy and misleading headlines===
{{See also|#Research|Clickbait}}
{{Expand section|date=December 2022}}
===="Slam"====

The use of "slam" in headlines has attracted criticism on the grounds that the word is overused and contributes to media [[sensationalism]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ann-Derrick Gaillot|title=The Outline "slams" media for overusing the word|url=https://theoutline.com/post/5405/slam-media-trend-overuse|journal=[[The Outline (website)|The Outline]]|date=2018-07-28|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kehe|first=Jason|title=Colloquialism slams language|url=http://dailytrojan.com/2009/09/09/colloquialism-slams-language/|work=[[Daily Trojan]]|date=9 September 2009}}</ref> The violent imagery of words like "slam", "blast", "rip", and "bash" has drawn comparison to [[professional wrestling]], where the primary aim is to titillate audiences with a conflict-laden and largely predetermined narrative, rather than provide authentic coverage of spontaneous events.<ref>{{cite web|last=Russell|first=Michael|title=Biden 'Rips' Trump, Yankees 'Bash' Twins: Is Anyone Going to 'Slam' the Press?|website=PolitiChicks|url=https://politichicks.com/2019/10/biden-rips-trump-yankees-bash-twins-is-anyone-going-to-slam-the-press/|date=8 October 2019}}</ref>

===Crash blossoms===
{{main|Syntactic ambiguity#In headlines}}

"Crash blossoms" is a term used to describe headlines that have unintended ambiguous meanings, such as ''[[The Times]]'' headline "Hospitals named after sandwiches kill five". The word 'named' is typically used in headlines to mean "blamed/held accountable/named [in a lawsuit]",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pérez |first1=Isabel |title=Newspaper Headlines |url=http://www.isabelperez.com/module4_tesis/headlines.htm |website=English as a Second or Foreign Language |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> but in this example it seems to say that the hospitals' names were related to sandwiches. The headline was subsequently changed in the electronic version of the article.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=David |title=Hospital trusts named after sandwiches kill five |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/hospital-trusts-named-after-sandwiches-kill-five-sfsklntwb |access-date=31 March 2020 |work=[[The Times]] |date=18 June 2019}}</ref> The term was coined in August 2009 on the Testy Copy Editors [[web forum]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmer |first1=Ben |title=Crash Blossoms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/magazine/31FOB-onlanguage-t.html |access-date=31 March 2020 |work=New York Times Magazine |date=Jan 31, 2010}}</ref> after the ''[[Japan Times]]'' published an article entitled "Violinist Linked to JAL Crash Blossoms"<ref>{{cite web |last1=subtle_body |last2=danbloom |last3=Nessie3 |title=What's a crash blossom? |url=http://www.testycopyeditors.org/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=11134 |website=Testy Copy Editors |access-date=31 March 2020}}</ref> (since retitled to "Violinist shirks off her tragic image").<ref>{{cite news |last1=Masangkay |first1=May |title=Violinist shirks off her tragic image |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/08/18/national/violinist-shirks-off-her-tragic-image/#.XoOXCHIpCUk |access-date=31 March 2020 |work=The Japan Times |date=18 August 2009}}</ref>

