Editing Holland Codes

{{Short description|Theory of career development & vocational choice created by John L. Holland}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
[[File:Holland Codes hexagon.gif|alt=|frame|[[John L. Holland]]'s RIASEC hexagon of ''The Holland Codes.'']]
The '''Holland Codes''' or the '''Holland Occupational Themes''' ('''RIASEC'''<ref name=":0">{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-25|title=Teste vocacional Fce|url=https://fce.edu.br/testevocacional/|website=fce.edu.br}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>) are a taxonomy of interests<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=David P. |last2=Borgen |first2=Fred H. |date=1999-08-01 |title=Holland's Theory and the Development of Interest Inventories |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001879199916998 |journal=Journal of Vocational Behavior |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=86–101 |doi=10.1006/jvbe.1999.1699 |issn=0001-8791|url-access=subscription }}</ref> based on a theory of careers and vocational choice that was initially developed by American psychologist [[John L. Holland]].<ref name=association>{{cite web
|url=http://associationdatabase.com/aws/NCDA/pt/sd/news_article/6521/_PARENT/layout_details/false
|title=John L. Holland, 1919–2008: A Select Bibliography added to the Tribute & Obituary
|access-date=December 7, 2015
|date=November 2, 2008|publisher=NCDA
}}</ref><ref name=2010cp>"[http://www.counseling.org/docs/david-kaplan's-files/nauta.pdf?sfvrsn=2 The Development, Evolution, and Status of Holland's Theory of Vocational Personalities: Reflections and Future Directions for Counseling Psychology]." ''Journal of Counseling Psychology'', Vol 57(1), 2010, 11–22.</ref>

The Holland Codes serve as a component of the interests assessment, the [[Strong Interest Inventory]]. In addition, the [[US Department of Labor]]'s [[Employment and Training Administration]] has been using an updated and expanded version of the RIASEC model in the "Interests" section of its free online database O*NET ([[Occupational Information Network]])<ref name=onetint>{{cite web
|url=http://www.onetonline.org/find/descriptor/browse/Interests/ 
|title=O*NET OnLine: Interests
|access-date=December 7, 2015
|publisher=[[Occupational Information Network]]
}}</ref> since its inception during the late 1990s.<ref name=replace>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/1999/Spring/art01.pdf 
|title=Replace with a database: O*NET replaces the Dictionary of Occupational Titles|access-date=December 7, 2015
|last=Matthew
|first=Mariana
|date=1999
|publisher=[[Occupational Information Network|Occupational Outlook Quarterly Online, Spring 1999 Vol. 43, Number 1]]
}}</ref><ref name=second>{{cite web
|url=https://www.onetcenter.org/dl_files/SecondOIP_Summary.pdf
|title=Second Generation Occupational Interest Profiles for the O*NET System: Summary
|access-date=December 7, 2015
|last=Rounds
|first=James Patrick
|date=2008
|publisher=[[Occupational Information Network|The National Center for O*NET Development, June 2008]]
}}</ref>

==Overview==
Holland's theories of vocational choice, ''The Holland Occupational Themes'', "now pervades [[career counseling]] research and practice".<ref name=2010cp/> Its origins "can be traced to an article in the ''[[Journal of Applied Psychology]]'' in 1958 and a subsequent article in 1959 that set out his theory of vocational choices.&nbsp;... The basic premise was that one's occupational preferences were in a sense a veiled expression of underlying character."<ref name=obitathan>Athanasou, James. "[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Obituary%3A+John+L.+Holland+1919-2008.-a0203231318 Obituary: John L. Holland 1919–2008]" ''Australian Journal of Career Development'', September 22, 2009.</ref> The 1959 article in particular ("A Theory of Vocational Choice", published in the ''[[Journal of Counseling Psychology]]'') is considered the first major introduction of Holland's "theory of vocational personalities and work environments".<ref name=2010cp/> 

