Editing Hejaz

{{Short description|Geographic region of the Arabian Peninsula}}
{{About|the geographical and historical region|the mountain region|Hijaz Mountains|other uses|Hejaz (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Hejaz
| other_name         = Hijaz
| native_name        = {{lang|ar|ٱلْحِجَاز}}
| image_skyline      = HAC 2010 KABE VE GÖKDELEN - panoramio.jpg
| caption            = [[Islam]]'s [[Holiest sites in Islam|holiest site]], that is ''[[al-Masjid al-Haram]]'', which surrounds the [[Kaaba]] (middle), in Mecca. Mecca is the city of [[Muhammad]]'s birth and ancestry, and an annual point of [[Pilgrimage#Islam|pilgrimage]] for billions  of [[Muslims]].
| image_map          = Map_of_the_Hijaz_Region.svg
| map_caption        = Map of {{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=silver}}Hejaz and its {{Legend inline|#C1283880|outline=silver}}[[Tihamah]] in the {{Legend inline|#FDF9D2|outline=silver}}[[Arabian Peninsula]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|23|N|40|E|display=title,inline}}
| population_est     = 10,500,000
| pop_est_as_of      = 2011
| parts_type         = [[Provinces of Saudi Arabia|Provinces]]
| parts              = [[Al Bahah Province|Al-Bahah]], [[Mecca Province|Mecca]], [[Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)|Medina]], [[Tabuk Region|Tabuk]]
| settlement_type    = [[Historical region]] of [[Arabia]]
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{KSA}}
}}

'''Hejaz'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|h|iː|ˈ|dʒ|æ|z|,_|h|ɪ|ˈ|-|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Hijaz.wav}}, <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|US|h|ɛ|ˈ|-}}; {{langx|ar|ٱلْحِجَاز|Al-Ḥijāz|lit=the Barrier}}, {{IPA|acw|alħɪˈdʒaːz}}}} is a [[Historical region|historical region]] of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] that includes the majority of the western region of [[Saudi Arabia]], covering the cities of [[Mecca]], [[Medina]], [[Jeddah]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]], [[Yanbu]], [[Taif]] and [[Al Bahah|Al-Bahah]]. It is thus known as the "Western Province",<ref name="Mackey">Mackey, p. 101. "The Western Province, or the Hejaz[...]"</ref> and it is bordered in the west by the [[Red Sea]], in the north by [[Jordan]], in the east by the [[Najd]], and in the south by [[Greater Yemen|Yemen]].<ref name="MWGD2001">{{cite book |title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |year=2001 |isbn=0-87779-546-0 |page=479 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA479 |access-date=17 March 2013 |last=Hopkins |first=Daniel J. |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> Its largest city is Jeddah, which is the second-largest city in Saudi Arabia, with Mecca and Medina, respectively, being the third- and fourth-largest cities in the country.<ref name="Leatherdale1983">{{cite book |last=Leatherdale |first=Clive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lt0-U4cUj9sC&pg=PA12 |title=Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925–1939: The Imperial Oasis |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-7146-3220-9 |page=12 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis#Acquired companies and discontinued imprints|Psychology Press]]}}</ref>

As the location of the [[Holy city|holy cities]] of Mecca<ref name="qref|48|22-29|b=y">{{qref|48|22-29|b=y}}</ref> and Medina,<ref name="qref|9|25-129|b=y">{{qref|9|25-129|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|33|09-73|b=y">{{qref|33|09-73|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|63|1-11|b=y">{{qref|63|1-11|b=y}}</ref> respectively the first and second [[holiest sites in Islam]], the Hejaz is significant in the Arabo-Islamic historical and political landscape. This region is the most populated in Saudi Arabia,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mecca_3882.jsp|title=Mecca: Islam's cosmopolitan heart|quote=The Hijaz is the largest, most populated, and most culturally and religiously diverse region of Saudi Arabia, in large part because it was the traditional host area of all the [[pilgrim]]s to Mecca, many of whom settled and intermarried there.|access-date=July 8, 2014|archive-date=December 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214002857/https://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mecca_3882.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Arabic is the predominant language, as in the rest of Saudi Arabia, with [[Hejazi Arabic]] being the most widely spoken dialect here. Some Hejazis are of ethnically diverse origins,<ref name="Leatherdale1983"/> although the vast majority are of [[Arabs|Arab]] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yFnAAAAMAAJ |title=Nations Without States: A Historical Dictionary of Contemporary National Movements |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-28354-3 |pages=229 |language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Islamic mythology|Islamic tradition]], this region is the birthplace of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]], who was born in Mecca, which was founded by his ancestors [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Ishmael in Islam|Ishmael]], and [[Hagar in Islam|Hagar]].<ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref><ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |title=Kaaba |encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]] |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ |isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref> The area became part of his empire through the [[early Muslim conquests]], and it formed part of successive caliphates, first the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], followed by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], and finally the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. The [[Ottoman Empire]] held partial control over the area; after its dissolution, an independent [[Kingdom of Hejaz]] existed briefly in 1925 before being conquered by the neighbouring [[Sultanate of Nejd]], creating the [[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd]].<ref>{{citation |last=Yamani |first=M. |author-link=Mai Yamani |year=2009 |title=Cradle of Islam: the Hijaz and the quest for an Arabian identity |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |isbn=978-1-84511-824-2}} (Pbk. ed.)</ref> In September 1932, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd joined the Saudi dominions of [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Al-Hasa]] and [[Qatif]], creating the [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|unified]] Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<ref>[[Madawi Al-Rasheed|Al-Rasheed, M.]] ''A History of Saudi Arabia''. Cambridge, England, UK: [[Cambridge University Press]], 2002. {{verify source |year=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901919097]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/901471271]] cite #2 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]|date=July 2020}}</ref><ref>A Brief overview of Hejaz - [http://www.rogersstudy.co.uk/hejaz/about.html Hejaz history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815012622/http://www.rogersstudy.co.uk/hejaz/about.html |date=August 15, 2018 }} {{verify source |year=August 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/901919097]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/901471271]] cite #3 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]|date=July 2020}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name of the region is derived from a verb ''ḥajaza'' ({{lang|ar|حَجَز}}), from the Arabic root ''ḥ-j-z'' ({{lang|ar|ح-ج-ز}}), meaning "to separate",<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rutter|first=Eldon|date=February 1931|title=The Hejaz|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=77|issue=2|pages=97–108|doi=10.2307/1784385|jstor=1784385|bibcode=1931GeogJ..77...97R }}</ref> and it is so called as it separates the land of the [[Najd]] in the east from the land of [[Tihamah|Tihāmah]] in the west.

