Editing Henge

{{short description|Type of Neolithic earthwork}}
{{About|stone age earth and stone constructs|the film|Henge (film){{!}}''Henge'' (film)|henge in Japanese folklore |Yōkai{{!}}''Yōkai''|other uses}}
[[Image:Thornborough Henge.jpg|thumb|right|The three aligned henges of the [[Thornborough Henges]] complex]]
A '''henge''' can be one of three related types of [[Neolithic]] [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthwork]].  The essential characteristic of all three is that they feature a ring-shaped bank and ditch, with the ditch inside the bank. Because the internal ditches would have served defensive purposes poorly, henges are not considered to have been defensive constructions (cf. [[circular rampart]]).

The three henge types (figures in brackets indicate the approximate diameter of the central flat area) are:
# '''Henge''' (> {{cvt|20|m|ft|round=5}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=Early Prehistoric Monuments - Henges|url=http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/mpp/mcd/sub/henges1.htm|publisher=English Heritage|access-date=27 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514050533/http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/mpp/mcd/sub/henges1.htm|archive-date=14 May 2011}}</ref>  The word ''henge'' refers to a particular type of earthwork of the Neolithic period, typically consisting of a roughly circular or oval-shaped bank with an internal ditch surrounding a central flat area of more than {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter. There is typically little if any evidence of occupation in a henge, although they may contain ritual structures such as [[stone circle]]s, [[timber circle]]s and [[Cove (standing stones)|coves]]. '''Henge monument''' is sometimes used as a synonym for henge. Henges sometimes, but by no means always, featured stone or timber circles, and '''circle henge''' is sometimes used to describe these structures. The three largest stone circles in Britain ([[Avebury]], the Great Circle at [[Stanton Drew stone circles]], and the [[Ring of Brodgar]]) are each within a henge. Examples of henges without significant internal monuments are the three henges of [[Thornborough Henges]]. Although having given its name to the word ''henge'', [[Stonehenge]] is atypical in that the ditch is outside the main earthwork bank.
# '''Hengiform monument''' ({{cvt|5|-|20|m|ft|round=5}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=Early Prehistoric Monuments - Hengi-Form Monuments |url=http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/mpp/mcd/sub/hg1.htm |publisher=English Heritage |access-date=27 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602212229/http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/mpp/mcd/sub/hg1.htm |archive-date=2 June 2013 }}</ref>  Like an ordinary henge, except the central flat area is between 5 and 20&nbsp;m (16–66&nbsp;ft) in diameter, they comprise a modest earthwork with a fairly wide outer bank. The terms '''mini-henge''' (also ''minihenge'') or '''Dorchester henge''' are sometimes used as synonyms for hengiform monument. An example is the Neolithic site at [[Wormy Hillock Henge]].
# '''Henge enclosure''' (> {{cvt|300|m|ft|round=50}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=Early Prehistoric Monuments - Henge Enclosure |url=http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/mpp/mcd/sub/henen1.htm |publisher=English Heritage |access-date=27 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602215010/http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/mpp/mcd/sub/henen1.htm |archive-date=2 June 2013 }}</ref>  A Neolithic ring earthwork with the ditch inside the bank, with the central flat area having abundant evidence of occupation and usually being more than {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter. Some true henges are as large as this (e.g., Avebury), but lack evidence of domestic occupation. '''Super-henge''' or ''superhenge'' is sometimes used as a synonym for a henge enclosure. Sometimes the term is used to indicate size alone rather than use, e.g. "[[Marden henge]]&nbsp;... is the least understood of the four British 'superhenges' (the others being [[Avebury]], [[Durrington Walls]] and [[Mount Pleasant Henge]])".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leary|first1=Jim|last2=Clarke|first2=Amanda|last3=Bell|first3=Martin|title=Valley of the henges|journal=Current Archaeology|date=July 2016|volume=XXVII, No. 4|issue=316|pages=28–34}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''henge'' is a [[backformation]] from [[Stonehenge]], the famous monument in [[Wiltshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/henge|title=Henge definition|last=Anon|work=dictionary.com|publisher=Dictionary.com LLC|access-date=4 September 2009}}</ref> Stonehenge is not a true henge, as its ditch runs outside its bank, although there is a small extant external bank as well. The term was first coined in 1932 by [[T. D. Kendrick|Thomas Kendrick]], who later became the Keeper of British Antiquities at the [[British Museum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitaldigging.net/henges-or-the-archaeology-of-etymology-or-vice-versa/|title=Henges – or the archaeology of etymology (or vice versa); The man who gave us the word|last=Rothwell|first=Henry|work=Digital digging|access-date=4 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="Pitts">{{cite book | title = Hengeworld | last1 = Pitts | first1 = Michael | author-link = Mike Pitts (archaeologist) | publisher = [[Random House]] | year = 2011 | pages = 26–28 | quote = Stonehenge is not a henge. This bizarre contribution … was first used by … Thomas Kendrick. … Technically, [henges] are earthwork enclosures in which a ditch was dug to make a bank, which was thrown up on the outside edge of the ditch. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Garrow |first1=Duncan |last2=Wilkin |first2=Neil |title=The World of Stonehenge |date=2022 |publisher=British Museum Press |location=London |isbn=978-07141-2349-3 |page=19}}</ref> A broader usage of ''henge'' to refer to standing-stone monuments was recorded in Yorkshire in 1740, from [[Old English]] usage dating to at least the 10th century,<ref name="OEDhenge">{{cite book |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0008unse |chapter-url-access = registration |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1989 |edition=2nd |chapter=Stonehenge; henge<sup>2</sup>}} Quotes [[William Stukeley]] (1740): "Pendulous rocks are now called henges in Yorkshire&nbsp;... I doubt not, ''Stonehenge'' in Saxon signifies the 'hanging stones'."</ref> with a root of either {{lang|ang|hencg}} {{gloss|[[hinge]]}}, or {{lang|ang|hen(c)en}} {{gloss|[[hanging|to hang]], to suspend}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chippindale |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Chippindale |title=Stonehenge Complete |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |date=2004 |isbn=0-500-28467-9}}</ref>

