Editing Heteroecious

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{short description|Several-host parasite}}
[[File:Melampsora-larici-populina life cycle.jpg|thumb|''[[Melampsora laricis-populina]]'' life cycle. (a) Biological macrocyclic heteroecious cycle of ''M. larici-populina''. (b) Vegetative cycle occurring on [[Populus|poplar]] leaves and used as a model for molecular investigations of the poplar-[[poplar rust]] interaction. hpi=hours of postinoculation.]]
A '''heteroecious''' [[parasite]] is one that requires at least two [[Host (biology)|host]]s. The ''primary host'' is the host in which the parasite spends its adult life; the other is the ''secondary host''.  Both hosts are required for the parasite to complete its life cycle.  This can be contrasted with an '''autoecious''' parasite which can complete its life cycle on a single host species. Many [[rust fungi]] have heteroecious life cycles:<ref>Schumann, G. & D'Arcy, C. (2010). Essential plant pathology. APS Press</ref>

In [[parasitology]], '''[[heteroxeny]]''', or heteroxenous development, is a synonymous term that characterizes a [[parasite]] whose development involves several [[Host (biology)|host]]s.<ref name="Odening1976">{{Cite book |last1=Odening |first1=Klaus |chapter=Conception and terminology of hosts in parasitology |editor1-last=Dawes |editor1-first=Ben |volume=14 |pages=24–25 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcRtCavuUYEC&pg=PA24 |title=Advances in Parasitology |date=20 January 1976 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-058060-9 |language=en |access-date=2 October 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026175413/https://books.google.com/books?id=rcRtCavuUYEC&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Fungal examples ==
* ''[[Gymnosporangium]]'' (Cedar-apple rust): the [[juniper]] is the primary ([[teliospore|telial]]) host and the [[apple]], [[pear]] or [[Crataegus|hawthorn]] is the secondary ([[aecial]]) host.
* ''[[White Pine Blister Rust|Cronartium ribicola]]'' (White pine blister rust): the primary host are [[Pinus classification|white pines]], and [[Ribes|currants]] the secondary.
* ''[[Hemileia vastatrix]]'' (Coffee rust): the primary host is coffee plant, and the alternate host is unknown.
* ''[[Puccinia graminis]]'' (Stem rust): the primary hosts include Kentucky bluegrass, barley, and wheat; barberry is the alternate host.
* [[Puccinia coronata var. avenae|''Puccinia coronata'' var. ''avenae'']] (Crown rust of oats): Oats are the primary host; ''[[Rhamnus (genus)|Rhamnus]]'' spp. (Buckthorns) are the alternate hosts.
* ''[[Phakopsora meibomiae]]'' and ''[[Phakopsora pachyrhizi|P. pachyrhizi]]'' (Soybean Rust): the primary host is soybean and various legumes. The alternate host is unknown.
* ''[[Puccinia porri]]'' (Leek rust): [[autoecious]]

==History==
The phenomenon of '''heteroecy''' was first discovered by [[Anders Sandøe Ørsted (botanist)|A.S. Ørsted]] in 1863.<ref>Ørsted, A.S. (1863) Om Sygdomme hos Planterne, som foraarsages af Snyltesvampe, navnlig om Rust og Brand og om Midlerne til deres Forebyggelse. [[Copenhagen|Kjøbenhavn]]</ref>

==References==
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[[Category:Parasitology]]

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