Editing Helios

{{Short description|Greek god and personification of the Sun}}
{{About|the Greek god|other uses of "Helios" and "Helius"|Helios (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Helius|the crane fly|Helius (fly)|the poet|Helius Eobanus Hessus}}
{{Distinguish|Helois}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Helios
| image = Ilion---metopa.jpg
| caption = Helios in his chariot, early 4th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC, [[Athena]]'s temple, [[Troy|Ilion]]
| alt = 
| planet = [[Sun]]
| god_of = [[Personification]] of the [[Sun]]
| cult_center = [[Rhodes]], [[Corinthia]]
| animals = [[Horse]], [[wolf]], [[cattle]]
| symbol = Sun, [[Quadriga|chariot]], horses, [[aureole]], whip, [[heliotropium]], [[globe]], [[cornucopia]],<ref name=":howm">Alexander Stuart Murray and William H. Klapp, ''Handbook of World Mythology'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BOFzYThPlk8C&pg=PA117 117]</ref> ripened fruit<ref name=":howm"/>
| mount = A chariot driven by four white horses
| festivals = [[Halieia|Halia]]
| parents = [[Hyperion (Titan)|Hyperion]] and [[Theia]]
| siblings = [[Selene]] and [[Eos]]
| Roman_equivalent = [[Sol (Roman mythology)|Sol]], [[Sol Invictus]]
}}
{{Ancient Greek religion}}

In [[ancient Greek religion]] and [[Greek mythology|mythology]], '''Helios''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|iː|l|i|ə|s|,_|-|ɒ|s}}; {{langx|grc|{{math|[[wikt:Ἥλιος|Ἥλιος]]}} {{IPA|el|hɛ̌ːlios|pron}}|||lit=Sun}}; [[Homeric Greek]]: {{lang|grc|{{math|[[wikt:Ἠέλιος|Ἠέλιος]]}} }}) is the god who [[personification|personifies]] the [[Sun]]. His name is also [[Latin]]ized as '''Helius''', and he is often given the [[epithet]]s '''Hyperion''' ("the one above") and '''Phaethon''' ("the shining").{{efn|Hyperion and Phaethon are also the names of his father and son respectively.}} Helios is often depicted in art with a [[radiant crown]] and driving a horse-drawn chariot through the sky. He was a guardian of oaths and also the god of sight. Though Helios was a relatively minor deity in Classical Greece, his worship grew more prominent in [[late antiquity]] thanks to his identification with several major solar divinities of the Roman period, particularly [[Apollo]] and [[Sol (Roman mythology)|Sol]]. The [[Roman Emperor]] [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] made Helios the central divinity of his short-lived revival of [[Religion in ancient Rome|traditional Roman religious practices]] in the 4th century AD.

Helios figures prominently in several works of Greek mythology, poetry, and literature, in which he is often described as the son of the [[Titans]] [[Hyperion (Titan)|Hyperion]] and [[Theia]] and brother of the goddesses [[Selene]] (the Moon) and [[Eos]] (the Dawn). Helios' most notable role in Greek mythology is the story of his mortal son [[Phaethon]].<ref>March, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nZnwAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT343 s.v. Helios]</ref> In the [[Homeric epic]]s, his most notable role is the one he plays in the ''[[Odyssey]]'', where [[Odysseus]]' men despite his warnings impiously kill and eat Helios's [[Cattle of Helios|sacred cattle]] that the god kept at [[Thrinacia]], his sacred island. Once informed of their misdeed, Helios in wrath asks Zeus to punish those who wronged him, and Zeus agreeing strikes their ship with a thunderbolt, killing everyone, except for Odysseus himself, the only one who had not harmed the cattle, and was allowed to live.<ref>Homer, ''Odyssey'', XII.262, 348, 363.</ref>

Due to his position as the sun, he was believed to be an all-seeing witness and thus was often invoked in oaths. He also played a significant part in ancient magic and spells. In art he is usually depicted as a beardless youth in a [[Chiton (garment)|chiton]] holding a whip and driving his [[quadriga]], accompanied by various other celestial gods such as [[Selene]], [[Eos]], or the stars. In ancient times he was worshipped in several places of ancient Greece, though his major cult centres were the island of [[Rhodes]], of which he was the patron god, [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]] and the greater [[Corinthia]] region. The [[Colossus of Rhodes]], a gigantic statue of the god, adorned the port of Rhodes until it was destroyed in an earthquake, thereupon it was not built again.

== Name ==
[[File:Veronalapidary5.jpg|thumb|290px|right|Helios (far right) in a Phaethon sarcophagus, detail, marble, third century AD, [[Verona]], [[Italy]].]]

The Greek noun {{math|ἥλιος}} ({{small|[[Genitive|GEN]]}} {{lang|grc|{{math|ἡλίου}} }}, {{small|[[Dative|DAT]]}} {{lang|grc|{{math|ἡλίῳ}} }}, {{small|[[Accusative|ACC]]}} {{lang|grc|{{math|ἥλιον}} }}, {{small|[[Vocative|VOC]]}} {{lang|grc|{{math|ἥλιε}} }}) (from earlier {{math|ἁϝέλιος}} /hāwelios/) is the inherited word for the [[Sun]] from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''*{{PIE|seh₂u-el}}''<ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R.S.P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 516.</ref> which is cognate with [[Latin]] ''sol'', [[Sanskrit]] ''[[surya]]'', [[Old English]] ''swegl'', [[Old Norse]] [[Sól (Norse mythology)|sól]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''haul'', [[Avestan]] ''[[Hvare-khshaeta|hvar]]'', etc.<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sol&searchmode=none ''helios'']. ''[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]''.</ref><ref>Toorn et al, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA394 s.v. Helios pp 394–395]</ref> The [[Doric Greek|Doric]] and [[Aeolic Greek|Aeolic]] form of the name is {{lang|grc|{{math|Ἅλιος}} }}, ''Hálios''. In [[Homeric Greek]] his name is spelled {{lang|grc|{{math|Ἠέλιος}} }}, ''Ēélios'', with the Doric spelling of that being {{lang|grc|{{math|Ἀέλιος}} }}, ''Aélios''. In Cretan it was  {{lang|grc|{{math|Ἀβέλιος}} }} (''Abélios'') or {{lang|grc|{{math|Ἀϝέλιος}} }} (''Awélios'').<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=h(/lios ἥλιος] in Liddell & Scott (1940), ''[[A Greek–English Lexicon]]'', Oxford: Clarendon Press</ref> The Greek view of gender was also present in their language. [[Ancient Greek]] had three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), so when an object or a concept was personified as a deity, it inherited the gender of the relevant noun; ''helios'' is a masculine noun, so the god embodying it is also by necessity male.<ref name="Hansen 2004">{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=William F. |url=http://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans |title=Handbook of classical mythology |date=2004 |publisher=Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-CLIO |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-57607-226-4}}</ref> The female offspring of Helios were called [[Heliades]], the male [[Heliadae]].

The author of the ''[[Suda]]'' lexicon tried to etymologically connect ''{{math|ἥλιος}}'' to the word {{lang|grc|{{math|ἀολλίζεσθαι}} }}, ''aollízesthai'', "coming together" during the daytime, or perhaps from {{lang|grc|{{math|ἀλεαίνειν}} }}, ''aleaínein'', "warming".<ref>{{Cite web |title=ToposText |url=https://topostext.org/work/240#eta.239 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=topostext.org}}</ref> [[Plato]] in his dialogue ''[[Cratylus (dialogue)|Cratylus]]'' suggested several etymologies for the word, proposing among others a connection, via the Doric form of the word ''halios'', to the words {{lang|grc|{{math|ἁλίζειν}} }}, ''halízein'', meaning collecting men when he rises, or from the phrase {{lang|grc|{{math|ἀεὶ εἱλεῖν}} }}, ''aeí heileín'', "ever turning" because he always turns the earth in his course.

[[Doric Greek#Long a|Doric Greek]] retained Proto-Greek long *ā as [[Alpha|α]], while Attic changed it in most cases, including in this word, to [[Eta|η]].
''Cratylus'' and the etymologies Plato gives are contradicted by modern scholarship.<ref>{{cite book |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=o1xn5Bb-CacC&pg=PA39 39]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1xn5Bb-CacC|title=Limiting the Arbitrary|isbn=1556197497|last1=Joseph|first1=John Earl|year=2000| publisher=John Benjamins }}</ref> From ''helios'' comes the modern English prefix ''[[wikt:helio-|helio-]]'', meaning "pertaining to the Sun", used in compounds word such as ''[[heliocentrism]]'', ''aphelion'', ''[[heliotropium]]'', ''heliophobia'' (fear of the sun) and ''heliolatry'' ("sun-worship").<ref>{{OEtymD|helio-|accessdate=2022-06-22}}</ref>

== Origins ==
[[File:Mack, Ludwig (der Jüngere), Helios-Relief, mitte.jpg|thumb|upright=1.62|Helios relief (1830), [[Stuttgart]], [[Rosenstein Castle]].]]

Helios most likely is Proto-Indo-European in origin. [[Walter Burkert]] wrote that "... Helios, the sun god, and [[Eos]]-[[Aurora (mythology)|Aurora]], the [[Dawn deities|goddess of the dawn]], are of impeccable Indo-European lineage both in etymology and in their status as gods" and might have played a role in Proto-Indo-European poetry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burkert |first=Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxurBtx6shoC&pg=PA17 |title=Greek Religion |date=1985 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-36281-9 |language=en}}</ref> The imagery surrounding a chariot-driving solar deity is likely [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] in origin.<ref name=Pachoumi/><ref>Gelling, P. and Davidson, H.E. ''The Chariot of the Sun and Other Rites and Symbols of the Northern Bronze Age''. London, 1969.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gamkrelidze |first1=Thomas V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2aqp2n2mKkC&pg=PA634 |title=Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Part I: The Text. Part II: Bibliography, Indexes |last2=Ivanov |first2=Vjaceslav V. |date=2010-12-15 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-081503-0 |language=en}}</ref> Greek solar imagery begins with the gods Helios and Eos, who are brother and sister, and who become in the day-and-night-cycle the day (''hemera'') and the evening (''hespera''), as Eos accompanies Helios in his journey across the skies. At night, he pastures his steeds and travels east in a golden boat. In them evident is the Indo-European grouping of a sun god and his sister, as well as an association with horses.<ref name=":adms">{{Cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA164 |title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |last2=Adams |first2=Douglas Q. |date=1997 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-884964-98-5 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Helen of Troy|Helen of Troy's]] name is thought to share the same etymology as Helios,<ref>Euripides, Robert E. Meagher, ''Helen'', Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1986</ref><ref>O'Brien, Steven. "Dioscuric Elements in Celtic and Germanic Mythology". ''Journal of Indo-European Studies'' 10:1 & 2 (Spring–Summer, 1982), 117–136.</ref><ref>Skutsch, Otto. "Helen, her Name and Nature". ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' 107 (1987), 188–193.</ref> and she may express an early alternate personification of the sun among Hellenic peoples. Helen might have originally been considered to be a daughter of the Sun, as she hatched from an [[egg]] and was given tree worship, features associated with the Proto-Indo-European Sun Maiden;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larson |first=Jennifer Lynn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fasGIzLTlBEC&pg=PA66 |title=Greek Heroine Cults |date=1995 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-14370-1 |language=en}}</ref>  in surviving Greek tradition however Helen is never said to be Helios' daughter, instead being the daughter of [[Zeus]].<ref name=":west">{{Cite book |last=West |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC&pg=PA230 |title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth |date=2007-05-24 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-928075-9 |language=en}}</ref>

It has been suggested that the [[Phoenicians]] brought over the cult of their patron god [[Baal]] among others (such as [[Astarte]]) to [[Corinth]], who was then continued to be worshipped under the native name/god Helios, similarly to how Astarte was worshipped as [[Aphrodite]], and the Phoenician [[Melqart]] was adopted as the [[List of water deities|sea-god]] [[Melicertes]]/[[Palaemon (Greek mythology)|Palaemon]], who also had a significant cult in the [[isthmus of Corinth]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/mode/2up|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makersofhellascr00geej/page/n95/mode/2up? 138–139]|title=The Makers of Hellas|publisher=C. Griffin, Limited |last1=Jevons |first1=Frank Byron|year=1903}}</ref>

Helios' journey on a chariot during the day and travel with a boat in the ocean at night possibly reflects the [[Egypt]]ian sun god [[Ra]] sailing across the skies in a [[Solar barque|barque]] to be reborn at dawn each morning anew; additionally, both gods, being associated with the sun, were seen as the "Eye of Heaven".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kilinski |first=Karl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qZLGqoAkvQC&pg=PA10 |title=Greek Myth and Western Art: The Presence of the Past |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01332-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Bust of the sun-god Helios. 2nd cent. A.D.jpg|thumb|right|265px|Bust of the sun-god Helios, second century AD; the holes were used for the attachment of a sun ray crown, [[Ancient Agora Museum]], [[Athens]], Greece.]]
Helios is the son of [[Hyperion (Titan)|Hyperion]] and [[Theia]],<ref name=":hesd">{{Cite web |title=Hesiod, Theogony, line 371 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0130:card=371 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref name=":pseuap">{{Cite web |title=Apollodorus, Library, book 1, chapter 2, section 2 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022:text=Library:book=1:chapter=2:section=2 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scaife Viewer {{!}} Scholia in Pindarum Isthmian Odes |url=https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg5034.tlg001d.perseus-grc1:5.2/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=scaife.perseus.org}}</ref> or Euryphaessa,<ref name=":hh31">{{Cite web |title=Hymn 31 to Helios, To Helios |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0138:hymn=31 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> or Basileia,<ref name=":dio" /> and the only brother of the goddesses Eos and Selene. If the order of mention of the three siblings is meant to be taken as their birth order, then out of the four authors that give him and his sisters a birth order, two make him the oldest child, one the middle, and the other the youngest.{{efn|[[Hesiod]] and [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] both give their birth order as first Helios/[[Sol (Roman mythology)|Sol]], then [[Selene]]/[[Luna (goddess)|Luna]] and lastly [[Eos]]/[[Aurora (mythology)|Aurora]],<ref name=":hesd" /><ref name=":hygi">[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#0.2 preface]</ref> [[pseudo-Apollodorus]] makes him the middle child (with Eos as the oldest)<ref name=":pseuap" /> and the author of his ''[[Homeric Hymn]]'' has him as the youngest of the three (with Eos again as the oldest).<ref name=":hh31" />}} Helios was not among the regular and more prominent deities, rather he was a more shadowy member of the Olympian circle,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gardner |first1=Percy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifTOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA115 |title=A Manual of Greek Antiquities |last2=Jevons |first2=Frank Byron |date=1895 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |language=en}}</ref> despite the fact that he was among the most ancient.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ogden |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA8 |title=A Companion to Greek Religion |date=2010-02-01 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-3417-3 |language=en}}</ref> From his lineage, Helios might be described as a second generation Titan.<ref name=":barry">{{Citation |last=Powell |first=Barry B. |title=Greek Poems to the Gods |chapter=14 Sun, Moon, Earth, Hekatê, and All the Gods |date=2021-04-30 |pages=240–252 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1525/9780520972605-017/html |access-date=2024-08-06 |publisher=University of California Press |language=en |doi=10.1525/9780520972605-017 |isbn=978-0-520-97260-5}}</ref> He is associated with harmony and order, both literally in the sense of the movement of celestial bodies and metaphorically in the sense of bringing order to society.<ref name=":berg45">{{Cite book |last=Berg |first=Robbert Maarten van den |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3et5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 |title=Proclus' Hymns: Essays, Translations, Commentary |date=2001-12-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-0103-2 |language=en}}</ref>

Helios is usually depicted as a handsome young man crowned with the shining [[Aureola|aureole]] of the Sun, which traditionally had twelve rays, symbolising the twelve months of the year.<ref name=":thon">{{Cite book |last=Thonemann |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KS3JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |title=An Ancient Dream Manual: Artemidorus' The Interpretation of Dreams |date=2020-01-16 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-258202-7 |language=en}}</ref> Beyond his Homeric Hymn, not many texts describe his physical appearance; [[Euripides]] describes him as ''{{lang|grc|{{math|χρυσωπός}} }}'' (khrysо̄pós) meaning "golden-eyed/faced" or "beaming like gold",<ref>{{Cite book |last=West |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC&pg=PA199 |title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth |date=2007-05-24 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-928075-9 |language=en}}</ref> [[Mesomedes]] of [[Crete]] writes that he has golden hair,<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{Cite book |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULNSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |title=Music, Text, and Culture in Ancient Greece |last2=D'Angour |first2=Armand |date=2018-03-02 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-251328-1 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Apollonius Rhodius]] that he has light-emitting, golden eyes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Apollonius |first=Rhodius |url=http://archive.org/details/theargonauticaof00apoliala |title="The Argonautica" of Apollonius Rhodius |date=1889 |publisher=London : George Bell |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> According to [[Augustan poetry|Augustan poet]] [[Ovid]], he dressed in [[tyrian purple]] robes and sat on a throne of bright [[emerald]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metamorphoses (Kline) 2, the Ovid Collection, Univ. of Virginia E-Text Center |url=https://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/trans/Metamorph2.htm#476707488 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=ovid.lib.virginia.edu}}</ref> In ancient artefacts (such as coins, vases, or reliefs) he is presented as a beautiful, full-faced youth<ref name=":stoll">{{Cite book |last=Stoll |first=Heinrich Wilhelm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWoBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA61 |title=Handbook of the religion and mythology of the Greeks, tr. by R.B. Paul, and ed. by T.K. Arnold |date=1852 |language=en}}</ref> with wavy hair,<ref name=":fairb">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/MythologyOfGreeceAndRomespecialReferenceToItsInfluenceOnLiterature |title=Mythology of Greece and Rome (Special Reference to Its Influence on Literature) |language=English}}</ref> wearing a crown adorned with the sun's rays.<ref name=":seyf" />

Helios is said to drive a golden chariot drawn by four horses:<ref name=":hom">{{Cite web |title=Hymn 31 to Helios, To Helios |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0138:hymn=31 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pindar, Olympian, Olympian 7 For Diagoras of Rhodes Boxing-Match 464 B. C. |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0162:book=O.:poem=7 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Pyrois ("The Fiery One", not to be confused with [[Pyroeis]], one of the [[planetae|five naked-eye planets]] known to [[Ancient Greek astronomy|ancient Greek and Roman astronomers]]), Aeos ("He of the Dawn"), [[Aethon]] ("Blazing"), and Phlegon ("Burning").<ref>Gordon MacDonald Kirkwood, ''A Short Guide to Classical Mythology'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OkUGQeGGn7IC&pg=PA88 88]</ref> In a Mithraic invocation, Helios's appearance is given as thus:

<blockquote>A god is then summoned. He is described as "a youth, fair to behold, with fiery hair, clothed in a white tunic and a scarlet cloak and wearing a fiery crown." He is named as "Helios, lord of heaven and earth, god of gods."{{sfn|Fear|2022|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dkJtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT173 173]}}</blockquote>

As mentioned above, the imagery surrounding a chariot-driving solar deity is likely [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] in origin and is common to both early Greek and Near Eastern religions.<ref>Burkert, W. ''Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical''. Cambridge Mass., 1985, p. 175.</ref><ref name=":verg">{{Cite book |last=Vergados |first=Athanassios |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzF9UQt8NDUC&pg=PA286 |title=The "Homeric Hymn to Hermes": Introduction, Text and Commentary |date=2012-12-06 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-025970-4 |language=en}}</ref>

Helios is seen as both a personification of the Sun and the fundamental creative power behind it,<ref name="julian_works" /> and as a result is often worshiped as a god of life and creation. His literal "light" is often assorted with a metaphorical vitality,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ToposText |url=https://topostext.org/work/3#12.265 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=topostext.org|date=700 }}</ref> and other ancient texts give him the epithet "gracious" (''{{lang|grc|{{math|ἱλαρός}}}}''). The [[Ancient Greek comedy|comic]] playwright [[Aristophanes]] describes Helios as "the horse-guider, who fills the plain of the earth with exceeding bright beams, a mighty deity among gods and mortals."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aristophanes, Clouds, line 563 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0241:card=563 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> One passage recorded in the [[Greek Magical Papyri]] says of Helios, "the earth flourished when you shone forth and made the plants fruitful when you laughed and brought to life the living creatures when you permitted."<ref name="Pachoumi" /> He is said to have helped create animals out of primeval mud.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Apollonius |first1=Rhodius |url=http://archive.org/details/argonautica00apoluoft |title=The Argonautica |last2=Seaton |first2=R. C. (Robert Cooper) |date=1912 |publisher=London : Heinemann; New York : G.P. Putnam |others=Kelly - University of Toronto}}</ref>

== Mythology ==
=== God of the Sun ===
==== Rising and Setting ====
[[File:Hans Rathausky - Helios et Selene.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Helios and Selene, by Johann Rathausky, fountain group statue in [[Opatija]], [[Croatia]].]]

Helios was envisioned as a god driving his chariot from east to west each day, rising from the [[Oceanus|Oceanus River]] and setting in the west under the earth. It is unclear as to whether this journey means that he travels through [[Tartarus]].<ref name=":keig">{{Cite book |last=Keightley |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA53 |title=The Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy |date=1838 |publisher=D. Appleton |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Helios, painting on a terracotta disk, 480 BC, Agora Museum Athens, 080646.jpg|thumb|upright|left|230px|Helios the rising Sun, painting on a [[terracotta]] disk, 480 BC, Agora Museum Athens]]

[[Athenaeus]] in his ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'' relates that, at the hour of sunset, Helios climbs into a great cup of solid gold in which he passes from the Hesperides in the farthest west to the land of the Ethiops, with whom he passes the dark hours. According to Athenaeus, [[Mimnermus]] said that in the night Helios travels eastwards with the use of a bed (also created by Hephaestus) in which he sleeps, rather than a cup,<ref name=":ath">[[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'' [http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus11b.html#470 11.39]</ref> as attested in the ''[[Titanomachy (epic poem)|Titanomachy]]'' in the 8th century BCE.<ref name=":keig" /> [[Aeschylus]] describes the sunset as such:

{{Blockquote|"There [is] the sacred wave, and the coralled bed of the [[Erythraean sea|Erythræan Sea]], and [there] the luxuriant marsh of the Ethiopians, situated near the ocean, glitters like polished brass; where daily in the soft and tepid stream, the all-seeing Sun bathes his undying self, and refreshes his weary steeds."|title=[[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Unbound (Aeschylus)|Prometheus Unbound]]''.<ref>[[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+1.2.27&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239 1.2.27], translation by H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A., Ed.</ref>}}

Athenaeus adds that "Helios gained a portion of toil for all his days", as there is no rest for either him or his horses.<ref>{{harvnb|Kirk|Raven|Schofield|1983|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kFpd86J8PLsC&pg=PA13 12–13]}}: [F]or him does his lovely bed bear across the wave, [...] from the dwelling of the Hesperides to the land of the Aithiopes where his swift chariot and his horses stand till early-born Dawn shall come; there does the son of Hyperion mount his car."</ref>

Although the chariot is usually said to be the work of [[Hephaestus]],<ref>[[Aeschylus]] in his lost play ''Heliades'' writes: "Where, in the west, is the bowl wrought by Hephaestus, the bowl of [[Phaethon|thy]] sire, speeding wherein he crosseth the mighty, swelling stream that girdleth earth, fleeing the gloom of holy night of sable steeds."</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Athenaeus: Deipnosophists - Book 11 (b) |url=http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus11b.html#469 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.attalus.org}}</ref> [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] states that it was Helios himself who built it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ToposText |url=https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.1 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=topostext.org}}</ref> His chariot is described as golden,<ref name=":hom" /> or occasionally "rosy",<ref name="Oxford University Press"/> and pulled by four white horses.<ref name="Hansen 2004"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Habinnas, He'lios, He'lios |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:alphabetic+letter=H:entry+group=6:entry=helios-bio-1 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>Keightley, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lWAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA56 56], [https://books.google.com/books?id=lWAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA62 62]</ref><ref name=":verg" /> The [[Horae]], goddesses of the seasons, are part of his retinue and help him yoke his chariot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ToposText |url=https://topostext.org/work/141#2.19 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=topostext.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ToposText |url=https://topostext.org/work/529#38.272 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=topostext.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=C. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica, C. Valeri Flacci Argonauticon Liber Quartus., line 58 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0058:book=4:card=58 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> His sister Eos is said to have not only opened the gates for Helios, but would often accompany him as well.<ref>Bell, s. v. [https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/page/180/mode/2up?view=theater Eos]</ref> In the extreme east and west were said to be people who tended to his horses, for whom summer was perpetual and fruitful.<ref name=":fairb" />

==== Disrupted schedule ====
[[File:(24) Flaxman Ilias 1795, Zeichnung 1793, 188 x 255 mm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''Hera makes Helios set earlier'', [[Iliad]] engraving, [[John Flaxman]].]]