==Forms==
[[Image:Avebury Stone Circles.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Avebury]] henge contains several stone circles]]
Henges may be classified as follows:
* '''Class I''' henges, which have a single entrance created from a gap in the bank;
* '''Class II''' henges which have two entrances, diametrically opposite each other;
* '''Class III''' henges, which have four entrances, facing each other in pairs.

Sub groups exist for these when two or three internal ditches are present rather than one.<ref name="okneyjar">{{cite web|url=http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/henge.htm|title=The definition of a henge|last=Towrie|first=Sigurd|work=Orkneyjar: The Heritage of the Orkney Islands|publisher=Sigurd Towrie|access-date=4 September 2009}}</ref> Henges are usually associated with the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age, and especially with the pottery of this period: Grooved Ware, Impressed Wares (formerly known as Peterborough Ware), and Beakers. Sites such as [[Stonehenge]] also provide evidence of activity from the later [[Bronze Age]] [[Wessex culture]].

Henges often contain evidence of a variety of internal features, including timber or stone circles, pits, or [[burial]]s, which may pre- or post-date the henge enclosure. A henge should not be confused with a stone circle within it, as henges and stone circles can exist together or separately.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} At [[Arbor Low]] in [[Derbyshire]], all the stones except one are laid flat and do not seem to have been erected, as no stone holes have been found. Elsewhere, often only the stone holes remain to indicate a former circle.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

