Editing Henryk Sienkiewicz

{{short description|Polish writer (1846–1916)}}
{{Redirect|Sienkiewicz|others|Sienkiewicz (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox writer<!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| awards = {{awards|[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]|1905}}
| name = Henryk Sienkiewicz
| image = Henryk Sienkiewicz ca 1885 (45871548) (cropped).jpg
| birth_name = Henryk Adam Aleksander Prus Sienkiewicz
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1846|5|5}}
| birth_place = [[Wola Okrzejska]], Lublin Governorate, Congress Poland, Russian Empire
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1916|11|15|1846|5|5}}
| death_place = [[Vevey]], Vaud, Switzerland
| occupation = {{hlist|writer|novelist|journalist}}
| language = Polish
| period = 19th–20th century
| signature = Henryk Sienkiewicz signature.svg
}}

'''Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius Sienkiewicz''' ({{IPAc-en|US|ʃ|ɛ|n|ˈ|k|j|eɪ|v|ɪ|tʃ|,_|-|j|ɛ|v|-}} {{respell|shen|KYAY|vitch|,_-|KYEV|itch}},<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Sienkiewicz|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sienkiewicz|title=Sienkiewicz|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Sienkiewicz|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|pl|ˈxɛnrɨk ˈadam alɛkˈsandɛr ˈpjus ɕɛnˈkʲɛvit͡ʂ|lang}}; 5 May 1846 – 15 November 1916), also known by the pseudonym '''Litwos''' ({{IPA|pl|ˈlitfɔs}}), was a Polish epic writer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/search/?s=sienkiewicz&nonce=1703367060000|quote=an epic writer|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1905|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=23 December 2023}}</ref> He is remembered for his historical novels, such as [[The Trilogy|the Trilogy series]] and especially for his internationally known best-seller ''[[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]]'' (1896).

Born into an impoverished [[szlachta|Polish noble family]] in Russian-ruled [[Congress Poland]], in the late 1860s he began publishing journalistic and literary pieces. In the late 1870s he traveled to the United States, sending back travel essays that won him popularity with Polish readers. In the 1880s he began serializing novels that further increased his popularity. He soon became one of the most popular Polish writers of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and numerous translations gained him international renown, culminating in his receipt of the [[1905 Nobel Prize in Literature]] for his "outstanding merits as an epic writer".

Many of his novels remain in print. In Poland he is known for his "Trilogy" of historical novels – ''[[With Fire and Sword]]'', ''[[The Deluge (novel)|The Deluge]]'', and ''[[Fire in the Steppe|Sir Michael]]'' – set in the 17th-century [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]; internationally he is known for ''[[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]]'', set in [[Nero]]'s [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]. ''The Trilogy'' and ''Quo Vadis'' have been filmed, the latter several times, with Hollywood's [[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|1951 version]] receiving the most international recognition.

== Life ==
=== Early life ===
Sienkiewicz came into the world on 5 May 1846 in [[Wola Okrzejska]], now a village in the central part of the eastern Polish region of [[Lublin Voivodeship|Lubelskie]], then part of the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name="psb203"/><ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-163"/> His family were impoverished Polish nobles, on his father's side deriving from [[Lipka Tatars|Tatars]] who had settled in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]].<ref name="psb203"/><ref name="Lockert1919"/><ref name="hierarchicznej"/><ref name="ciechanowicz"/> His parents were Józef Sienkiewicz of the [[Oszyk coat of arms]] and Stefania Cieciszowska. His mother descended from an old and affluent [[Podlachia]]n family.<ref name="psb203"/> He had five siblings: an older brother, Kazimierz (who died during [[January Uprising]] of 1863–1864), and four sisters: Aniela, Helena, Zofia and Maria.<ref name="psb203"/> His family were entitled to use the Polish [[Oszyk coat of arms]].<ref name="Majchrowski1966"/><ref name="Studencki1967"/> Wola Okrzejska belonged to the writer's maternal grandmother, Felicjana Cieciszowska.<ref name="psb203"/> His family moved several times, and young Henryk spent his childhood on family estates in [[Grabowce Górne]], [[Wężyczyn]] and [[Burzec]].<ref name="psb203"/> In September 1858 he began his education in [[Warsaw]], where the family would finally settle in 1861, having bought a tenement house ([[Kamienica (architecture)|''kamienica'']]) in eastern Warsaw's [[Praga]] district.<ref name="psb203"/> He received relatively poor school-grades except in the humanities, notably Polish language and history.<ref name="psb203"/>
[[Image:Pomnik Sienkiewicza w Okrzei.jpg|thumb| Monument atop Sienkiewicz Mound at [[Okrzeja]]. At left is the writer's family's village, [[Wola Okrzejska]], where he was born.]]
Due to hard times, the 19-year-old Sienkiewicz took a job as tutor to the [[Weyher family]] in [[Płońsk]].<ref name="psb203"/> It was probably in this period that he wrote his first novel, ''Ofiara'' (Sacrifice); he is thought to have destroyed the manuscript of the never-published novel.<ref name="psb203"/> He also worked on his first novel to be published, ''Na marne'' (In Vain). He completed extramural secondary-school classes, and in 1866 he received his secondary-school diploma.<ref name="psb203"/> He first tried to study medicine, then law, at the [[University of Warsaw|Imperial University of Warsaw]], but he soon transferred to the university's Institute of Philology and History, where he acquired a thorough knowledge of literature and [[Old Polish Language]].<ref name="psb203"/><ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-163"/> Little is known about this period of his life, other than that he moved out of his parents' home, tutored part-time, and lived in poverty.<ref name="psb203"/> His situation improved somewhat in 1868 when he became a tutor to the princely Woroniecki family.<ref name="psb203"/>

In 1867 he wrote a rhymed piece, "{{Lang|pl|Sielanka Młodości}}" ("Idyll of Youth"), which was rejected by ''[[Tygodnik Illustrowany]]'' (The Illustrated Weekly).<ref name="psb203"/> In 1869 he debuted as a journalist; ''Przegląd Tygodniowy'' (1866–1904) (The Weekly Review) ran his review of a play on 18 April 1869, and shortly afterward ''The Illustrated Weekly'' printed an essay of his about the late-Renaissance Polish poet [[Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński]].<ref name="psb203"/> He completed his university studies in 1871, though he failed to receive a diploma because he did not pass the examination in [[Greek language]].<ref name="psb203"/> Sienkiewicz also wrote for {{Lang|pl|Gazeta Polska}} (The Polish Gazette) and ''Niwa'' (magazine), under the pen name "Litwos".<ref name="psb204"/> In 1873 he began writing a column, "{{Lang|pl|Bez tytułu}}" ("Without a title"), in ''The Polish Gazette''; in 1874 a column, "{{Lang|pl|Sprawy bieżące}}" ("Current matters") for ''Niwa''; and in 1875 the column, "{{Lang|pl|Chwila obecna}}" ("The present moment").<ref name="psb204"/> He also collaborated on a Polish translation, published in 1874, of [[Victor Hugo]]'s last novel, ''[[Ninety-Three]]''.<ref name="psb204"/> In June that year he became co-owner of ''Niwa'' (in 1878, he would sell his share in the magazine).<ref name="psb204"/><ref name="psb205"/>