== History ==
{{See also|History of Saudi Arabia}}
[[File:Al Ula (6708283401).jpg|thumb|The city of [[al-Ula]] in 2012. The city's archaeological district is in the foreground, with the [[Hijaz Mountains]] in the background.]]

=== Prehistoric and ancient times ===
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical |width=170 |footer=The Nabataean Kingdom spanned from southern Jordan to Damascus, including the Tihamah coastal plain and Hejaz region 600 – 100 BC (above), and the Lihyanite Kingdom 400 BC – 106 AD (below)
|image1=Nabatean Kingdom.svg |alt1=Caruso
|image2=Lihyan_Map.svg |alt2=Pavarotti
}}

One or possibly two [[megalith]]ic [[dolmen]] have been found in Hejaz.<ref name="Scheltema2008">{{cite book|author=Gajus Scheltema|title=Megalithic Jordan: an introduction and field guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqUbAQAAMAAJ|access-date=5 October 2012|year=2008|publisher=ACOR|isbn=978-9957-8543-3-1}}</ref>

The Hejaz includes both the ''[[Mahd adh Dhahab|Mahd adh-Dhahab]]'' ("Cradle of the Gold") ({{coord|23|30|13|N|40|51|35|E|}}) and a water source, now dried out, that used to flow {{convert|600|mi}} north east to the Persian Gulf via the [[Wadi Al-Rummah|Wādi Al-Rummah]] and [[Wadi al-Batin|Wādi Al-Bātin]] system. Archaeological research led by of [[Boston University]] and the University of Qassim indicates that the river system was active in 2500–3000&nbsp;BCE.<ref name=Sullivan2014>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Walter |title=Science Watch; Signs of Ancient River |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/30/science/science-watch-signs-of-ancient-river.html |access-date=2014-06-25 |work=The New York Times |date=1993-03-30 |archive-date=September 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921213128/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/30/science/science-watch-signs-of-ancient-river.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to [[Al-Masudi]] the northern part of Hejaz was a dependency of ancient Israel,<ref>Ibn Khaldun, "Kitāb al-ʿIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʾ wa-l-Khabar", Dar Al-Fikr publication. Beirut. 1988. volume 2 page 342</ref> and according to [[Butrus al-Bustani]] the Jews in Hejaz established a sovereign state.<ref>al-Bustani, Butrus. "Daerat Al-Maaref". Dar Al-Marifa Publication. Beirut. volume 11 page 672</ref> The German orientalist [[Ferdinand Wüstenfeld]] believed that the Jews established a state in northern Hejaz.<ref>Wolfensohn, Israel. "Tarikh Al-Yahood Fi Belad Al-Arab". Al-Nafezah Publication. Cairo. 2006. page 68</ref>

==== Era of Abraham and Ishmael ====
{{See also|Abraham in Islam|Hagar in Islam|Ishmael in Islam}}

According to Arab and Islamic sources, the civilization of Mecca started after Ibrāhīm (Abraham) brought his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife Hājar (Hagar) here, for the latter two to stay. The [[Adnanites]] were a tribal confederation of the [[Ishmaelites|Ishmaelite]] Arabs, who trace their lineage back to [[Ishmael]] son of the [[Islamic prophet]] and [[patriarch]] [[Abraham]] and his wife [[Hagar]] through [[Adnan]], who originate from the Hejaz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slife.org/family-tree-of-muhammad/|title = Family Tree of Muhammad|date = 26 December 2018}}</ref> Some people from the [[Yemeni tribe]] of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing another, at least one of them from this tribe, and helped his father to construct or re-construct the ''[[Kaaba|Ka'bah]]'',<ref name="qref|2|127|t=y|b=y">{{qref|2|127|t=y|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|3|96|t=y|b=y">{{qref|3|96|t=y|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|22|25-37|b=y">{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Lings1983"/><ref name="Glasse1991"/>