Some of the best-known henges are at:
* [[Avebury]], about {{convert|20|mi|km}} north of [[Stonehenge]] on [[Salisbury Plain]], in [[Wiltshire]]
* [[Knowlton Circles]], henge complex in [[Dorset]]
* [[Maumbury Rings]] in [[Dorset]] (later reused as a Roman [[amphitheatre]]<ref name="vd">{{Cite web|url=http://visit-dorchester.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=40 |title=Maumbury Rings |publisher=Visit Dorchester |access-date=14 April 2015}}</ref> and then as a [[English Civil War|Civil War]] fort)<ref name="vd"/>
* [[Mayburgh Henge]] in [[Cumbria]]
* The [[Ring of Brodgar]] in [[Orkney]]
* [[Thornborough Henges]] complex in [[Yorkshire]]

Henges sometimes formed part of a [[ritual landscape]] or complex, with other [[Neolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]] monuments inside and outside the henge. Earlier monuments associated with a later henge might include Neolithic monuments such as a [[cursus]] (e.g., at Thornborough Henges the central henge overlies the cursus), or a long barrow, such as the [[West Kennet Long Barrow]] at [[Avebury, Wiltshire]], or, as in the case of Stonehenge, [[Mesolithic]] post holes. A circle of large pits {{circa}} {{cvt|2|km|mi|frac=4|abbr=off}} across is centered on [[Durrington Walls]] henge.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue55/4/index.html |doi=10.11141/ia.55.4|title=A Massive, Late Neolithic Pit Structure associated with Durrington Walls Henge |date=21 June 2020 |journal=Internet Archaeology |doi-access=free|access-date=23 June 2020|last1=Gaffney|first1=Vincent|last2=Baldwin|first2=Eamonn|last3=Bates|first3=Martin|last4=Bates|first4=C. Richard|last5=Gaffney|first5=Christopher|last6=Hamilton|first6=Derek|last7=Kinnaird|first7=Tim|last8=Neubauer|first8=Wolfgang|last9=Yorston|first9=Ronald|last10=Allaby|first10=Robin|last11=Chapman|first11=Henry|last12=Garwood|first12=Paul|last13=Löcker|first13=Klaus|last14=Hinterleitner|first14=Alois|last15=Sparrow|first15=Tom|last16=Trinks|first16=Immo|last17=Wallner|first17=Mario|last18=Leivers|first18=Matthew|issue=55|hdl=10454/18007|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Later monuments added after the henge was built might include Bronze Age [[cairn]]s as at [[Arbor Low]].

Examples of such ritual landscapes are:
* [[Balfarg]] in [[Fife]], [[Scotland]]
* Dunragit archaeological excavation site in [[Wigtownshire]]<ref>{{cite web|website=orgs.man.ac.uk|title=Dunragit|url=http://orgs.man.ac.uk/research/dunragit/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519201955/http://orgs.man.ac.uk/research/dunragit/|archive-date=2014-05-19}}</ref>
* [[Heart of Neolithic Orkney]], the UNESCO World Heritage Site on the [[Mainland]], one of the islands of [[Orkney]], [[Scotland]]
* [[Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites]], the UNESCO World Heritage Site located in [[Wiltshire]], [[England]]
* already mentioned: [[Arbor Low]], [[Knowlton Circles]], [[Stanton Drew stone circles]], and [[Thornborough Henges]]

Burials have been recorded at a number of excavated henges, both pre-dating the henge and as a result of secondary reuse. For example:
*At Avebury, at least two very disturbed [[inhumation]]s were found in the central area{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} 
*[[Cairnpapple]] and [[North Mains]] both had some burials that pre-date the henges, as well others that post-date them<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historicenvironment.scot/visit-a-place/places/cairnpapple-hill/|title=Cairnpapple Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/26006/north-mains-strathallan|title=North Mains, Strathallan &#124; Canmore}}</ref>
*At [[King Arthur's Round Table, Cumbria]], a cremation trench lay within the monument<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=11978&resourceID=19191|title = Heritage Gateway - Results}}</ref>  
*At [[Woodhenge]], a central burial of a child was interpreted by its excavators as a dedicatory offering <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stonehenge-stone-circle.co.uk/woodhenge-wessex.htm|title = Stonehenge. Woodhenge, the origins}}</ref>  
*At [[Maxey, Cambridgeshire|Maxey]], two cremation pit circles in the southern half of the henge, burials was also present within this monument<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1030942&resourceID=19191|title = Heritage Gateway - Results}}</ref>