Meanwhile, in 1872, he had debuted as a fiction writer with his short novel {{Lang|pl|Na marne}} (In Vain), published in the magazine ''Wieniec'' (Garland).<ref name="psb203"/> This was followed by {{Lang|pl|Humoreski z teki Woroszyłły}} (Humorous Sketches from Woroszyłła's Files, 1872), {{Lang|pl|Stary Sługa}} (The Old Servant, 1875), ''Hania'' (Sienkiewicz) (1876) and {{Lang|pl|Selim Mirza}} (1877).<ref name="psb204"/><ref name="Ihnatowicz2000"/> The last three are known as the "Little Trilogy".<ref name="Ihnatowicz2000"/> These publications made him a prominent figure in Warsaw's journalistic-literary world, and a guest at popular dinner parties hosted by the actress [[Helena Modrzejewska]].<ref name="psb204"/>

=== Travels abroad ===
[[File:J.Mien-Portret Henryka Sienkiewicza w stroju safari.jpg|thumb|left|Sienkiewicz in [[safari]] outfit, 1890s]]
In 1874 Henryk Sienkiewicz was briefly engaged to Maria Keller, and traveled abroad to [[Brussels]] and Paris.<ref name="psb204"/> Soon after he returned, his fiancée's parents cancelled the engagement.<ref name="psb204"/> In 1876 Sienkiewicz went to the [[United States]] with Helena Modrzejewska (soon to become famous in the U.S. as actress [[Helena Modjeska]]) and her husband.<ref name="psb204"/> He traveled via [[London]] to [[New York City|New York]] and then on to [[San Francisco]], staying for some time in [[California]].<ref name="psb204"/> His travels were financed by {{Lang|pl|Gazeta Polska}} (The Polish Gazette) in exchange for a series of travel essays: Sienkiewicz wrote {{Lang|pl|Listy z podróży}} (Letters from a Journey) and {{Lang|pl|Listy Litwosa z Podróży}} (Litwos' Letters from a Journey), which were published in ''The Polish Gazette'' in 1876–1878 and republished as a book in 1880.<ref name="psb204"/><ref name="RęboszPierściński1996"/> Other articles by him also appeared in {{Lang|pl|Przegląd Tygodniowy}} (The Weekly Review) and {{Lang|pl|Przewodnik Naukowy i Literacki}} (The Learned and Literary Guide), discussing the situation of [[American Polonia]].<ref name="psb205"/> He briefly lived in the town of [[Anaheim]], later in Anaheim Landing (now [[Seal Beach, California]]).<ref name="psb204"/> He hunted, visited [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] camps, traveled in the nearby mountains (the [[Santa Ana Mountains|Santa Ana]], [[Sierra Madre Mountains (California)|Sierra Madre]], [[San Jacinto Mountains|San Jacinto]], and [[San Bernardino Mountains]]), and visited the [[Mojave Desert]], [[Yosemite Valley]], and the [[silver mine]]s at [[Virginia City, Nevada]].<ref name="psb204"/> On 20 August 1877 he witnessed Modjeska's U.S. theatrical debut at San Francisco's [[California Theatre (San Francisco)|California Theatre]], which he reviewed for ''The Polish Gazette''; and on 8 September he published in the Daily Evening Post an article, translated into English for him by Modjeska, on "Poland and Russia".<ref name="psb204"/>

In America, he also continued writing fiction, in 1877 publishing {{Lang|pl|Szkice węglem}} (Charcoal Sketches) in ''The Polish Gazette''.<ref name="psb205"/> He wrote a play, {{Lang|pl|Na przebój}}, soon retitled {{Lang|pl|Na jedną kartę}} (On a Single Card), later staged at [[Lviv]] (1879) and, to better reception, at Warsaw (1881).<ref name="psb205"/> He also wrote a play for Modjeska, aimed at an American public, {{Lang|pl|Z walki tutejszych partii}} (Partisan Struggles), but it was never performed or published, and the manuscript appears to be lost.<ref name="psb205"/>

On 24 March 1878 Sienkiewicz left the U.S. for Europe.<ref name="psb205"/> He first stayed in London, then for a year in Paris, delaying his return to Poland due to rumors of possible conscription into the [[Imperial Russian Army]] on the eve of a predicted new war with Turkey.<ref name="psb205"/>

=== Return to Poland ===
[[File:Henryk sienkiewicz by kazimierz pochwalski.png|thumb|right|Sienkiewicz by [[Kazimierz Pochwalski]], 1890]]
[[File:Oblegorek - Sienkiewicz i jego dzieci 1902 (75120057) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sienkiewicz with children, Oblęgorek, {{Circa|1902}}]]
In April 1879 Sienkiewicz returned to Polish soil.<ref name="psb205"/> In [[Lviv]] (Lwów) he gave a lecture that was not well attended: "{{Lang|pl|Z Nowego Jorku do Kalifornii}}" ("From New York to California").<ref name="psb205"/><ref name="Kulczycka-Saloni1960"/> Subsequent lectures in [[Szczawnica]] and [[Krynica-Zdrój|Krynica]]<!--sources do not specify which Krynica, other than it was near Szczawnica and Lwow; Krynica-Zdrój seems most likely--> in July–August that year, and in Warsaw and [[Poznań]] the following year, were much more successful.<ref name="psb205"/><ref name="psb206"/> In late summer 1879 he went to Venice and Rome, which he toured for the next few weeks, on 7 November 1879 returning to Warsaw.<ref name="psb205"/> There he met Maria Szetkiewicz, whom he married on 18 August 1881.<ref name="psb205"/> The marriage was reportedly a happy one.<ref name="psb206"/> The couple had two children, Henryk Józef (1882–1959) and Jadwiga Maria (1883–1969).<ref name="psb205"/> It was a short-lived marriage, however, because on 18 August 1885 Maria died of [[tuberculosis]].<ref name="psb207"/>

In 1879 the first collected edition of Sienkiewicz's works was published, in four volumes; the series would continue until 1917, ending with a total of 17 volumes.<ref name="psb205"/> He also continued writing journalistic pieces, mainly in ''The Polish Gazette'' and ''Niwa''.<ref name="psb205"/> In 1881 he published a favorable review of the first collected edition of works by [[Bolesław Prus]].<ref name="psb206"/>

In 1880 Sienkiewicz wrote a historical novella, {{Lang|pl|Niewola tatarska}} (Tartar Captivity).<ref name="psb205"/> In late 1881 he became editor-in-chief of a new Warsaw newspaper, ''Słowo'' (The Word).<ref name="psb206"/> This substantially improved his finances.<ref name="psb206"/> The year 1882 saw him heavily engaged in the running of the newspaper, in which he published a number of columns and short stories.<ref name="psb206"/> Soon, however, he lost interest in the journalistic aspect and decided to focus more on his literary work.<ref name="psb206"/> He paid less and less attention to his post of editor-in-chief, resigning it in 1887 but remaining editor of the paper's literary section until 1892.<ref name="psb207"/>