On several instances in mythology the normal solar schedule is disrupted; he was ordered not to rise for three days during the conception of [[Heracles]], and made the winter days longer in order to look upon [[Leucothoe (daughter of Orchamus)|Leucothoe]]. [[Athena]]'s birth was a sight so impressive that Helios halted his steeds and stayed still in the sky for a long while,<ref>''[[Homeric Hymn]] 28 to [[Athena]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0138:hymn=28 28.13]; Waterfield, p. [https://archive.org/details/greekmythsstorie0000wate/page/52/mode/2up?q=&view=theater 53]</ref> as heaven and earth both trembling at the newborn goddess' sight.{{sfn|Penglase|1994|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=U4mFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 195]}}

In the ''[[Iliad]]'', [[Hera]] who supports the Greeks, makes him set earlier than usual against his will during battle,<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D18%3Acard%3D219 18.239–240]</ref> and later still during the same war, after his sister Eos's son [[Memnon (mythology)|Memnon]] was killed, she made him downcast, causing his light to fade, so she could be able to freely steal her son's body undetected by the armies, as he consoled his sister in her grief over Memnon's death.<ref>[[Philostratus of Lemnos]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/225#1.7.2 1.7.2]</ref>

It was said that summer days are longer due to Helios often stopping his chariot mid-air to watch from above nymphs dancing during the summer,<ref>[[Callimachus]], ''Hymn to Artemis'' [https://archive.org/details/callimachuslycop00calluoft/page/76/mode/2up?view=theater 181–182]</ref><ref>Powell Barry, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mtoSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 182]</ref> and sometimes he is late to rise because he lingers with his consort.<ref>[[Lucian]], ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]'' [http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=home:texts_and_library:dialogues:dialogues-of-the-gods#section12 Aphrodite and Eros]</ref> If the other gods wish so, Helios can be hastened on his daily course when they wish it to be night.<ref>Fairbanks, p. [https://archive.org/details/MythologyOfGreeceAndRomespecialReferenceToItsInfluenceOnLiterature/page/n51/mode/2up?view=theater 39]</ref>

[[File:Heracles on the sea in the bowl of Helios.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Helios's cup with Heracles in it, [[Rome]], [[Vatican Museums#Museo Gregoriano Etrusco|Museo Gregoriano Etrusco]], n. 205336.]]

When Zeus desired to sleep with [[Alcmene]], he made one night last threefold, hiding the light of the Sun, by ordering Helios not to rise for those three days.<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Library]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D8 2.4.8]; [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Hercules (Seneca)|Hercules Furens]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0003 24]; ''[[Argonautica Orphica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/549#113 113].</ref>{{sfn|Stuttard|2016|page=[https://archive.org/details/greekmythologytr0000stut/page/114/mode/2up?view=theater 114]}} Satirical author [[Lucian]] of [[Samosata]] dramatized this myth in one of his ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]''.<ref>[[Lucian]], ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]'' [https://pt.calameo.com/read/000107044fc0f01286992 Hermes and the Sun]</ref>{{efn|Helios (and Lucian) is wrong here; Cronus had [[Chiron]] by [[Philyra (mythology)|Philyra]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Pseudo-Apollodorus]], [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D4 1.2.4]''</ref>}}

While Heracles was travelling to Erytheia to retrieve the cattle of [[Geryon]] for his tenth labour, he crossed the Libyan desert and was so frustrated at the heat that he shot an arrow at Helios, the Sun. Almost immediately, Heracles realized his mistake and apologized profusely ([[Pherecydes of Syros|Pherecydes]] wrote that Heracles stretched his arrow at him menacingly, but Helios ordered him to stop, and Heracles in fear desisted<ref name=":ath" />); In turn and equally courteous, Helios granted Heracles the golden cup which he used to sail across the sea every night, from the west to the east because he found Heracles' actions immensely bold. In the versions delivered by Apollodorus and Pherecydes, Heracles was only ''about to'' shoot Helios, but according to [[Panyassis]], he ''did'' shoot and wounded the god.<ref>Matthews, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=d92mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 52]</ref>

==== Solar eclipses ====
[[File:Meyers b5 s0687 b1.png|thumb|right|270px|Helios and Eos, carried by the morning dew, above them the god of heaven. Relief from the armor of the statue of Augustus in the Vatican, circa 1885.]]

[[Solar eclipse]]s were phaenomena of fear as well as wonder in Ancient Greece, and were seen as the Sun abandoning humanity.<ref>Glover, Eric. "The eclipse of Xerxes in Herodotus 7.37: Lux a non obscurando." ''The Classical Quarterly'', vol. 64, no. 2, 2014, pp. [https://jstor.org/stable/43905590 471–492]. New Series. Accessed 12 Sept. 2021.</ref> According to a fragment of [[Archilochus]], it is Zeus who blocks Helios and makes him disappear from the sky.<ref>[[Archilochus]] frag [https://sententiaeantiquae.com/2015/09/26/now-nothing-is-unexpected-archilochus-on-an-eclipse-fr-122/ 122]; Rutherford, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gPjZOB1YNqAC&pg=193 193]</ref> In one of his [[paean]]s, the lyric poet Pindar describes a solar eclipse as the Sun's light being hidden from the world, a bad omen of destruction and doom:<ref>Ian Rutherford, ''Pindar's Paeans: A reading of the fragments with a survey of the genre''.</ref>

{{Blockquote|Beam of the sun! What have you contrived, observant one, mother of eyes, highest star, in concealing yourself in broad daylight? Why have you made helpless men's strength and the path of wisdom, by rushing down a dark highway? Do you drive a stranger course than before? In the name of Zeus, swift driver of horses, I beg you, turn the universal omen, lady, into some painless prosperity for Thebes ... Do you bring a sign of some war or wasting of crops or a mass of snow beyond telling or ruinous strife or emptying of the sea on land or frost on the earth or a rainy summer flowing with raging water, or will you flood the land and create a new race of men from the beginning?|title=[[Pindar]], ''[[Paean]]'' IX<ref>Rutherford, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gPjZOB1YNqAC&pg=191 191]</ref>}}

==== Horses of Helios ====
{{Redirect|Pyrois|the moth|Pyrois (moth)}}[[File:London , Westminster - The Horses of Helios - geograph.org.uk - 5153323.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The Horses of Helios, Westminster, London.]]Some lists, cited by Hyginus, of the names of horses that pulled Helios' chariot, are as follows. Scholarship acknowledges that, despite differences between the lists, the names of the horses always seem to refer to fire, flame, light and other luminous qualities.<ref>Slim, Hédi. "La chute de Phaeton sur une mosaïque de Barrarus-Rougga en Tunisie". In: ''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres''. 147<sup>e</sup> année, N. 3, 2003. p. 1121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.2003.22628; www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2003_num_147_3_22628</ref>
* According to [[Eumelus of Corinth]] – late 7th/ early 6th century BC:  The male trace horses are Eous (by him the sky is turned) and Aethiops (as if flaming, parches the grain) and the female yoke-bearers are Bronte ("Thunder") and Sterope ("Lightning").
* According to Ovid&nbsp;— Roman, 1st century BC ''Phaethon's ride'': Pyrois ("the fiery one"), Eous ("he of the dawn"), [[Aethon]] ("blazing"), and Phlegon ("burning").<ref name=":hyg183">[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#183 183]</ref><ref>Dain, Philippe. ''Mythographe du Vatican III. Traduction et commentaire''. Besançon: Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité, 2005. p. 156 (footnote nr. 33) (Collection "ISTA", 854). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ista.2005.2854; www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_2005_edc_854_1</ref>

Hyginus writes that according to Homer, the horses' names are Abraxas and Therbeeo; but Homer makes no mention of horses or chariot.<ref name=":hyg183" />

[[Alexander of Aetolia]], cited in Athenaeus, related that the magical herb grew on the island [[Thrinacia]], which was sacred to Helios, and served as a remedy against fatigue for the sun god's horses. [[Aeschrion of Samos]] informed that it was known as the "dog's-tooth" and was believed to have been sown by Cronus.<ref>[[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae|Scholars at Dinner]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Athenaeus/7D*.html#p329 7.294C]</ref>

=== Awarding of Rhodes ===
[[File:Rhodos tetradrachm Helios.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Silver [[tetradrachm]] of [[Rhodes]] showing Helios and a rose (205-190 BC, 13.48 g)]]

According to Pindar,<ref name=":pin7">[[Pindar]], ''Olympian Odes'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D7 7]</ref> when the gods divided the earth among them, Helios was absent, and thus he got no lot of land. He complained to Zeus about it, who offered to do the division of portions again, but Helios refused the offer, for he had seen a [[Rhodes|new land]] emerging from the deep of the sea; a rich, productive land for humans and good for cattle too. Helios asked for this island to be given to him, and Zeus agreed to it, with [[Lachesis]] (one of the three [[Moirai|Fates]]) raising her hands to confirm the oath. Alternatively in another tradition, it was Helios himself who made the island rise from the sea when he caused the water which had overflowed it to disappear.<ref name=":dd563">[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca Historica|Library of History]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#56 5.56.3]</ref> He named it Rhodes, after his lover [[Rhodos|Rhode]] (the daughter of [[Poseidon]] and Aphrodite<ref>Scholia on Pindar's ''Olympian Odes'' [https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg5034.tlg001a.perseus-grc1:7.25 7.25]</ref> or [[Amphitrite]]<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Library]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D5 1.4.5]</ref>), and it became the god's sacred island, where he was honoured above all other gods. With Rhode Helios sired seven sons, known as the [[Heliadae]] ("sons of the Sun"), who became the first rulers of the island, as well as one daughter, [[Alectrona|Electryone]].<ref name=":dd563" /> Three of their grandsons founded the cities [[Ialysos]], [[Camiros]] and [[Lindos]] on the island, named after themselves;<ref name=":pin7" /> thus Rhodes came to belong to him and his line, with the autochthonous peoples of Rhodes claiming descend from the Heliadae.<ref>[[Conon (mythographer)|Conon]], ''Narrations'' [https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm 47]</ref>

=== Phaethon ===
{{Main|Phaethon}}

[[File:Clymene Urging Phaeton to Find Helios LACMA M.71.76.20.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|''Clymene urges Phaethon to find his father'', 1589 engraving by [[Hendrik Goltzius]].]]

The most well known story about Helios is the one involving his son [[Phaethon]], who asked him to drive his chariot for a single day. Although all versions agree that Phaethon convinced Helios to give him his chariot, and that he failed in his task with disastrous results, there are a great number of details that vary by version, including the identity of Phaethon's mother, the location the story takes place, the role Phaethon's sisters the [[Heliades]] play, the motivation behind Phaethon's decision to ask his father for such thing, and even the exact relation between god and mortal.

Traditionally, Phaethon was Helios' son by the Oceanid nymph [[Clymene (mother of Phaethon)|Clymene]],<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]''; [[Euripides]], ''[https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.325.xml Phaethon]''; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]''; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#152A 152A]</ref> or alternatively Rhode<ref name=":pin">[[Scholia]] on [[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [https://cts.perseids.org/read/greekLit/tlg5026/tlg007/First1K-grc1/2.17.1-2.17.3 17.208] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921010912/https://cts.perseids.org/read/greekLit/tlg5026/tlg007/First1K-grc1/2.17.1-2.17.3 |date=2021-09-21 }}</ref> or the otherwise unknown Prote.<ref>[[John Tzetzes]], ''Chiliades'' 4.127</ref> In one version of the story, Phaethon is Helios' grandson, rather than son, through the boy's father [[Clymenus]]. In this version, Phaethon's mother is an Oceanid nymph named Merope.<ref name=":fb154">[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#154 154]</ref>

In Euripides' lost play ''[[Phaethon (play)|Phaethon]]'', surviving only in twelve fragments, Phaethon is the product of an illicit liaison between his mother Clymene (who is now married to [[Merops (mythology)|Merops]], the king of [[Aethiopia]]) and Helios, though she claimed that her lawful husband was the father of her all her children.<ref>Gantz, pp [https://www.academia.edu/29883249/GANTZ_Timothy_Early_Greek_myth_a_guide_to_literary_and_artistic_sources_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press_1993_ 31–32] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924025153/https://www.academia.edu/29883249/GANTZ_Timothy_Early_Greek_myth_a_guide_to_literary_and_artistic_sources_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press_1993_ |date=2023-09-24 }}</ref><ref>Diggle, pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=RYAh8dv18lUC&pg=PA7 7–8]</ref> Clymene reveals the truth to her son, and urges him to travel east to get confirmation from his father after she informs him that Helios promised to grant their child any wish when he slept with her. Although reluctant at first, Phaethon is convinced and sets on to find his birth father.<ref>Cod. Claromont. - Pap. Berl. 9771, [[Euripides]] fragment [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.335.xml 773 Nauck]</ref> In a surviving fragment from the play, Helios accompanies his son in his ill-fated journey in the skies, trying to give him instructions on how to drive the chariot while he rides on a spare horse named Sirius,<ref name=":dig138" /> as someone, perhaps a [[paedagogi|paedagogus]] informs Clymene of Phaethon's fate, who is probably accompanied by slave women:

[[File:Ovide - Métamorphoses - I - Phaéton.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.05|''Phaethon meets the Sun'', engraving for the ''[[Metamorphoses]]''.]]

{{Blockquote|Take, for instance, that passage in which Helios, in handing the reins to his son, says—<br />
<blockquote>
"Drive on, but shun the burning [[Ancient Libya|Libyan]] tract;<br />
The hot dry air will let thine axle down:<br />
Toward the seven [[Pleiades]] keep thy steadfast way."<br />
</blockquote>
And then—<br />
<blockquote>
"This said, his son undaunted snatched the reins,<br />
Then smote the winged coursers' sides: they bound<br />
Forth on the void and cavernous vault of air.<br />
His father mounts another steed, and rides<br />
With warning voice guiding his son. 'Drive there!<br />
Turn, turn thy car this way."
</blockquote>
|title=[[Euripides]], ''Phaethon'' frag [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.349.xml?readMode=verso 779]<ref>Longinus, ''[[On the Sublime]]'' [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17957/17957-h/17957-h.htm#tag_35 15.4], with a translation by H. L. Havell.</ref>}}

If this messenger did witness the flight himself, it is possible there was also a passage where he described Helios taking control over the bolting horses in the same manner as [[Lucretius]] described.<ref>Diggle, pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=RYAh8dv18lUC&pg=PA42 42–43]</ref> Phaethon inevitably dies; a fragment near the end of the play has Clymene order the slave girls hide Phaethon's still-smouldering body from Merops, and laments Helios' role in her son's death, saying he destroyed him and her both.<ref name=":frag" /> Near the end of the play it seems that Merops, having found out about Clymene's affair and Phaethon's true parentage, tries to kill her; her eventual fate is unclear, but it has been suggested she is saved by some [[deus ex machina]].<ref name=":cocro">Collard and Cropp, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uT78DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 202]</ref> A number of deities have been proposed for the identity of this possible deus ex machina, with Helios among them.<ref name=":cocro" />

[[File:Nicolas Poussin - Helios and Phaeton with Saturn and the Four Seasons.jpg|upright=1.3|thumb|left|''Helios and Phaethon with Saturn and the Four Seasons'', by [[Nicolas Poussin]], oil on canvas]]

In Ovid's account, Zeus' son [[Epaphus]] mocks Phaethon's claim that he is the son of the sun god; his mother Clymene tells Phaethon to go to Helios himself, to ask for confirmation of his paternity. Helios promises him on the river [[Styx]] any gift that he might ask as a proof of paternity; Phaethon asks for the privilege to drive Helios' chariot for a single day. Although Helios warns his son of how dangerous and disastrous this would be, he is nevertheless unable to change Phaethon's mind or revoke his promise. Phaethon takes the reins, and the earth burns when he travels too low, and freezes when he takes the chariot too high. Zeus strikes Phaethon with lightning, killing him. Helios refuses to resume his job, but he returns to his task and duty at the appeal of the other gods, as well as Zeus' threats. He then takes his anger out on his four horses, whipping them in fury for causing his son's death.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Metamorph.php#anchor_Toc64105482 1.747]–[https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Metamorph2.php#anchor_Toc64106101 2.400]</ref>

[[Nonnus]] of [[Panopolis]] presented a slightly different version of the myth, narrated by Hermes; according to him, Helios met and fell in love with Clymene, the daughter of the [[Oceanus|Ocean]], and the two soon got married with her father's blessing. When he grows up, fascinated with his father's job, he asks him to drive his chariot for a single day. Helios does his best to dissuade him, arguing that sons are not necessarily fit to step into their fathers' shoes. But under pressure of Phaethon and Clymene's begging both, he eventually gives in. As per all other versions of the myth, Phaethon's ride is catastrophic and ends in his death.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca03nonnuoft/page/102/mode/2up?view=theater 38.142]–[https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca03nonnuoft/page/122/mode/2up?view=theater 435]</ref>

[[File:Godfried Maes - Phaeton in the Chariot of the Sun God.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Phaethon in the chariot of the Sun, Godfried Maes, ca 1664-1700]]

Hyginus wrote that Phaethon secretly mounted his father's car without said father's knowledge and leave, but with the aid of his sisters the Heliades who yoked the horses.<ref>Gantz, p. [https://archive.org/details/early-greek-myth-a-guide-timothy-gantz/page/32/mode/2up?view=theater 33]</ref>

In all retellings, Helios recovers the reins in time, thus saving the earth.<ref>Bell, s. v. [https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/page/150/mode/2up?view=theater Phaethon]</ref> Another consistent detail across versions are that Phaethon's sisters the Heliades mourn him by the [[Eridanos (river of Hades)|Eridanus]] and are turned into black poplar trees, who shed tears of [[amber]]. According to [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], it was Helios who turned them into trees, for their honour to Phaethon.<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=KiDDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT134 5.300], "The Daughters of the Sun, the Lord of Omens, shed (tears) for Phaethon slain, when by Eridanos' flood they mourned for him. These, for undying honour to his son, the god made amber, precious in men's eyes."</ref> In one version of the myth, Helios conveyed his dead son to the stars, as a constellation (the [[Auriga (constellation)|Auriga]]).<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''De astronomia'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.42.2 2.42.2]</ref>

=== The Watchman ===
==== Persephone ====
[[File:Head Helios AM Rhodes E49.jpg|thumb|left|Head of Helios, middle period, [[Archaeological Museum of Rhodes]]]]

{{rquote|right|But, Goddess, give up for good your great lamentation.<br />You must not nurse in vain insatiable anger.<br />Among the gods Aidoneus is not an unsuitable bridegroom,<br />Commander-of-Many and Zeus's own brother of the same stock.<br />As for honor, he got his third at the world's first division<br />and dwells with those whose rule has fallen to his lot.|''[[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Demeter]]'', lines 82–87, translated by Helene Foley<ref>Foley, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wRARAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 6]</ref>}}

Helios is said to have seen and stood witness to everything that happened where his light shone. When [[Hades]] abducts [[Persephone]], Helios is the only one to witness it.{{sfn|Penglase|1994|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=U4mFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 124]}}

In Ovid's ''[[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]]'', Demeter asks the stars first about Persephone's whereabouts, and it is [[Helice (mythology)|Helice]] who advises her to go ask Helios. Demeter is not slow to approach him, and Helios then tells her not to waste time, and seek out for "the queen of the third world".<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]]'' [https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/OvidFastiBkFour.php#anchor_Toc69367852 4.575]</ref>

==== Ares and Aphrodite ====
[[File:JOHANN HEISS VULCAN SURPRISING VENUS AND MARS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''Vulcan surprises Venus and Mars'', by [[Johann Heiss]] (1679)]]

In another myth, Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, but she cheated on him with his brother [[Ares]], god of war. In Book Eight of the ''Odyssey'', the blind singer [[Demodocus (Odyssey character)|Demodocus]] describes how the illicit lovers committed adultery, until one day Helios caught them in the act, and immediately informed Aphrodite's husband Hephaestus. Upon learning that, Hephaestus forged a net so thin it could hardly be seen, in order to ensnare them. He then announced that he was leaving for [[Lemnos]]. Upon hearing that, Ares went to Aphrodite and the two lovers coupled.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0218%3Abook%3D8%3Acard%3D5 8. 266–295]</ref> Once again Helios informed Hephaestus, who came into the room and trapped them in the net. He then called the other gods to witness the humiliating sight.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0218%3Abook%3D8%3Acard%3D6 8. 296–332]</ref>

Much later versions add a young man to the story, a warrior named [[Alectryon (mythology)|Alectryon]], tasked by Ares to stand guard should anyone approach. But Alectryon fell asleep, allowing Helios to discover the two lovers and inform Hephaestus. For this, Aphrodite hated Helios and his race for all time.<ref name=":senny">[[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Phaedra (Seneca)|Phaedra]]'' [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sen/sen.phaedra.shtml 124]</ref> In some versions, she cursed his daughter [[Pasiphaë]] to fall in love with the [[Cretan Bull]] as revenge against him.<ref>[[Scholia]] on [[Euripides]]' ''[[Hippolytus (play)|Hippolytus]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=quBFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA501 47]</ref><ref>[[Libanius]], ''[[Progymnasmata]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=kRi-If9IAOYC&pg=PA27 2.21]</ref> Pasiphaë's daughter [[Phaedra (mythology)|Phaedra]]'s passion for her step-son [[Hippolytus of Athens|Hippolytus]] was also said to have been inflicted on her by Aphrodite for this same reason.<ref name=":senny" />

==== Leucothoe and Clytie ====
[[File:The nymph klytie transforming into a sunflower as the sun god drives his chariot above, engraving by abraham diepenbeeck for the metamorphoses book by ovid, in a greek language copy.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Clytie turns into a sunflower as the Sun refuses to look at her, engraving by [[Abraham van Diepenbeeck]].]]

Aphrodite aims to enact her revenge by making Helios fall for a mortal princess named [[Leucothoe (daughter of Orchamus)|Leucothoe]], forgetting his previous lover the [[Oceanid]] [[Clytie (Oceanid)|Clytie]] for her sake. Helios watches her from above, even making the winter days longer so he can have more time looking at her. Taking the form of her mother [[Eurynome]], Helios enters their palace, entering the girl's room before revealing himself to her.