Holland originally labeled his six types as "motoric, intellectual, esthetic, supportive, persuasive, and conforming".<ref name="2010cp" /> He later developed and changed them to: "Realistic (Doers), Investigative (Thinkers), Artistic (Creators), Social (Helpers), Enterprising (Persuaders), and Conventional (Organizers)".<ref name="nhgov">{{cite web
|url=http://www.nhes.nh.gov/elmi/career/documents/holland-code-sparks.pdf
|title=Holland Codes
|access-date=December 7, 2015
|publisher=[[Government of New Hampshire|New Hampshire Employment Security, Economic and Labor Market Information Bureau]]
}}</ref> Holland's six categories show some correlation with each other.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Making vocational choices: a theory of vocational personalities and work environments|last=L.|first=Holland, John|date=1997|publisher=Psychological Assessment Resources|isbn=0911907270|edition= 3rd|location=Odessa, Fla.|oclc=36648506}}</ref> It is called the RIASEC model or the hexagonal model because the initial letter of the region is equal to R-I-A-S-E-C when it is expressed as a circle connecting the regions of high correlation. Professor John Johnson of [[Pennsylvania State University|Penn State]] suggested that an alternative way of categorizing the six types would be through ancient social roles: "hunters (Realistic), shamans (Investigative), artisans (Artistic), healers (Social), leaders (Enterprising), and lorekeepers (Conventional)".<ref name=seva>{{cite web
|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/cui-bono/201306/selfless-service-part-ii-different-types-seva
|title=Selfless Service, Part II: Different Types of Seva
|access-date=December 7, 2015
|last=Johnson
|first=John
|date=June 1, 2013|publisher=[[Psychology Today]]
}}</ref> Holland offers full definitions of each type in his book, ''Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (Third Edition)'' (1997).<ref name=hollandbook>{{cite book
 |last=Holland
 |first=John
 |author-link=
 |date=1997
 |title=Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (Third Edition)'
 |url=
 |location=Florida
 |publisher=PAR
 |page= 
 |isbn=0-911907-27-0
}}</ref> 

According to the ''Committee on Scientific Awards'', Holland's "research shows that personalities seek out and flourish in career environments they fit and that jobs and career environments are classifiable by the personalities that flourish in them".<ref name=08win>"Award for distinguished scientific applications of psychology: John L. Holland". ''American Psychologist'', Vol 63(8), Nov 2008, 672–674.</ref> Holland also wrote of his theory that "the choice of a vocation is an expression of personality".<ref name="holl73">Holland, John. ''Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Careers''. (Prentice-Hall, 1973).</ref>{{rp|6}} Furthermore, while Holland suggested that people can be "categorized as one of six types",<ref name="holl73"/>{{rp|2}} he also argued that "a six-category scheme built on the assumption that there are only six kinds of people in the world is unacceptable on the strength of common sense alone. But a six category scheme that allows a simple ordering of a person's resemblance to each of the six models provides the possibility of 720 different personality patterns."<ref name="holl73"/>{{rp|3}}

== Related model ==

=== Prediger's two-dimensional model ===
Prediger constructed the scale of "work task" and "work relevant abilities" based on Holland's model, and carried out factor analysis and multidimensional scale analysis to clarify the basic structure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prediger|first=Dale J|date=December 1982|title=Dimensions underlying Holland's hexagon: Missing link between interests and occupations?|journal=Journal of Vocational Behavior|volume=21|issue=3|pages=259–287|doi=10.1016/0001-8791(82)90036-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prediger|first=Dale|date=February 1996|title=Alternative Dimensions for the Tracey–Rounds Interest Sphere|journal=Journal of Vocational Behavior|volume=48|issue=1|pages=59–67|doi=10.1006/jvbe.1996.0005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prediger|first=Dale J.|date=1999|title=Basic structure of work-relevant abilities.|journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology|volume=46|issue=2|pages=173–184|doi=10.1037/0022-0167.46.2.173|issn=0022-0167}}</ref> As a result, two axes of Data/Ideas and Things/People were extracted. Although Prediger's inquiry did not start from interest per se, it eventually led to the birth of models other than RIASEC, suggesting that the structure of occupational interest may provide a basic dimension.

=== Tracey and Rounds's octagonal model ===
In the United States, the energetic trial is being made with the aim of the new model which surpasses Holland hexagon model in 1990's. Tracey & Rounds's octagonal model is one such example.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tracey|first1=Terence J. G.|last2=Rounds|first2=James|date=1995|title=The arbitrary nature of Holland's RIASEC types: A concentric-circles structure.|journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology|volume=42|issue=4|pages=431–439|doi=10.1037/0022-0167.42.4.431|issn=0022-0167}}</ref> Based on the empirical data, they argue that occupational interests can be placed circularly in a two-dimensional plane consisting of People/Things and Data/ldeas axes, and the number of regions can be arbitrarily determined. According to their model, only Holland's hexagonal model does not adequately represent the structure of occupational interest, and it is possible to retain validity as an octagonal or 16 square model if necessary.