From 1883 he increasingly shifted his focus from short pieces to historical novels.<ref name="psb206"/> He began work on the historical novel, {{Lang|pl|Ogniem i Mieczem}} ([[With Fire and Sword]]). Initially titled {{Lang|pl|Wilcze gniazdo}} (The Wolf's Lair), it appeared in [[serial novel|serial installments]] in ''The Word'' from May 1883 to March 1884.<ref name="psb206"/><ref name="psb207"/> It also ran concurrently in the Kraków newspaper, {{Lang|pl|Czas}} (Time).<ref name="psb206"/>

Sienkiewicz soon began writing the second volume of his Trilogy, ''[[The Deluge (novel)|Potop]]'' (The Deluge).<ref name="psb207"/> It ran in ''The Word'' from December 1884 to September 1886.<ref name="psb207"/> Beginning in 1884, Sienkiewicz accompanied his wife Maria to foreign [[sanatorium]]s.<ref name="psb207"/> After her death, he kept on traveling Europe, leaving his children with his late wife's parents though he often returned to Poland, particularly staying for long periods in Warsaw and [[Kraków]] beginning in the 1890s.<ref name="psb207"/><ref name="psb208"/> After his return to Warsaw in 1887, the third volume of his [[The Trilogy|Trilogy]] appeared – ''[[Pan Wołodyjowski]]'' (Sir Michael) – running in ''The Word'' from May 1887 to May 1888.<ref name="psb207"/> The Trilogy established Sienkiewicz as the most popular contemporary Polish writer.<ref name="psb207"/>

Sienkiewicz received 15,000 [[ruble]]s, in recognition of his achievements, from an unknown admirer who signed himself "[[Michał Wołodyjowski]]" after the Trilogy character.<ref name="psb207"/> Sienkiewicz used the money to set up a fund, named for his wife and supervised by the [[Academy of Learning]], to aid artists endangered by tuberculosis.<ref name="psb207"/>

In 1886, he visited [[Istanbul]]; in 1888, Spain.<ref name="psb207"/> At the end of 1890 he went to Africa, resulting in {{Lang|pl|Listy z Afryki}} (Letters from Africa, published in ''The Word'' in 1891–92, then collected as a book in 1893).<ref name="psb207"/> The turn of the 1880s and 1890s was associated with intensive work on several novels. In 1891 his novel ''[[Without dogma]]'' (''Bez Dogmatu''), previously serialized in 1889–90 in ''The Word'', was published in book form.<ref name="psb208"/> In 1892 Sienkiewicz signed an agreement for another novel, Rodzina Połanieckich (Children of the Soil), which was serialized in ''The Polish Gazette'' from 1893 and came out in book form in 1894.<ref name="psb208"/>

=== Later years ===
Sienkiewicz had several romances, and in 1892 Maria Romanowska-Wołodkowicz, stepdaughter of a wealthy [[Odessa]]n, entered his life.<ref name="psb208"/> He and Romanowska became engaged there in 1893 and married in Kraków on 11 November.<ref name="psb208"/> Just two weeks later, however, his bride left him; Sienkiewicz blamed "in-law intrigues". On 13 December 1895 he obtained [[pope|papal]] consent to dissolution of the marriage.<ref name="psb208"/> In 1904 he [[Avunculate marriage|married his niece]], Maria Babska.<ref name="psb208"/>

Sienkiewicz used his growing international fame to influence world opinion in favor of the Polish cause (throughout his life and since the late 18th century, Poland remained [[Partitions of Poland|partitioned]] by her neighbors, Russia, Austria and Prussia, and later Germany).<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-163"/><ref name="psb210"/> He often criticized the German policy of [[Germanization]] of the [[Polish minority in Germany]];<ref name="psb210"/><ref name="psb212"/><ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-164"/> in 1901 he expressed support of [[Września#Września school strike of 1901|Września schoolchildren who were protesting the banning of the Polish language]].<ref name="psb210"/> In 1907, amid German attempts to expropriate Polish land, he appealed to the global intellectual community for support.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 1907 |title=APPEAL BY SIENKIEWICZ.; Wants the World to Help Stop Germanization of His Country. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1907/12/19/archives/appeal-by-sienkiewicz-wants-the-world-to-help-stop-germanization-of.html |access-date=28 August 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> More cautiously, he called on Russia's government to introduce reforms in Russian-controlled [[Congress Poland]].<ref name="psb211"/> During the [[Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–07)|Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland]], he advocated broader Polish autonomy within the Russian Empire.<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-163"/><ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-164"/>
[[File:Henryk Sienkiewicz 1905.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nobel laureate]], 1905]]
Sienkiewicz maintained some ties with Polish right-wing [[National Democracy (Poland)|National Democracy]] politicians and was critical of the socialists, but he was generally a moderate and declined to become a politician and a deputy to the [[State Duma of the Russian Empire|Russian Duma]].<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-164"/><ref name="psb211"/> In the cultural sphere, he was involved in the creation of the [[Adam Mickiewicz Monument, Kraków|Kraków]] and [[Adam Mickiewicz Monument, Warsaw|Warsaw monuments to Adam Mickiewicz]].<ref name="psb210"/> He supported educational endeavors and co-founded the Polska Macierz Szkolna organization.<ref name="psb211"/> "Reasonably wealthy" by 1908 thanks to sales of his books, he often used his new wealth to support struggling writers.<ref name="psb210"/> He helped gather funds for social-welfare projects such as starvation relief, and for construction of a tuberculosis sanatorium at [[Zakopane]].<ref name="psb210"/> He was as prominent in philanthropy as in literature.<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-163"/>

In February 1895 he wrote the first chapters of [[Quo Vadis (novel)|''Quo Vadis'']]. The novel was serialized beginning in March 1895 in Warsaw's ''Polish Gazette'', Kraków's ''Czas'' (Time), and [[Poznań]]'s ''Dziennik Poznański'' (Poznań Daily).<ref name="psb209"/> The novel was finished by March 1896.<ref name="psb209"/> The book edition appeared later the same year and soon gained international renown.<ref name="psb209"/> In February 1897 he began serializing a new novel, [[The Teutonic Knights (novel)|''Krzyżacy'']] (The [[Teutonic Knights]], or The Knights of the Cross); serialization finished in 1900, and the book edition appeared that year.<ref name="psb209"/>

In 1900, with a three-year delay due to the approaching centenary of [[Mickiewicz]]'s birth, Sienkiewicz celebrated his own quarter-century, begun in 1872, as a writer.<ref name="psb210"/> Special events were held in a number of Polish cities, including Kraków, Lwów, and Poznań.<ref name="psb210"/> A jubilee committee presented him with a gift from the Polish people: an estate at [[Oblęgorek]], near [[Kielce]],<ref name="psb210"/> where he later opened a school for children.<ref name="Wychowanie przedszkolne w Polsce w latach 1918-1939"/>