==Origin and distribution==
[[Image:Ring of Brodgar 3.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Ring of Brodgar]], [[Orkney]], is a possible area of origin for henges]]
Efforts to delineate a direct lineage for the henge from earlier enclosures have not been conclusive.  Their chronological overlap with older structures makes it difficult to classify them as a coherent tradition. They seem to take the concept of creating a space separate from the outside world one step further than the [[causewayed enclosure]], and they focus attention on an internal point. In some cases, the construction of the bank and ditch was a stage that followed other activity on the site. At [[Balfarg]], [[North Mains]], and [[Cairnpapple]], for example, earlier [[cremation]]s and deliberate smashing of pottery predate the enclosure.

Concentrations of henges occur over much of Britain. [[Orkney]] (Cunliffe 2001) and [[Wessex]] (Burl 1969) have both been suggested as the original [[provenance]] of the monument type; however, others remain unconvinced (Barclay 2005). Unlike earlier enclosure monuments, henges were not usually built on hilltops but on low-lying ground, often close to watercourses and good agricultural land.

Some scholars, such as the editors of the 1982 edition of the ''Penguin Dictionary of Archaeology'' (Bray and Trump, 1982), have claimed that henges are unique to the [[British Isles]].  They state that similar, much earlier, circles on the European continent, such as [[Goseck circle]] (which has no bank), and later ones such as [[Goloring]] are not proper "henges".  But ''The Penguin Archaeological Guide'' (Bahn, 2001) does not comment on geographical locations for henges.
[[Image:Wyke down henge ditch pits dorset.jpg|thumb|right|Excavated henge ditch on Wyke Down (Dorset). The ditch was originally dug as a [[causewayed enclosure]] and may therefore not be a henge.]]

[[Julian Cope]], in ''The Megalithic European'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Cope|first=Julian|title=The Megalithic European: The 21st Century Traveller in Prehistoric Europe|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2004|isbn=978-0-00-713802-9|url=http://marketing.harpercollins.co.uk/Contents/Title/Pages/default.aspx?objId=24513|access-date=4 September 2009}}</ref> proposes that the henge was a regional development from the Europe-wide [[causewayed enclosure]]. He notes it appeared following a cultural upheaval in around 3000 BC, which inspired the peoples of Neolithic Europe to develop more independently. He notes the [[rondel enclosure]]s of [[Bavaria]]'s [[Isar Valley]], which according to investigations by the German archaeologist R. A. Maier, "drew comparisons with the henge monuments and causewayed enclosures of the British Isles." Although still with a multiple-causewayed ditch and entrances at cardinal points, the roundels are described by John Hodgson (2003) as not being positioned with defensive aims in mind.  The largest, at Kothingeichendorf, appeared to be "midway between a henge and a causewayed enclosure".

[[Alasdair Whittle]] (2005) also views the development of the henge as a regional variation within a European tradition that included a variety of ditched enclosures. He notes that henges and the [[grooved ware]] pottery often found at them are two examples of the British Neolithic not found on the Continent. [[Caroline Malone]] (2001) also says that henges were not built in the rest of Western Europe, but they developed from a broader tradition of enclosure to become "a phenomenon of the British Isles, a native tradition with sophisticated architecture and calendrical functions."