==Headlinese==
{{seealso|Journalese}}
[[File:Los Angeles Herald, Number 180, 29 May 1916 front page.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Old newspaper featuring headlinese like "WOMAN MYSTERY-DEATH VICTIM" and "Drop 150 Teachers Tonight, Board Plan".|Headlinese has a long history. This example is the front page of the ''[[Los Angeles Herald]]'' issue of May 29, 1916.]]
'''Headlinese''' is an abbreviated form of [[News style|news writing style]] used in [[newspaper]] headlines.<ref>[http://www.wordnik.com/words/headlinese Headlinese] Collated definitions via ''www.wordnik.com''</ref> Because space is limited, headlines are written in a compressed [[Telegram style|telegraphic style]], using special syntactic conventions,<ref>[http://www.isabelperez.com/module4_tesis/headlines.htm Isabel Perez.com: "Newspaper Headlines"]</ref> including:
* [[Zero copula|Forms of the verb "to be"]] and [[Article (grammar)|articles]] (''a'', ''an'', ''the'') are usually omitted.
* Most [[verb]]s are in the [[Simple present (English)|simple present]] tense, e.g. "Governor signs bill", while the future is expressed by an [[Infinitive#English|infinitive]], with ''to'' followed by a verb, as in "Governor to sign bill"
* The [[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]] "and" is often replaced by a comma, as in "Bush, Blair laugh off microphone mishap".<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/07/18/bush.tape.reaction/index.html |title=Bush, Blair laugh off microphone mishap |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=July 21, 2006 |access-date=July 17, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070816181203/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/07/18/bush.tape.reaction/index.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = August 16, 2007}}</ref>
* Individuals are usually specified by surname only, with no [[honorific]]s.
* Organizations and institutions are often indicated by [[metonymy]]: "Wall Street" for the US financial sector, "Whitehall" for the UK government administration, "Madrid" for the government of Spain, "Davos" for World Economic Forum, and so on.
* Many [[abbreviation]]s, including [[Contraction (grammar)|contraction]]s and [[acronyms]], are used: in the UK, some examples are ''Lib Dems'' (for the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]]), ''[[Tory|Tories]]'' (for the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]); in the US, ''Dems'' (for "[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]]") and ''GOP'' (for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], from the nickname "Grand Old Party"). The period (full point) is usually omitted from these abbreviations, though ''U.S.'' may retain them, especially in all-caps headlines to avoid confusion with the word ''us''.
* Lack of a terminating [[full stop]] (period) even if the headline forms a complete sentence.
* Use of [[Quotation mark|single quotation marks]] to indicate a claim or allegation that cannot be presented as a fact. For example, an article titled "Ultra-processed foods 'linked to cancer{{' "}} covered a study which suggested a link but acknowledged that its findings were not definitive.<ref name="bad-news"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-43064290|title=Ultra-processed foods 'linked to cancer'| work=BBC News |date=2018-02-15|accessdate=2021-02-26}}</ref>  Linguist [[Geoffrey K. Pullum]] characterizes this practice as deceptive, noting that the single-quoted expressions in newspaper headlines are often not actual quotations, and sometimes convey a claim that is not supported by the text of the article.<ref name=PullumLL>{{cite web|last=Pullum|first=Geoffrey|title=Mendacity quotes|url=https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1017|work=[[Language Log]]|date=2009-01-14|accessdate=2021-02-26}}</ref> Another technique is to present the claim as a question, hence [[Betteridge's law of headlines]].<ref name="bad-news">{{cite book |last=Pack |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Pack |date=2020 |title=Bad News: What the Headlines Don't Tell Us|publisher=Biteback|page=100-102}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-secrets-you-learn-working-at-celebrity-gossip-magazines/|title=The Secrets You Learn Working at Celebrity Gossip Magazines|date=2018-09-12|access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref>

Some periodicals have their own distinctive headline styles, such as ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' and its entertainment-jargon headlines, most famously "[[Sticks Nix Hick Pix]]".

===Commonly used short words===
To save space and attract attention, headlines often use extremely short words, many of which are not otherwise in common use, in unusual or idiosyncratic ways:<ref>{{cite web |website=Social Media Today
|url=https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/which-types-of-headlines-drive-the-most-content-engagement-post-click-new/549681
|title=Which Types of Headlines Drive the Most Content Engagement Post-Click?
|author=Chad Pollitt |date=March 5, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
   |url=https://www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2014/07/17/headline-writing
   |title=19 Headline Writing Tips for More Clickable Blog Posts
   |date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://buffer.com/resources/how-to-write-a-headline/
|title=There's No Perfect Headline: Why We Need to Write Multiple Headlines for Every Article
|author=Ash Read |date=August 24, 2016}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''ace'' (a professional, especially a member of an elite sports team, e.g. "[[England national football team|England]] ace")
* ''axe'' (to eliminate)
* ''bid'' (to attempt)
* ''blast'' (to heavily criticize)
* ''cagers'' (basketball team – "cage" is an old term for indoor court)<ref>[https://www.si.com/vault/1991/11/11/125381/when-the-court-was-a-cage-in-the-early-days-of-pro-basketball-the-players-were-segregated-from-the-fans "When the Court was a Cage"], ''Sports Illustrated''</ref>
* ''chop'' (to eliminate)
* ''coffer(s)'' (a person or entity's financial holdings)
* ''confab'' (a meeting){{CN|date=June 2023}}
* ''eye'' (to consider)
* ''finger'' (to accuse, blame)
* ''fold'' (to shut down)
* ''gambit'' (an attempt)
* ''hail'' (to praise, welcome)
* ''hike'' (to increase, raise)
* ''ink'' (to sign a contract)
* ''jibe'' (an insult)
* ''laud'' (to praise)
* ''lull'' (a pause)
* ''mar'' (to damage, harm)
* ''mull'' (to contemplate)
* ''nab'' (to acquire, arrest)
* ''nix'' (to reject)
* ''parley'' (to discuss)
* ''pen'' (to write)
* ''probe'' (to investigate)
* ''quiz'' (to question, interrogate)
* ''rap'' (to criticize)
* ''romp'' (an easy victory or a sexual encounter)
* ''row'' (an argument or disagreement)
* ''rue'' (to lament)
* ''see'' (to forecast)
* ''slay'' (to murder)
* ''slam'' (to heavily criticize)
* ''slump'' (to decrease)
* ''snub'' (to reject)
* ''solon'' (to judge)
* ''spat'' (an argument or disagreement)
* ''spark'' (to cause, instigate)
* ''star'' (a [[celebrity]], often modified by another noun, e.g. "[[soap opera|soap]] star")
* ''tap'' (to select, choose)
* ''tot'' (a child)
* ''tout'' (to put forward)
* ''woe'' (disappointment or misfortune){{div col end}}