In 1905 he won the Nobel Prize for his lifetime achievements as an epic writer.<ref name="psb210"/><ref name=PHA/><ref name=wilczak/> In his acceptance speech, he said this honor was of particular value to a son of Poland: "She was pronounced dead – yet here is proof that she lives on.... She was pronounced defeated – and here is proof that she is victorious."<ref name="The Nobel Peace Prize 1983. Lech Wałęsa. Acceptance Speech"/>
[[File:PL-SK Oblęgorek, Pałacyk Henryka Sienkiewicza 2018-08-22--16-29-17-001.jpg|thumb|Sienkiewicz's residence at [[Oblęgorek]]]]
His social and political activities resulted in a diminished literary output.<ref name="psb212"/> He wrote a new historical novel, ''Na polu chwały'' ([[On the Field of Glory]]), that was meant as the beginning of a new trilogy; it was, however, criticized as being a lesser version of his original ''[[The Trilogy|Trilogy]]'' and was discontinued.<ref name="psb212"/> Similarly, his contemporary novel {{Lang|pl|Wiry}} (Whirlpools), 1910, which criticized some of Sienkiewicz's political opponents, received a mostly polemical and politicized response.<ref name="psb213"/> His 1910 novel for young people, [[In Desert and Wilderness|''W pustyni i w puszczy'' (In Desert and Wilderness)]], serialized in {{Lang|pl|Kurier Warszawski}} (The Warsaw Courier), finishing in 1911, was much better received and became widely popular among children and young adults.<ref name="psb213"/>

After the outbreak of [[World War I]], Sienkiewicz was visited at Oblęgorek by a [[Polish Legions in World War I|Polish Legions]] cavalry unit under [[Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski]].<ref name="psb213"/> Soon after, he left for Switzerland.<ref name="psb213"/> Together with [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski|Ignacy Paderewski]] and Erazm Piltz, he established an organization for Polish war relief.<ref name="psb213"/> He also supported the work of the [[Red Cross]].<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-164"/> Otherwise he eschewed politics though shortly before his death he endorsed the [[Act of 5th November]] 1916, a declaration by Emperors Wilhelm II of Germany and Franz Joseph of Austria and king of Hungary, pledging the creation of a Kingdom of Poland envisioned as a puppet state allied with, and controlled by, the Central Powers.<ref name="psb213"/>

=== Death ===
[[Image:Sienkiewicz grave.JPG|thumb|Sienkiewicz's tomb, [[St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw]]]]
Sienkiewicz died on 15 November 1916 at the Grand Hotel du Lac in [[Vevey]], Switzerland where he was buried on 22 November.<ref name="psb213"/> The cause of death was [[ischemic heart disease]].<ref name="psb213"/> His funeral was attended by representatives of both the [[Central Powers]] and the [[Entente Powers|Entente]], and an address by [[Pope Benedict XV]] was read.<ref name="psb213"/><ref name="psb214"/>

In 1924, after Poland had regained her independence, Sienkiewicz's remains were repatriated to [[Warsaw]], Poland, and placed in the crypt of [[St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw|St. John's Cathedral]].<ref name="psb214"/> During the coffin's transit, solemn memorial ceremonies were held in a number of cities.<ref name="psb214"/> Thousands accompanied the coffin to its Warsaw resting place, and Poland's President [[Stanisław Wojciechowski]] delivered a eulogy.<ref name="psb214"/>

== Works ==
His first work, "Victim", was written between 1865 and 1866 and is only known because of a letter in which he told to his friend that he burned the book simply because he was not satisfied with it.

Sienkiewicz's early works (e.g., the 1872 {{Lang|pl|Humoreski z teki Woroszyłły}}) show him a strong supporter of [[Positivism in Poland|Polish Positivism]], endorsing constructive, practical characters such as engineers.<ref name="psb203"/> Polish "Positivism" advocated economic and social modernization and deprecated armed [[irredentist]] struggle.<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-164"/> Unlike most other Polish Positivist writers, Sienkiewicz was a conservative.<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-164"/> His Little Trilogy (''Stary Sługa'', 1875; ''Hania'', 1876; ''Selim Mirza'', 1877) shows his interest in [[history of Poland|Polish history]] and his literary maturity, including fine mastery of humor and drama.<ref name="psb204"/><ref name="psb205"/> His early works focused on three themes: the oppression and poverty of the peasants ("Charcoal Sketches", 1877); criticism of the partitioning powers ("''{{Lang|pl|Z pamiętnika korepetytora}}''", "''[[Janko Muzykant]]''" ["Janko the Musician"], 1879); and his voyage to the United States ("''{{Lang|pl|Za chlebem}}''", "For Bread", 1880).<ref name="psb205"/> His most common motif was the plight of the powerless: impoverished peasants, schoolchildren, and emigrants.<ref name="psb205"/>

His "''Latarnik''" ("The [[Lighthouse keeper]]", 1881) has been described as one of the best Polish short stories.<ref name="psb205"/> His 1882 stories "''{{Lang|pl|Bartek Zwycięzca}}''" ("Bart the Conqueror") and "''Sachem''" draw parallels between the tragic fates of their heroes and that of the occupied Polish nation.<ref name="psb206"/>

His novel ''With Fire and Sword'' (1883–84) was enthusiastically received by readers (as were the next two volumes of [[The Trilogy]]), becoming an "instant classic", though critical reception was lukewarm.<ref name="psb206"/><ref name="psb207"/><ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-164"/><ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-165"/> The Trilogy is set in 17th-century Poland.<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-164"/> While critics generally praised its style, they noted that some historic facts are misrepresented or distorted.<ref name="psb206"/><ref name="psb207"/><ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-165"/> The Trilogy merged elements of the [[epic (genre)|epic]] and the historical novel, infused with special features of Sienkiewicz's style.<ref name="psb207"/> The Trilogy's patriotism worried the censors; Warsaw's Russian censor I. Jankul warned Sienkiewicz that he would not allow publication of any further works of his dealing with Polish history.<ref name="psb208"/>
[[File:POL COA Oszyk.svg|thumb|Sienkiewicz's family coat-of-arms, [[Oszyk coat of arms|''Oszyk'']], was a variant of this [[Łabędź coat of arms|''Łabędź'']] (Swan) coat-of-arms.]]
Sienkiewicz's ''[[Without dogma]]'' (''Bez dogmatu'', 1889–90) was a notable artistic experiment, a self-analytical novel written as a fictitious diary.<ref name="psb208"/> His works of the period are critical of [[Decadent movement|decadent]] and [[Naturalism (literature)|naturalistic]] philosophies.<ref name="psb209"/> He had expressed his opinions on naturalism and writing, generally, early on in "''{{Lang|pl|O naturaliźmie w powieści}}''" ("Naturalism in the Novel", 1881).<ref name="psb205"/> A dozen years later, in 1893, he wrote that novels should strengthen and ennoble life, rather than undermining and debasing it.<ref name="psb209"/> Later, in the early 1900s, he fell into mutual hostility with the [[Young Poland]] movement in Polish literature.<ref name="psb211"/>