However, Clytie informs Leucothoe's father [[Orchamus]] of this affair, and he buries Leucothoe alive in the earth. Helios comes too late to rescue her, so instead he pours [[nectar]] into the earth, and turns the dead Leucothoe into a [[Boswellia sacra|frankincense tree]]. Clytie, spurned by Helios for her role in his lover's death, strips herself naked, accepting no food or drink, and sits on a rock for nine days, pining after him, until eventually turning into a purple, sun-gazing flower, the [[Heliotropium|heliotrope]].<ref name=":1">[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#4.190 4.167]–[https://topostext.org/work/141#4.256 273]; [[Lactantius Placidus]], ''Argumenta'' [https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=oDRdAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA18&hl=el 4.5]; Paradoxographers anonymous, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eTUOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA222 222]</ref><ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA45 p. 45]; Gantz, p. 34; Berens, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_NcDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA63 p. 63]; Grimal, s. v. [https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar00grim/page/102/mode/2up?view=theater Clytia]</ref> This myth, it has been theorized, might have been used to explain the use of [[frankincense]] [[aroma]]tic resin in Helios' worship.{{sfn|Κακριδής|Ρούσσος|Παπαχατζής|Καμαρέττα|1986|page=228}} Leucothoe being buried alive as punishment by a male guardian, which is not too unlike [[Antigone]]'s own fate, may also indicate an ancient tradition involving [[human sacrifice]] in a vegetation cult.{{sfn|Κακριδής|Ρούσσος|Παπαχατζής|Καμαρέττα|1986|page=228}} At first the stories of Leucothoe and Clytie might have been two distinct myths concerning Helios which were later combined along with a third story, that of Helios discovering Ares and Aphrodite's affair and then informing Hephaestus, into a single tale either by Ovid himself or his source.<ref name="20–38">[[Joseph Fontenrose|Fontenrose, Joseph]]. ''The Gods Invoked in Epic Oaths: [[Aeneid]], XII, 175-215.'' [[The American Journal of Philology]] 89, no. 1 (1968): pp [https://doi.org/10.2307/293372 20–38].</ref>

==== Other ====
In [[Sophocles]]' play ''[[Ajax (play)|Ajax]]'', [[Ajax the Great]], minutes before committing suicide, calls upon Helios to stop his golden reins when he reaches Ajax's native land of [[Salamis Island|Salamis]] and inform his aging father [[Telamon]] and his mother of their son's fate and death, and salutes him one last time before he kills himself.<ref>[[Sophocles]], ''[[Ajax (play)|Ajax]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0184%3Acard%3D815 845-860]</ref>

=== Involvement in wars ===
[[File:4. Silahtarağa Statuary Group at the Museum of Archaeology, Istanbul, Turkey, 2nd century CE. This is one of the deities.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Helios from the Silahtarağa Statuary Group depicting the Gigantomachy, 2nd century AD, [[Archaeological Museum of Istanbul]].]]

Helios sides with the other gods in several battles.<ref name=":gig">[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica|Historic Library]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#p289 5.71.3]</ref> Surviving fragments from ''[[Titanomachy (epic poem)|Titanomachy]]'' imply scenes where Helios is the only one among the Titans to have abstained from attacking the [[Twelve Olympians|Olympian gods]],<ref>Fr. *4 Serv. in Aen. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D6%3Acommline%3D580 6.580] (de Titanomachia; II 81.12–13 Thilo et Hagen) [= *4 GEF]</ref> and they, after the war was over, gave him a place in the sky and awarded him with his chariot.<ref>''[[Titanomachy (epic poem)|Titanomachy]]'' fragments 4.GEF, 11.EGEF and 12.EGEF in Tsagalis, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lL0vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 47]</ref><ref name=":mad">Madigan, pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=9moee6JH6FAC&pg=PA48 48–49]</ref>

He also takes part in the Giant wars; it was said by [[Pseudo-Apollodorus]] that during the battle of the [[Giants (Greek mythology)|Giants]] against the gods, the giant [[Alcyoneus]] stole Helios' cattle from [[Erytheia]] where the god kept them,<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Library]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D1 1.6.1]</ref> or alternatively, that it was Alcyoneus' very theft of the cattle that started the war.<ref>Scholia on [[Pindar]], ''Isthmian Odes'' [https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg5034.tlg001d.perseus-grc1:6.47 6.47b]</ref><ref>Gantz, pp. 419, 448–449</ref> Because the [[earth]] goddess Gaia, mother and ally of the Giants, learned of the prophecy that the giants would perish at the hand of a mortal, she sought to find a magical herb that would protect them and render them practically indestructible; thus Zeus ordered Helios, as well as his sisters Selene (Moon) and Eos ([[Dawn]]) not to shine, and harvested all of the plant for himself, denying Gaia the opportunity to make the Giants immortal, while Athena summoned the mortal Heracles to fight by their side.<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Library]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D1 1.6.1]; Hansen, p. [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/178/mode/2up?view=theater 178]; Gantz, [https://archive.org/details/early-greek-myth-a-guide-timothy-gantz/page/448/mode/2up?view=theater 449]</ref>

[[File:Altar Pérgamo Helios 01.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|Helios on his chariot fighting a Giant, detail of the Gigantomachy frieze, [[Pergamon Altar]], [[Pergamon museum]], Berlin]]

At some point during the battle of gods and giants in [[Phlegra (mythology)|Phlegra]],<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''[[Oresteia|Eumenides]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0006%3Acard%3D276 294]; [[Euripides]], ''[[Herakles (Euripides)|Heracles Gone Mad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=779AD6C623207413812A728B409D9381?doc=Eur.+Her.+1192 1192–1194]; ''[[Ion (play)|Ion]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Eur.+Ion+987 987–997]; [[Aristophanes]], ''[[The Birds (play)|The Birds]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0019,006:824&lang=original 824]; [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/210/mode/2up 3.232–234 (pp. 210–211)], [https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/276/mode/2up 3.1225–7 (pp. 276–277)]. See also Hesiod fragment 43a.65 MW (Most 2007, p. 143, Gantz, p. 446)</ref> Helios takes up an exhausted Hephaestus on his chariot.<ref>[[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/details/argonautica00apoluoft/page/208/mode/2up?view=theater 3.220–234]</ref> After the war ends, one of the giants, [[Picolous]], flees to [[Aeaea]], where Helios' daughter, Circe, lived. He attempted to chase Circe away from the island, only to be killed by Helios.<ref>[[Eustathius of Thessalonica|Eustathius]], ''Ad Odysseam'' 10.305; translation by Zucker and Le Feuvre p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EAYREAAAQBAJ&pg=PT324 324]: "Alexander of [[Paphos]] reports the following tale: Picoloos, one of the Giants, by fleeing from the war led against Zeus, reached Circe's island and tried to chase her away. Her father Helios killed him, protecting his daughter with his shield; from the blood which flowed on the earth a plant was born, and it was called μῶλυ because of the {{lang|grc|μῶλος}} or the battle in which the Giant aforementioned was killed."</ref><ref>''The Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius: Book III'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yQU4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA89 89 note 845]</ref><ref>Le Comte, p. [https://archive.org/details/poetsriddlesessa0000leco/page/74/mode/2up?view=theater 75]</ref> From the blood of the slain giant that dripped on the earth a new plant was sprang, the [[herb]] [[Moly (herb)|moly]], named thus from the battle ("malos" in [[Ancient Greek]]).<ref>Knight, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=292mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 180]</ref>

Helios is depicted in the [[Pergamon Altar]], waging war against Giants next to Eos, Selene, and Theia in the southern frieze.<ref>Picón and Hemingway, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr3WCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 47]</ref><ref>[https://weblimc.org/page/monument/2071289 ''LIMC'' 617 (Helios)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120337/https://weblimc.org/page/monument/2071289 |date=2023-07-16 }}.</ref><ref>Faita, pp [https://archive.org/details/THEGREATALTAROFPERGAMONTHEMONUMENTINITSFHISTORICALANDCULTURALCONTEXTBYANTONIASTELLAFAITA2000/page/n213/mode/2up?q=&view=theater 202–203]</ref><ref name=":mad" /><ref>Now housed in the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] and can be seen [https://collections.mfa.org/objects/153313/rein-guide-for-a-chariot-with-a-scene-of-the-battle-of-the-g?ctx=9f6c1772-3544-4c76-85a7-593a85983117&idx=82 here].</ref>

[[File:Phébus&Borée.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Phoebus and Boreas'', [[Jean-Baptiste Oudry]]'s cosmic interpretation of La Fontaine's fable, 1729/34]]

=== Clashes and punishments ===
==== Gods ====
A myth about the origin of [[Corinth]] goes as such: Helios and Poseidon clashed as to who would get to have the city. The [[Hecatoncheires|Hecatoncheir]] Briareos was tasked to settle the dispute between the two gods; he awarded the [[Acrocorinth]] to Helios, while Poseidon was given the [[Isthmus of Corinth|isthmus]] of Corinth.<ref name=":p215">Fowler 1988, p. 98 n. 5; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.1.6 2.1.6], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.4.6 2.4.6].</ref><ref>[[Dio Chrysostom]], ''Discourses'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/37*.html#p13 37.11–12]</ref>

[[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]] wrote that [[Nerites (mythology)|Nerites]] was the son of the sea god [[Nereus]] and the Oceanid [[Doris (Oceanid)|Doris]]. In the version where Nerites became the lover of Poseidon, it is said that Helios turned him into a shellfish, for reasons unknown. At first Aelian writes that Helios was resentful of the boy's speed, but when trying to explain why he changed his form, he suggests that perhaps Poseidon and Helios were rivals in love.<ref>[[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], ''On Animals'' [http://www.attalus.org/translate/animals14.html#28 14.28]</ref>{{sfn|Sanders|Thumiger|Carey|Lowe|2013|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qt7JkvxScSkC&pg=PA86 86]}}

In an Aesop fable, Helios and the north wind god [[Boreas (god)|Boreas]] [[The North Wind and the Sun|argued]] about which one between them was the strongest god. They agreed that whoever was able to make a passing traveller remove his cloak would be declared the winner. Boreas was the one to try his luck first; but no matter how hard he blew, he could not remove the man's cloak, instead making him wrap his cloak around him even tighter. Helios shone bright then, and the traveller, overcome with the heat, removed his cloak, giving him the victory. The moral is that persuasion is better than force.<ref>[[Aesop]], ''[[Aesop's Fables|Fables]]'' [http://www.mythfolklore.net/aesopica/oxford/183.htm 183]</ref>

==== Mortals ====
[[File:Nicolas Poussin - Landscape with Diana and Orion - WGA18341.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|''Blind Orion Searching for the Rising Sun'', by [[Nicolas Poussin]], 1658, oil on canvas]]Relating to his nature as the Sun,<ref name=":gender">Rea, Katherine A., ''The Neglected Heavens: Gender and the Cults of Helios, Selene, and Eos in Bronze Age and Historical Greece'', (2014). Classics: Student Scholarship & Creative Works. [[Augustana College (Illinois)|Augustana College]], [https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=classtudent PDF].</ref> Helios was presented as a god who could restore and deprive people of vision, as it was regarded that his light that made the faculty of sight and enabled visible things to be seen.<ref>John Peter Anton and George L. Kustas, ''Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy II'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7kq6jBE2rvEC&pg=PA236 236]</ref><ref>Decharme, pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=nU9msl7p2vMC&pg=PA241 241–242]</ref> In one myth, after [[Orion (mythology)|Orion]] was blinded by King [[Oenopion]], he traveled to the east, where he met Helios. Helios then healed Orion's eyes, restoring his eyesight.<ref>Pseudo-[[Eratosthenes]], ''[[Catasterismi|Placings Among the Stars]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=0EoZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA162 Orion]; Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Library]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D3 1.4.3]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''De astronomia'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.34.3 2.34.3]; [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], ''Commentary on the [[Aeneid]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D10%3Acommline%3D763 10.763]</ref>

In [[Phineus]]'s story, his blinding, as reported in Apollonius Rhodius's ''[[Argonautica]]'', was Zeus' punishment for Phineus revealing the future to mankind.<ref>[[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/114/mode/2up 2.178–86]</ref> According, however, to one of the alternative versions, it was Helios who had deprived Phineus of his sight.<ref>Scholia on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'' 12.69</ref> [[Pseudo-Oppian]] wrote that Helios' wrath was due to some obscure victory of the prophet; after [[Boreads|Calais and Zetes]] slew the Harpies tormenting Phineus, Helios then turned him into a [[mole (animal)|mole]], a blind creature.<ref>[[Pseudo-Oppian]], ''Cynegetica'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Oppian/Cynegetica/2*.html#612 2.615]</ref> In yet another version, he blinded Phineus at the request of his son Aeëtes.<ref>Fowler, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222 222], vol. II; Gantz, pp [https://archive.org/details/early-greek-myth-a-guide-timothy-gantz/page/352/mode/2up?view=theater 352–353].</ref>[[File:The Fall of Icarus, fresco from Pompeii, 40-79 AD.png|thumb|230px|The Fall of Icarus, ancient fresco from Pompeii, ca 40-79 AD]]

In another tale, the Athenian inventor [[Daedalus]] and his young son [[Icarus]] fashioned themselves wings made of birds' feathers glued together with wax and flew away.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DEpitome%3Abook%3DE%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D12 ''Epitome'' 1.12]</ref> According to scholia on Euripides, Icarus, being young and rashful, thought himself greater than Helios. Angered, Helios hurled his rays at him, melting the wax and plunging Icarus into the sea to drown. Later, it was Helios who decreed that said sea would be named after the unfortunate youth, the [[Icarian Sea]].{{sfn|Mastronarde|2017|page = [https://escholarship.org/content/qt5p2939zc/qt5p2939zc_noSplash_e32bfabd1126d088150b59583c6c9c38.pdf#page=183 150]}}<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DEpitome%3Abook%3DE%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D12 ''Epitome'' 1.12]–[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DEpitome%3Abook%3DE%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D13 13]</ref>

[[Arge]] was a huntress who, while hunting down a particularly fast stag, claimed that fast as the Sun as it was, she would eventually catch up to it. Helios, offended by the girl's words, changed her shape into that of a doe.<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#205 205]</ref><ref>Alexander Stuart Murray and William H. Klapp, Handbook of World Mythology, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BOFzYThPlk8C&pg=PA288 288]</ref>

In one rare version of [[Myrrha|Smyrna]]'s tale, it was an angry Helios who cursed her to fall in love with her own father [[Cinyras]] because of some unspecified offence the girl committed against him; in the vast majority of other versions however, the culprit behind Smyrna's curse is the goddess of love Aphrodite.<ref>[[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]] ''Commentary on Virgil's Eclogues'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Serv.+Ecl.+10.18&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0091 10.18]</ref>

=== Oxen of the Sun ===
{{main article|Cattle of Helios}}

[[File:Budapest Széchenyi-Bad Eingangshalle Kuppel 4.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Helios and chariot depicted on the dome of the entrance hall of the [[Széchenyi Bath]], [[Budapest]]]]

Helios is said to have kept his sheep and cattle on his sacred island of [[Thrinacia]], or in some cases Erytheia.<ref>''[[Homeric Hymn]] 3 to Apollo'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D397 410–414]</ref> Each flock numbers fifty beasts, totaling 350 cows and 350 sheep—the number of days of the year in the early Ancient Greek calendar; the seven herds correspond to the [[week]], containing seven days.<ref>Chris Rorres, ''Archimedes' count of Homer's Cattle of the Sun'', 2008, Drexel University, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312116822_Archimedes'_count_of_homer's_cattle_of_the_sun chapter 3]</ref> The cows did not breed or die.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D12%3Acard%3D111 12.127–135]</ref> In the ''Homeric Hymn 4 to Hermes'', after Hermes has been brought before Zeus by an angry Apollo for stealing Apollo's sacred cows, the young god excuses himself for his actions and says to his father that "I reverence Helios greatly and the other gods".<ref>''[[Homeric Hymn]] 4 to Hermes'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D4%3Acard%3D344 383]</ref><ref>Kimberley Christine Patton, ''Religion of the Gods: Ritual, Paradox, and Reflexivity'' p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QwgTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 393]</ref>

[[Augeas]], who in some versions is his son, safe-keeps a herd of twelve bulls sacred to the god.<ref>[[Theocritus]], ''Idylls'' 28 Heracles the Lion-Slayer [https://allpoetry.com/Idyll-XXV.--Heracles-the-Lion-Slayer 28.129-130]</ref> Moreover, it was said that Augeas' enormous herd of cattle was a gift to him by his father.<ref>[[Theocritus]], ''Idylls'' 28 Heracles the Lion-Slayer [https://allpoetry.com/Idyll-XXV.--Heracles-the-Lion-Slayer 28.118–121]</ref>

[[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]] in [[Illyria]] was another place where he kept a flock of his sheep; a man named [[Evenius|Peithenius]] had been put in charge of them, but the sheep were devoured by wolves. The other Apolloniates, thinking he had been neglectful, gouged out Peithenius' eyes. Angered over the man's treatment, Helios made the earth grow barren and ceased to bear fruit; the earth grew fruitful again only after the Apolloniates had propitiated Peithenius by craft, and by two suburbs and a house he picked out, pleasing the god.<ref>[[Conon (mythographer)|Conon]], ''Narrations'' [https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm 40].</ref> This story is also attested by Greek historian [[Herodotus]], who calls the man Evenius.<ref name=":hh993">[[Herodotus]], ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Hdt.+9.93&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126 9.93] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D94 –94]</ref>{{sfn|Ustinova|2009|page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=gUsiqGlSzegC&pg=PA170 170]}}

==== Odyssey ====
[[File:Pellegrino Tibaldi 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|''The companions of Odysseus rob the cattle of Helios'', fresco by Palazzo Poggi, 1556.]]

During Odysseus' journey to get back home, he arrives at the island of Circe, who warns him not to touch Helios' sacred cows once he reaches Thrinacia, or the god would keep them from returning home. Though Odysseus warns his men, when supplies run short they kill and eat some of the cattle. The guardians of the island, Helios' daughters Phaethusa and Lampetia, tell their father about this. Helios then appeals to Zeus telling him to dispose of Odysseus' men, rejecting the crewmen's compensation of a new temple in Ithaca.<ref>Loney, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Y6ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92 92]</ref> Zeus destroys the ship with his lightning bolt, killing all the men except for Odysseus.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0218%3Abook%3D12%3Acard%3D8 12.352–388]</ref>

=== Other works ===
[[File:Clipeus_Helios_Terme.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Bust of Helios in a clipeus, detail from a strigillated lenos [[sarcophagus]], white marble, early 3rd century CE, Tomb D in Via Belluzzo, [[Rome]].]]
Helios is featured in several of [[Lucian]]'s works beyond his ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]''. In another work of Lucian's, ''{{Interlanguage link|Icaromenippus|fi|Ikaromenippos}}'', Selene complains to the [[Menippus|titular character]] about philosophers wanting to stir up strife between herself and Helios.<ref>[[Lucian]], ''Icaromenippus'' [http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=home:texts_and_library:dialogues:icaromenippus#section20 20]; Lucian is parodying here [[Anaxagoras]]' theory that the sun was a piece of blazing metal.</ref> Later he is seen feasting with the other gods on Olympus, and prompting Menippus to wonder how can night fall on the Heavens while he is there.<ref>[[Lucian]], ''Icaromenippus'' [http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=home:texts_and_library:dialogues:icaromenippus#section28 28]</ref>

[[File:The music of the spheres.jpg|thumb|left|The music of the spheres: the planetary spheres, among others, on an engraving from Renaissance Italy.]]

[[Diodorus Siculus]] recorded an unorthodox version of the myth, in which Basileia, who had succeeded her father [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]] to his royal throne, married her brother Hyperion, and had two children, a son Helios and a daughter Selene. Because Basileia's other brothers envied these offspring, they put Hyperion to the sword and drowned Helios in the river [[Eridanos (river of Hades)|Eridanus]], while Selene took her own life. After the massacre, Helios appeared in a dream to his grieving mother and assured her and their murderers would be punished, and that he and his sister would now be transformed into immortal, divine natures; what was known as [[Mene (goddess)|Mene]]<ref>Hard, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA46 46], another [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] word for the [[Moon]].</ref> would now be called Selene, and the "holy fire" in the heavens would bear his own name.<ref name=":dio">[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica|Historic Library]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3D*.html#57.2 3.57.2–8]; Grimal, s. v. [https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar00grim/page/72/mode/2up?view=theater Basileia]</ref><ref>Caldwell, p. [https://archive.org/details/hesiodstheogony00hesi/page/40/mode/2up?q=&view=theater 41, note on lines 207–210]</ref>

It was said that Selene, when preoccupied with her passion for the mortal Endymion,<ref>[[Lucian]], ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]'' [http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=home:texts_and_library:dialogues:dialogues-of-the-gods#section12 Aphrodite and Eros I]</ref> would give her moon chariot to Helios to drive it.<ref>[[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Phaedra (Seneca)|Phaedra]]'' [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3ATragedies_of_Seneca_(1907)_Miller.djvu/197 309–314]</ref>

[[Claudian]] wrote that in his infancy, Helios was nursed by his aunt [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]].<ref>[[Claudian]], ''Rape of Persephone'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/De_Raptu_Proserpinae/2*.html#p323 Book II]</ref>

{{anchor|Titan (brother of Helios)}}Pausanias writes that the people of [[Titane (Sicyon)|Titane]] held that Titan was a brother of Helios, the first inhabitant of Titane after whom the town was named;<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Paus.+2.11.5&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.11.5]</ref> Titan however was generally identified as Helios himself, instead of being a separate figure.<ref>''Ugarit-Forschungen'', Volume 31,
Verlag Butzon & Bercker, 2000, p. 20</ref>

According to sixth century BC lyric poet [[Stesichorus]], with Helios in his palace lives his mother [[Theia]].<ref>[[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae|Scholars at Dinner]]'' [http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus11b.html#469 11.38]; "Now the Sun, begotten of Hyperion, was descending into his golden cup, that he might traverse the Ocean and come to the depths of dark and awful night, even to his mother and wedded wife and beloved children."</ref>

In the myth of the dragon [[Python (mythology)|Python]]'s slaying by Apollo, the slain serpent's corpse is said to have rotten in the strength of the "shining Hyperion".<ref>''[[Homeric Hymn]] 3'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D349 363-369]</ref>

=== Consorts and children ===
[[File:Exhibition Medea's Love and the Hunt for the Golden Fleece (2018-2019), Liebieghaus Skulpturensammlung, Frankfurt am Main (52662740200).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Helios, riding on a snake-drawn chariot, witnesses Medea killing her son on an altar, red-figure krater, detail, attributed to the [[Underworld Painter]], circa 330 - 310 BC, [[Staatliche Antikensammlung]], [[Munich]].]]

The god Helios is typically depicted as the head of a large family, and the places that venerated him the most would also typically claim both mythological and genealogical descent from him;<ref name=":gender" /> for example, the Cretans traced the ancestry of their king [[Idomeneus of Crete|Idomeneus]] to Helios through his daughter Pasiphaë.<ref name=":5259">[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Paus.+5.25.9&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 5.25.9]</ref>

[[File:Musée Cinquantenaire Helios.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|left|Limestone relief representing the god Helios, driving the celestial quadriga, [[Royal Museums of Art and History]], [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]].]]