For example, in Arab or Islamic belief, the tribe of [[Quraysh]] would descend from Isma'il [[Patronymic#Arabic|ibn]] Ibrahim, be based in the vicinity of the Ka'bah,<ref name="qref|106|1-4|b=y">{{qref|106|1-4|b=y}}</ref> and include Muhammad ibn [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf]]. From the Period of ''[[Jahiliyyah|Jāhiliyyah]]'' ('Ignorance') to the days of Muhammad, the often-warring Arab tribes would cease their hostilities during the time of [[Hajj|Pilgrimage]], and go on pilgrimage to Mecca, as inspired by Ibrahim.<ref name="qref|22|25-37|b=y"/> It was during such an occasion that Muhammad met some Madanis who would allow him to [[Hegira|migrate]] to Medina, to escape [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|persecution by his opponents in Mecca]].<ref name="Ishaq">{{cite book |last=Ibn Ishaq |first=Muhammad |author-link=Ibn Ishaq |editor-last=Guillaume |editor-first=Alfred |editor-link=Alfred Guillaume |title=Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah – The Life of Muhammad |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[Oxford]] |pages=88–589 |year=1955 |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume/The_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume#page/n67/mode/1up |isbn=978-0-1963-6033-1}}</ref><ref name="armstrong">{{cite book |page=11 |title=Islam: A Short History |author=Karen Armstrong |isbn=0-8129-6618-X |year=2002|publisher=Random House Publishing }}</ref><ref name="Firestone1990">{{cite book|last=Firestone |first=Reuven |title=Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis |year=1990 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=[[Albany, New York]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C |isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0}}</ref><ref name=Tabari1987>{{cite book |author=al-Tabari |editor-first=William M. |editor-last=Brinner |title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 2: Prophets and Patriarchs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQNtV--kD5sC&pg=frontcover |year=1987 |publisher=State University of NY Press |location=Albany, NY |isbn=978-0-87395-921-6}}</ref><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar">{{cite book |author=Mubarakpuri, S. R. |author-link=Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri |title=Ar-Raḥīq Al-Makhtūm ''("The Sealed Nectar")'' |chapter=The Compensatory ‘Umrah (Lesser Pilgrimage) |chapter-url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s4.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210422172520/https://www.webcitation.org/614HglZOe?url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch6s4.html |archive-date=2021-04-22 |year=2002 |access-date=2014-10-06 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=9960-899-55-1 |pages=127–47}}</ref><ref name="Haykal 1976">{{citation |title=The Life of Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOyO-TSo5nEC |first=Husayn |last=Haykal |year=1976 |publisher=Islamic Book Trust |isbn=978-983-9154-17-7 |pages=217–18}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Saudi arabia makkah - panoramio (10).jpg|[[Muslims|Muslim]] pilgrims surrounding the ''[[Maqam Ibrahim|Maqam]]'' (Station) of [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] ([[Abraham]]) near the Kaaba in 2008
File:Hajr Ismail, Makkah.jpg|The ''[[Hijr Ismail|Hateem]]'' where [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) and [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]) dwelt
</gallery>

==== Era of Shuaib ====
{{main| Midian|Nabataeans|Nabataean Kingdom|Lihyan}}
[[File:مدائن شعيب.jpg|thumb|''Maghayir [[Shuaib|Shu'ayb]]'' in [[Midian]], or what is now [[Tabuk Province]]]]

The [[Midian]]ites of the [[Bible]] lived in Hejaz.<ref name="Rothenberg_2003">{{citation |last=Rothenberg |first=B. |author-link=Beno Rothenberg |title=Egyptian Chariots, Midianites from Hijaz/ Midian (Northwest Arabia) and Amalekites from the Negev in the Timna Mines: Rock drawings in the Ancient Copper Mines of the Arabah – new aspects of the region's history II |publisher=Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies |issue=newsletter no. 23 |year=2003 |page=12}}</ref> [[Shuaib]], who is revered as a prophet by both Muslims and [[Druze]],<ref name="Mackey_2009">{{cite book |author=Sandra Mackey |title=Mirror of the Arab World: Lebanon in Conflict |date=16 March 2009 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-3933-3374-9 |page=28 |edition=Illustrated, Reprint}}</ref> was from this community,<ref name="qref|7|85-91|b=y">{{qref|7|85-91|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|11|61-94|b=y">{{qref|11|61-94|b=y}}</ref> who are also known as the ''Aṣḥāb al-Aykah'' ("Companions of the Wood").<ref name="qref|15|78-79|b=y">{{qref|15|78-79|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|23|20|b=y">{{qref|23|20|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|26|176-189|b=y">{{qref|26|176-189|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|38|13-15|b=y">{{qref|38|13-15|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|50|12-14|b=y">{{qref|50|12-14|b=y}}</ref><ref name="QA">{{cite book |last=Ibn Kathir |first=Ismail |author-link=Ibn Kathir |title=[[Qisas Al-Anbiya]] |page=220}}</ref> The historical area of Midian roughly corresponds to what is now [[Tabuk Province|region]] of [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]].<ref name="TheSaudi_Tabouk">{{Cite web |url=http://www.the-saudi.net/saudi-arabia/tabouk/Tabouk%20-%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm |title=Tabouk City Profile, Saudi Arabia |website=The Saudi |access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref><ref name="Edwards2013">{{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Grace |title=Saudi Arabia |chapter=6: Tabuk and Medina Provinces |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]] |pages=188–246 |isbn=978-1-7847-7933-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9PrEAAAQBAJ |date=2023-12-19}}</ref> Also, the northern part of the Hejaz was part of the [[Roman province]] of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref name=romans>{{cite web |last=Kesting |first=Piney |title=Saudi Aramco World (May/June 2001): Well of Good Fortune |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200103/well.of.good.fortune.htm |access-date=2014-04-07 |archive-date=October 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023201749/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200103/well.of.good.fortune.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Era of Saleh ====
{{Main|Hegra}}
[[File:Qasr al Farid.JPG|thumb|The rock-carved ''Qaṣr Al-Farīd'' at ''Al-Ḥijr'' (Hegra) or ''Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ'' ("Cities of [[Salih|Saleh]]")]]