These views informed his novel [[Quo Vadis (novel)|''Quo Vadis'']] (1896).<ref name="psb209"/> This story of [[early Christianity]] in Rome, with protagonists struggling against the [[Emperor Nero]]'s regime, draws parallels between repressed early Christians and contemporary Poles; and, due to its focus on Christianity, it became widely popular in the Christian [[Western culture|West]].<ref name="KurianIII2010"/> The triumph of spiritual Christianity over materialist Rome was a critique of materialism and decadence, and also an allegory for the strength of the Polish spirit.<ref name="psb209"/>

His ''[[The Teutonic Knights (novel)|Teutonic Knights]]'' returned to Poland's history,<ref name="psb209"/> describing the [[Battle of Grunwald]] (1410), a Polish-Lithuanian victory over the Teutonic Knights in the [[Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War|Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War]]. Both in German and Polish culture the Teutonic Knights were incorrectly viewed as precursors to modern Germans while the Polish-Lithuanian union was regarded as a model for a future independent Polish state. These assumptions tied in well with the contemporary political context of ongoing [[Germanization]] efforts in [[German partition|German Poland]].<ref name="psb209"/><ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-165"/> So, the book quickly became another Sienkiewicz bestseller in Poland, and was received by critics better than his Trilogy had been; it was also applauded by the Polish right-wing, anti-German [[National Democracy (Poland)|National Democracy]] political movement, and became part of the Polish school curriculum after Poland regained independence in 1918.<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-165"/><ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-166"/>

It is often incorrectly asserted that Sienkiewicz received his Nobel Prize for ''Quo Vadis''.<ref name="PHA"/><ref name="wilczak"/> While ''[[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]]'' is the novel that brought him international fame,<ref name="Sienkiewicz1998"/> the [[Nobel Prize]] does not name any particular novel, instead citing "his outstanding merits as an epic writer".<ref name="The Nobel Prize in Literature 1905"/>

Sienkiewicz often carried out substantial historic research for his novels, but he was selective in the findings that made it into the novels. Thus, for example, he prioritized Polish military victories over defeats.<ref name="psb207"/> Sienkiewicz kept a diary, but it has been [[Lost literary work|lost]].<ref name="psb213"/> A life of him written in English by [[Monica Mary Gardner|Monica M. Gardner]] was published in 1926.

== Recognition ==
[[File:Sienkiewicz in rome.JPG|thumb|Statue of author of ''[[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]]'', near [[Galleria Borghese|Villa Borghese]] in Rome]]
[[File:Bust of Henryk Sienkiewicz in Henryk Jordan Park.jpg|thumb|Bust of Henryk Sienkiewicz sculpted by Jósef Opala found in [[Henryk Jordan Park, Kraków]]]]
{{Conservatism in Poland}}
About the turn of the 20th century, Sienkiewicz was the most popular writer in Poland, and one of the most popular in Germany, France, Russia, and the English-speaking world.<ref name="psb209"/> The Trilogy went through many translations; ''With Fire and Sword'' saw at least 26 in his lifetime.<ref name="psb209"/> ''Quo Vadis'' became extremely popular, in at least 40 different language translations, including English-language editions totaling a million copies.<ref name="psb209"/> The American translator [[Jeremiah Curtin]] has been credited with helping popularize his works abroad.<ref name="KurianIII2010">{{cite book|author1=George Thomas Kurian|author2=James D. Smith III|title=The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dk4G-52QT-8C&pg=PA564|access-date=28 May 2013|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7283-7|page=564}}</ref> However, as Russia (of which Sienkiewicz was a citizen) was not a signatory to the [[Berne Convention]], he rarely received any [[royalties]] from the translations.<ref name="psb210"/>

Already in his lifetime his works were adapted for theatrical, operatic and musical presentations and for the emerging film industry.<ref name="psb209"/><ref name="psb214"/> Writers and poets devoted works to him, or used him or his works as inspiration.<ref name="psb210"/> Painters created works inspired by Sienkiewicz's novels, and their works were gathered in Sienkiewicz-themed albums and exhibitions.<ref name="psb209"/> The names of his characters were given to a variety of products.<ref name="psb209"/> The popularity of ''Quo Vadis'' in France, where it was the best-selling book of 1900, is shown by the fact that horses competing in a [[Grand Prix de Paris]] event were named for characters in the book.<ref name="Kulczycka-Saloni1966"/> In the United States, ''Quo Vadis'' sold 800,000 copies in eighteen months.<ref name="KurianIII2010"/> To avoid intrusive journalists and fans, Sienkiewicz sometimes traveled incognito.<ref name="psb209"/>

He was inducted into many international organizations and societies, including the Polish [[Academy of Learning]], the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], the [[Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]], the [[Royal Czech Society of Sciences]], and the Italian [[Academy of Arcadia]].<ref name="psb209"/> He received the French ''[[Légion d'honneur]]'' (1904),<ref name="psb210"/> [[honorary doctorate]]s from the [[Jagiellonian University]] (1900) and [[Lwów University]] (1911), and [[honorary citizenship]] of [[Lwów]] (1902).<ref name="psb210"/><ref name="psb212"/> In 1905 he received the most prestigious award in the world of literature, the Nobel Prize, after having been nominated in that year by [[Hans Hildebrand]], member of the [[Swedish Academy]].<ref name="psb210"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=4830 |title=Nomination Database |publisher=Nobelprize.org |access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1905/press.html |title=Award Ceremony Speech|author=C.D. af Wirsén |publisher=nobelprize.org |year=1905 |access-date=21 March 2018 }}</ref>

Named for Sienkiewicz, in Poland, are numerous streets and squares (the first street to bear his name was in Lwów, in 1907).<ref name="psb212"/><ref name="psb214"/> Named for him is [[Białystok]]'s ''[[Osiedle Sienkiewicza, Białystok|Osiedle Sienkiewicza]]''; city parks in [[Wrocław]], [[Łódź]], and [[Henryk Sienkiewicz Park in Włocławek|Włocławek]]; and over 70 schools in Poland.<ref name="psb214"/> He has statues in a number of Polish cities, including Warsaw's [[Łazienki Park]] (the first statue was erected at [[Zbaraż]], now in Ukraine),<ref name="psb214"/> and in Rome<ref>See Wikimedia Commons 26 March 2012 photo by user:Muhammad: [File:Sienkiewicz in rome.JPG].</ref> A Sienkiewcz Mound stands at [[Okrzeja]], near his birthplace, [[Wola Okrzejska]].<ref name="psb214"/> He has been featured on a number of postage stamps.<ref name="psb214"/>
[[File:Poster - Quo Vadis (1951) 01.jpg|thumb|right|Official poster for the film [[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|''Quo Vadis'']], 1951]]
There are three museums dedicated to him in Poland.<ref name="psb214"/> The first, the Henryk Sienkiewicz Museum in Oblęgorek (his residence), opened in 1958.<ref name="mnki"/> The second, founded in 1966, is in his birthplace: the Henryk Sienkiewicz Museum in Wola Okrzejska.<ref name="MUZEUM HENRYKA SIENKIEWICZA W WOLI OKRZEJSKIEJ"/> The third opened in 1978 at Poznań.<ref name="psb214"/>

In [[Rome]] (Italy), in the small church of [[Church of Domine Quo Vadis|"Domine Quo Vadis"]], there is a bronze bust of Henryk Sienkiewicz. It is said that Sienkiewicz was inspired to write his novel ''[[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]]'' while sitting in this church.