Traditionally the Oceanid nymph [[Perse (mythology)|Perse]] was seen as the sun god's wife<ref>[[Hecataeus of Miletus]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA141 fr. 35A Fowler (p. 141)]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA44 p. 44].</ref> by whom he had various children, most notably [[Circe]], Aeëtes, [[Minos]]' wife Pasiphaë, [[Perses of Colchis|Perses]], and in some versions the Corinthian king [[Aloeus]].<ref>Bell, s. v. [https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/page/356/mode/2up?view=theater Perse]</ref> [[John Tzetzes|Ioannes Tzetzes]] adds [[Calypso (mythology)|Calypso]], otherwise the daughter of [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]], to the list of children Helios had by Perse, perhaps due to the similarities of the roles and personalities she and Circe display in the ''Odyssey'' as hosts of Odysseus.<ref>Tzetzes ad [[Lycophron]], [https://topostext.org/work/860#174 174] [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00000373-002/page/n55/mode/2up?view=theater (Gk text)]</ref>{{AI-generated source|date=November 2024}}

[[File:Terracotta lekythos (oil flask) MET DP225321.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Helios rising in his quadriga; above Nyx driving away to the left and Eos to the right, and Heracles offering sacrifice at altar. Sappho painter, Greek, Attic, black-figure, ca. 500 BC]]

At some point Helios warned Aeëtes of a prophecy that stated he would suffer treachery from one of his own offspring (which Aeëtes took to mean his daughter [[Chalciope]] and her children by [[Phrixus]]).<ref>[[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/details/argonautica00apoluoft/page/234/mode/2up?view=theater 3.597–600]</ref><ref>[[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/details/argonautica00apoluoft/page/214/mode/2up?view=theater 3.309–313]</ref>  Helios also bestowed several gifts on his son, such as a chariot with swift steeds,<ref>[[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/details/argonautica00apoluoft/page/308/mode/2up?view=theater 4.220–221]</ref> a golden helmet with four plates,<ref>[[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/details/argonautica00apoluoft/page/276/mode/2up?view=theater 3.1229]</ref> a giant's war armor,<ref>[[Philostratus the Younger|Philostratus]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/philostratus_younger-imagines_11_argo_aeetes/1931/pb_LCL256.343.xml 11]</ref> and robes and a necklace as a pledge of fatherhood.<ref>[[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Medea (Seneca)|Medea]]'' [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sen/sen.medea.shtml 570]</ref> When his daughter [[Medea]] betrays him and flees with [[Jason]] after stealing the [[golden fleece]], Aeëtes calls upon his father and Zeus to witness their unlawful actions against him and his people.<ref>[[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/details/argonautica00apoluoft/page/308/mode/2up?view=theater 4.228–230]</ref>

As father of Aeëtes, Helios was also the grandfather of Medea and would play a significant role in Euripides' rendition of her fate in [[Corinth]]. When Medea offers Princess [[Creusa of Corinth|Glauce]] the poisoned robes and diadem, she says they were gifts to her from Helios.<ref>[[Euripides]], ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0114%3Acard%3D941 956]</ref> Later, after Medea has caused the deaths of Glauce and King [[Creon of Corinth|Creon]], as well as her own children, Helios helps her escape Corinth and her husband.<ref>[[Euripides]], ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0114%3Acard%3D1293 1322]</ref><ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D28 1.9.28]</ref> In [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]]'s [[Medea (Seneca)|rendition]] of the story, a frustrated Medea criticizes the inaction of her grandfather, wondering why he has not darkened the sky at sight of such wickedness, and asks from him his fiery chariot so she can burn Corinth to the ground.<ref>[[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Medea (Seneca)|Medea]]'' [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/46058/46058-h/46058-h.htm 32–41]</ref><ref>Boyle, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=W7icAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 98]</ref>

However, he is also stated to have married other women instead like Rhodos in the [[Rhodes|Rhodian]] tradition,<ref>Fowler 2013, pp. 14, 591–592; Hard, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA43 43], [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA105 105]; Grimal, p. 404 "Rhode", pp. 404–405 "Rhodus"; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DR%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Drhode-bio-1 "Rhode" ], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DR%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Drhodos-bio-1 "Rhodos"]; [[Pindar]], ''Olympian Odes'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Pind.%20O.%207&lang=original 7.71–74]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#55 5.55]</ref> by whom he had seven sons, the [[Heliadae]] ([[Ochimus]], [[Cercaphus]], [[Macareus of Rhodes|Macar]], [[Actis (mythology)|Actis]], [[Tenages]], [[Triopas]], [[Candalus]]), and the girl [[Alectrona|Electryone]].

In [[Nonnus]]' account from the ''[[Dionysiaca]]'', Helios and the nymph Clymene met and fell in love with each other in the mythical island of Kerne and got married.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#38.105 38.110-141], with a translation by William Henry Denham Rouse.</ref> Soon Clymene fell pregnant with Phaetheon. Her and Helios raised their child together, until the ill-fated day the boy asked his father for his chariot.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#38.105 38.142-217]</ref> A passage from [[Greek anthology]] mentions Helios visiting Clymene in her room.<ref>[[Greek anthology]] ''Macedonius the Consul'' [https://topostext.org/work/532#5.223 5.223]</ref>

The mortal king of [[Elis]] [[Augeas]] was said to be Helios' son, but [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] states that his actual father was the mortal king [[Eleius|Eleios]].<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D9 5.1.9]</ref>

In some rare versions, Helios is the father, rather than the brother, of his sisters Selene and Eos. A scholiast on Euripides explained that Selene was said to be his daughter since she partakes of the solar light, and changes her shape based on the position of the sun.<ref>Keightley, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lWAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA61 61]</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Consort
! Children
| rowspan="27;" |
! Consort
! Children
| rowspan="27;" |
! Consort
! Children
|-
| [[Athena]]
| • The [[Korybantes|Corybantes]]<ref>[[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.3.19 10.3.19].</ref>
| rowspan="11" | [[Rhodos]]<br />{{small|(a [[nymph]]<ref>Daughter of Poseidon and Aphrodite or Amphitrite.</ref>)}}
| • [[Heliadae|The Heliadae]]{{efn|Expert seafarers and astrologers from Rhodes island.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica|Historic Library]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#56 5.56.3]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#14.36 14.44]</ref>}}
| Ephyra<br />{{nobr|{{small|(an [[Oceanid]]<ref>[[Epimenides]] in [[scholia]] on [[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' 3.242</ref>)}} }}
| • [[Aeëtes]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Aegle (mythology)|Aegle]],<br />{{small|(a [[Naiad]]<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D35%3Asection%3D5 9.35.5] with a reference to [[Antimachus]].</ref><ref>[[Hesychius of Alexandria]] s. v. [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Γλώσσαι/Α ''Αἴγλης Χάριτες'']</ref>)}}
| • [[Charites|The Charites]]<ref>Otherwise called daughters of [[Eurynome]] with Zeus ([[Hesiod]] ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D901 907]) or of [[Aphrodite]] with [[Dionysus]] ([[Anacreontea]] fragment [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/anacreontea/1988/pb_LCL143.211.xml 38]).</ref>
| 1. [[Tenages]]
| rowspan="2" |Antiope<ref>[[Diophantus]] in [[scholia]] on [[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' 3.242</ref>
| • [[Aeëtes]]
|-
| 1. [[Aglaia (Grace)|Aglaea]]<br />{{small|"splendor"}}
| 2. [[Macareus (son of Helios)|Macareus]]
| • [[Aloeus]]
|-
| 2. [[Euphrosyne (mythology)|Euphrosyne]]<br />{{small|"mirth"}}
| 3. [[Actis (mythology)|Actis]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Gaia]] 
| • [[Tritopatores]]<ref name="sud">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Suda | publisher = Suda On Line | author = Suidas | url = http://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-cgi-bin/search.cgi | access-date = December 10, 2023 | translator = David Whitehead | date =  21 December 2000 | title = Tritopatores}}</ref>
|-
| 3. [[Thalia (Grace)|Thalia]]<br />{{small|"flourishing"}}
| 4. [[Triopas]]
| • [[Bisaltes]]<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], ''Ethnica'' s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/241#B170.16 Bisaltia]''</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[Clymene (mother of Phaethon)|Clymene]]<br />{{small|(an [[Oceanid]])}}
| • [[Heliades|The Heliades]]<ref>Mostly represented as poplars mourning Phaethon's death beside the river [[Eridanus (mythology)|Eridanus]], weeping tears of amber in Ovid, ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Metamorph2.php#anchor_Toc64106114 2.340] & [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#154 154]</ref>
| 5. [[Candalus]]
| • [[Achelous]]<ref>[[Hecataeus of Miletus|Hecateus]] fragment [https://archive.org/details/fragmentahistori01mueluoft/page/n131/mode/2up?view=theater 378]</ref><ref>Grimal s. v. [https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar00grim/page/4/mode/2up?view=theater Achelous]</ref>
|-
| 1. Aetheria
| 6. [[Ochimus]]
| [[Hyrmine]]<ref>[[Scholia]] on [[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' 1.172</ref> or
| rowspan="3" | • [[Augeas]]
|-
| 2. Helia
| 7. [[Cercaphus]]
| [[Iphiboe]]<ref name="4.361" /> or
|-
| 3. Merope
| 8. Auges
| [[Nausidame]]<ref>Daughter of [[Amphidamas]] of [[Ancient Elis|Elis]] in [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#14.3 14.3] & [[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/14/mode/2up 1.172]</ref>
|-
| 4. Phoebe
| 9. Thrinax
| [[Demeter]] or
| rowspan="2" | • [[Acheron]]<ref>[[Natalis Comes]], ''Mythologiae'' 3.1; [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith]] s.v. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dacheron-bio-1 Acheron]</ref>
|-
| 5. Dioxippe
| • [[Electryone]]
| [[Gaia]]
|-
| • [[Phaethon]]<ref>The son who borrowed the chariot of Helios, but lost control and plunged into the river [[Eridanus (mythology)|Eridanus]].</ref>
| rowspan="6" | [[Perse (mythology)|Perse]]<br />{{nobr|{{small|(an [[Oceanid]]<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D938 956]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#27 27]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1 1.9.1] and [[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes]] ad Lycophron, ''Alexandra'' [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00000373-002/page/n55/mode/2up?view=theater 174]</ref>)}} }}
| • [[Calypso (mythology)|Calypso]]
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • Aethon<ref>In Suidas "Aithon", he chopped Demeter's sacred grove and was forever famished for that (compare the myth of [[Erysichthon of Thessaly|Erysichthon]]).</ref>
|-
| • [[Astris]]<ref>In [[Nonnus]] ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#17.269 17.269], wife of the river-god [[Hydaspes]] in [[India]], mother of Deriades.</ref>
| • [[Aeëtes]]
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • [[Aega (mythology)|Aix]]<ref>In [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] ''De astronomia'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13 2.13], a nymph with a beautiful body and a horrible face.</ref>
|-
| • [[Lampetia]]
| • [[Perses of Colchis|Perses]]
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • [[Aloeus]]<ref>In [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1 2.1.1], ruler over [[Sicyon|Asopia]].</ref>
|-
| Rhode<br />{{small|(a [[Naiad]]<ref name=":pin"/>)}}
| rowspan="2" | • [[Phaethon]]
| • [[Circe]]
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • Camirus<ref>In [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#275 275], founder of [[Camirus]], a city in Rhodes.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Prote<br />{{small|(a [[Nereid]]<ref>[[John Tzetzes]], ''Chiliades'' 4.363</ref>)}}
| • [[Pasiphaë]]
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • [[Ichnaea]]<ref>[[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' [https://archive.org/details/callimachuslycop00calluoft/page/504/mode/2up?view=theater 128 (pp. 504, 505)].</ref>
|-
| • [[Heliades|The Heliades]]
| • [[Aloeus]]
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • Mausolus<ref>[[Pseudo-Plutarch]], ''On Rivers'' 25</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Neaera (consort of Helios)|Neaera]]<br />{{small|(perhaps an<br />[[Oceanid]]<ref>[[Hesychius of Alexandria]] s. v. [https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Γλώσσαι/Ν {{mvar|Νέαιρα}}]</ref>)}}
| • [[Phaethusa]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Asterope (Greek myth)|Asterope]]<ref>''[[Argonautica Orphica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/549#1207 1217]</ref>
| • [[Aeëtes]]
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • [[Phorbas]]<ref>Stephanus of Byzantium, ''Ethnica'' s.v. ''[https://topostext.org/work/241#A84.22 Ambrakia]''</ref>
|-
| • [[Lampetia]]<ref>Guardians of the cattle of [[Thrinacia]] ([[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' 12.128).</ref><ref>In [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Metamorph2.php#anchor_Toc64106114 2.340], these two are listed among the children of Clymene.</ref>
| • [[Circe]]
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • [[Sterope]]<ref>[[John Tzetzes]] on [[Lycophron]], 886</ref><ref>[[Scholia]] on [[Pindar]], ''Pythian Odes'' [https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg5034.tlg001b.perseus-grc1:4.57/ 4.57], in which she is also described as "sister to Pasiphaë", perhaps implying they also share a mother as well, either [[Perse (mythology)|Perse]] or [[Crete (mythology)|Crete]].</ref>
|-
| [[Ocyrrhoe]]<br />{{nobr|{{small|(an [[Oceanid]]<ref>[[Pseudo-Plutarch]], ''On Rivers'' 5.1</ref>)}} }}
| • [[Phasis (river)|Phasis]]
| [[Ceto (Oceanid)|Ceto]]<br />{{small|(an [[Oceanid]]<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#26.351 26.351], Nonnus calls her a [[Naiad]], but says that her father is [[Oceanus]].</ref>)}}
| • [[Astris]]<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/529#26.351 26.351], contradicting his previous statement that has Clymene as Astris' mother.</ref>
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • [[Eos]]<ref>[[Mesomedes]], ''Hymn to the Sun'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=ULNSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 1]. Eos, much like her sister Selene, is usually said to be Helios' sister instead in various other sources, rather than his daughter.</ref>
|-
| [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]]<ref>[[Ptolemaeus Chennus]], ''New History'' Book IV, as epitomized by [[Photius I of Constantinople|Patriarch Photius]] in ''[[Bibliotheca (Photius)|Myriobiblon]]'' [https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm 190]. Usually Helen is the daughter of [[Leda (mythology)|Leda]] by Zeus; in some versions her mother is [[Nemesis]], again by Zeus.</ref>
| • [[Helen of Troy|Helen]]
| [[Leucothoe (daughter of Orchamus)|Leucothoe]]<ref name=":1" /><ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#14.4 14.4]. Either [[Leucothoe (daughter of Orchamus)|this]] Leucothoe or [[Leucothea|another]] is the mother of Thersanon according to Hyginus.</ref> or
| rowspan="2" | • [[Thersanon]]
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • [[Selene]]<ref>[[Euripides]], ''[[The Phoenician Women]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Eur.+Phoen.+175&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0118 175 ff.]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/310/mode/2up 44.191]. Just like her sister Eos, she's more commonly said to be Helios' sister rather than his daughter.</ref>
|-
| [[Clytie (Oceanid)|Clytie]]<br />{{small|(an [[Oceanid]]<ref name=":1"/>)}}
| • {{small|''No known offspring''}}
| [[Leucothea]]<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#14.4 14.4]. Either [[Leucothea|this]] Leucothoe or [[Leucothoe (daughter of Orchamus)|another]] is the mother of Thersanon according to Hyginus.</ref>
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • [[Hemera]]<ref>[[Pindar]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D2 O.2.32]; [[Scholia]] on [[Pindar]]'s ''Olympian Odes'' [https://scaife.perseus.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg5034.tlg001a.perseus-grc1:2.58 2.58]; more often the daughter of Nyx and [[Erebus]].</ref>
|-
| [[Selene]]
| • The [[Horae]]<br />{{small|(possibly<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''Fall of Troy'' [http://mcllibrary.org/Troy/book10.html 10.337]</ref><ref>More commonly known as daughters of Zeus by [[Themis]].</ref>)}}
| [[Crete (mythology)|Crete]]<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#60.4 4.60.4]</ref><ref name="4.361">[[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes]], ''Chiliades'' [https://www.theoi.com/Text/TzetzesChiliades4.html 4.361]</ref>
| • Pasiphae
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • [[Dirce]]<ref>Bell, s. v. [https://archive.org/details/womenofclassical00bell/page/168/mode/2up?view=theater Dirce (1)]</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{small|''unknown woman''}}<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica|Historic Library]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4C*.html#45 4.45.1]</ref>
| •  [[Aeëtes]]
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • [[Clymenus]]<ref name=":fb154" />
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
|• [[Lelex (king of Sparta)|Lelex]]<ref>Beck, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HGvqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59]</ref>
|-
| • [[Perses of Colchis|Perses]]
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • [[Chrysus]]<ref>Scholia on Pindar's ''Odes'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=JsmGAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA92 I.5.3]; "The Sun came from Theia and Hyperion, and from the Sun came gold". Pindar himself described Chrysus/Gold as a son of Zeus.</ref>
|-
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • Cos<ref>[[Palaephatus]], ''On Unbelievable Things'' [https://topostext.org/work/808#30 30]</ref>
| {{small|''unknown woman''}}
| • [[Cronus]]<ref>Meisner, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ethjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31]</ref><br />({{small|[[Orphism (religion)|Orphic]]}})
|}

* [[Anaxibia]], an [[India]]n [[Naiad]], was lusted after by Helios according to [[Pseudo-Plutarch]].<ref>[[Pseudo-Plutarch]], ''On Rivers'' 3.3. Pseudo-Plutarch attributes this story to Clitophon the Rhodian's ''Indica'', perhaps recording an Indian tale [[Interpretatio graeca|using the names of the Greek gods]].</ref>

== Worship ==
=== Cult ===
==== Archaic and Classical Athens ====
[[File:Helios LACMA M.88.91.106.jpg|thumb|250px|''Helios the Sun'', by Hendrik Goltzius (Holland, Mülbracht [now Bracht-am-Niederrhein], 1558-1617]]

Scholarly focus on the ancient Greek cults of Helios has generally been rather slim, partially due to how scarce both literary and archaeological sources are.<ref name=":gender" /> L.R. Farnell assumed "that sun-worship had once been prevalent and powerful among the [[Pelasgians|people of the pre-Hellenic culture]], but that very few of the communities of the later historic period retained it as a potent factor of the state religion".<ref>Farnell, L.R. (1909) ''The Cults of the Greek States'' (New York/London: Oxford University Press) vol.&nbsp;v, p&nbsp;419f.</ref> The largely Attic literary sources used by scholars present ancient Greek religion with an Athenian bias, and, according to J. Burnet, "no Athenian could be expected to worship Helios or Selene, but he might think them to be gods, since Helios was the great god of Rhodes and Selene was worshiped at Elis and elsewhere".<ref>J. Burnet, ''Plato: Euthyphro, Apology of Socrates, and Crito'' (New York/London: Oxford University Press) 1924, p.&nbsp;111.</ref>[[Aristophanes]]' ''Peace'' (406–413) contrasts the worship of Helios and Selene with that of the more essentially Greek [[Twelve Olympians]].<ref>Notopoulos 1942:265.</ref>

[[File:Roman - Alexander Helios - Walters 542290.jpg|thumb|left|230px|Alexander the Great as Helios, Roman, cast bronze, 1st century, [[Walters Art Museum]].]]

The tension between the mainstream traditional religious veneration of Helios, which had become enriched with ethical values, poetical symbolism,<ref>Notopoulos 1942 instances [[Aeschylus]]' ''[[Oresteia|Agamemnon]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Acard%3D488 508], ''[[Oresteia|Choephoroe]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0008%3Acard%3D973 993], ''[[The Suppliants (Aeschylus)|Suppliants]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0016%3Acard%3D207 213], and [[Sophocles]]' ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0192%3Acard%3D660 660] and [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0192%3Acard%3D1416 1425].</ref> and the Ionian proto-scientific examination of the sun, clashed in the trial of [[Anaxagoras]] c. 450 BC, in which Anaxagoras asserted that the Sun was in fact a gigantic red-hot ball of metal.<ref>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anaxagoras/ Anaxagoras biography]</ref>

==== Hellenistic period ====
Helios was not worshipped in Athens until the [[Hellenistic period]], in post-classical times.<ref>Ogden, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA200 200]</ref> His worship might be described as a product of the Hellenistic era, influenced perhaps by the general spread of cosmic and astral beliefs during the reign of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander III]].<ref name=":hoffie">Hoffmann, Herbert. "Helios." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 2 (1963):  [https://doi.org/10.2307/40000976. 117–24.]</ref> A scholiast on Sophocles wrote that the Athenians did not offer [[wine]] as an offering to the Helios among other gods, making instead ''[[nephalia]]'', or ''wineless'', sober sacrifices;<ref>[[Scholia]] ad [[Sophocles|Sophocli]] ''[[Oedipus at Colonus]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=CflPAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA27 91]; Xenis p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3HBLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 72]</ref><ref>Robert E. Meagher, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vBDfKCyC2LMC&pg=PA142 142]</ref> Athenaeus also reported that those who sacrificed to him did not offer wine, but brought honey instead, to the altars reasoning that the god who held the cosmos in order should not succumb to drunkenness.<ref>[[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae|Scholars at Dinner]]'' [http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus15c.html#693 25.48]</ref>

Lysimachides in the first century BC or first century AD reported of a festival [[Skira]]:

<blockquote>
that the skiron is a large sunshade under which the priestess of Athena, the priest of Poseidon, and the priest of Helios walk as it is carried from the [[Acropolis of Athens|acropolis]] to a place called Skiron.<ref>Ogden, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA200 200] [=FGrH 366 fr. 3].</ref>
</blockquote>

During the [[Thargelia]], a festival in honour of Apollo, the Athenians had cereal offerings for Helios and the [[Horae]].<ref>Farnell, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2NQF-MSICWEC&pg=PA19 19], [https://books.google.com/books?id=2NQF-MSICWEC&pg=PA143 143]. vol. IV</ref> They were honoured with a procession, due to their clear connections and relevance to agriculture.<ref>Parker, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ff51JeXhHXUC&pg=PA417 417]</ref><ref name=":harr">Harrison, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uucSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 79]; a scholiast says "At the Pyanepsia and the Thargelia the Athenians hold a feast to Helios and the Horae, and the boys carry about branches twined with wool,"</ref><ref name=":park204">Parker, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ff51JeXhHXUC&pg=PA204 204]</ref><ref>Gardner and Jevons, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ifTOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA294 294]</ref> Helios and the Horae were also apparently worshipped during another Athenian festival held in honor of Apollo, the [[Pyanopsia]], with a feast;{{sfn|Konaris|2016|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PLbkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 225]}}<ref name=":harr" /> an attested procession, independent from the one recorded at the Thargelia, might have been in their honour.<ref name=":park203">Parker, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ff51JeXhHXUC&pg=PA203 203], note 52: "Deubner [...] and Σ. vet. Ar. Plut. 1054c treat the ''Thargelia'' (and ''Pyanopsia'') as festivals of the Sun and Seasons. Once could on that basis equally well link the Sun and Seasons processions with ''Pyanopsia'', but it is neater to identify it with the attested ''Thargelia'' procession and leave the ''Pyanopsia'' free for the boys' roamings with the ''eiresione''."</ref>