Saudi Arabia's and Hejaz's first [[World Heritage Site]] that was recognized by the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] is that of [[Al-Hijr Archaeological Site|Al-Hijr]]. The name ''Al-Ḥijr'' ("The Land of Stones" or "The Rocky Place") occurs in the [[Quran|Qur'an]],<ref name="qref|15|80-84|b=y">{{qref|15|80-84|b=y}}</ref> and the site is known for having structures carved into rocks, similar to [[Petra]].<ref name="LonelyPlanet2010">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D8hmZIAaTGQC&pg=PA316 |title=Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula |author1=Butler, J. W. S. |author2=Schulte-Peevers, A. |author3=Shearer, I. |date=2010-10-01 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |pages=316–333 |isbn=978-1-7417-9145-7}}</ref><ref name=unesco>{{cite web |title=Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih) |publisher=UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1293 |access-date=2014-04-07 |archive-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111004517/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1293/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Construction of the structures is credited to the people of [[Thamud]]. The location is also called ''Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ'' ("Cities of Saleh"),<ref name="qref|7|73-79|b=y">{{qref|7|73-79|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|11|61-69|b=y">{{qref|11|61-69|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|26|141-158|b=y">{{qref|26|141-158|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|54|23-31|b=y">{{qref|54|23-31|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|89|6-13|b=y">{{qref|89|6-13|b=y}}</ref><ref name="qref|91|11-15|b=y">{{qref|91|11-15|b=y}}</ref> as it is speculated to be the city in which the Islamic prophet [[Saleh (prophet)|Saleh]] was sent to the people of Thamud. After the disappearance of Thamud from Mada'in Saleh, it came under the influence of other people, such as the [[Nabataeans]], whose capital was Petra. Later, it would lie in a route used by [[Islamic pilgrimage|Muslim Pilgrims]] going to Mecca.<ref name=romans/><ref name=hidden>{{cite web |last=Hizon |first=Danny |title=Madain Saleh: Arabia's Hidden Treasure – Saudi Arabia |url=http://www.bootsnall.com/articles/06-11/madain-saleh-arabias-hidden-treasure-madain-saleh-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=2009-09-17 |archive-date=July 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111644/http://www.bootsnall.com/articles/06-11/madain-saleh-arabias-hidden-treasure-madain-saleh-saudi-arabia.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=whs>{{cite web |title=ICOMOS Evaluation of Al-Hijr Archaeological Site (Madâin Sâlih) World Heritage Nomination |publisher=World Heritage Center |url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1293.pdf |access-date=2009-09-16 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115061602/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1293/documents/%23ABevaluation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=info>{{cite web |title=Information at nabataea.net |url=http://nabataea.net/medain.html |access-date=2009-09-17 |archive-date=December 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216211236/http://nabataea.net/medain.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Era of Muhammad ====
{{Main|Muhammad in Islam}}

As the land of Mecca<ref name="qref|48|22-29|b=y"/> and Medina,<ref name="qref|9|25-129|b=y"/><ref name="qref|33|09-73|b=y"/><ref name="qref|63|1-11|b=y"/> the Hejaz was where Muhammad was born, and where he founded a Monotheistic ''Ummah'' of followers, bore [[Sabr|patience]] with his foes or struggled against them, migrated from one place to another, [[Sunnah|preached or implemented]] his beliefs, lived and died. Given that he had both followers and enemies here, a number of battles or [[List of expeditions of Muhammad|expeditions]] were carried out in this area, like those of ''[[Battle of the Trench|Al-Aḥzāb]]'' ("The Confederates"), [[Battle of Badr|Badr]]<ref name="qref|3|110-128|b=y">{{qref|3|110-128|b=y}}</ref> and [[Battle of Hunayn|Ḥunayn]]. They involved both Makkan [[Sahabah|companions]], such as [[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], [[Ubayda ibn al-Harith]] and [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]], and Madani companions.<ref name="qref|9|25-129|b=y"/><ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/><ref name="buk55774">{{Hadith-usc|Bukhari|usc=yes|5|57|74}}</ref><ref name=pre-badr>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110927031129/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s4.html Witness Pioneer "Pre-Badr Missions and Invasions"]</ref> The Hejaz fell under Muhammad's influence as he emerged victorious over his opponents, and was thus a part of his empire.<ref name="Lings1983"/><ref name="Ishaq"/><ref name="Firestone1990"/><ref name=Tabari1987/><ref name="EOIATMW">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world }}</ref><ref name="Holt (1977) p, 57">Holt (1977), p. 57</ref><ref name="Lapidus (2002), pp. 31–32">Lapidus (2002), pp. 31–32</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Place of Birth of Hazrat Muhammad SAW near Masjid ul Harram Makkah Mukarma - panoramio.jpg|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] near the Sacred Mosque. Because it is believed to be built on the spot where [[Amina bint Wahb]] gave birth to Muhammad, it is also known as ''[[Bayt al-Mawlid]]'' (House of the Birth).
File:MasjidNabawi.jpg|[[Prophet's Mosque|Muhammad's Mosque]] in [[Medina]], his place-of-residence after the ''[[Hegira|Hijrah]]'' (Migration) from Mecca. Muhammad is buried underneath the [[Green Dome]].
</gallery>

=== Subsequent history ===
{{Further|Rashidun Caliphate|Umayyad Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphate|Fatimids|Ayyubids|Mamluk Sultanate}}
[[File:Codice Casanatense Arabian Merchants.jpg|thumb|Hejazi Arabian merchant and wife (''[[Códice Casanatense]]'', c. 1540)]]
[[File:Hejaz Rail track laying near Tabuk 1906.jpg|thumb|Workers laying tracks for the [[Hejaz Railway]] near [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]], 1906]]
Due to the presence of the two holy cities in the Hejaz, the region was ruled by numerous empires. The Hejaz was at the center of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], in particular whilst its capital was Medina from 632 to 656 [[Common Era|ACE]]. The region was then under the control of regional powers, such as [[Egypt]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]], throughout much of its later history. After the Ottomans lost control of it, Hejaz became an independent state.