Outside Poland, Sienkiewicz's popularity declined beginning in the [[interbellum]], except for ''Quo Vadis'', which retained relative fame thanks to several film adaptations, including [[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|a notable American one in 1951]].<ref name="psb214"/><ref name="KurianIII2010"/> In Poland his works are still widely read; he is seen as a classic author, and his works are often required reading in schools.<ref name="psb214"/> They have also been adapted for Polish films and television series.<ref name="psb214"/>

The first critical analyses of his works were published in his lifetime.<ref name="psb211"/><ref name="psb214"/> He has been the subject of a number of biographies.<ref name="psb214"/> His works have received criticism, in his lifetime and since, as being simplistic: a view expressed notably by the 20th-century Polish novelist and dramatist [[Witold Gombrowicz]], who described Sienkiewicz as a "first-rate second-rate writer".<ref name="psb214"/><ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-166"/> [[Vasily Rozanov]] described ''Quo Vadis'' as "not a work of art", but a "crude factory-made [[oleograph]]", while [[Anton Chekhov]] called Sienkiewicz's writing "sickeningly cloying and clumsy".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tabachnikova |first1=Olga |title=Anton Chekhov Through the Eyes of Russian Thinkers: Vasilii Rozanov, Dmitrii Merezhkovskii and Lev Shestov |date=2012 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=9780857282279 |page=87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dvc1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |language=en}}</ref> Nonetheless, the Polish historian of literature [[Henryk Markiewicz]], writing the ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'' (Polish Biographical Dictionary) entry on Sienkiewicz (1997), describes him as a master of Polish prose, as the foremost Polish writer of historical fiction, and as Poland's internationally best-known writer.<ref name="psb214"/>

== Bibliography ==
=== Novels ===
==== Series ====
''The Small Trilogy''
# ''The Old Servant'' (1875) – short story.
# ''Hania'' (1876) – novella – about a love triangle and unfulfilled love.
# ''Saleem Mirza'' (1877) – novella – it takes place during the [[Franco-Prussian War]].

''[[The Trilogy]]'' (''Trylogia'')
# ''[[With Fire and Sword]]'' (''Ogniem i mieczem'', 1884) depicts the 17th-century [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] of [[Ukraine]]'s [[Cossacks]] against Poland; the novel has been made into a [[With Fire and Sword (film)|feature film]] of the same title and inspired the video game [[Mount & Blade: With Fire & Sword|''Mount & Blade: With Fire & Sword'']].
# [[The Deluge (novel)|''The Deluge'']] (''Potop'', 1886) depicts the 17th-century Swedish invasion of Poland, [[The Deluge (Polish history)|the "Deluge"]]; the novel has been made into a [[The Deluge (film)|feature film]] of the same title.
# [[Fire in the Steppe|''Sir Michael'']] (''Pan Wołodyjowski'', 1888) depicts Poland's struggle against the [[Ottoman Empire]], invading Poland in 1668–1672; the novel has been made into a feature film, ''[[Colonel Wolodyjowski (film)|Colonel Wołodyjowski]]''.

==== Standalone novels ====
* ''[[Without dogma]]'' (''Bez dogmatu'', 1891).
* ''The Polaniecki Family'', a.k.a. ''Children of the Soil'' (''Rodzina Połanieckich'', 1894) – in Warsaw (the city, the place of doing business) and its main character is a merchant and entrepreneur (an engineer by education, a nobleman by birth), Stanisław Połaniecki who marries an impoverished noblewoman Marynia, née Pławicka. From a ruthless businessman and an unfaithful husband who subordinates moral values to his goals and whims, he changes into a landowner who honours traditional values. The image of the Połanieckis' marriage presented in the work focuses mainly on the experience of the relationship by both spouses. The descriptions mainly concern the spouses while little is said about marriage as a relationship. Sienkiewicz focuses more on the description of Połaniecki than his wife. It is his figure that is outlined in more detail and comprehensively. Połaniecka is presented mainly as an ideal wife.
* ''[[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]]'' (1895) – a story of [[St. Peter]] in Rome in the reign of Emperor [[Nero]].
* [[The Teutonic Knights (novel)|''The Teutonic Knights'']] (a.k.a. ''The Knights of the Cross'': ''Krzyżacy'', 1900) relates to the [[Battle of Grunwald]]; the novel was made into [[The Teutonic Knights (film)|a 1960 feature film of the same title]], by [[Aleksander Ford]].
* ''[[On the Field of Glory]]'' (''Na polu chwały'', 1906) – a story of King [[John III Sobieski]] and the [[Battle of Vienna]].
* Whirlpools (''Wiry'', 1910) – a critical attitude towards the socialist movement is expressed.
* ''[[In Desert and Wilderness]]'' (''W pustyni i w puszczy'', 1912) – the adventures of a Polish boy, Staś, and a younger English girl, Nell, in Africa during the [[Mahdist War]] of 1881–99.
* ''Legions'' (1914 – Unfinished) – in the Polish lands of the Prussian partition. Two friends: Marek Kwiatkowski and Stanisław Cywiński decide to enlist in the Polish legions that are formed in Italy and fight alongside Napoleon Bonaparte against Austria. The author presents the sociopolitical and moral situation in the Polish lands under the Prussian partition. The reader observes the everyday life of various social groups, their attitudes towards the occupying authorities, as well as their views on national issues. In the further part of the novel, the situation of Polish legionnaires in Italy after the conclusion of the Campo Formio peace (1797) between the French Republic and the Habsburg Monarchy.