== Famous examples ==

Some famous headlines in periodicals include:
* [[Wall Street Lays An Egg|WALL ST. LAYS AN EGG]]{{dash}}''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' on [[Black Monday (1929)|Black Monday]] (1929)
* [[Sticks Nix Hick Pix|STICKS NIX HICK PIX]]{{dash}}''Variety'' writing that rural moviegoers preferred urban films (1935)
* [[Dewey Defeats Truman|DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN]]{{dash}}''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' reporting the wrong election winner (1948)
* [[Ford to city: drop dead|FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD]]{{dash}}''[[New York Daily News]]'' reporting the denial of a federal bailout for bankrupt [[New York City]] (1975)
* [[Mush from the Wimp|MUSH FROM THE WIMP]]{{dash}}''[[The Boston Globe]]'' in-house joke headline for an editorial, which was not changed before 161,000 copies had been printed. Theo Lippman Jr. of the ''[[Baltimore Sun]]'' declared "Mush from the Wimp" the second most famous newspaper headline of the 20th century, behind "Wall St. Lays an Egg" and ahead of "Ford to City: Drop Dead".<ref name="globe-now">{{cite news | url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/666646561.html?FMT=ABS&date=Nov%206,%201982 | title = Now It Can Be Told . . . The Story Behind Campaign '82's Favorite Insult | first = Kirk | last = Scharfenberg | page = 1 | date = 1982-11-06 | work = [[The Boston Globe]] | location = [[Boston, Massachusetts]] | access-date = 2011-01-20 | archive-date = 2011-05-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110523054034/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/666646561.html?FMT=ABS&date=Nov%206,%201982 | url-status = dead }}{{Subscription required}}</ref>
* [[Headless body in topless bar|HEADLESS BODY IN TOPLESS BAR]]{{dash}}''[[New York Post]]'' on a local murder (1983)<ref name="fox20150609">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/10/business/media/vincent-musetto-74-author-of-headless-headline-of-ageless-fame.html |title=Vincent Musetto, 74, Dies; Wrote 'Headless' Headline of Ageless Fame |last=Fox |first=Margalit |date=2016-06-09 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
* [[Sic transit gloria mundi|SICK TRANSIT'S GLORIOUS MONDAY]]{{dash}}''New York Daily News'' front-page caption on a photo (1979) reporting an agreement to avoid fare increases on city transit services, making a multi-word pun on the Latin phrase [[Sic transit gloria mundi]]<ref>Daily News (New York), 9/25/1979, p. 1</ref>
* [[ARA General Belgrano#"Gotcha" headline|GOTCHA]]{{dash}}The UK ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|Sun]]'' on the torpedoing of the Argentine ship ''[[ARA General Belgrano|Belgrano]]'' and sinking of a gunboat during the [[Falklands War]] (1982)
* [[Freddie Starr ate my hamster|FREDDIE STARR ATE MY HAMSTER]]{{dash}}The UK ''Sun'' (1986), claiming that the comedian had eaten a fan's pet [[hamster]] in a sandwich. The story was later proven false, but is seen as one of the classic [[tabloid newspaper]] headlines.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/4973880.stm#hamster | publisher=BBC News | title=Telegraph wins newspaper vote | date=25 May 2006}}</ref>
* GREAT SATAN SITS DOWN WITH THE AXIS OF EVIL{{dash}}''[[The Times]]'' (UK) on US–Iran talks (2007)<ref>
[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1851791.ece Great Satan sits down with the Axis of Evil]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* SUPER CALEY GO BALLISTIC CELTIC ARE ATROCIOUS{{dash}}''Sun'' on [[Inverness Caledonian Thistle]] beating [[Celtic F.C.]] in the Scottish Cup;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/scot_div_1/2875957.stm|title=Super Caley dream realistic?|publisher=BBC | date=22 March 2003}}</ref> a pun on "[[Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious]]"
* WE ARE POPE (in German: [[:de:Wir sind Papst|Wir sind Papst]]); ''[[Bild]]'' after a German was voted to become [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in 2005.