==== Brief independence ====
{{Main|Kingdom of Hejaz}}

After the end of the Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia, in 1916, [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Hussein bin Ali]] became the leader of an independent State of Hejaz.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hourani|first=Albert|title=A History of the Arab Peoples|year=2005|isbn=978-0-571-22664-1|pages=315–319|publisher=Faber & Faber }}</ref> In 1924, [[Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz|Ali bin Hussein]] succeeded as the King of Hejaz. Then [[Ibn Saud]] succeeded Hussein as the King of Hejaz and Nejd. Ibn Saud ruled the two as separate units, known as the [[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd]] from 1926 to 1932.
[[File:Hejaz-English.jpg|thumb|Kingdom of Hejaz (green) with the modern-day region of Hejaz]]

==== In modern Saudi Arabia ====
{{Main|Regions of Saudi Arabia}}
[[File:Kaust-night-view.jpg|thumb|[[King Abdullah University of Science and Technology]] (KAUST) campus in [[Jeddah]] at night]]

On 23 September 1932, the two [[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd|kingdoms of the Hejaz and Nejd]] were united as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.<ref name="Britannica history">{{cite encyclopedia|title=History of Arabia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia}}</ref> This day is commemorated as the [[Saudi National Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Saudi Arabia (The Saudi National Day 23, September). |url=https://www.pmu.edu.sa/News/News.aspx?ID=866|access-date=21 September 2018 |website=Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University |archive-date=December 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206142313/https://www.pmu.edu.sa/News/News.aspx?ID=866 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{See also|Culture of Saudi Arabia}}

=== Religion ===
{{See also|Religion in Saudi Araia}}

The cultural setting of Hejaz is greatly influenced by [[Islamic culture|that of Islam]], especially as it contains its 2 holiest cities, Mecca and Medina. Moreover, the Quran is considered the constitution of Saudi Arabia, and the [[Sharia]] is the main legal source. In Saudi Arabia, Islam is not just adhered politically by the government but also it has a great influence on the people's culture and everyday life.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia – Religion|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia|access-date=February 5, 2019|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=May 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503055449/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/525348/Saudi-Arabia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Islam {{!}} The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.saudiembassy.net/islam|access-date=February 5, 2019|website=www.saudiembassy.net|archive-date=March 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330021849/https://www.saudiembassy.net/islam|url-status=live}}</ref> The society is in general deeply religious, conservative, traditional, and family-oriented. Many attitudes and traditions are centuries-old, derived from Arab civilization and Islamic heritage.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Mina 2.JPG|The camp of [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] on the outskirts of Mecca, where [[Pilgrimage#Islam|Muslim pilgrims]] gather for the ''[[Hajj]]'' (Greater Pilgrimage). ''[[Masjid Al-Khayf]]'' is visible to the right.
File:Pilgrims must spend the time within a defined area on the plain of Arafat. - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Muslim pilgrims gathering at the plain of [[Mount Arafat]]
</gallery>

=== Cuisine ===
{{See also|Saudi Araia cuisine}}

Hejazi cuisine has mostly Arabian dishes like the rest of Saudi Arabia, Some dishes are native to the Hejaz, like [[Saleeg]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-11|title=Saleeg — a Saudi dish that won't let you down|url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/464223|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Arab News|language=en|archive-date=September 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922055749/https://www.arabnews.com/news/464223|url-status=live}}</ref> Other Dishes were imported from other cultures through Saudis of different origins, like [[Manti (food)|Mantu]] ({{lang|acw|منتو}}), Yaghmush ({{lang|acw|يَغْمُش}}) and [[Pilaf|Ruz Bukhāri]] ({{lang|acw|رُز بُخاري}}) from Central Asia, [[Börek|Burēk]] ({{lang|acw|بُريك}}) and [[Tsoureki|Šurēk]] {{lang|acw|شُريك}} and Kabab almīru ({{lang|acw|كباب الميرو}}) from Turkey and the Balkans, [[Mandi (food)|Mandi]] ({{lang|acw|مَنْدي}}) and [[Murtabak|Mutabbag]] ({{lang|acw|مُطَبَّق}}) from Yemen, [[Biryāni]] {{lang|acw|برياني}} and Kābli ({{lang|acw|كابلي}}) rice dishes from [[South Asia]]. Grilled meat dishes such as [[shawarma]] and [[kebab]] are well-known in Hejaz. The Hejazi dishes are known for their spice.

== Geography ==
{{See also|Geography of Saudi Arabia|Geology of Saudi Arabia}}

The region is located along the Red Sea Rift. It is also known for its [[Wareqan Mountain|darker]], more [[volcano|volcanic]] [[sand]]. Depending on the previous definition, the Hejaz includes some of the [[Sarawat Mountains|mountains of the Sarat range]], which topographically separate the Najd from Tehamah. [[Bdellium]] plants are also abundant in the Hejaz. Saudi Arabia, and in particular the Hejaz, is home to more than 2000 dormant volcanoes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Tourists Guide To The 10 Amazing Volcanoes in Saudi Arabia|url=https://insidesaudi.com/the-tourists-guide-to-the-10-amazing-volcanoes-in-saudi-arabia/|access-date=2021-01-09|website=insidesaudi.com|language=en|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414012152/https://insidesaudi.com/the-tourists-guide-to-the-10-amazing-volcanoes-in-saudi-arabia/|url-status=live}}</ref> Lava fields in the Hejaz, known locally by their Arabic name of ''ḥarrāt'' ({{lang|ar|حَرَّات}}, singular: ''ḥarrah'' ({{lang|ar|حَرَّة}})), form one of Earth's largest [[alkali basalt]] regions, covering some {{cvt|180,000|km2}}, an area greater than the state of [[Missouri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=VOLCANIC ARABIA: It started with tremors|url=https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200602/volcanic.arabia.htm|access-date=2021-01-09|website=archive.aramcoworld.com|language=en|archive-date=February 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211015935/https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200602/volcanic.arabia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:1قرية ذي عين.jpg|The village of Dhi 'Ain in [[Al-Bahah Province]]
File:Taif Mountains (8355942584).jpg|[[Sarawat Mountains|Mountains]] near [[Taif|At-Ta'if]], 2012
File:جبل أحد.jpg|[[Mount Uhud]] in the area of [[Medina]]
File:Harrat Khaybar Space.jpg|[[Harrat Khaybar]], as seen from the [[International Space Station]]
</gallery>

=== Cities ===
{{See also|List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia}}