=== Short fiction ===
* ''Humorous Sketches from the Worszyłło Portfolio'' (1872) – collection
* ''In Vain'' (1872) – novella
* ''Charcoal Sketches'' (1877) – novelette
* ''A Comedy of Errors'' (1878) – novella
* ''Janko the Musician'' (1879) – short story
* ''Across the Steppes'' (1879) – short story
* ''From the Diary of a Poznań Teacher'' (1880) – novella
* ''Tatar Captivity – Fragments from the Nobility Chronicle of Aleksy Zdanoborski'' (1880) – novella
* ''For Daily Bread or After Bread'' (1880) – short story
* ''Orso'' (1880) – short story
* ''In the Land of Gold'' (1881) – short story
* ''The Lighthouse Keeper of Aspinwall'' (1881) – novella
* ''Bartek the Conqueror'' (1882) – novella
* ''Jamiol'' (1882) – novella
* ''The Third One'' (1888) – humoresque
* ''Sachem'' (1889) – short story
* ''Memories of Mariposa'' (1889) – short story
* ''Let's follow him!'' (1892) – Christian novella
* ''On the Bright Shore'' (1897) – novella
* ''Her Tragic Fate'' (18??) – novella

==== Collections ====
* ''Yanko the Musician and other stories'' (1893)
* ''Lillian Morris and other stories'' (1894)
* ''Hania and other stories'' (1897)
* ''Let Us Follow Him and other stories'' (1897, unauthorized)
* ''Sielanka, a forest picture, and other stories'' (1898)
* ''Life and Death and other legends and stories'' (1904)
* ''So Runs the World'' (criticism, a story, and two short dramas, "Whose Fault?" and "Win or Lose")

=== Play ===
* ''Zagloba the Matchmaker'' (1900) – in one act and 14 scenes

=== Letters ===
* ''Letters from a Journey to America'' (1880)
* ''Letters from Africa'' (1890)

== Filmography ==
* ''[[Quo Vadis (1913 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' (dir. [[Enrico Guazzoni]], 1913)
* ''[[Obrona Częstochowy]]'' (dir. [[Edward Puchalski]], 1913)
* ''[[Quo Vadis (1924 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' (dir. [[Gabriellino D'Annunzio]] and [[Georg Jacoby]], 1924)
* ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' (dir. [[Mervyn LeRoy]], 1951)
* ''[[Szkice węglem]]'' (dir. [[Antoni Bohdziewicz]], 1957)
* ''[[Knights of the Teutonic Order (film)|Knights of the Teutonic Order]]'' (dir. [[Aleksander Ford]], 1960)
* ''[[Invasion 1700]]'' (dir. [[Fernando Cerchio]], 1962)
* ''[[Colonel Wolodyjowski (film)|Colonel Wolodyjowski]]'' (dir. [[Jerzy Hoffman]], 1969)
* ''[[In Desert and Wilderness (1973 film)|In Desert and Wilderness]]'' (dir. [[Władysław Ślesicki]], 1973)
* ''[[The Deluge (film)|The Deluge]]'' (dir. [[Jerzy Hoffman]], 1974)
* ''[[Quo Vadis? (miniseries)|Quo Vadis]]'' (TV miniseries, dir. [[Franco Rossi (director)|Franco Rossi]], 1985)
* ''[[With Fire and Sword (film)|With Fire and Sword]]'' (dir. [[Jerzy Hoffman]], 1999)
* ''[[In Desert and Wilderness (2001 film)|In Desert and Wilderness]]'' (dir. [[Gavin Hood]], 2001)
* ''[[Quo Vadis (2001 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' (dir. [[Jerzy Kawalerowicz]], 2001)