Side B of LSCG 21.B19 from the [[Piraeus]] Asclepium prescribe cake offerings to several gods, among them Helios and [[Mnemosyne]],<ref>Lupu, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ROx5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 64]</ref> two gods linked to incubation through dreams,<ref>Miles, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QBcuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112 112]</ref> who are offered a type of [[honey]] cake called ''arester'' and a honeycomb.<ref>''Mnemosyne at the Asklepieia'', Stephen P. Ahearne-Kroll, Classical Philology, Vol. 109, No. 2 (April 2014), pp. 99-118; The [[University of Chicago Press]].</ref><ref>[http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/file/54/ CGRN File 54]</ref> The cake was put on fire during the offering.<ref>Bekker, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=80td5BGBPVUC&pg=PA215 215], vol. I</ref> A type of cake called ''orthostates''<ref>[[Hesychius of Alexandria]] s. v. [https://archive.org/details/hesychiialexand00schmgoog/page/n613/mode/2up?view=theater {{lang|grc|{{math|ὀρθοστάτης}} }}]</ref><ref>[[Julius Pollux]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=m2U-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA23 6.74]</ref> made of wheaten and [[barley]] flour was offered to him and the Hours.<ref>[[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], ''[[On Abstinence from Eating Animals|On Abstinence from Animal Food]]'' [https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_abstinence_02_book2.htm 2.7]</ref><ref name=":liknon">Allaire Brumfield, ''Cakes in the Liknon: Votives from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on Acrocorinth'', Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Vol. 66, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1997), pp. [https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/148477.pdf 147-172], The [[American School of Classical Studies at Athens]].</ref> Phthois, another flat cake<ref>[[Photios I of Constantinople|Patriarch Photius]] s. v. [https://archive.org/details/photiipatriarcha02phot/page/262/mode/2up?view=theater {{lang|grc|{{math|Φθόις}} }}]</ref> made with [[cheese]], honey and [[wheat]] was also offered to him among many other gods.<ref name=":liknon" />

In many places people kept herds of red and white cattle in his honour, and white animals of several kinds, but especially white horses, were considered to be sacred to him.<ref name=":seyf" /> Ovid writes that horses were sacrificed to him because no slow animal should be offered to the swift god.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]]'' [https://archive.org/details/ovidsfasti00oviduoft/page/28/mode/2up?view=theater 1.385–386]</ref>

In Plato's ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'' Helios, the Sun, is the symbolic offspring of the idea of the Good.<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Republic (Plato)|The Republic]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168%3Abook%3D7%3Asection%3D517b 7.517b]–[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168%3Abook%3D7%3Asection%3D517c 7.517c]</ref>

The ancient Greeks called [[Sunday]] "day of the Sun" (''{{lang|grc|{{math|ἡμέρα Ἡλίου}}}}'') after him.<ref>Martin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Go18BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302 p. 302]; Olderr, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5gZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 p. 98]; Barnhart (1995:778).</ref> According to [[Philochorus]], Athenian historian and Atthidographer of the 3rd century BC, the first day of each month was sacred to Helios.<ref>[[Philochorus]] 181; Müller, [https://archive.org/details/fragmentahistori01mueluoft/page/526/mode/2up?view=theater s. v. ''Sol, Hyperionis'']</ref>

It was during the Roman period that Helios actually rose into an actual significant religious figure and was elevated in public cult.<ref>''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA655 s.v. Helios], "But it was not until the later Roman empire that Helios/*Sol grew into a figure of central importance in actual cult."</ref><ref name=":hoffie" />

==== Rhodes ====
[[File:Colosse de Rhodes (Barclay).jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.05|[[Colossus of Rhodes]]]]

The island of [[Rhodes]] was an important [[Cult (religion)|cult]] center for Helios, one of the only places where he was worshipped as a major deity in ancient Greece.<ref>Burkert, p. 174</ref>{{sfn|Nilsson|1950|page=355}} One of Pindar's most notable greatest odes is an abiding memorial of the devotion of the island of Rhodes to the cult and personality of Helios, and all evidence points that he was for the Rhodians what Olympian Zeus was for [[Elis]] or Athena for the Athenians; their local myths, especially those concerning the [[Heliadae]], suggest that Helios in Rhodes was revered as the founder of their race and their civilization.<ref>Farnell, p. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56576/page/n531/mode/2up?view=theater 418], vol. V</ref>

[[File:Münze aus Rhodos, 170-150 v. Chr. Vorderseite.jpg|Silver drachma coin from Rhodes island with the head of Helios looking to the right and bearing a diadem of rays, ca. 170-150 BC, [[University of Tübingen]], [[Berlin]].|260px|thumb]]

The worship of Helios at Rhodes included a ritual in which a [[quadriga]], or chariot drawn by four horses, was driven over a precipice into the sea, in reenactment to the myth of Phaethon. Annual gymnastic tournaments were held in Helios' honor;<ref name=":seyf">{{Cite book |last=Seyffert |first=Oskar |url=http://archive.org/details/b3135841x |title=A dictionary of classical antiquities : mythology, religion, literature & art |date=1901 |publisher=London : S. Sonnenschein; New York : Macmillan |others=Wellcome Library}}</ref> according to [[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Festus]] (s. v. [[October Horse|October Equus]]) during the Halia each year the Rhodians would also throw quadrigas dedicated to him into the sea.<ref>Parker, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=e_ytDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 138]</ref><ref>Farnell, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2NQF-MSICWEC&pg=PA20 20], vol. IV</ref><ref>Gardner and Jevons, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ifTOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA247 247]</ref> Horse sacrifice was offered to him in many places, but only in Rhodes in teams of four; a team of four horses was also sacrificed to Poseidon in [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]], and the sea god was also worshipped in Lindos under the epithet Hippios, denoting perhaps a blending of the cults.<ref name=":riat73">''Rhodes in Ancient Times'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cdA5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA73 73]</ref>

It was believed that if one sacrificed to the rising Sun with their day's work ahead of them, it would be proper to offer a fresh, bright white horse.<ref>Harrison, Jane E. "Helios-Hades." The Classical Review, vol. 22, no. 1, Classical Association, [[Cambridge University Press]], 1908, pp. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/694587 12–16]</ref>

The [[Colossus of Rhodes]] was dedicated to him. In [[Xenophon of Ephesus]]' work of fiction, ''[[Ephesian Tale|Ephesian Tale of Anthia and Habrocomes]]'', the protagonist Anthia cuts and dedicates some of her hair to Helios during his festival at Rhodes.<ref>[[Xenophon of Ephesus]], ''[[Ephesian Tale]]'' pp. [https://www.elfinspell.com/ClassicalTexts/Rooke/XenophonsEphesianHistory/Ephesiaca-Book5.html 107-108]; Dillon 2002, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=A4YyVL0sygAC&pg=PA216 216]</ref> The Rhodians called shrine of Helios, Haleion ({{langx|grc|{{math|Ἄλειον}} }}).<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/1155 Suda, alpha, 1155]</ref>

A colossal statue of the god, known as the Colossus of Rhodes and named as one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]], was erected in his honour and adorned the port of the city of Rhodes.<ref>Hemingway, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=n1I_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36]</ref>

<blockquote>
The best of these are, first, the Colossus of Helius, of which the author of the iambic verse says, "seven times ten cubits in height, the work of [[Chares of Lindos|Chares the Lindian]]"; but it now lies on the ground, having been thrown down by an earthquake and broken at the knees. In accordance with a certain oracle, the people did not raise it again.<ref>[[Strabo]], ''[[Geography]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/14B*.html#p269 14.2.5]</ref>
</blockquote>

According to most contemporary descriptions, the Colossus stood approximately 70 [[cubit]]s, or {{convert|33|m|ft|abbr=off}} high – approximately the height of the modern [[Statue of Liberty]] from feet to crown – making it the tallest statue in the [[ancient world]].<ref>Higgins, Reynold (1988) "The Colossus of Rhodes" [https://books.google.com/books?id=vGhbJzigPBwC&pg=PA130 p. 130], in ''The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World'', Peter A. Clayton and Martin Jessop Price (eds.). Psychology Press, {{ISBN|9780415050364}}.</ref> It collapsed after an earthquake that hit Rhodes in [[226 BC Rhodes earthquake|226 BC]], and the Rhodians did not build it again, in accordance with an oracle.

In Rhodes, Helios seems to have absorbed the worship and cult of the island's local hero and mythical founder [[Tlepolemus]].<ref name=":ekr1">Ekroth, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=i54VCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA210 210]</ref> In ancient Greek city foundation, the use of the ''archegetes'' in its double sense of both founder and progenitor of a political order, or a polis, can be seen with Rhodes; real prominence was transferred from the local hero Tlepolemus, onto the god, Helios, with an appropriate myth explaining his relative insignificance; thus games originally celebrated for Tlepolemus were now given to Helios, who was seen as both ancestor and founder of the polis.<ref>Malkin, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=A-0UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA245 245]</ref> A sanctuary of Helios and the nymphs stood in Loryma near [[Lindos]].<ref>Larson 2001, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1ww3m1vSRtsC&pg=PA207 207]</ref>

The priesthood of Helios was, at some point, appointed by lot, though in the great city a man and his two sons held the office of priesthood for the sun god in succession.<ref>''Rhodes in Ancient Times'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cdA5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA83 83]</ref>

==== Peloponnese ====
The scattering of cults in [[Sicyon]], [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]], [[Hermione (Argolis)|Hermione]], [[Epidaurus]] and [[Laconia]] seem to suggest that Helios was considerably important in Dorian religion, compared to other parts of ancient Greece. It may have been the Dorians who brought his worship to Rhodes.<ref name=":largdn2">Larson, Jennifer. "A Land Full of Gods: Nature Deities in Greek Religion". In Ogden, Daniel. ''A Companion to Greek Religion''. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, 56–70.</ref>

[[File:DSC00400 - Tempio C di Selinunte - Quadriga di Helios - Sec. VI a.C. - Foto G. Dall'Orto.jpg|thumb|right|240px|''Quadriga of the Sun'', sixth century BC, Temple C, [[Selinunte]].]]

Helios was an important god in [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]] and the greater [[Corinthia]] region.<ref name=":ogd4">Ogden, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yOQtHNJJU9UC&pg=PA204 204]</ref> [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] in his ''Description of Greece'' describes how Helios and Poseidon vied over the city, with Poseidon getting the [[isthmus of Corinth]] and Helios being awarded with the [[Acrocorinth]].<ref name=":p215" /> Helios' prominence in Corinth might go as back as [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] times, and predate Poseidon's arrival,<ref name=":farn19">Farnell, p. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56576/page/n533/mode/2up?view=theater 419], vol. V</ref> or it might be due to Oriental immigration.{{sfn|Harrison|1991|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uucSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA609 609]}} At [[Sicyon]], Helios had an altar behind Hera's sanctuary.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.11.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.11.1]</ref> It would seem that for the Corinthians, Helios was notable enough to even have control over thunder, which is otherwise the domain of the sky god Zeus.<ref name=":gender" />

Helios had a cult in [[Laconia]] as well. Taletos, a peak of Mt. [[Taygetus]], was sacred to Helios.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+3.20.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 3.20.4]</ref><ref>Nagy, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GOO5Z7wqZS0C&pg=PA100 100 n. 70]</ref> At [[Thalamae (Laconia)|Thalamae]], Helios together with his daughter Pasiphaë were revered in an oracle, where the goddess revealed to the people consulting her what they needed to know in their dreams.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+3.26.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 3.26.1]</ref><ref name=":farn19" /> While the predominance of Helios in [[Sparta]] is currently unclear, it seems [[Helen of Troy|Helen]] was the local solar deity.<ref>Euripides, Robert E. Meagher, ''Helen,'' Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1986</ref> Helios (and Selene's) worship in [[Gytheio|Gytheum]], near Sparta, is attested by an inscription (''C.I.G. 1392'').<ref>''The Classical Review'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LQgOi5LWx5QC&pg=PA77 77], vol. 7</ref>

In [[Argolis]], an altar was dedicated to Helios near [[Mycenae]],<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.18.3&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.18.3]</ref> and another in [[Troezen]], where he was worshipped as the God of Freedom, seeing how the Troezenians had escaped slavery at the hands of [[Xerxes I]].<ref name=":2315" /> Over at [[Hermione (Argolis)|Hermione]] stood a temple of his.<ref name=":farn19" /><ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.34.10&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.34.10]</ref><ref>Vermaseren, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=peh5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 150]; [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/28227?&bookid=6&location=1690 CIG Pel. I = IG IV, 1<sup>2</sup>, 700].</ref> He appears to have also been venerated in [[Epidaurus]].<ref>Vermaseren, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=peh5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 149]</ref>

In [[Arcadia (region)|Arcadia]], he had a cult in [[Megalopolis, Greece|Megalopolis]] as the Saviour, and an altar near [[Mantineia]].<ref>Farnell, p. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56576/page/n533/mode/2up?view=theater 420], Vol. V; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.9.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 8.9.4]</ref>

==== Elsewhere ====
Traces of Helios's worship can also be found in [[Crete]]. In the earliest period Rhodes stood in close relations with Crete, and it is relatively safe to suggest that the name "Taletos" is associated with the [[Eteocretan]] word for the sun "[[Talos]]", surviving in Zeus' epithet Tallaios,<ref name=":farn19" /> a solar aspect of the thunder god in Crete.<ref name=":kk" /><ref name=":hest">[[Hesychius of Alexandria]] s. v. [https://archive.org/details/hesychiialexand00schmgoog/page/n767/mode/2up?view=theater {{mvar|Τάλως}}]</ref> Helios was also invoked in an oath of alliance between [[Knossos]] and [[Dreros]].<ref>Farnell, note [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56576/page/n565/mode/2up?view=theater 40], vol. V</ref>

[[File:Garni Temple 02.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|left|The [[Temple of Garni]], late first century, [[Armenia]], dedicated to the solar god Helios-[[Mihr (Armenian deity)|Mihr]], from a syncretic Helleno-Armenian cult.]]

In his little-attested cults in [[Asia Minor]] it seems his identification with Apollo was the strongest.<ref>Farnell, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2NQF-MSICWEC&pg=PA138 138], vol. IV</ref>{{sfn|Fontenrose|1988|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wOtqfmkUZA8C&pg=PA115 115]}}<ref>[[Conon (mythographer)|Conon]], ''Narrations'' [https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_copyright/photius_05bibliotheca.htm 33]</ref> It is possible that the solar elements of Apollo's Anatolian cults were influenced by Helios' cult in Rhodes, as Rhodes lies right off the southwest coast of Asia Minor.{{sfn|Fontenrose|1988|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wOtqfmkUZA8C&pg=PA113 113]}}

Archaeological evidence has proven the existence of a shrine to Helios and [[Hemera]], the goddess of the [[day]] and daylight, at the island of [[Kos]]<ref name=":farn19" /> and excavations have revealed traces of his cult at [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinope]], [[Pozzuoli]], [[Ostia Antica|Ostia]] and elsewhere.<ref name=":hoffie" /> After a plague hit the city of [[Cleonae (Phocis)|Cleonae]], in [[Phocis]], [[Central Greece (geographic region)|Central Greece]], the people there sacrificed a he-goat to Helios, and were reportedly then spared from the plague.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+10.11.5&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 10.11.5]</ref>

Helios also had a cult in the region of [[Thessaly]].<ref name=":miller">Miller, pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=-wsxBUMzY3YC&pg=PA33 33–35]</ref> Plato in his ''[[Laws (Plato)|Laws]]'' mentions the state of the [[Magnetes]] making a joint offering to Helios and Apollo, indicating a close relationship between the cults of those two gods,<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0166%3Abook%3D12%3Asection%3D946b 12.946b]-[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0166%3Abook%3D12%3Asection%3D946e e]</ref> but it is clear that they were nevertheless distinct deities in Thessaly.<ref name=":miller" />

[[File:Greek inscription of Tiridates I, Garni.jpg|right|thumb|250px|An ancient Greek inscription naming King Tiridates the Sun (''Helios Tiridates'') as the founder of the Garni temple.]]

Helios is also depicted on first century BC coins found at [[Halicarnassus]],<ref>''British Museum Catalogue 'Caria'.'' pp 106-107</ref> [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] in [[Sicily]]<ref>''British Museum Catalogue 'Sicily'.'' p 229</ref> and at [[Zakynthos|Zacynthus]].<ref>''British Museum Catalogue 'Peloponnese'.'' p 101</ref> From [[Pergamon]] originates a hymn to Helios in the style of Euripides.<ref>Farnell, note [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56576/page/n565/mode/2up?view=theater 44], vol. V</ref>

In [[Apollonia, Illyria|Apollonia]] he was also venerated, as evidenced from [[Herodotus]]' account where a man named Evenius was harshly punished by his fellow citizens for allowing wolves to devour the flock of sheep sacred to the god out of negligence.<ref name=":hh993" />

The ''[[Alexander Romance]]'' names a temple of Helios in the city of [[Alexandria]].<ref>Nawotka, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MtMuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 109]</ref>

=== Other functions ===
==== In oath-keeping ====
[[File:Magical sphere helios from theater of dionysus acropolis museum athens greece.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Magical sphere with Helios and magical symbols from the theatre of Dionysus, [[Acropolis Museum]], [[Athens]].]]

Gods were often called upon by the Greeks when an oath was sworn; Helios is among the three deities to be invoked in the ''Iliad'' to witness the truce between Greeks and [[Troy|Trojans]].<ref>Warrior, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KRH2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 10]</ref> He is also often appealed to in [[Ancient Greek tragedy|ancient drama]] to witness the unfolding events or take action, such as in ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'' and ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]''.<ref>Fletcher, pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=q1W2CPsG_5IC&pg=PA116 116] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=q1W2CPsG_5IC&pg=PA186 186]</ref> The notion of Helios as witness to oaths and vows also led to a view of Helios as a witness of wrong-doings.<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0010%3Acard%3D88 88–94]</ref><ref>Smith Helaine, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=g7PfF3C-z_QC&pg=PA42 42]</ref><ref>van der Toorn et al, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA396 s.v. Helios, p. 396]</ref> He was thus seen as a guarantor of cosmic order.<ref>Toorn et al, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA397 s.v. Helios p. 397]</ref>

[[File:Emperor caracalla helios statue roman north carolina museum of art.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Statue of Helios with features of [[Caracalla]] and Alexander, marble, Roman, ca. 2nd-3rd century AD, [[North Carolina Museum of Art]].]]

Helios was invoked as a witness to several alliances such as the one between [[Athens]] and [[Cetriporis]], [[Lycceius|Lyppeus]] of [[Paeonia (kingdom)|Paeonia]] and [[Grabos II|Grabus]], and the oaths of the [[League of Corinth]].<ref name=":sombay">Sommerstein, Bayliss, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ap_uINEOCZsC&pg=PA162 162]</ref> In a treaty between the cities of [[Smyrna]] and [[Magnesia ad Sipylum|Magnesia]], the Magnesians swore their oath by Helios among others.<ref>Gardner and Jevons, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ifTOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA232 232]; ''A treaty between Smyrna and Magnesia-by-Sipylos'' [http://www.attalus.org/docs/ogis/s229.html ''OGIS:'' 229]</ref> The combination of Zeus, Gaia and Helios in oath-swearing is also found among the non-Greek 'Royal Gods' in an agreement between Maussollus and Phaselis (360s BC) and in the [[Hellenistic period]] with the degree of [[Chremonides]]' announcing the alliance of Athens and [[Sparta]].<ref name=":sombay" />

==== In magic ====
He also had a role in necromancy magic. The [[Greek Magical Papyri]] contain several recipes for such, for example one which involves invoking the Sun over the skull-cup of a man who suffered a violent death; after the described ritual, Helios will then send the man's ghost to the practitioner to tell them everything they wish to know.<ref>Ogden 2001, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=93y-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 211]</ref> Helios is also associated with Hecate in cursing magic.<ref name=":queen">Sharynne MacLeod NicMhacha, ''Queen of the Night: Rediscovering the Celtic Moon Goddess'', Weiser Books, 2005; pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=1l1yXq4xGHsC&pg=PA62 62-63]; {{ISBN|1-57863-284-6}}.</ref> In some parts of [[Asia Minor]] Helios was adjured not to permit any violation of the grave in tomb inscriptions and to warn potential violators not to desecrate the tomb, like one example from Elaeussa-Sebaste in [[Cilicia]]:

<blockquote>
We adjure you by the heavenly god [Zeus] and Helios and Selene and the gods of the underworld, who receive us, that no one [. . .] will throw another corpse upon our bones.<ref name="farob">Faraone and Obbink, p. 35</ref>
</blockquote>

Helios was also often invoked in funeral imprecations.<ref name=":fnimp">Faraone and Obbink, p. [https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/ARCH310/Readings%20for%2022%20Dec%20and%2012%20Jan/Faraone%20and%20Obink%20Magika%20Hiera%20Ebook.pdf 46]</ref> Helios might have been chosen for this sort of magic because as an all-seeing god he could see everything on earth, even hidden crimes, and thus he was a very popular god to invoke in prayers for vengeance.<ref name=":fnimp" /> Additionally, in ancient magic evil-averting aid and apotropaic defense were credited to Helios.<ref>Collins, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_wq7PgIy8RgC&pg=PA128 128]</ref> Some magic rituals were associated with the engraving of images and stones, as with one such spell which asks Helios to consecrate the stone and fill with luck, honour, success and strength, thus giving the user incredible power.<ref>HALUSZKA, ADRIA. "SACRED SIGNIFIED: THE SEMIOTICS OF STATUES IN THE 'GREEK MAGICAL PAPYRI.'" Arethusa, vol. 41, no. 3, The [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2008, pp. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/44578289 479–94]</ref>

Helios was also associated with love magic, much like Aphrodite, as there seems to have been another but rather poorly documented tradition of people asking him for help in such love matters,<ref>Faraone, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq-Yg6B51NsC&pg=PA139 139]</ref> including homosexual love<ref>Faraone, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq-Yg6B51NsC&pg=PA141 141]</ref> and magical recipes invoking him for affection spells.<ref>Faraone, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq-Yg6B51NsC&pg=PA10 105]</ref>

==== In dreams ====
It has been suggested that in Ancient Greece people would reveal their dreams to Helios and the sky or the air in order to avert any evil foretold or presaged in them.<ref>[[Euripides]], ''[[Iphigenia in Tauris|Iphigenia Among the Taurians]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0112%3Acard%3D42 42–45]: But the strange visions which the night brought with it, [[Iphigenia|I]] will tell to the [[Aether (mythology)|air]], if that is any relief. I dreamed that I had left this land to live in [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]],</ref><ref>Cropp, p.[https://books.google.com/books?id=jlbwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 176]</ref>

According to [[Artemidorus]]' ''[[Oneirocritica]]'', the rich dreaming of transforming into a god was an auspicious sign, as long as the transformation had no deficiencies, citing the example of a man who dreamt he was Helios but wore a sun crown of just eleven rays.<ref name=":thon" /> He wrote that the sun god was also an auspicious sign for the poor.<ref>Thonemann, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KS3JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 146]</ref> In dreams, Helios could either appear in 'sensible' form (the orb of the sun) or his 'intelligible' form (the humanoid god).<ref>Thonemann, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KS3JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 151]</ref>

=== Late antiquity ===
[[File:Follis-Constantine-lyons RIC VI 309.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Coin of Roman Emperor [[Constantine I]] depicting [[Sol Invictus]]/Apollo with the legend SOLI INVICTO COMITI, c.&nbsp;315&nbsp;AD.]]