[[Al Bahah Region]]:
* [[Al Bahah|Al-Bāḥah]]<ref name="Al-Bahah City Profile">{{cite web |publisher=The Saudi Network |title=Al-Baha City Profile |url=http://www.the-saudi.net/saudi-arabia/baha/Al%20Baha%20City%20-%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm |access-date=2012-10-02 |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172204/http://www.the-saudi.net/saudi-arabia/baha/Al%20Baha%20City%20-%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)|Medina]]:
* ''Al-Madīnah Al-Munawwarah'' ([[Medina]])<ref name="MWGD2001"/>
* [[Badr, Saudi Arabia|Badr]]<ref name="BadrMadinah">بـتـصـرف عـن مـجـلـة الأمـانـة الـعـدد عـشـرون شـوال 1419 تـصـدر عـن أمـانـة الـمـديـنـة الـمـنـورة
[https://web.archive.org/web/20090107062046/http://imaratalmadinah.gov.sa/portal/page/portal/Emara/about%20emara/5 إمـارة مـنـطـقـة الـمـديـنـة الـمـنـورة]
</ref>
* ''Yanbuʿ al-Baḥr'' ([[Yanbu]])<ref name="MWGD2001"/>

[[Mecca Province]]:
* [[Taif|Aṭ-Ṭāʾif]]<ref name="Ta'if Municipality">{{Cite web |title=Brief about Ta'if City |website=Ta'if City |publisher=Taif Municipality |url=http://www.taifcity.gov.sa/pages/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81-57.aspx |language=ar |access-date=2016-04-26 |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925180640/http://www.taifcity.gov.sa/pages/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81-57.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Jiddah'' ([[Jeddah]])<ref name="MWGD2001"/>
* ''Makkah'' ([[Mecca]])<ref name="MWGD2001"/>
* [[Rabigh|Rābigh]]<ref name="GeoNamesRabigh">{{cite web |publisher=GeoNames |title=Rābigh |url=http://www.geonames.org/103035/rabigh.html |access-date=2017-11-28 |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803015323/https://www.geonames.org/103035/rabigh.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HajjUmrahPlanner, Al-Juhfah">{{Cite web |url=http://hajjumrahplanner.com/al-juhfah/ |title=Al-Juhfah {{!}} Hajj & Umrah Planner |website=hajjumrahplanner.com |language=en-GB |access-date=2017-04-10 |archive-date=September 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921220523/https://hajjumrahplanner.com/al-juhfah/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Tabuk Region]]:
* [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabūk]]<ref name="TheSaudiNetwork, Tabouk">{{cite web |title=Tabouk City Profile, Saudi Arabia |url=http://www.the-saudi.net/saudi-arabia/tabouk/Tabouk%20-%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm |website=The Saudi Network |access-date=2017-05-04 |language=en |archive-date=April 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419152202/http://www.the-saudi.net/saudi-arabia/tabouk/Tabouk%20-%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Umluj]]

<gallery mode="packed">
File:DL1W7080.jpg|The [[Al-Balad, Jeddah|old city of Jeddah]] on the coast of the [[Tihamah]]
File:Albaha.JPG|[[Al Bahah|Al-Bahah City]], located {{convert|2,155|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level
</gallery>

== Tourism ==
{{See also|Tourism in Saudi Arabia}}
[[File:Al Wajh Beach.jpg|thumb|Beach promenade in [[Al Wajh|Al-Wajh]]]]

As a component of [[Saudi Vision 2030]], a tourist destination with an area of {{convert|28,000|km2|abbr=off}} is under development,<ref name="Zawya 02-2019">{{cite news |newspaper=Zawya |url=https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/business/story/Construction_underway_on_Saudi_Red_Sea_project_site-SNG_138916601/ |title=Construction underway on Saudi Red Sea project site |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=2019-03-31 |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121001645/https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/business/story/Construction_underway_on_Saudi_Red_Sea_project_site-SNG_138916601/ |url-status=live }}</ref> between the towns of [[Umluj]] ({{coord|25|3|0|N|37|15|54.36|E}}) and [[Al Wajh|Al-Wajh]] ({{coord|26|14|11.76|N|36|28|8.04|E}}), on the coast of the Red Sea. The project will involve "the development of 22 of the 90+ islands"<ref name="SaudiGazette 09-2017">{{cite news |newspaper=The [[Saudi Gazette]] |url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/557422 |title=Red Sea project master plan wins approval |date=17 September 2017 |access-date=2019-03-31 |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922082622/https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/557422 |url-status=live }}</ref> that lie along the coast to create a "fully integrated luxury mixed-use destination",<ref name="ArabNews 01-2019">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Arab News]] |url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1441476/saudi-arabia |title=Hospitality is 'anchor' of Red Sea project |date=27 January 2019 |access-date=2019-03-31 |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922065421/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1441476/saudi-arabia |url-status=live }}</ref> and will be "governed by laws on par with international standards".<ref name="USAToday 08-2017">{{cite news |newspaper=The [[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/08/04/saudi-arabia-allow-women-wear-bikinis-new-beach-resort/538407001/ |title=Saudi Arabia to allow women in bikinis at new beach resort |date=4 August 2017 |access-date=2017-08-14 |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809193816/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/08/04/saudi-arabia-allow-women-wear-bikinis-new-beach-resort/538407001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{See also|Demographics of Saudi Arabia}}

The Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia,<ref name=":0" /> containing 35% of the population of Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabia Population Statistics 2011 (Arabic)|url=http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115051640/http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf|archive-date=November 15, 2013|page=11|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Most people of Hejaz are [[Sunni]]s with a [[Shia]] minority in the cities of Medina, Mecca and Jeddah. Many consider themselves more cosmopolitan because Hejaz was for centuries a part of the great empires of Islam from the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Riedel|first=Bruce|year=2011|title=Brezhnev in the Hejaz|url=http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=The National Interest|volume=115|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115051640/http://www.relooney.info/SI_Milken-Arabia/0-Important_14.pdf|archive-date=November 15, 2013|access-date=April 23, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> People of Hejaz, who feel particularly connected to the holy places of Mecca and Medina, have probably the most strongly articulated identity of any regional grouping in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="Beranek2009">{{cite journal |last=Beranek |first=Ondrej |title=Divided We Survive: A Landscape of Fragmentation in Saudi Arabia |journal=Middle East Brief |date=January 2009 |volume=33 |pages=1–7 |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB33.pdf |access-date=29 June 2019 |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810232954/https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB33.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2016}}

* Salih of Thamud<ref name="LonelyPlanet2010"/>{{efn|[[Quran]]: 7:73–79;<ref name="qref|7|73-79|b=y"/> 11:61–69;<ref name="qref|11|61-69|b=y"/> 26:141–158;<ref name="qref|26|141-158|b=y"/> 54:23–31;<ref name="qref|54|23-31|b=y"/> 89:6–13;<ref name="qref|89|6-13|b=y"/> 91:11–15.<ref name="qref|91|11-15|b=y"/>}}
* Shuaib of Midian<ref name="Rothenberg_2003" />

=== Al-Abwa' ===
{{Further|Al-Abwa'}}
* [[Musa al-Kazim]] ibn Jaʿfar al-Sadiq, descendant of Muhammad<ref name="Sheikh al Mufid">{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/masoom/bios/7thimam.html |title=The Infallibles Taken from Kitab al Irshad By Sheikh al Mufid |access-date=2008-11-20 |work=al-islam.org |archive-date=October 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004015144/http://www.al-islam.org/masoom/bios/7thimam.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Mecca ===
==== Pre–6th century CE ====
* [[Qusai ibn Kilab]] ibn [[Murrah ibn Ka'b]] ibn [[Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib]] ibn [[Fihr ibn Malik]] ibn [[An-Nadr ibn Kinanah]]<ref name="ruqaiyyah3">{{cite web |last=Maqsood |first=Ruqaiyyah Waris |url=http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily3.htm |title=The Prophet's Line Family No 3 – Qusayy, Hubbah, and Banu Nadr to Quraysh |publisher=Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood Dawah |access-date=2013-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530213139/http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily3.htm |archive-date=May 30, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ibn Khuzaymah ibn Mudrikah ibn Ilyas ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn [[Ma'ad ibn Adnan|Ma'add ibn Adnan]] the descendant of Isma'il ibn Ibrahim ibn [[Terah|Azar]] ibn [[Nahor, son of Serug|Nahor ibn Serug]] ibn [[Reu]] ibn [[Peleg]] ibn [[Eber]] ibn [[Salah (biblical figure)|Shelakh]],<ref name="Cite Genesis, Chapters 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 and 25">[[Book of Genesis]], Chapters 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 and 25</ref><ref name="Cite 1 Chronicles, Chapter 1">[[1 Chronicles]], Chapter 1</ref> Chief of the Tribe of [[Quraysh]], and an ancestor of Muhammad<ref name="IbnHisham">{{cite book |author=Ibn Hisham |title=The Life of the Prophet Muhammad |volume=1 |page=181 }}</ref>
* [[Abd-al-Dar ibn Qusai|Qusai's son Abd-al-Dar]]<ref name="SunyPress2006">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunypress.edu/details.asp?id=53377|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912005228/http://www.sunypress.edu/details.asp?id=53377|url-status=dead|title=SUNY Press :: History of al-Tabari Vol. 39, The<!-- Bot generated title -->|archivedate=September 12, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Masud">{{cite web |publisher=Masud |title=Adab of Islam |url=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/adab_of_islam.htm |access-date=2017-08-08 |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805234823/http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/adab_of_islam.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> the father of Uthman the father of Abdul-Uzza the father of [[Barrah bint Abdul Uzza|Barrah]] the maternal grandmother of Muhammad
* [[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]], paternal ancestor of Muhammad<ref name="Ruqaiyyah4">{{cite web |last=Maqsood |first=Ruqaiyyah Waris |url=http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily4.htm |title=The Prophet's Family Line No. 4 – Amr (Hashim), the Founder of the Hashimites |publisher=Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood Dawah |access-date=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530213146/http://www.ruqaiyyah.karoo.net/articles/prophfamily4.htm |archive-date=May 30, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Abd-al-Uzza ibn Qusai|Abdul-Uzza, son of Qusai]], and an ancestor of Barrah bint Abdul-Uzza
* [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim, son of Abd Manaf]], paternal great-grandfather of Muhammad, and the progenitor of Banu Hashim in the tribe of Quraysh
* [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abdul-Muttalib]] ibn Hashim, paternal grandfather of Muhammad
* [[Hubbah bint Hulail]] ibn Hubshiyyah ibn Salul ibn Kaʿb ibn Amr al-[[Banu Khuza'ah|Khuzaʿi]], wife of Qusai, and an ancestor of Muhammad
* [[Atikah bint Murrah]] ibn Hilal ibn Falij ibn Dhakwan, wife of Abd Manaf, and an ancestor of Muhammad<ref name="Ruqaiyyah4"/>