''[[The New Republic]]'' editor [[Michael Kinsley]] began a contest to find the most boring newspaper headline.<ref name="kinsley19860602">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.tnr.com/article/83792/dont-stop-the-presses | author=Kinsley, Michael | title=Don't Stop The Press | magazine=The New Republic | date=1986-06-02 | access-date=April 26, 2011}}</ref> According to him, no entry surpassed the one that had inspired him to create the contest: "WORTHWHILE CANADIAN INITIATIVE",<ref name="worthwhile">{{cite news | last = Lewis | first = Flora | title = Worthwhile Canadian Initiative | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | date = 4 October 1986 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/10/opinion/foreign-affairs-worthwhile-canadian-initiative.html | access-date = 9 March 2013}}</ref> over a column by ''The New York Times''{{'}} [[Flora Lewis]].<ref name="kinsley20100728">{{cite web | url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/entertainment/2010/07/boring-article-contest/17657/ | title=Boring Article Contest | work=The Atlantic | date=28 July 2010 | access-date=26 April 2011 | author=Kinsley, Michael}}</ref> In 2003, ''[[New York Magazine]]'' published a list of eleven "greatest tabloid headlines".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/anniversary/35th/n_8568/|title=Greatest Tabloid Headlines|publisher=Nymag.com|date=March 31, 2003|access-date=February 11, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122082148/http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/anniversary/35th/n_8568/|archive-date=January 22, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 June 1978, ''[[The Guardian]]'' ran an article with the headline "Foot hits back on Nazi comparison".<ref>{{cite news |title=Foot hits back on Nazi comparison |work=The Guardian |date=22 June 1978}}</ref> Reader David C. Allan of [[Edinburgh]] responded with a letter to the editor, which the paper ran on 27 June. Decrying the headline's apparent pun, Allan suggested that, if Foot were in future to be appointed [[Secretary of State for Defence]], ''The Guardian'' might cover it under the headline "[[Foot Heads Arms Body]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=Footnote [letter to the editor] |first=David C. |last=Allan |journal=[[The Guardian]] |date=1978-06-27 |page=10 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39001580/foot_heads_arms_body/}}</ref> The belief later gained currency that ''[[The Times]]'' actually had run the headline.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/mar/05/footnotes-life-michael-foot|title=Footnotes to a life well lived|last=Hoggart|first=Simon|author-link=Simon Hoggart|date=5 March 2010|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|access-date=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004144/http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/mar/05/footnotes-life-michael-foot|archive-date=5 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The headline does not, however, appear in [[The Times Digital Archive]].<ref name="timesarchive">{{cite web|url=http://gale.cengage.co.uk/times.aspx/ |title=The Times Digital Archive |publisher=Cengage Learning |date=2011 |access-date=28 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430065942/http://gale.cengage.co.uk/times.aspx/ |archive-date=30 April 2016 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[A-1 Headline]]'', a 2004 Hong Kong film
* {{annotated link|Betteridge's law of headlines}}
* [[Bus plunge]], a type of news story, and accompanying headline
* [[Copy editing]]
* [[Corporate jargon]]
* [[Crosswordese]], words common in crosswords that are otherwise rarely used
* {{annotated link|Dateline}}
* [[Ellipsis (linguistics)]], omission of words
* [[Headlines (The Tonight Show)|Headlines]] (from ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'')
* [[Lead paragraph]]
* {{annotated link|Nut paragraph}}
* [[Syntactic ambiguity]], leads to multiple humorous possible alternative interpretations of written headline
* {{annotated link|Title (publishing)}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Arens |first1=William F. |title=Contemporary Advertising |date=1996 |publisher=Irwin |isbn=978-0-256-18257-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4cXAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Boyd H. |last2=Brewer |first2=Jeutonne |title=Electronic Discourse: Linguistic Individuals in Virtual Space |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3475-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz11jvHsed4C |language=en}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Harold Evans]] (1974). ''News Headlines'' (Editing and Design : Book Three) Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. {{ISBN|978-0-434-90552-2}}
* [[Fritz Spiegl]] (1966). ''What The Papers Didn't Mean to Say''. Scouse Press, Liverpool {{ISBN|0901367028}}
* Mårdh, Ingrid (1980); ''Headlinese: On the Grammar of English Front Page headlines''; "Lund studies in English" series; Lund, Sweden: Liberläromedel/Gleerup; {{ISBN|91-40-04753-9}}
* Biber, D. (2007); "Compressed noun phrase structures in newspaper discourse: The competing demands of popularization vs. economy"; in W. Teubert and R. Krishnamurthy (eds.); ''Corpus linguistics: Critical concepts in linguistics''; vol. V, pp. 130–141; London: Routledge

== External links ==
{{wiktionary|headline}}
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/frontpage/homepage.html Front Page – The British Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722001100/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/features/frontpage/homepage.html |date=2017-07-22 }} Exhibition of famous newspaper headlines

[[Category:Headlines| ]]
[[Category:Journalism terminology]]