By [[Late Antiquity]], Helios had accumulated a number of religious, mythological, and literary elements from other deities, particularly Apollo and the Roman sun god [[Sol (Roman mythology)|Sol]]. In 274 AD, on December 25, the Roman Emperor [[Aurelian]] instituted an official state cult to Sol Invictus (or ''Helios Megistos'', "Great Helios"). This new cult drew together imagery not only associated with Helios and Sol, but also a number of [[syncretism|syncretic]] elements from other deities formerly recognized as distinct.<ref>Wilhelm Fauth, ''Helios Megistos: zur synkretistischen Theologie der Spätantike'' (Leiden:Brill) 1995.</ref> Helios in these works is frequently equated not only with deities such as [[Mithras]] and [[Harpocrates]], but even with the monotheistic Judaeo-Christian god.<ref>Pachoumi, Eleni, "The Religious and Philosophical Assimilations of Helios in the Greek Magical Papyri", in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'', vol. 55, pp. 391–413. [http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15325/6623 PDF].</ref>

[[File:Patera di Parabiago - MI - Museo archeologico - Apollo - Sole - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto - 25-7-2003.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Horse-drawn quadriga of Sol on the [[Parabiago plate]] (ca. 2nd–5th centuries AD)]]

The last pagan emperor of Rome, [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]], made Helios the primary deity of his revived pagan religion, which combined elements of [[Mithraism]] with [[Neoplatonism]]. For Julian, Helios was a [[Triple deity|triunity]]: [[Form of the Good|The One]]; Helios-Mithras; and the Sun. Because the primary location of Helios in this scheme was the "middle" realm, Julian considered him to be a mediator and unifier not just of the three realms of being, but of all things.<ref name="julian_works">{{Cite book |last=Julian |first=Emperor of Rome |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/48664 |title=The Works of the Emperor Julian, Vol. 1 |date=2015-04-07 |language=English |translator-last=Wright |translator-first=Wilmer Cave}}</ref> Julian's theological conception of Helios has been described as "practically monotheistic", in contrast to earlier Neoplatonists like Iamblichus.<ref name="julian_works" />

A mosaic found in the [[Vatican Necropolis]] (mausoleum&nbsp;M) depicts a figure very similar in style to Sol / Helios, crowned with solar rays and driving a solar chariot. Some scholars have interpreted this as a depiction of [[Christ]], noting that [[Clement of Alexandria]] wrote of Christ driving his chariot across the sky.<ref>{{cite book |first=Matilda |last=Webb |title=The Churches and Catacombs of Early Christian Rome |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-90221058-2 |page=18}}</ref> Some scholars doubt the Christian associations,<ref>{{cite book |first=Martin |last=Kemp |title=The Oxford History of Western Art |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19860012-1 |page=70}}</ref> or suggest that the figure is merely a non-religious representation of the sun.{{sfn|Hijmans|2009|pp=567–578}}

=== In the Greek Magical Papyri ===
[[File:Apollo1.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Solar Apollo with the radiant [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]] of Helios in a Roman floor mosaic, [[El Djem]], Tunisia, late 2nd&nbsp;century]]

Helios figured prominently in the [[Greek Magical Papyri]]. In these mostly fragmentary texts, Helios is credited with a broad domain, being regarded as the creator of life, the lord of the heavens and the cosmos, and the god of the sea. He is said to take the form of 12 animals representing each hour of the day, a motif also connected with the 12 signs of the [[zodiac]].<ref name="Pachoumi">Pachoumi, Eleni. 2015. "[http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15325/6623 The Religious and Philosophical Assimilations of Helios in the Greek Magical Papyri]." ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'', '''55''': 391–413.</ref>

The Papyri often syncretize Helios with a variety of related deities. He is described as "seated on a lotus, decorated with rays", in the manner of [[Harpocrates]], who was often depicted seated on a [[lotus flower]], representing the rising sun.<ref>''On the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians'' 7.2, 251–252.</ref><ref name="Pachoumi" />

[[File:Hama Museum 4429.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Helios in front of [[Mithras]], fresco from a Mithraeum, Hama museum, [[Syria]].]]

Helios is also assimilated with [[Mithras]] in some of the Papyri, as he was by Emperor Julian. The [[Mithras Liturgy]] combines them as Helios-Mithras, who is said to have revealed the secrets of immortality to the magician who wrote the text. Some of the texts describe Helios-Mithras navigating the Sun's path not in a chariot but in a boat, an apparent identification with the [[Ancient Egyptian religion|Egyptian]] sun god [[Ra]]. Helios is also described as "restraining the serpent", likely a reference to [[Apep|Apophis]], the serpent god who, in Egyptian myth, is said to attack Ra's ship during his nightly journey through the underworld.<ref name=Pachoumi/>

In many of the Papyri, Helios is also strongly identified with Iao, a name derived from that of the Hebrew god [[Yahweh]], and shares several of his titles including Sabaoth and Adonai.<ref name=Pachoumi/> He is also assimilated as the [[Agathodaemon|Agathos Daemon]], who is also identified elsewhere in the texts as "the greatest god, lord Horus Harpokrates".<ref name=Pachoumi/>

The Neoplatonist philosophers [[Proclus]] and [[Iamblichus]] attempted to interpret many of the syntheses found in the Greek Magical Papyri and other writings that regarded Helios as all-encompassing, with the attributes of many other divine entities. Proclus described Helios as a cosmic god consisting of many forms and traits. These are "coiled up" within his being, and are variously distributed to all that "participate in his nature", including [[angel]]s, [[Daemon (classical mythology)|daemon]]s, souls, animals, herbs, and stones. All of these things were important to the Neoplatonic practice of [[theurgy]], magical rituals intended to invoke the gods in order to ultimately achieve union with them. Iamblichus noted that theurgy often involved the use of "stones, plants, animals, aromatic substances, and other such things holy and perfect and godlike."<ref>(''Myst.'' 5.23, 233)</ref> For theurgists, the elemental power of these items sacred to particular gods utilizes a kind of [[sympathetic magic]].<ref name=Pachoumi/>

=== Epithets ===
[[File:0 Alexander-Helios Capitolini (1).JPG|thumb|right|250px|Bust of [[Alexander the Great]] as an [[eidolon]] of Helios (''[[Musei Capitolini]]'').]]

The Greek sun god had various bynames or epithets, which over time in some cases came to be considered separate deities associated with the Sun. Among these are:

'''Acamas''' ({{IPAc-en|ɑː|ˈ|k|ɑː|m|ɑː|s|}}; {{respell|ah|KAH|mahss}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Άκάμας}} }}, "Akàmas"), meaning "tireless, unwearying", as he repeats his never-ending routine day after day without cease.

'''[[Apollo]]''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|p|ɒ|l|ə|ʊ|}}; {{respell|ə|POL|oh}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Ἀπόλλων}} }}, "Apóllōn") here understood to mean "destroyer", the sun as a more destructive force.<ref name=":frag" />

'''Callilampetes''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˌ|l|iː|l|æ|m|ˈ|p|ɛ|t|iː|z}}; {{respell|kə|LEE|lam|PET|eez}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Καλλιλαμπέτης}} }}, "Kallilampétēs"), "he who glows lovely".<ref>Roscher, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OmvXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA927 927]</ref>

'''Elasippus''' ({{IPAc-en|ɛ|l|ˈ|æ|s|ɪ|p|ə|s}}; {{respell|el|AH|sip|əss}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Ἐλάσιππος}} }}, "Elásippos"), meaning "horse-driving".<ref>''[[A Greek-English Lexicon]]'' s.v. [https://www.lsj.gr/wiki/ελάσιππος {{math|ἐλάσιππος}}]</ref>

'''Elector''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|k|t|ər}}; {{respell|ə|LEK|tər}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Ἠλέκτωρ}} }}, "Ēléktōr") of uncertain derivation (compare ''[[Electra]]''), often translated as "beaming" or "radiant", especially in the combination ''Ēlektōr Hyperiōn''.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/2#19.395 19.398]</ref>

'''Eleutherius''' ({{IPAc-en|iː|ˈ|lj|uː|θ|ər|i|ə|s}}; {{respell|ee|LOO|thər|ee|əs}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Ἐλευθέριος}} }}, "Eleuthérios) "the liberator", epithet under which he was worshipped in [[Troezen]] in [[Argolis]],<ref name=":2315">[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.31.5&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.31.5]</ref> also shared with [[Dionysus]] and [[Eros]].

'''Hagnus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|æ|g|n|ə|s}}; {{respell|HAG|nəs}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Ἁγνός}} }}, Hagnós), meaning "pure", "sacred" or "purifying."<ref name=":pin7"/>

'''Hecatus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|k|ə|t|ə|s|}}; {{respell|HEK|ə|təs}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Ἕκατος}} }}, "Hékatos"), "from afar," also '''Hecatebolus''' ({{IPAc-en|h|ɛ|k|ə|ˈ|t|ɛ|b|ə|ʊ|l|ə|s|}}; {{respell|hek|ə|TEB|əʊ|ləs}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Ἑκατήβολος}} }}, "Hekatḗbolos")  "the far-shooter", i.e. the sun's rays considered as arrows.<ref>Usener, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kUI1Et8ehfAC&pg=PA261 261]</ref>

'''Horotrophus''' ({{IPAc-en|h|ɔːr|ˈ|ɔː|t|r|ɔː|f|ə|s|}}; {{respell|hor|OT|roff|əss}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Ὡροτρόφος}}}}, "Hо̄rotróphos"), "nurturer of the Seasons/Hours", in combination with ''[[kouros]]'', "youth".<ref>''[[A Greek-English Lexicon]]'' s.v. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*w%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Dw%28rotro%2Ffos ὡροτρόφος]</ref>

'''[[Hyperion (Titan)|Hyperion]]''' ({{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|ˈ|p|ɪər|i|ə|n}}; {{respell|hy|PEER|ree|ən}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Ὑπερίων}} }}, "Hyperíōn") and '''Hyperionides''' ({{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|ˌ|p|ɪər|i|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|d|iː|z|}}; {{respell|hy|PEER|ee|ə|NY|deez}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Ὑπεριονίδης}} }}, "Hyperionídēs"), "superus, high up" and "son of Hyperion" respectively, the sun as the one who is above,<ref>[[Hesychius of Alexandria]] s. v. [https://archive.org/details/hesychiialexand00schmgoog/page/n807/mode/2up?view=theater {{mvar|ὑπερίων}}]</ref> and also the name of his father.

'''Isodaetes''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|aɪ|s|ə|ˈ|d|eɪ|t|iː|z|}}; {{respell|EYE|sə|DAY|teez}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Ἰσοδαίτης}} }}, "Isodaítēs"), literally "he that distributes equal portions", cult epithet also shared with Dionysus.<ref>Versnel, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1el5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 119], especially note 93.</ref>

'''[[Paean (god)|Paean]]''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|iː|ə|n}} {{respell|PEE|ən}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Παιάν}} }}, ''Paiān''), physician, healer, a healing god and an epithet of Apollo and [[Asclepius]].<ref>See [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*paia%2Fn παιών ] in [[LSJ]]</ref>

'''Panoptes''' ({{IPAc-en|p|æ|ˈ|n|ɒ|p|t|iː|s|}}; {{respell|pan|OP|tees}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Πανόπτης}} }}, "Panóptēs") "all-seeing" and '''Pantepoptes''' ({{IPAc-en|p|æ|n|t|ɛ|ˈ|p|ɒ|p|t|iː|s|}}; {{respell|pan|tep|OP|tees}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Παντεπόπτης}} }}, "Pantepóptēs") "all-supervising", as the one who witnessed everything that happened on earth.

'''Pasiphaes''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|f|i|iː|s}}; {{respell|pah|SIF|ee|eess}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Πασιφαής}} }}, "Pasiphaḗs"), "all-shining", also the name of one of his daughters.<ref name=":walt">Walton, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wc8NAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA34 34]</ref>

'''Patrius''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|æ|t|r|i|ə|s}}; {{respell|PAT|ree|əs}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Πάτριος}} }}, "Pátrios") "of the fathers, ancestral", related to his role as primogenitor of royal lines in several places.<ref name="farob"/>

'''[[Phaethon]]''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|eɪ|θ|ən}}; {{respell|FAY|thən}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Φαέθων}} }}, "Phaéthōn") "the radiant", "the shining", also the name of his son and [[Phaethusa|daughter]].

'''Phasimbrotus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|æ|s|ɪ|m|ˈ|b|r|ɒ|t|ə|s}}; {{respell|FASS|im|BROT|əs}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Φασίμβροτος}} }}, "Phasímbrotos") "he who sheds light to the mortals", the sun.

'''Philonamatus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|ɪ|l|oʊ|ˈ|n|æ|m|ə|t|ə|s|}}; {{respell|FIL|oh|NAM|ə|təs}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Φιλονάματος}} }}, "Philonámatos") "water-loving", a reference to him rising from and setting in the ocean.<ref>''[[Orphic Hymn]] 8 to the Sun'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=iaEIvzlc41QC&pg=PA8 16]</ref>

'''Phoebus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|iː|b|ə|s}} {{respell|FEE|bəs}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Φοῖβος}} }}, ''Phoîbos''), literally "bright", several Roman authors applied Apollo's byname to their sun god Sol.

'''[[Sirius (mythology)|Sirius]]''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|r|ɪ|ə|s}}; {{respell|SEE|ree|əss}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Σείριος}} }}, "Seírios") literally meaning "scorching", and also the name of the [[Sirius|Dog Star]].<ref>[[Archilochus]] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.233244/page/128/mode/2up?view=theater 61.3]; [[Scholia]] on [[Euripides]]' ''[[Hecuba (play)|Hecuba]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=6wU-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA484 1103]</ref><ref name=":dig138">Diggle p. [https://archive.org/details/euripidesphaetho0000digg/page/138/mode/2up?view=theater 138]</ref>

'''[[Soter]]''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|oʊ|t|ər}}; {{respell|SOH|tər}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Σωτὴρ}} }}, "Sōtḗr") "the saviour", epithet under which he was worshipped in [[Megalopolis, Greece|Megalopolis]], [[Arcadia (region)|Arcadia]].<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.31.7&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 8.31.7]</ref>

'''[[Terpsimbrotos|Terpsimbrotus]]''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|ɜːr|p|s|ɪ|m|ˈ|b|r|ɒ|t|ə|s}}; {{respell|TURP|sim|BROT|əs}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Τερψίμβροτος}} }}, "Terpsímbrotos") "he who gladdens mortals", with his warm, life-giving beams.

'''Titan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aɪ|t|ən}}; {{respell|TY|tən}}; {{lang|grc|{{math|Τιτάν}} }}, "Titán"), possibly connected to ''τιτώ'' meaning "day" and thus "god of the day".<ref>See [https://lsj.gr/wiki/%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%8E τιτώ] and [https://lsj.gr/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD#Greek_Monolingual Τιτάν] in [[A Greek–English Lexicon|LSJ]]</ref>

Whether Apollo's epithets ''Aegletes'' and ''Asgelatas'' in the island of [[Anafi|Anaphe]], both connected to light, were borrowed from epithets of Helios either directly or indirectly is hard to say.<ref name=":walt"/>

== Identification with other gods ==
=== Apollo ===
[[File:Mengs, Helios als Personifikation des Mittages.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Helios as the personification of midday'', [[rococo]] painting by [[Anton Raphael Mengs]] ({{circa|1765}}) showing [[apollo]]nian traits, such as the lack of a chariot, that were absent in mythology and Hellenic art.]]

Helios is sometimes identified with [[Apollo]]: "Different names may refer to the same being," Walter Burkert argues, "or else they may be consciously equated, as in the case of Apollo and Helios."<ref>Walter Burkert, ''Greek Religion'', p.&nbsp;120.</ref> Apollo was associated with the Sun as early as the fifth century BC, though widespread conflation between him and the Sun god was a later phaenomenon.<ref name=":lar07">Larson 2007, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=A01-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 158]</ref> The earliest certain reference to Apollo being identified with Helios appears in the surviving fragments of Euripides' play ''Phaethon'' in a speech near the end.<ref name=":frag">[[Euripides]], ''[[Phaethon (play)|Phaethon]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.353.xml fr. 781 Collard and Cropp] = fr. 781&nbsp;N<sup>2</sup>.</ref>

By [[Hellenistic]] times Apollo had become closely connected with the Sun in [[Cult (religion)|cult]] and [[Phoebus]] (Greek Φοῖβος, "bright"), the epithet most commonly given to Apollo, was later applied by [[Latin]] poets to the Sun-god Sol.

The identification became a commonplace in philosophic and some Orphic texts. [[Pseudo-Eratosthenes]] writes about [[Orpheus]] in ''[[Catasterismi|Placings Among the Stars]]'', section&nbsp;24:

:But having gone down into Hades because of his wife and seeing what sort of things were there, he did not continue to worship Dionysus, because of whom he was famous, but he thought Helios to be the greatest of the gods, Helios whom he also addressed as Apollo. Rousing himself each night toward dawn and climbing the mountain called Pangaion, he would await the Sun's rising, so that he might see it first. Therefore, Dionysus, being angry with him, sent the [[Bassarids|Bassarides]], as [[Aeschylus]] the tragedian says; they tore him apart and scattered the limbs.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Iliad of Homer | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BT0uAQAAIAAJ | publisher=Ashmead | author=Homer, William Cullen Bryant | year=1809 }}</ref>

Dionysus and Asclepius are sometimes also identified with this Apollo Helios.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oE8vW4BX9kwC G. Lancellotti, ''Attis, Between Myth and History: King, Priest, and God'', BRILL, 2002]</ref><ref>Guthrie, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-C6wNyrxUO8C&pg=PA43 43], says "The Orphics never had the power to bring it about, but it was their purpose to foster it, and in their syncretistic literature they identified the two gods [i.e. Apollo and Dionysus] by giving out that both alike were Helios, the Sun. Helios = supreme god = Dionysus = Apollo (cp. Kern, ''Orpheus'', 7). So at least the later writers say. [[Olympiodorus the Younger|Olympiodoros]] (''O.F''. 212) speaks of 'Helios, who according to Orpheus has much in common with Dionysos through the medium of Apollo', and according to [[Proclus|Proklos]] (''O.F''. 172) 'Orpheus makes Helios very much the same as Apollo, and worship the fellowship of these gods'. Helios and Dionysos are identified in Orphic lines (''O.F''. 236, 239)."</ref>

[[File:Wall painting - Dionysos with Helios and Aphrodite - Pompeii (VII 2 16) - Napoli MAN 9449 - 02.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|A wall painting in [[Pompeii]] depicting Apollo. Before 79 AD]]

[[Strabo]] wrote that [[Artemis]] and Apollo were associated with Selene and Helios respectively due to the changes those two celestial bodies caused in the temperature of the air, as the twins were gods of pestilential diseases and sudden deaths.<ref>[[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+14.1.6&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239 14.1.6]</ref> [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] also linked Apollo's association with Helios as a result of his profession as a healing god.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+7.23.8&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 7.23.8]</ref> In the ''[[Orphic Hymns]]'', Helios is addressed as [[Paean]] ("healer") and holding a golden lyre,<ref name=":oh8">''[[Orphic Hymn]] 8 to the Sun'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=iaEIvzlc41QC&pg=PA8 9–15] (Athanassakis and Wolkow, p. 11).</ref><ref name=":barry"/> both common descriptions for Apollo; similarly Apollo in his own hymn is described as Titan and shedding light to the mortals, both common epithets of Helios.<ref>''[[Orphic Hymn]] 34 to [[Apollo]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA30 3 and 8] (Athanassakis and Wolkow, pp 30–31).</ref>

According to Athenaeus, [[Telesilla]] wrote that the song sung in honour of Apollo is called the "Sun-loving song" ({{lang|grc|{{math|φιληλιάς}} }}, ''philhēliás''),<ref>[[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae|Scholars at Dinner]]'' [http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus14a.html#619 14.10]</ref> that is, a song meant to make the Sun come forth from the clouds, sung by children in bad weather; but [[Julius Pollux]] describing a ''philhelias'' in greater detail makes no mention of Apollo, only Helios.<ref name=":farn137">Farnell, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2NQF-MSICWEC&pg=PA137 137], vol. IV</ref> [[Scythinus of Teos]] wrote that Apollo uses the bright light of the Sun (''{{lang|grc|λαμπρὸν πλῆκτρον ἡλίου φάος}}'') as his harp-quill<ref>[[:el:Σκυθίνος|Scythinus]] fragment [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/scythinus-fragment/1999/pb_LCL259.523.xml here] in [[Plutarch]]'s ''[[Moralia|De Pythiae Oraculis]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0248%3Asection%3D16 16.402a]</ref> and in a fragment of [[Timotheus of Miletus|Timotheus]]' lyric, Helios is invoked as an archer with the invocation ''{{lang|grc|{{math|Ἰὲ Παιάν}} }}'' (a common way of addressing the two medicine gods), though it most likely was part of esoteric doctrine, rather than a popular and widespread belief.<ref name=":farn137"/>

[[File:Karl Bryullov - Phoebus Driving his chariot.jpg|thumb|right|240px|''Phoebus Driving his Chariot'' by [[Karl Bryullov]], [[oil on canvas]], 19th century.]]

Classical Latin poets also used Phoebus as a byname for the Sun-god, whence come common references in later European poetry to Phoebus and his chariot as a metaphor for the Sun.<ref>{{cite book | title=Petrarch's genius: pentimento and prophecy | publisher=University of California press | author=O'Rourke Boyle Marjorie | year=1991 | isbn=978-0-520-07293-0}}</ref> Ancient Roman authors who used "Phoebus" for Sol as well as Apollo include Ovid,<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#7.357 7.367]</ref> [[Virgil]],<ref>[[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/245#4.1 4.6]</ref> [[Statius]],<ref>[[Statius]], ''[[Thebaid (Latin poem)|Thebaid]]'' [https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/StatiusThebaidVIII.php#anchor_Toc342643147 8.271]</ref> and [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]].<ref>[[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Hercules (Seneca)|Hercules Furens]]'' [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3ATragedies_of_Seneca_(1907)_Miller.djvu/137 25]</ref> Representations of Apollo with solar rays around his head in art also belong to the time of the [[Roman Empire]], particularly under Emperor [[Elagabalus]] in 218-222 AD.<ref name=":mayr">Mayerson, p. [https://archive.org/details/classicalmytholo0000maye_g5u7/page/146/mode/2up?view=theater 146]</ref>

=== Usil ===
[[File:M-Nymphenburg-SteinernerSaal03.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Helios in the Sun chariot accompanied by Phosphorus and Hermes, fresco at Nymphenburg Palace, [[Munich]].]]

The Etruscan god of the Sun was [[Usil]]. His name appears on the bronze [[liver of Piacenza]], next to ''Tiur'', the Moon.<ref>Larissa Bonfante and Judith Swaddling, ''Etruscan Myths'' (Series The Legendary Past, British Museum/University of Texas) 2006:77.</ref> He appears, rising out of the sea, with a fireball in either outstretched hand, on an engraved Etruscan [[bronze mirror]] in late Archaic style.<ref>Noted by {{cite journal |first=J.D. |last=Beazley |title=The world of the Etruscan mirror |journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies |volume=69 |year=1949 |pages=1–17, esp. p.&nbsp;3, fig.&nbsp;1|doi=10.2307/629458 |jstor=629458 |s2cid=163737209 }}</ref> On Etruscan mirrors in Classical style, he appears with a [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]]. In ancient artwork, [[Usil]] is shown in close association with [[Thesan]], the goddess of the dawn, something almost never seen with Helios and Eos,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Nancy Thomson |last1=de Grummond |first2=Erika |last2=Simon |title=The Religion of the Etruscans |publisher=University of Texas Press |date=2009-04-20}}</ref> however in the area between [[Cetona]] and [[Chiusi]] a stone [[obelisk]] is found, whose relief decorations seem to have been interpreted as referring to a solar sanctuary: what appears to be a Sun boat, the heads of Helios and Thesan, and a [[rooster|cock]], likewise referring to the Sunrise.<ref>Fischer-Hansen and Poulsen, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2garBSREfywC&pg=PA281 281]</ref>

=== Zeus ===
[[File:Serapis.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Serapis with Moon and Sun, oil lamp, Roman [[terracotta]], [[British Museum]].]]