==Interpretation==
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2015}}
Henges may have been used for [[ritual]]s or [[astronomy|astronomical observation]] rather than day-to-day activity. That their ditches are located inside their banks indicates that they were not used for defence, and that the barrier of the earthworks was more likely symbolic than functional. Following arguments presented for [[Ireland|Irish]] [[Iron Age]] enclosures, Barclay suggested that they are 'defensive': that the ditch and bank face something 'dangerous' inside the enclosure. He has also suggested that the considerable range of elements surrounded by the earthworks, and the very long date range, are because henges were designed mainly to enclose pre-existing ceremonial sites that were seen as 'ritually charged' and therefore dangerous to people. It has been conjectured that whatever took place inside the enclosures was intended to be separate from the outside world and perhaps known only to select individuals or groups.

The alignment of henges is a contentious issue. Popular belief is that their entrances point towards certain heavenly bodies. But henge orientation is highly variable and may have been determined more by local topography than by desire for symbolic orientation. Statistical analysis showed that Class I henges have a slight tendency to have an entrance set in the north or north-east quarter.  Class II henges generally have their axes aligned approximately south-east to north-west or north-east to south-west.

It has been suggested that the stone and timber structures sometimes built inside henges were used as solar declinometers to measure the position of the rising or setting sun. These structures do not appear in all henges; and when they do, often they are considerably more recent than the henges.  Thus, they are not necessarily connected with the henge's original function.  It has been conjectured that the henges would have been used to synchronize a calendar to the solar cycle for purposes of planting crops or timing religious rituals.  Some henges have poles, stones or entrances that indicate the position of the rising or setting sun during the [[equinox]]es and [[solstice]]s, while others appear to frame certain constellations.  Additionally, many are placed so that nearby hills either mark or do not interfere with such observations.  Finally, some henges appear to be placed at particular latitudes.  For example, a number are placed at a [[latitude]] of 55 degrees north, where the same two markers can indicate the rising and setting sun for both the spring and autumn equinoxes. But as henges are present from the extreme north to the extreme south of Britain, their latitude could not have been of great importance.

Formalisation is commonly attributed to henges: indications of the builders' concerns to control the arrival at, entrance into, and movement within the enclosures. This was achieved by placing flanking stones or [[Avenue (archaeology)|avenues]] at the entrances of some henges, or by dividing the internal space with [[timber circle]]s. While some henges were the first monuments to be built in their areas, others were added to already important landscapes, especially the larger examples.

The concentric nature of many of the internal features, such as the five rings of postholes at Balfarg or the six at Woodhenge, may represent a finer distinction than the inside-out differences suggested by henge earthworks. The ordering of space and the circular movement suggested by the sometimes densely packed internal features indicates a sophisticated degree of spatial understanding.

== Hengiform monument ==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2015}}
Hengiform monuments, or mini henges, are distributed throughout England and mainland Scotland (with examples as far north as Caithness), though no examples have been found in Wales. Pits, [[cremation]]s, [[postholes]], stone-sockets, and graves have been found within them, and postholes and cremation pits have also been found to be present close to the site in some cases. They typically have either one entrance or two opposing entrances. In plan, a mini henge can be mistaken for a ploughed-out [[round barrow]], although the former tend to be slightly larger and their earthworks more substantial. As with ordinary henges, they are thought to have served ritual purposes and are thought to be of late Neolithic date.

== Henge enclosure ==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2015}}
Henge enclosures often contain or lie close to one or more ordinary henges. Finds of animal bone, [[grooved ware]] pottery, and evidence of dwellings have been found and coupled with the time and energy needed to build them, it is considered that they must have been important social centres analogous to tribal capitals. Two or four evenly spaced entrances lead through the earthwork to the centre.

[[File:Maelmin - reconstruction of henge - geograph.org.uk - 420781.jpg|alt=Maelmin Henge, constructed in 2000|thumb|Maelmin Henge, constructed in 2000]]

== Modern henge monuments ==
A henge monument was restored at the [[Devil's Quoits]] in Oxfordshire between 2002 and 2008.