== See also ==
* [[Onufry Zagłoba]]
* [[Polish literature]]
* [[List of Poles]]
* [[List of Polish Nobel laureates]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-163">{{cite book|author1=Ahmet Ersoy|author2=Maciej Gorny|author3=Vangelis Kechriotis|title=Modernism: Representations of National Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAWTxcwvsLwC&pg=PA163|access-date=24 May 2013|year= 2010|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-7326-64-6|page=163}}</ref>
<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-164">{{cite book|author1=Ahmet Ersoy|author2=Maciej Gorny|author3=Vangelis Kechriotis|title=Modernism: Representations of National Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAWTxcwvsLwC&pg=PA164|access-date=24 May 2013|year=2010|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-7326-64-6|page=164}}</ref>
<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-165">{{cite book|author1=Ahmet Ersoy|author2=Maciej Gorny|author3=Vangelis Kechriotis|title=Modernism: Representations of National Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAWTxcwvsLwC&pg=PA165|access-date=24 May 2013|year=2010|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-7326-64-6|page=165}}</ref>
<ref name="ErsoyGorny2010-166">{{cite book|author1=Ahmet Ersoy|author2=Maciej Gorny|author3=Vangelis Kechriotis|title=Modernism: Representations of National Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAWTxcwvsLwC&pg=PA166|access-date=24 May 2013|year= 2010|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-7326-64-6|page=166}}</ref>
<ref name="Ihnatowicz2000">{{cite book|author=Ewa Ihnatowicz|title=Literatura polska drugiej połowy XIX wieku (1864–1914)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5gZAQAAIAAJ|access-date=8 May 2013|year=2000|publisher=Wydawn. Trio|isbn=978-83-85660-87-3|page=73}}</ref>
<ref name="Kulczycka-Saloni1960">{{cite book|author=Janina Kulczycka-Saloni|title=Henryk Sienkiewicz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cn5GAAAAMAAJ|access-date=12 May 2013|year=1960|publisher=Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych|page=19}}</ref>
<ref name="Kulczycka-Saloni1966">{{cite book|author=Janina Kulczycka-Saloni|title=Henryk Sienkiewicz: Materiały zebrała i wstępem opatrzyła Janina Kulczycka-Saloni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4F0AAAAIAAJ|access-date=18 May 2013|year=1966|publisher=Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkołnych|page=67}}</ref>
<ref name="Lockert1919">{{cite journal | title = Henryk Sienkiewicz | jstor = 27533215 | year = 1919 | author = Lockert, Lacy | journal = The Sewanee Review | pages = 257–283 | volume = 27 | issue = 3 }}</ref>
<ref name="MUZEUM HENRYKA SIENKIEWICZA W WOLI OKRZEJSKIEJ">{{cite web |url=http://www.muzeumsienkiewicza.pl/ |title=Muzeum Henryka Sienkiewicza w Woli Okrzejskiej |publisher=Muzeum Sienkiewicza.pl |access-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102753/http://www.muzeumsienkiewicza.pl/ |archive-date=19 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Majchrowski1966">{{cite book|author=Stefan Majchrowski|title=Pan Sienkiewicz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5N9GAAAAMAAJ|access-date=12 May 2013|year=1966|publisher=Ludowa Spóldzielnia Wydawnicza|page=456}}</ref>
<ref name="PHA">{{cite book|title=Polish American Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ad2AAAAMAAJ|access-date=8 May 2013|year=2005|publisher=Polish-American Historical Association|page=76}}</ref>
<ref name="RęboszPierściński1996">{{cite book|author1=Ireneusz Rębosz|author2=Paweł Pierściński|author3=Maryla Janudi|title=Henryk Sienkiewicz i jego Oblęgorek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpXsAAAAMAAJ|access-date=12 May 2013|year=1996|publisher=Wydawnictwo Voyager|isbn=978-83-85496-39-7|page=iv}}</ref>
<ref name="Sienkiewicz1998">{{cite book|author=Henryk Sienkiewicz|title=Quo Vadis: A Narrative of the Time of Nero|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwAixoe1lTwC&pg=PR10|access-date=8 May 2013|year= 1998|publisher=Regnery Gateway|isbn=978-0-89526-345-2|page=10}}</ref>
<ref name="Studencki1967">{{cite book|author=Władysław Studencki|title=Szkice literackie: wielcy i mali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCNHAAAAIAAJ|access-date=12 May 2013|year=1967|pages=66–67}}</ref>
<ref name="The Nobel Peace Prize 1983. Lech Wałęsa. Acceptance Speech">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1983/walesa-acceptance.html|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1983. Lech Wałęsa. Acceptance Speech|publisher=nobelprize.org|access-date=8 May 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="The Nobel Prize in Literature 1905">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1905/index.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1905|publisher=nobelprize.org|access-date=8 May 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Wychowanie przedszkolne w Polsce w latach 1918-1939">{{cite book|title=Wychowanie przedszkolne w Polsce w latach 1918–1939 |trans-title=Preschool Education in Poland in 1918–1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDMfOkl_sdEC|access-date=18 May 2013|year=1967|publisher=Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolińskich|page=129}}</ref>
<ref name="ciechanowicz">Jan Ciechanowicz. Rody rycerskie Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. 2001. p. 72. Quote: "Sienkiewicz herbu Oszyk, 1775 nobilitowany: Sienkiewicze trockie, podolskie, Królestwo Polskie. Gałąź rodziny tatarskiej osiadłej na Litwie, przyjęła chrzest i uzyskała nobilitację z herbem Oszyk w osobie Michała Sienkiewicza. Z tej rodziny: Henryk 1847–1916, powieściopisarz"</ref>
<ref name="hierarchicznej">Andrzej Kulikowski. Heraldyka szlachecka. 1990. p. 89. Quote: "Rodzina Sienkiewiczów vel Sieńkiewiczów wywodzi się z tatarów zawołżańskich, zapisani do tzw. Chorągwi juszyńskiej – były to dolne szczeble w drabinie hierarchicznej utytułowanych rodów tatarskich. Według dokumentu wydanego w Radomiu 6 lutego 1782 protoplastą tej rodziny był Piotr Oszyk Sienkiewicz."</ref>
<ref name="mnki">{{cite web|author=Producer – strony www, cms, social media, producer.pl |url=http://sienkiewicz.mnki.pl/en/ |title=Muzeum Narodowe w Kielcach |publisher=Sienkiewicz.mnki.pl |access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="psb203">[[Henryk Markiewicz]], "Sienkiewicz, Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'', vol. XXXVII, 1997, p. 203.</ref>
<ref name="psb204">[[Henryk Markiewicz]], "Sienkiewicz, Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'', vol. XXXVII, 1997, p. 204.</ref>
<ref name="psb205">[[Henryk Markiewicz]], "Sienkiewicz, Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'', vol. XXXVII, 1997, p. 205.</ref>
<ref name="psb206">[[Henryk Markiewicz]], "Sienkiewicz, Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'', vol. XXXVII, 1997, p. 206.</ref>
<ref name="psb207">[[Henryk Markiewicz]], "Sienkiewicz, Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'', vol. XXXVII, 1997, p. 207.</ref>
<ref name="psb208">[[Henryk Markiewicz]], "Sienkiewicz, Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'', vol. XXXVII, 1997, p. 208.</ref>
<ref name="psb209">[[Henryk Markiewicz]], "Sienkiewicz, Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'', vol. XXXVII, 1997, p. 209.</ref>
<ref name="psb210">[[Henryk Markiewicz]], "Sienkiewicz, Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'', vol. XXXVII, 1997, p. 210.</ref>
<ref name="psb211">[[Henryk Markiewicz]], "Sienkiewicz, Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'', vol. XXXVII, 1997, p. 211.</ref>
<ref name="psb212">[[Henryk Markiewicz]], "Sienkiewicz, Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'', vol. XXXVII, 1997, p. 212.</ref>
<ref name="psb213">[[Henryk Markiewicz]], "Sienkiewicz, Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'', vol. XXXVII, 1997, p. 213.</ref>
<ref name="psb214">[[Henryk Markiewicz]], "Sienkiewicz, Henryk Adam Aleksander Pius", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'', vol. XXXVII, 1997, p. 214.</ref>
<ref name="wilczak">{{cite web|author=Sylwia Wilczak|url=http://www.archiwum.wyborcza.pl/Archiwum/1,0,4285413,20050201RP-TEM,QUO_VADIS_NOBLOWSKA_POMYLKA,.html |title=Quo Vadis Noblowska Pomyłka |publisher=Archiwum.wyborcza.pl |access-date=8 May 2013}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Henryk Sienkiewicz}}
{{EB1911 poster|Sienkiewicz, Henryk|Henryk Sienkiewicz}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=6 List of works]
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henryk-sienkiewicz}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=1052 | name=Henryk Sienkiewicz}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Sienkiewicz, Henryk|name=Henryk Sienkiewicz|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Henryk Sienkiewicz}}
* [https://archive.org/details/The17THCenturyWars Henryk Sienkiewicz Books Collection]
* {{Librivox author}}
* {{OL author}}
* [http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz Works of Henryk Sienkiewicz at Polish Wikisource] {{in lang|pl}}
* [https://www.polishamericancenter.org/Sienkiewicz.htm Biography at the Polish American Center]
* [https://poezja.org/wz/Sienkiewicz_Henryk/ Henryk Sienkiewicz] at poezja.org (polish)
* [https://archive.today/20130416091803/http://www.culture.pl/web/english/museums/-/eo_event_asset_publisher/sh2A/content/the-henryk-sienkiewicz-museum-in-oblegorek the Henryk Sienkiewicz Museum in Oblegorek]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120627122458/http://www.culture.pl/web/english/resources-literature-full-page/-/eo_event_asset_publisher/eAN5/content/henryk-sienkiewicz Henryk Sienkiewicz] at culture.pl
* {{Nobelprize}}
* {{PM20}}

{{Henryk Sienkiewicz|state=expanded}}
{{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureates 1901-1925}}
{{1905 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{Quo Vadis (novel)}}
{{The Trilogy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sienkiewicz, Henryk}}
[[Category:Henryk Sienkiewicz| ]]
[[Category:1846 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:People from Łuków County]]
[[Category:People from Lublin Governorate]]
[[Category:Polish nobility]]
[[Category:Clan of Oszyk]]
[[Category:People from the Russian Empire of Lipka Tatar descent]]
[[Category:19th-century Polish novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Polish novelists]]
[[Category:Jauch family]]
[[Category:Polish male novelists]]
[[Category:Polish male short story writers]]
[[Category:Polish historical novelists]]
[[Category:Polish Nobel laureates]]
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[[Category:Polish conservatives]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Literature]]
[[Category:Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
[[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Burials at St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw]]
[[Category:Christian novelists]]
[[Category:Polish positivists]]
[[Category:Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
[[Category:Mythopoeic writers]]