Helios is also sometimes conflated in classical literature with the highest Olympian god, Zeus. An attested cult epithet of Zeus is ''Aleios Zeus'', or "Zeus the Sun," from the Doric form of Helios' name.<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/1155 "Aleion."] [[Suda]] On Line. Trans. Jennifer Benedict on 17 April 2000.</ref> The inscribed base of Mammia's dedication to Helios and Zeus Meilichios, dating from the fourth or third century BC, is a fairly and unusually early evidence of the conjoint worship of Helios and Zeus.<ref>Lalonde, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EodSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 82]</ref> According to [[Plutarch]], Helios is Zeus in his material form that one can interact with, and that's why Zeus owns the year,<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''[[Moralia|Quaestiones Romanae]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Roman_Questions*/D.html#77 Why do they believe that the year belongs to Jupiter, but the months to Juno?]</ref> while the [[Greek chorus|chorus]] in Euripides' ''Medea'' also link him to Zeus when they refer to Helios as "light born from Zeus".<ref>[[Euripides]], ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0114%3Acard%3D1251 1258]; ''The Play of Texts and Fragments: Essays in Honour of Martin Cropp'' by J. Robert C. Cousland, James, 2009, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hcW-i_nrpWEC&pg=PA161 161]</ref> In his ''Orphic Hymn'', Helios is addressed as "immortal Zeus".<ref name=":oh8"/> In [[Crete]], the cult of Zeus [[Talos|Tallaios]] had incorporated several solar elements into his worship; "Talos" was the local equivalent of Helios.<ref name=":kk">Karl Kerenyi, The Gods of the Greeks 1951:110.</ref> Helios is referred either directly as Zeus' eye,<ref>Sick, David H. (2004) "Mit(h)ra(s) and the myths of the Sun", ''Numen'', 51 (4): 432–467, {{JSTOR|3270454}}</ref> or clearly implied to be. For instance, Hesiod effectively describes Zeus's eye as the Sun.<ref>Bortolani, Ljuba Merlina (2016-10-13) ''Magical Hymns from Roman Egypt: A study of Greek and Egyptian traditions of divinity'', Cambridge University Press.</ref> This perception is possibly derived from earlier [[Proto-Indo-European religion]], in which the Sun is believed to have been envisioned as the eye of [[Dyeus|*''Dyḗus Pḥ<sub>a</sub>tḗr'']] (see [[Hvare-khshaeta]]). An [[Orphic]] saying, supposedly given by an oracle of Apollo, goes:

: "Zeus, Hades, Helios-Dionysus, three gods in one godhead!"

The Hellenistic period gave birth to Serapis, a Greco-Egyptian deity conceived by the Greeks as a chthonic aspect of Zeus, whose solar nature is indicated by the Sun crown and rays the Greeks depicted him with.<ref name=":co188">Cook, pp [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/188/mode/2up?view=theater 188–189]</ref> Frequent joint dedications to "Zeus-Serapis-Helios" have been found all over the Mediterranean.<ref name=":co188" /><ref>Cook, p. [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/190/mode/2up?view=theater 190]</ref><ref>Cook, p. [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/192/mode/2up?view=theater 193]</ref><ref>Manoledakis, Manolis. "A Proposal Relating to a Votive Inscription to Zeus Helios from Pontus." Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 173 (2010): [http://www.jstor.org/stable/20756841. 116–18.]</ref><ref>Elmaghrabi, Mohamed G. "A Dedication to Zeus Helios Megas Sarapis on a 'Gazophylakion' from Alexandria." Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 200 (2016):  [http://www.jstor.org/stable/26603880. 219–28.]</ref>  There is evidence of Zeus being worshipped as a solar god in the Aegean island of [[Amorgos]] which, if correct, could mean that Sun elements in Zeus' worship could be as early as the fifth century BC.<ref>Cook, p. [https://archive.org/details/zeusstudyinancie01cookuoft/page/194/mode/2up?view=theater 194]</ref>

[[File:INC-3011-r Ауреус. Адриан. Ок. 117 г. (реверс).png|thumb|220px|Helios on a golden coin from 117 AD.]]

=== Hades ===
Helios seems to have been connected to some degree with Hades, the god of the Underworld. A dedicatory inscription from [[Smyrna]] describes a 1st–2nd century sanctuary to "God Himself" as the most exalted of a group of six deities, including clothed statues of ''Plouton Helios'' and ''Koure Selene'', or in other words "[[Pluto (mythology)|Pluto]] the Sun" and "[[Persephone|Kore]] the Moon".<ref>Thompson, "ISmyrna 753," pp. 101ff</ref>  Roman poet [[Apuleius]] describes a rite in which the Sun appears at midnight to the initiate at the gates of [[Proserpina]]; the suggestion here is that this midnight Sun could be ''Plouton Helios''.<ref>Thompson, "ISmyrna 753," pp. 111.</ref> Pluto-Helios seems to reflect the Egyptian idea of the nocturnal Sun that penetrated the realm of the dead.<ref>Nilsson 1906, p. [https://archive.org/details/griechischefest01nilsgoog/page/428/mode/2up?view=theater 428]</ref>

An old oracle from [[Claros]] said that the names of Zeus, Hades, Helios, Dionysus and ''Jao'' all represented the Sun at different seasons.<ref>Inman, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HIEBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA29 29]</ref> [[Macrobius]] wrote that Iao/Jao is "Hades in winter, Zeus in spring, Helios in summer, and Iao in autumn."<ref>[[Macrobius]], ''Saturnalia'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Macrobius/Saturnalia/1*.html#18.19 1.18.19]; Dillon, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UAcqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA343 343]</ref>

=== Cronus ===
Diodorus Siculus reported that the Chaldeans called Cronus ([[Saturn (mythology)|Saturnus]]) by the name Helios, or the Sun, and he explained that this was because [[Saturn]] was the "most conspicuous" of the planets.<ref>"epiphanestaton" – "most conspicuous" noted in [[Diodorus Siculus]] II. 30. 3–4. See also Franz Boll (1919) Kronos-Helios, ''Archiv für Religionswissenschaft'' XIX, p.&nbsp;344.</ref>

=== Mithras ===
Helios is frequently conflated with Mithras in iconography, as well as being worshipped alongside him as Helios-Mithras.<ref name="julian_works" /> The earliest artistic representations of the "chariot god" come from the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian period]] (3rd century) in [[Persia]] where there is evidence of rituals being performed for the sun god by [[Magi]], indicating an assimilation of the worship of Helios and [[Mithras]].<ref name="Pachoumi" />

== Iconography ==
=== Depiction and symbols ===
[[File:British_Museum,_London_(2014)_-_08.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Helios (far left, head missing) marble from the east pediment of the [[Parthenon]], [[British Museum]]]]

The earliest depictions of Helios in a humanoid form date from the late sixth and early fifth centuries BC in [[Attica|Attic]] black-figure vases, and typically show him frontally as a bearded man on his chariot with a sun disk. A red-figure on a polychrome bobbin by a follower of the Brygos painter already signifies a shift in the god's depiction, painting him as a youthful, beardless figure. In later art, he is consistently drawn as beardless and young. In it, he is typically depicted with a radiant crown,<ref>Platt, p .[https://books.google.com/books?id=L-OBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA387 387]</ref> with the right hand often raised, a gesture of power (which came to be a definitional feature of solar iconography), the left hand usually holding a whip or a globe.<ref name=":kraem">Kraemer, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SSbnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA165 165]</ref>

In Rhodian coins, he was shown as a beardless god, with thick and flowing hair, surrounded by beams.<ref>Collignon, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=srufAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA178 178]</ref> He was also presented as a young man clad in tunic, with curling hair and wearing buskins.<ref>''Classical Manual'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qqdfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA572 572]</ref> Just like Selene, who is sometimes depicted with a lunar disk rather than a crescent, Helios too has his own solar one instead of a sun crown in some depictions.<ref>Savignoni, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=q0EaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA270 270]</ref> It is likely that Helios' later image as a warrior-charioteer might be traced back to the Mycenaean period;<ref>Paipetis, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FdJGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA365 365]</ref> the symbol of the disc of the sun is displayed in scenes of rituals from both Mycenae and [[Tiryns]], and large amounts of chariots used by the Mycenaeans are recorded in Linear B tablets.<ref>Paipetis, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FdJGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA357 357]</ref>

[[File:Academy of athens a facade detail far left.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|Helios witnessing the birth of Athena, detail from the pediment (far-left) of the [[Academy of Athens (modern)|Academy of Athens]], by [[Leonidas Drosis]], [[Greece]].]]

In archaic art, Helios rising in his chariot was a type of motive.<ref>Savignoni, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=q0EaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA271 267]</ref> Helios in ancient pottery is usually depicted rising from the sea in his four-horse chariot, either as a single figure or connecting to some myth, indicating that it takes place at dawn. An [[Attica|Attic]] black-figure vase shows Heracles sitting on the shores of the Ocean river, while next to him a pair of arrows protrude from Helios, crowned with a solar disk and driving his chariot.<ref>See the vase [https://www.theoi.com/Gallery/T17.4.html here].</ref>

Helios adorned the east pediment of the [[Parthenon]], along with Selene.<ref>Neils, pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=gA81kINAI9cC&pg=236 236–237]</ref><ref>Palagia, pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=GFNuxcVKLIkC&pg=PA18 18–19]</ref> Helios (again with Selene) also framed the birth of Aphrodite on the base of the [[Statue of Zeus at Olympia]],<ref>Robertson, Martin 1981, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BoUsvD1_VNQC&pg=PA96 96]</ref><ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+5.11.8 5.11.8]</ref> the [[Judgement of Paris]],<ref>Robertson 1992, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BmmW1h7Qk7MC&pg=PA255 255]</ref> and possibly the birth of [[Pandora]] on the base of the [[Athena Parthenos]] statue.<ref>Morris, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fnJvha8jzzQC&pg=PA87 87]</ref> They were also featured in the pedimental group of the [[Temple of Apollo (Delphi)|temple]] at [[Delphi]].<ref>''The Nineteenth Century'' Vol. 17, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YDMAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA671 671]</ref> In dynamic [[Hellenistic]] art, Helios along with other luminary deities and Rhea-[[Cybele]], representing reason, battle the Giants (who represent irrationality).<ref>Roberts, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rMeJDwmr_hcC&pg=PA215 215]</ref>

[[File:0 Arc de Constantin - Côté oriental.JPG|thumb|right|320px|Sol in the east side of the [[Arch of Constantine]], [[Rome]].]]

In [[Elis]], he was depicted with rays coming out of his head in an image made of wood with gilded clothing and marble head, hands and feet.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D24%3Asection%3D6 6.24.6]</ref> Outside the market of the city of [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]] stood a gateway on which stood two gilded chariots; one carrying Helios' son Phaethon, the other Helios himself.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.3.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 2.3.2]</ref>

Helios appears infrequently in gold jewelry before Roman times; extant examples include a gold medallion with its bust from the Gulf of Elaia in [[Anatolia]], where he's depicted frontally with a head of unruly hair, and a golden medallion of the [[Pelinna]] necklace.

His iconography, used by the [[Ptolemies]] after representations of [[Alexander the Great]] as Alexander-Helios, came to symbolize power and epiphany, and was borrowed by several Egyptian deities in the Roman period.<ref>Riggs, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOLuaRusoCgC&pg=PA449 449]</ref> Other rulers who had their portraits done with solar features include [[Ptolemy III Euergetes]], one of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic kings]] of [[Egypt]], of whom a bust with holes in the fillet for the sunrays and gold coins depicting him with a radiant halo on his head like Helios and holding the [[aegis]] exist.<ref>[[British Museum]], ''A Guide to the Principal Coins of the Greeks 60'', no. 24, pl. 34</ref><ref>C. Vermeule and D. von Bothmer, "Notes on a New Edition of Michaelis: Ancient Marbles in Great Britain." ''[[American Journal of Archaeology]]'' vol. 63, no. 2 (1959): p. [https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-archaeology_1959_63/page/146/mode/2up?q=&view=theater 146]</ref>

=== Late Roman era ===
[[File:Beit Alpha.jpg|thumb|left|230px|Helios surrounded by the [[zodiac]] in a mosaic pavement of a 6th-century synagogue at [[Beth Alpha]], [[Israel]].]]

Helios was also frequently depicted in mosaics, usually surrounded by the twelve [[zodiac signs]] and accompanied by Selene. From the third and fourth centuries CE onwards, the sun god was seen as an official imperial Roman god and thus appeared in various forms in monumental artworks. The cult of Helios/Sol had a notable function in [[Land of Israel|Eretz Israel]]; Helios was [[Constantine the Great]]'s patron, and so that ruler came to be identified with Helios.<ref name=":steiny">Steinberg, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=g_MPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 144]</ref> In his new capital city, [[Constantinople]], Constantine recycled a statue of Helios to represent himself in his portrait, as [[Nero]] had done with Sol, which was not an uncommon practice among pagans.<ref>Long, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3dUUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA314 314]</ref> A considerable portion if not the majority of Jewish Helios material dates from the 3rd through the 6th centuries CE, including numerous mosaics of the god in Jewish synagogues and invocation in papyri.<ref>Kraemer, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SSbnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 158]</ref>

[[File:Hamat-Tiberias-132.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Helios in the Hammat Tiberias mosaic, [[Israel]].]]

The sun god was depicted in mosaics in three places of the Land of Israel; at the synagogues of [[Hammat Tiberias]], [[Beth Alpha]] and [[Naaran]]. In the mosaic of the Hammat Tiberias, Helios is wrapped in a partially gilded tunic fastened with a fibula and sporting a seven-rayed halo<ref name=":steiny"/> with his right hand uplifted, while his left holds a globe and a whip; his chariot is drawn as a frontal box with two large wheels pulled by four horses.<ref name=":hak">Ḥaḵlîlî, pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jxk0v1rWL1EC&pg=PA195 195-196]</ref> At the Beth Alpha synagogue, Helios is at the centre of the circle of the zodiac mosaic, together with the [[Torah shrine]] between ''[[menorahs]]'', other ritual objects, and a pair of [[lions]], while the [[Horae|Seasons]] are in spandrels. The frontal head of Helios emerges from the chariot box, with two wheels in side view beneath, and the four heads of the horses, likewise frontal, surmounting an array of legs.<ref>Dunbabin, pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=U7Uu_Dq8oY4C&pg=PA191 191-192]</ref><ref name=":steiny"/> In the synagogue of Naaran, the god is dressed in a white tunic embellished with gemstones on the upper body; over the tunic is a ''[[paludamentum]]'' pinned with a fibula or bulla and decorated with a star motif, as he holds in his hand a scarf, the distinctive symbol of a ruler from the fourth century onward, and much like all other mosaics he's seated in his four-horse chariot. Temporary writings record "the sun has three letters of [God's] name written at its heart and the angels lead it" and "[t]he sun is riding on a chariot and rises decorated like a bridegroom".<ref name=":steiny"/> Both at Naaran and Beth Alpha the image of the sun is presented in a bust in frontal position, and a crown with nimbus and rays on his head.<ref name=":hak"/> Helios at both Hammath Tiberias and Beth Alpha is depicted with seven rays emanating from his head, it has been argued that those two are significantly different; the Helios of Hammath Tiberias possesses all the attributes of Sol Invictus and thus the Roman emperors, those being the rayed crown, the raised right hand and the globe, all common Helios-Sol iconography of the late third and early fourth centuries AD.<ref name=":kraem"/>

Helios and Selene were also personified in the mosaic of the Monastery of Lady Mary at [[Beit She'an]].<ref name=":hak"/> Here he is not shown as Sol Invictus, the Unconquered Sun, but rather as a celestial body, his red hair symbolizing the sun.<ref name=":steiny"/>

The poplar tree was considered sacred to Helios, due to the sun-like brilliance its shining leaves have.<ref>Decharme, pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=nU9msl7p2vMC&pg=PA240 240–241]</ref> A sacred poplar in an epigram written by [[Antipater of Thessalonica]] warns the reader not to harm her because Helios cares for her.{{sfn|Hunt|2016|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JRviDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 234]}}

[[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]] wrote that the [[wolf]] is a beloved animal to Helios;<ref>[[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], ''On Animals'' [http://www.attalus.org/translate/animals10.html#26 10.26]</ref> the wolf is also Apollo's sacred animal, and the god was often known as [[Lyceus|Apollo Lyceus]], "wolf Apollo".<ref>Stoneman, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EbkXQPaPqp8C&pg=PA28 28]</ref>

== In post-classical art ==
=== In painting ===
[[File:Le_chateau_de_versailles_le_jardin_35.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Apollo fountain in the [[Palace of Versailles]], [[France]].]]

Helios/Sol had little independent identity and presence during the [[Renaissance]], where the main solar gods were Apollo, [[Bacchus]] and [[Hercules]].<ref name=":bull">Bull, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aOGwFFb3PIcC&pg=PT330 330]</ref><ref>Bull, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aOGwFFb3PIcC&pg=PT352 352]</ref> In post-antiquity art, Apollo assimilates features and attributes of both classical Apollo and Helios, so that Apollo, along with his own iconography, is many times depicted as driving the four-horse chariot, representing both of them.<ref name=":imp23">Impelluso, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9eFjTRNwrwQC&pg=PA23 23]</ref> In medieval tradition, each of the four horses had its own distinctive colour; in the Renaissance, however, all four are shown as white.<ref name=":imp23"/><ref>Hall, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=oR-yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 66]</ref> In [[Versailles]], a gilded statue depicts Apollo as the god of the sun, driving his quadriga as he sinks in the ocean;<ref>Cosgrove, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=drW-Q7_RxcIC&pg=PA168 168]</ref> Apollo in this regard represents the king of [[France]], ''le roi-soleil'', "the Sun King".<ref name=":hall">Hall, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=oR-yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 27]</ref>

[[File:Diego Velázquez 013.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|''[[Apollo in the Forge of Vulcan]]'', by [[Diego de Velázquez]], oil on canvas.]]

[[File:Guido Reni - L'Aurora di Guido Reni nelle arti decorative.jpg|thumb|left|350px|''Aurora'', by Guido Reni, 1613–14, ceiling fresco ([[Casino dell'Aurora]], [[Rome]]).]]

Additionally to the chariot, Apollo is often drawn with a solar halo around his head and depicted in scenes of Helios' mythology.<ref>Impelluso, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9eFjTRNwrwQC&pg=PA24 24]</ref><ref name=":hall"/> Accordingly, in depictions of Phaethon meeting his father and asking him the privilege of driving the sun chariot, artists gave to Phaethon's father the appearance and attributes of Apollo.<ref>Hall, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=oR-yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 252]</ref><ref>Seydle, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_h82AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 33]</ref>

=== In literature ===
[[File:Greek postage stamp, 1947, unification of Dodecanese with Greece.jpg|thumb|left|210px|Helios in one of the many stamps issued in 1947–53, celebrating the unification of the [[Dodecanese]] with [[Greece]]]]

A love affair between the Sun god and the [[Nereid]] Amphitrite is introduced by French playwright Monléon's ''L'Amphytrite'' (1630); in the denouement, the Sun, scorned by the nymph, sets the land and sea ablaze, before the king of gods [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] intervenes and restores peace.<ref name=":powell"/>

In Jean-Gilbert Durval's ''Le Travaux d'Ulysse'' (1631), after his men dine on the sacred sheep, the Sun appears in 'a chariot of light', accompanied by Jupiter; like in the myth, Jupiter kills Odysseus' crewmen with his lightning bolts when they put to sea again.<ref name=":powell">Powell, pp [https://books.google.com/books?id=cm4NKuoIaBkC&pg=PA236 236–237]</ref>

[[File:Odysseus' men eat the sacred oxen of the sun as his daughter informs him engraving.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Odysseus' men eat the oxen, as a woman informs Helios, mounted on his chariot, engraving by [[Theodoor van Thulden]], 1632–1633, [[Rijksmuseum]], [[Netherlands]].]]

French composer [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] wrote in 1683 a ''[[tragédie en musique]]'' inspired by Ovid's handling of the tale of Helios' son, ''[[Phaëton (Lully)|Phaëton]]'', in which Phaëton obtains from his father the sun chariot in order to prove his divine origins to his rival [[Epaphus]], but loses control and is instead struck and killed by Jupiter.<ref>[[Jean-Baptiste Lully]], ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1521111c/f1.image Phaëton]''</ref> The luxury of the Sun and his palace was no doubt meant to connect to the Sun King, [[Louis XIV]], who used the sun for his emblem.<ref>Miller and Newlands, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7fijBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA377 377]</ref> This Apollo-Sun was frequently used to represent Louis XIV's reign, such as in [[Pierre Corneille]]'s ''[[Andromède (Corneille)|Andromède]]'' (1650).<ref>Powell, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cm4NKuoIaBkC&pg=PA266 266]</ref>

[[Gerhart Hauptmann]]'s ''Helios und Phaethon'' omits entirely the cosmic disaster Phaethon caused in order to focus on the relationship between the divine father and his mortal son, as Phaethon tries to convince his father he is well-suited for his five steeds, while Helios tries to dissuade his ambitious child, but eventually consents and gives him his reins and steeds to drive for a single day.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8IRJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT59 Helios und Phaethon]''.</ref>

In [[James Joyce]]'s book ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'', episode 14 is titled ''Oxen of the Sun'', after the story of Odysseus' men and the cattle of Helios in book twelve of the ''Odyssey''.<ref>[https://www.ulyssesguide.com/14-oxen-of-the-sun Ulysses Guide: 14. Oxen of the Sun]</ref>

In ''[[A True Story]]'', the Sun is an inhabited place, ruled by a king named Phaethon, referencing Helios's mythological son.<ref>[[Lucian]] of [[Samosata]], ''[[A True Story]]'' p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf9SHRRn6S0C&pg=PA23 23]</ref> The inhabitants of the Sun are at war with those of the Moon, ruled by King [[Endymion (mythology)|Endymion]] (Selene's lover), over [[colonization]] of the [[Venus|Morning Star]] (Aphrodite's planet).{{sfn|Georgiadou|Larmour|1998|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vVSu4rPaN9oC&pg=PA100 pp 100–101]}}{{sfn|Casson|1962|p =18}}

== Namesakes ==
Helios is the Greek proper name for the [[Sun]] for both [[Ancient Greek|Ancient]] and [[Modern Greek]],<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Helios |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327234645/https://www.lexico.com/definition/helios |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 27, 2020 |title=Helios |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> and additionally [[List of geological features on Hyperion#Craters|Helios]], one of the craters of [[Hyperion (moon)|Hyperion]], a [[Natural satellite|moon]] of [[Saturn]] which bears Helios' father's name, is named after this Greek god. Several words relating to the Sun derive from "helios", including the rare adjective heliac (meaning "solar"),<ref>{{OED|heliac}}</ref> [[heliosphere]], [[Apsis#Perihelion and aphelion|perihelion and aphelion]] among others.