In modern times a number of henge type monuments have been built, examples include:
*[[Maelmin Henge|Maelmin henge]] (2000) <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Henge - maelmin.org.uk|url=https://www.maelmin.org.uk/index.php?page=the-henge#:~:text=With%20its%20entrance%20aligned%20on,part%20of%20a%20processional%20way.|access-date=2020-06-06|website=www.maelmin.org.uk}}</ref>
*Arctic Henge [[Raufarhöfn]], [[Iceland]] (1996)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Arctic Henge|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-arctic-henge|access-date=2020-06-06|website=Atlas Obscura|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Achill-henge]] (2011), Ireland<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-02-16|title=Is Ireland's Achill-henge a beauty or a blight?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17034637|access-date=2020-06-06}}</ref>
*[[Sark Henge]], Sark, Channel Islands (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-19|title=Sark Henge {{!}} Sark Island Tourism|url=https://www.sark.co.uk/sark-henge-12778/|access-date=2020-06-06|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606145357/https://www.sark.co.uk/sark-henge-12778/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Archaeoastronomy]]
* [[Calendar]]
* [[Circular ditches]]
* [[Circular rampart]]
* [[Dolmen]]
* [[European megalithic culture]]
* [[Megalith]]
* [[Menhir]]
* [[Pit alignments]]
* [[Sundial]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Bahn, P.G. (ed.) (2001) ''The Penguin Archaeological Guide'', Penguin, London.
*Barclay, G. J. (2005) ''The henge and hengiform in Scotland'', in ''Set in stone: new approaches to Neolithic monuments in Scotland'', Cummings, V. and Pannett, A. (eds.) Oxbow, Oxford, pp.&nbsp;81–94.
*Bray, W. and Trump D. (eds.) (1982) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Archaeology'', Penguin, London.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Burl | first1 = A | year = 1969 | title = Henges: internal features and regional groups | journal = Archaeological Journal | volume = 126 | pages = 1–28 | doi=10.1080/00665983.1969.11077434}}
*Cunliffe, B. (2001) ''Facing the Ocean: the Atlantic and its Periphery 8000&nbsp;BC–AD&nbsp;1500'', Oxford University Press, Oxford.
*Hodgson, J. (2003) ''Neolithic Enclosures in the Isar Valley, Bavaria'' in ''Enclosures and Defences in the Neolithic of Western Europe (Part ii)'', Burgess, C., Topping, P., Mordant, C. and Maddison, M. (eds.) Oxbow, quoted in Cope, J. (2004) ''The Megalithic European'', HarperCollins, pp.&nbsp;48–49.
*Malone, C. (2001) ''Neolithic Britain and Ireland'', Tempus, Stroud.
*Whittle, A. (2005) ''The Neolithic Period'' in ''The Archaeology of Britain'', Hunter, I. and Ralston, J. (eds.), Routledge, London.

==Bibliography==
*Atkinson, R. J. C. (1951) ''The henge monuments of Great Britain''.
*Thomas, J. (2004) ''Understanding the Neolithic'', Routledge, London.

==External links==
*[http://www.gefrin.com/henges/about.htm Gefrin website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055855/http://www.gefrin.com/henges/about.htm |date=2016-03-04 }} Henges in Northumberland including computer animation of Milfield North henge.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514050533/http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/mpp/mcd/sub/henges1.htm English Heritage website:] "henge" defined
*[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/search.php?query=&sitetype=11 Henge search results] from [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/ The Megalithic Portal]
*http://www.themodernantiquarian.com
*https://web.archive.org/web/20070311073420/http://henges.no.sapo.pt/ New Henge Theory – Engineering in Prehistory
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090523222752/http://www.digitaldigging.co.uk/features/essays/henges.html Henge monuments at Digital Digging]

{{European Standing Stones}}
{{Neolithic Europe}}
{{Prehistoric technology}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Types of monuments and memorials]]
[[Category:Stone Age Britain]]
[[Category:Henges| ]]
[[Category:1930s neologisms]]