==== Since ====
* [[Muhammad]] ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/>
* [[Abu Bakr]]<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> Abdullah ibn [[Uthman Abu Quhafa]]h ibn Amir ibn Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn [[Taym ibn Murrah]] ibn Ka'b, father-in-law of Muhammad, and [[Caliph]]
* [[Umar]]<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> ibn [[Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl]] ibn Abdul-Uzza the descendant of [[Banu 'Adiy|Adi]] ibn [[Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy]], father-in-law of Muhammad, and Caliph
* [[Ali]] ibn Abi Talib,<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, and Caliph
* Hamzah, son of Abdul-Muttalib, and a paternal uncle of Muhammad, and other ''[[Muhajirun]]''<ref name="qref|9|25-129|b=y"/> or Makkan followers of Muhammad, including Ubaydah and Sa'd<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/><ref name="buk55774"/>
* [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abu Talib, son of Abdul-Muttalib]],<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> chief of [[Banu Hashim]], paternal uncle of Muhammad, and the father of Ali
* [[Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim]],<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> Chief of Bani Hashim, and the paternal grandfather of Muhammad
* [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]]<ref name="Chittick1981">{{cite book |last=Chittick |first=William C. |title=A Shi'ite Anthology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMnFZOHkurcC&pg=PA138 |year=1981 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-87395-510-2}}</ref> ibn [[Asad ibn Abdul-Uzza ibn Qusai]], and other Meccan [[wives of Muhammad]]
* [[Fatima]]h,<ref name="Chittick1981"/> other [[Children of Muhammad|daughters of Muhammad]], and other [[Muhajirun|Muhajir women]]
* Umm [[Ammar ibn Yasir|Ammar]] [[Sumayyah bint Khayyat]], wife of [[Yasir ibn Amir|Yasir ibn Amir ibn Malik al-Ansi]], believed to be the first [[martyr]] from the followers of Muhammad
* [[Aminah]]<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/><ref name="IbnHisham"/> bint [[Wahb ibn Abd Manaf]] ibn [[Zuhrah ibn Kilab]] ibn Murrah, wife of Abdullah, and the mother of Muhammad

=== Medina ===
==== Pre–6th century CE ====
* [[Salma bint Amr|Salmah, daughter of Amr]], wife of Hashim, and a great-grandmother of Muhammad<ref name="Ruqaiyyah4"/>

==== Since ====
* Caliph [[Hasan ibn Ali|Al-Hasan]],<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> and other [[Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib|sons of Ali]] and [[Family tree of Muhammad|grandsons of Muhammad]] born in Medina<ref name="Chittick1981"/>
* Caliph [[Umar II|Umar]] ibn [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan|Abdul-Aziz ibn Marwan]] ibn [[Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As]] ibn [[Umayyah ibn Abd Shams]] ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, great-grandson of Umar ibn Al-Khattab
* Al-[[Hasan of Basra]]
* [[Muhammad al-Baqir]] ibn [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Ali Zaynul-Abidin]], grandson of Hasan and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] the grandsons of Muhammad<ref name="Chittick1981"/>
* [[Zayd ibn Ali|Zayd ibn Ali Zaynul-Abidin]] ibn Husayn ibn Fatimah bint Muhammad, half-brother of Muhammad al-Baqir
* [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansari women]]<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/>
* [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] ibn Muhammad al-Baqir<ref name="Chittick1981"/>
* [[Malik ibn Anas|Malik the son of Anas ibn Malik ibn Abi Amir]] al-Asbahi (not [[Anas ibn Malik|Anas the companion of Muhammad]])
* [[Ali al-Rida]] ibn Musa al-Kadhim ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq<ref name="Chittick1981"/>
* [[Fatima bint Musa]] ibn Ja'far al-Maʿsumah of [[Qom|Qum]],<ref name="Jaffer2003">{{cite book |last=Jaffer |first=Masuma |title=Lady Fatima Masuma (a) of Qom |publisher=Jami'at al-Zahra: Islamic Seminary for Women |location=Qum, [[Iran]] |url=http://www.al-islam.org/masumaqum/ |year=2003 |access-date=June 5, 2018 |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015202007/http://www.al-islam.org/masumaqum/ |url-status=live }}</ref> sister of Ali al-Ridha
* Abu [[Ali al-Hadi|Ali]] [[Muhammad al-Jawad]] ibn Ali al-Ridha<ref name="Chittick1981"/>

=== Ta'if ===
==== 6th–7th centuries CE ====
* [[Uthman]] ibn [[Affan ibn Abi al-As|Affan]]<ref name="Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar"/><ref name="Haykal 1976"/> ibn [[Abu al-'As ibn Umayyah]] ibn [[Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf]], son-in-law of Muhammad, and Caliph
* [[Urwah ibn Mas'ud]],<ref name="Ishaq"/> chief of [[Banu Thaqif]]
* [[Nafi ibn al-Harith]], [[physician]]<ref name="Browne2002">{{citation |last=Browne |first=Edward G. |author-link=Edward Granville Browne |title=Islamic Medicine |year=2002 |page=11 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=81-87570-19-9}}</ref>

==== Since ====
* [[Sharif Ali]] ibn Ajlan ibn Rumaithah ibn Muhammad, son-in-law and successor of [[Sultan Ahmad of Brunei]], father of [[Sulaiman (Brunei)|Sultan Sulaiman]], and a descendant of Muhammad<ref name=history-centre>{{cite web |title=Pusat Sejarah Brunei |url=http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |language=ms |publisher=www.history-centre.gov.bn |access-date=2016-08-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415152209/http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm |archive-date=April 15, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Saudi Arabia|History|Asia}}
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Al Baydha Project]]
* [[Desert of Paran]]
* [[Hejaz Vilayet]]
* [[Hejazi turban]]
* [[Hijazi script]]
* [[Syria (region)#Sham|Relationship between the Hijaz, Shaam and Yemen]]
* [[Sharifate of Mecca]]
* [[History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia]]
{{div col end}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Mackey |first=Sandra |year=2002 |title=The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom |edition=Updated |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton and Company |isbn=0-393-32417-6 |ref=none}} PBK, first edition: 1987.

== External links ==
{{commons category|Hejaz}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Hejaz |short=x}}

{{Regions of the Arabian Peninsula}}
{{Saudi Arabia topics}}
{{Middle Eastern megaliths}}
{{Regions of the world}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hejaz| ]]
[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:Historical regions in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Red Sea]]
[[Category:Geographical regions of the Arabian Peninsula]]