The [[chemical element]] [[Helium]], a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, [[Inert gas|inert]], [[monatomic]] [[gas]], first in the [[noble gas]] group in the [[periodic table]], was named after Helios by [[Norman Lockyer]] and [[Edward Frankland]], as it was first observed in the [[Emission spectrum|spectrum]] of the [[chromosphere]] of the Sun.<ref>{{OEtymD|helium}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomson |first=William |date=August 3, 1871 |volume=4 |pages=261–278 [268] |doi=10.1038/004261a0 |title=Inaugural Address of Sir William Thomson |journal=Nature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IogCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA268 |quote=Frankland and Lockyer find the yellow prominences to give a very decided bright line not far from D, but hitherto not identified with any terrestrial flame. It seems to indicate a new substance, which they propose to call Helium |bibcode=1871Natur...4..261. |issue=92 |pmc=2070380 |access-date=February 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202011154/https://books.google.com/books?id=IogCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA268 |archive-date=December 2, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Helius (fly)|Helius]] is a [[genus]] of [[crane fly]] in the family [[Limoniidae]] that shares its name with the god.

A pair of [[Space probe|probes]] that were launched into heliocentric orbit by [[NASA]] to study solar processes were called [[Helios (spacecraft)|Helios A and Helios B]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.n2yo.com/database/?m=12&d=10&y=1974|title=Search Satellite Database: HELIOS 1|website=www.n2yo.com}}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.n2yo.com/database/?m=01&d=15&y=1976|title=Search Satellite Database: HELIOS 2|website=www.n2yo.com}}</ref><ref>[https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1974-097A NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive] and [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1976-003A NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive] Note that there is no "Epoch end" date given, which is NASA's way of saying it is still in orbit.</ref>

== Modern reception ==
{{Main list|Titans in popular culture#Helios
}}
Helios often appears in [[Modernity|modern]] and [[Greek mythology in popular culture|popular culture]] due to his status as the god of the sun.

Helios has been portrayed in many modern works of literature such as in Gareth Hinds' 2010 version of [[Odyssey|''The Odyssey'']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Odyssey – Gareth Hinds Illustration |url=https://garethhinds.com/wp/the-odyssey/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> and in 2018's ''[[The Burning Maze]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-15 |title=The Burning Maze {{!}} Rick Riordan |url=https://rickriordan.com/book/the-burning-maze/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> in ''[[The Trials of Apollo]]'' series by [[Rick Riordan]].

Helios has been portrayed in many video games, such as in [[Sony Interactive Entertainment|Sony Computer Entertainment]]'s ''[[God of War: Chains of Olympus]],'' ''[[God of War II]]'' and ''[[God of War III]]'' where the character is a [[Boss (video games)|boss]] and plays an antagonist role against [[Kratos (God of War)|Kratos]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=God of War – Every Boss Fight in the Series, Ranked |url=https://gamingbolt.com/god-of-war-every-boss-fight-in-the-series-ranked/2 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=GamingBolt |language=en-US}}</ref> He also appears in the Wii game [[Metroid Prime 3: Corruption]], where the second Seed guardian is named after Helios,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2012 |title=Elysia - Destroy Leviathan Seed - Metroid Prime 3: Corruption Wiki Guide |url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/metroid-prime-3-corruption/Elysia_-_Destroy_Leviathan_Seed |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref> and as an AI in the [[Deus Ex]] series.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2021 |title=Deus Ex Walkthrough Ending 2 - Merge with Helios AI |url=https://portforward.com/games/walkthroughs/Deus-Ex/Ending-2-Merge-with-Helios-AI.htm |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Port Forward |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center" mode="packed-hover" widths="187" heights="179" caption="Helios in art">
File:Helios, Main figure (Johannes Benk) at the Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien-9958.jpg|Helios statue by Johannes Benk (1873) at the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.
File:Statuette Helios Louvre Br344.jpg|Bronze statuette of Helios with a seven-pointed gloriole and breastplate.
File:Antalya Museum - Helios.jpg|Helios statuette, [[Antalya Museum]].
File:Strasbourg-Koenigshoffen, Second-Century Mithraic Relief, Reconstruction ca. 140 CE–ca. 160 CE.jpg|Mithraic relief with original colors (reconstitution).
File:ChristAsSol.jpg|Jesus Christ-Helios mosaic.
File:AiKhanoumPlateSharp.jpg|Helios on a plate with [[Cybele]].
File:Rhodos - 88-43 BC - bronze coin - head of Helios - rose - München SMS.jpg|Helios on a Rhodian coin, München, Staatliche Münzsammlung.
File:Helios with chlamys Louvre AO7530.jpg|Helios with a chlamys.
File:Mosaïque Sens 1.jpg|''Horses of the Sun'', Musée de Sens.
File:El Coloso De Rodas.jpg|The Colossus of Rhodes.
File:Mithras tauroctony Louvre Ma3441b.jpg|Helios with Selene and Mithras.
File:Le départ de Phaton (bgw17 1288).jpg|''The Departure of Phaethon'', [[Jean Jouvenet]], oil on canvas, 1680s.
</gallery>

== Genealogy ==
{{chart top|Helios's family tree, according to Hesiod's ''Theogony''<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+132 132–138], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 337–411], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453 453–520], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+901 901–906, 915–920]; Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14.</ref>|collapsed=no}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |URA |y|GAI |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|y|PON|URA=[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]|GAI=[[Gaia]]|PON=[[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]]}}
{{chart|,|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |!}}
{{chart|!|OCE |y|TET | | | |HYP |y|THE | | | | |CRI |y|EUR|OCE=[[Oceanus]]|TET=[[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]|HYP=[[Hyperion (Titan)|Hyperion]]|THE=[[Theia]]|CRI=[[Crius]]|EUR=[[Eurybia (mythology)|Eurybia]]}}
{{chart|!| |,|-|+|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|!|RIV |!|PES |y |HEL | |SEL | |EOS | |AST | |PAL | |PER |RIV=<small>The&nbsp;[[River gods (Greek mythology)|Rivers]]</small>|PES=[[Perse (mythology)|Perse]]|HEL='''HELIOS'''|SEL=[[Selene]]<ref>Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+371 371–374], in the ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]] to Hermes'' (4), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=HH+4+99&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138 99–100], Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.</ref>|EOS=[[Eos]]|AST=[[Astraeus]]|PAL=[[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]]|PER=[[Perses (Titan)|Perses]]}}
{{chart|!| | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{chart|!| | |OCE | |CIR | |AEE | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |OCE=<small>The&nbsp;[[Oceanids]]</small>|CIR=[[Circe]]|AEE=[[Aeëtes]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|)|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{chart|!| | | | |CRO |y|RHE | | | | | | | |COE |y|PHO | | |COE=[[Coeus]]|PHO=[[Phoebe (Titaness)|Phoebe]]|CRO=[[Cronus]]|RHE=[[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]}}
{{chart|!| |,|-|v|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|v|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | }}
{{chart|!|HES |!|HER | |HAD |!|ZEU | | | |LET | |AST | |HES=[[Hestia]]|HER=[[Hera]]|HAD=[[Hades]]|ZEU=[[Zeus]]|LET=[[Leto]]|AST=[[Asteria]]}}
{{chart|!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|!| | |DEM | | | | | |POS | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DEM=[[Demeter]]|POS=[[Poseidon]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|`|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | | |IAP |y|CLY | | | | | |MNE |~|y|~|ZEU |~|y|~|THE |IAP=[[Iapetus]]|CLY=[[Clymene (wife of Iapetus)|Clymene]]&nbsp;(or&nbsp;[[Asia (Oceanid)|Asia]])<ref>According to [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+507 507–511], Clymene, one of the [[Oceanids]], the daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+351 351], was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3 1.2.3], another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.</ref>|MNE=[[Mnemosyne]]|ZEU=(Zeus)|THE=[[Themis]]}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |!| | | | | |!}}
{{chart|ATL | |MEN | |PRO | |EPI | | | | |MUS | | | |HOR |ATL=[[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]]<ref>According to [[Plato]], ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg032.perseus-eng1:113d 113d–114a], Atlas was the son of [[Poseidon]] and the mortal [[Cleito]].</ref>|MEN=[[Menoetius]]|PRO=[[Prometheus]]<ref>In [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml 444–445 n. 2], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml 446–447 n. 24], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.539.xml 538–539 n. 113]) Prometheus is made to be the son of [[Themis]].</ref>|EPI=[[Epimetheus]]|MUS=<small>The&nbsp;[[Muses]]</small>|HOR=<small>The&nbsp;[[Horae]]</small>}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Ancient Greece|Myths|Religion}}
* [[Ah! Sun-flower]]
* [[Amaterasu]]
* [[Amshuman]]
* [[Five Suns]] (mythology)
* [[Guaraci]]
* [[Heliopolis (disambiguation)|Heliopolis]], particularly
** [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis in Egypt]]
** [[Heliopolis (Syria)|Heliopolis in Lebanon]]
* [[Korouhanba]]
* [[Piltzintecuhtli]] (mythology)
* [[List of solar deities]]
* [[Solar myths|Solar Myths]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|22em}}

== Bibliography ==
=== Primary sources ===
{{refbegin|22em}}
* [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], ''On Animals, Volume II: Books 6-11'', translated by A. F. Scholfield, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 450, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1959. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL449/1959/volume.xml  Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], ''On Animals, Volume III: Books 12-17'', translated by A. F. Scholfield, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 449, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1959. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL449/1959/volume.xml  Online version at Harvard University Press]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99494-2}}.
* [[Aeschylus]], ''Fragments.'' Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. [[Loeb Classical Library]] 505. Cambridge, MA: [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0674996298}}.
* [[Aeschylus]], ''[[The Persians|Persians]]. [[Seven Against Thebes]]. [[The Suppliants (Aeschylus)|Suppliants]]. [[Prometheus Bound]].'' Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 145. Cambridge, MA: [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99627-4}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL145/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Aesop]], ''[[Aesop's Fables]]. A new translation by Laura Gibbs.'' Oxford University Press (World's Classics): Oxford, 2002. [http://www.mythfolklore.net/aesopica/oxford/index.htm Full text and index available at mythfolklore.net].
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=C431BA809CA4DEA22A15DA9C666F3400?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0022%3atext%3dLibrary Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]''; with an English translation by R. C. Seaton. William Heinemann, 1912.
* [[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''The [[Argonautica]] of Apollonius Rhodius: Book III'', edited with introduction and commentary by Marshall M. Gillies, [[Cambridge University Press]], 1928.
* [[Archilochus]] in ''Elegy and Iambus. with an English Translation by. J. M. Edmonds''. Cambridge, MA. [[Harvard University Press]]. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1931. 2. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0480%3Avolume%3D2%3Atext%3D1%3Asection%3D1 Online text available at Perseus Online Library].
* [[Aristophanes]], ''[[The Clouds|Clouds]]. The Comedies of Aristophanes''. William James Hickie. London. Bohn. 1853?.
* [[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae|The Learned Banqueters]], Volume V: Books 10.420e-11. Edited and translated by S. Douglas Olson.'' [[Loeb Classical Library]] 274. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.
* [[Callimachus]]. ''Hymns'', translated by Alexander William Mair (1875–1928). London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1921. [https://topostext.org/work/120 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
* [[Claudian]], ''Rape of Persephone'' in ''Claudian: Volume II. Translated by Platnauer, Maurice.'' [[Loeb Classical Library]] Volume 136. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1922.
* [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2''. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888–1890. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0540 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Julian (emperor)|Emperor Julian the Apostate]], ''Against the Galileans: remains of the 3 books, excerpted from Cyril of Alexandria, Contra Julianum'', (1923) pp.&nbsp;319–433, translated by Wilmer Cave Wright, Ph.D.
* [[Euripides]], ''Fragments: Oedipus-Chrysippus. Other Fragments. Edited and translated by Christopher Collard, Martin Cropp.'' [[Loeb Classical Library]] 506. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.
* [[Euripides]], ''[[Medea (play)|Medea]]'' translated by Michael Collier and Georgia Machemer, [[Oxford University Press]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-19-514566-3}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OSBd8U_BySIC Google books].
* [[Euripides]], ''The Complete Greek Drama', edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. .1''. ''Iphigenia in Tauris'', translated by Robert Potter. New York. Random House. 1938.
* [[Euripides]], ''The Complete Greek Drama', edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. 2''. ''The Phoenissae'', translated by E. P. Coleridge. New York. Random House. 1938.
* [[Herodotus]], ''Herodotus, with an English translation by A. D. Godley.'' Cambridge. Harvard University Press. 1920. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126 Online version available at The Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Hesychius of Alexandria]], ''[http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/CSAD/Hesychius/Hansen.html Alphabetical Collection of All Words]'': [https://books.google.com/books?id=iIsGTizqAvsC Vol. III (pi through sigma)], [https://books.google.com/books?id=hylHHyFb6CkC Vol. IV (tau through omega)]
* ''Homeric Hymn 2 to Demeter'' in ''The [[Homeric Hymns]] and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White''. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/collection?collection=Perseus%3Acorpus%3Aperseus%2Cauthor%2CHomeric%20Hymns Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
* ''Homeric Hymn 3 to Apollo'' in ''The [[Homeric Hymns]] and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White''. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/collection?collection=Perseus%3Acorpus%3Aperseus%2Cauthor%2CHomeric%20Hymns Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
* ''Homeric Hymn 4 to Hermes'' in ''The [[Homeric Hymns]] and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White''. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/collection?collection=Perseus%3Acorpus%3Aperseus%2Cauthor%2CHomeric%20Hymns Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
* ''Homeric Hymn 28 to Athena'' in ''The [[Homeric Hymns]] and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White''. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/collection?collection=Perseus%3Acorpus%3Aperseus%2Cauthor%2CHomeric%20Hymns Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
* ''Homeric Hymn 31 to Helios'' in ''The [[Homeric Hymns]] and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White''. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/collection?collection=Perseus%3Acorpus%3Aperseus%2Cauthor%2CHomeric%20Hymns Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
* [[Homer]], ''The [[Iliad]] with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PhD in two volumes''. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]]; ''The [[Odyssey]] with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''Astronomica from The Myths of Hyginus'' translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [https://topostext.org/work/207 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html ''The Myths of Hyginus'']. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
* ''[[Greek Anthology]]'', with an English Translation by. W. R. Paton. London. William Heinemann Ltd. 1916. 1. [https://topostext.org/work/532 Full text available at topostext.org].
* ''Isthmian odes of Pindar'', edited with introduction and commentary by J. B. Bury, M.A., London, Macmillan and Co., 1892.
* [[Lactantius Placidus]], ''Argumenta'' in ''Lateinische Mythographen: Lactantius Placidus, Argumente der Metamorphosen Ovids'', erstes heft, Dr. B. Bunte, [[Bremen]], 1852, J. Kühtmann & Comp.
* [[Libanius]], ''Libanius's Progymnasmata: Model Exercises in Greek Prose Composition and Rhetoric. With a translation and notes by Craig A. Gibson.'' Society of Biblical Literature, [[Atalanta]]. 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-58983-360-9}}
* [[Longinus]], ''On the Sublime'', translated into English by H. L. Havell, with an introduction by Andrew Lang, [[Macmillan Publishers]], [[London]], 1890. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17957/17957-h/17957-h.htm Online text available here.]
* [[Lucian]], ''[[Dialogues of the Gods]]''; translated by Fowler, H W and F G. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 1905.
* [[Lucian]], ''Dialogues of the Dead. Dialogues of the Sea-Gods. [[Dialogues of the Gods]]. Dialogues of the Courtesans'', translated by M. D. MacLeod, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 431, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1961. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99475-1}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL431/1961/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/details/lucianvolviiloeb00luci/page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Lucian]], ''Icaromenippus'' in ''The Downward Journey or The Tyrant. Zeus Catechized. Zeus Rants. The Dream or The Cock. Prometheus. Icaromenippus or The Sky-man. Timon or The Misanthrope. Charon or The Inspectors. Philosophies for Sale. Translated by A. M. Harmon.'' [[Loeb Classical Library]] 54. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1915.
* [[Lucian]], ''Lucian's [[A True Story]]: an Intermediate Greek reader,'' Greek text with running vocabulary and commentary, Evan Hayes, Stephen A. Nimis, 2011. {{ISBN|0983222800}}
* [[Lucian]], ''The Dream or the Cock'' in ''The Downward Journey or The Tyrant. Zeus Catechized. Zeus Rants. The Dream or The Cock. Prometheus. Icaromenippus or The Sky-man. Timon or The Misanthrope. Charon or The Inspectors. Philosophies for Sale. Translated by A. M. Harmon.'' [[Loeb Classical Library]] 54. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1915.
* [[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' (or ''Cassandra'') in ''Callimachus and Lycophron with an English translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English translation by G. R. Mair'', London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam 1921 . [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive]
* [[Maurus Servius Honoratus]], ''In Vergilii carmina comentarii. Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii;'' recensuerunt Georgius Thilo et Hermannus Hagen. Georgius Thilo. Leipzig. B. G. Teubner. 1881. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Mesomedes]] in ''Lyra Græca: Specimens of the Greek Lyric Poets, from Callinus to Soutsos.'' Edited, with critical Notes, and a biographical Introduction, by James Donaldson (Edinburgh & London, 1854) p.&nbsp;96f.
* [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]''; translated by [[W. H. D. Rouse|Rouse, W H D]], I Books I-XV. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 344, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Internet Archive]
* [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]''; translated by [[W. H. D. Rouse|Rouse, W H D]], II Books XVI-XXXV. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 345, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca01nonnuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Internet Archive]
* [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]''; translated by [[W. H. D. Rouse|Rouse, W H D]], III Books XXXVI–XLVIII. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 346, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* ''[[Orphic Argonautica]] with a translation by Jason Calavito.'' Published by Jason Calavito, Albany, New York, 2011. [http://www.argonauts-book.com/orphic-argonautica.html Full text available online at argonauts-book.com.]
* [[Ovid]], ''[[Fasti (poem)|Fasti]]: With an English translation by Sir James George Frazer'', London: W. Heinemann LTD; Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1959. [https://archive.org/stream/ovidsfasti00oviduoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Ovid]]. ''[[Metamorphoses]], Volume I: Books 1-8''. Translated by Frank Justus Miller. Revised by G. P. Goold. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 42. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1977, first published 1916. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99046-3}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL042/1916/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Palaephatus]] in ''Early Greek Philosophy, Volume I: Introductory and Reference Materials. Edited and translated by André Laks, Glenn W. Most.'' [[Loeb Classical Library]] 524. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016.
* [[Palladas]], in ''The Greek Anthology, Volume IV: Book 10: The Hortatory and Admonitory Epigrams. Book 11: The Convivial and Satirical Epigrams. Book 12: Strato's Musa Puerilis.'' Translated by W. R. Paton. [[Loeb Classical Library]] 85. Cambridge, MA: [[Harvard University Press]], 1918.
* Paradoxographoe, by Anton Westermann, [[Harvard College]] Library, 1839, London.
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Philostratus the Elder|Philostratus]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'', translated by A. Fairbanks, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No, 256. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1931. {{ISBN|978-0674992825}}. [https://archive.org/stream/imagines00philuoft#page/n9/mode/2up Internet Archive]
* [[Pindar]], ''Odes'', Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Pindar]], ''The Odes of Pindar'' including the Principal Fragments with an Introduction and an English Translation by Sir John Sandys, Litt.D., FBA. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1937. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0161%3Abook%3DN. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Plato]], ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'' in ''Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vols. 10 & 11 translated by R.G. Bury''. Cambridge, MA, [[Harvard University Press]]; [[London]], William Heinemann Ltd. 1967 & 1968. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=plat.+laws+1.624a Online text available at Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Plato]], ''Plato's statesman: A translation of The Politicus of Plato, with introductory essays and footnotes., & Skemp, J. B.'' (1952) New Haven: Yale University Press.
* [[Pliny the Elder]], ''Pliny – Natural History, 10 volumes.'' Translated by Rackham, H.; Jones, W. H. S.; Eichholz, D. E. Loeb Classical Library. 1938–1962.
* [[Plutarch]], ''[[Moralia]]''. 16 vols. (vol. 13: 13.1 & 13.2, vol. 16: index), transl. by Frank Cole Babbitt (vol. 1–5) et al., series: "[[Loeb Classical Library]]" (LCL, vols. 197–499). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press et al., 1927–2004.
* [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], ''On Abstinence From Animal Food'' in ''Select works of Porphyry: Containing his four books On abstinence from animal food; his treatise On the Homeric cave of the nymphs; and his Auxiliaries to the perception of intelligible natures''. Translated by Thomas Taylor (1823). Several reprints; Prometheus Trust (1994).
* [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''Quintus Smyrnaeus: The Fall of Troy'', translated by A.S. Way, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1913. [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* ''Scholia Aristophanica; being such comments adscript to the text of Aristophanes as have been preserved in the Codex Ravennas'', arr., emended, and translated by Rutherford, William Gunion, 1853–1907, ed. and tr; Biblioteca comunale classense ([[Ravenna]], Italy).
* [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''Tragedies'', translated by Miller, Frank Justus. [[Loeb Classical Library]] Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1917.
* [[Sophocles]]. ''Fragments. Edited and translated by Hugh Lloyd-Jones''. [[Loeb Classical Library]] 483. Cambridge, MA: [[Harvard University Press]], 1996.
* [[Sophocles]], ''The [[Ajax (play)|Ajax]] of Sophocles''. Edited with introduction and notes by Sir Richard Jebb. Sir Richard Jebb. Cambridge. [[Cambridge University Press]], 1893.
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{{refend}}

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{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Kurt Weitzmann|Weitzmann, Kurt]], ed., ''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533 Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century]'', no.&nbsp;59, 1979, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York, {{ISBN|978-0-87099-179-0}}; full text available online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries.
* [https://www.amazon.com/Euripides-Phaethon-Translation-reconstruction-ebook/dp/B0085IVQ3Y/ref=cm_cmu_up_thanks_hdr The translation and reconstruction of Euripides' "Phaethon" made by Vlanes is now available as ebook on Amazon.]

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary|Ἥλιος}}
* [http://www.theoi.com/Titan/Helios.html HELIOS on The Theoi Project]
* [http://www.maicar.com/GML/Helius.html HELIOS on Greek Mythology Link]
* [https://www.greekmythology.com/Other_Gods/Helios/helios.html HELIOS in greekmythology.com]
* [https://mythopedia.com/topics/helios HELIOS from Mythopedia]
* [https://www.theoi.com/Titan/TitanTitan.html TITAN from The Theoi Project]

{{Greek religion}}
{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Characters in the Odyssey}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Helios| ]]
[[Category:Greek gods]]
[[Category:Solar gods]]
[[Category:Sol Invictus]]
[[Category:Deities in the Iliad]]
[[Category:Odyssean gods]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]
[[Category:Personifications in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Cattle deities]]
[[Category:Titans (mythology)]]
[[Category:Horse deities]]
[[Category:Characters in the Argonautica]]
[[Category:Solar chariot]]
[[Category:Light gods]]
[[Category:Deities in the Aeneid]]
[[Category:Rhodian mythology]]
[[Category:Oaths]]
[[Category:Consorts of Selene]]
[[Category:Magic gods]]
[[Category:Consorts of Gaia]]
[[Category:Mythology of Heracles]]
[[Category:Dreams in religion]]
[[Category:Deeds of Aphrodite]]
[[Category:Shapeshifters in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Consorts of Demeter]]