Tracey, Watanabe, & Schneider conducted an international comparative study of job interests among Japanese and U.S. university students, and the results suggest that the Tracey & Rounds's octagonal model is more fitted to Japanese students than Holland's hexagonal model.
=== Tracey and Rounds's spherical model ===
Tracey & Rounds criticizes that the conventional models of occupational interest structure do not correctly depict the positional relationship of occupations because they neglect occupational prestige, i.e., "social prestige" or "high socioeconomic status" and proposes a spherical model that assigns occupations to a 3-dimensional space incorporating occupational prestige.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tracey|first1=Terence J.G.|last2=Rounds|first2=James|date=February 1996|title=The Spherical Representation of Vocational Interests|journal=Journal of Vocational Behavior|volume=48|issue=1|pages=3–41|doi=10.1006/jvbe.1996.0002}}</ref> In this model, 18 regions of interest are displayed on a spherical space. The left hemisphere has a high status area, with Health Sciences at the top. The right hemisphere has a low status area, with Service Provision as the lowest ground.

Though this model is excellent in the point of more accurately describing the relation between various occupations, it makes the occupation interest structure more complicated, and there is a weak point that it is difficult to be adapted to the data except for the U.S.<ref name=":0" />

==List of types==
{{quote box|width=30%|align=right|quote=[[John L. Holland|Holland]] made a career out of studying the world of work, pioneering the theory that if people were aware of their personality type or combination of types—realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising or conventional—then they would be happier workers.|source=—Amy Lunday<ref name=association/>}}

===R: Realistic (Doers)===
Holland defines the "Realistic Type" as a person who has “a preference for activities that entail the explicit, ordered, or systematic manipulation of objects, tools, machines, and animals…these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to the acquisition of manual, mechanical, agricultural, electrical, and technical competencies.”<ref name=hollandR>{{cite book
 |last=Holland
 |first=John
 |author-link=
 |date=1997
 |title=Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (Third Edition)'
 |url=
 |location=Florida
 |publisher=PAR
 |page= 21
 |isbn=0-911907-27-0
}}</ref> Sample majors and careers include:

*Agriculture<ref name=del>{{cite web
|url=https://labor.delaware.gov/divisions/oolmi/publications/delaware-career-compass/
|title=Delaware Department of Labor@Delaware Career Compass
|access-date=January 17, 2021
|publisher=[[Delaware#Law and government|State of Delaware]]}}</ref> 
*Architect (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/> 
*[[Athletics (physical culture)|Athletics]]<ref name="Georgetown" />
*Carpenter (with Conventional and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
*[[Culinary art]]s/Chef (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name = awc/>
*[[Chemistry]]/[[Chemist]] (with Investigative and Conventional)<ref name=del/>
*[[Computer engineering]]/[[Computer science]]/Information technology/[[Computer programming|Computer programmer]] (with Investigative and Conventional)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown">{{cite web
|url=https://georgetown.app.box.com/s/ckqw7fdbptyjbjxz3ylh
|title=Career/Major Interests Game
|access-date=December 7, 2015
|publisher=[[Georgetown University]]
}}</ref> 
*Dentist (with Investigative and Social)<ref name=del/>
*Engineer (with Investigative and Conventional)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
*Fashion design (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*[[Firefighter]] (with Social and Enterprising)<ref name=del/> 
*[[Graphic designer]] (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/> 
*[[Model (people)]] (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*Musician (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*Nurse (with Social, Conventional, and Investigative)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
*[[Outdoor recreation]]<ref name="Georgetown" />
*[[Park ranger|Park Naturalist]] (with Social and Artistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Personal trainer]] (with Enterprising and Social)<ref name=del/>
*Photographer (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*[[Physical therapy]] (with Social and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
*[[Driving|Driver]]<ref name=del/>
*[[Sports medicine]]/[[Wilderness medicine (practice)|Wilderness medicine]] (with Social and Investigative)<ref name=sm>{{cite web
|url=https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-1069.11
|title=Sports Medicine Physicians
|access-date=June 25, 2020
|publisher=ONET
}}</ref>
*Surgeon (with Investigative and Social)<ref name=del/>
*[[Veterinarian]] (with Investigative and Social)<ref name=del/>
*[[Web developer]] (with Conventional, Artistic, and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
*[[Zoologist|Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists]] (with Investigative)<ref name=del/>

===I: Investigative (Thinkers)===
Holland defines the "Investigative Type" as a person who has "a preference for activities that entail the observational, symbolic, systematic and creative investigation of physical, biological, and cultural phenomena (in order to understand and control such phenomena)... these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to an acquisition of scientific and mathematical competencies."<ref name=hollandI>{{cite book
 |last=Holland
 |first=John
 |author-link=
 |date=1997
 |title=Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (Third Edition)'
 |url=
 |location=Florida
 |publisher=PAR
 |page= 22
 |isbn=0-911907-27-0
}}</ref> Sample majors and careers include:

*[[Actuary]] (with Conventional and Enterprising)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown"/>
*Archivist/Librarian (with Social and Conventional)<ref name=del/>
*[[Professional degrees of public health|Biostatistics/Masters in Public Health]] (with Conventional)<ref name=biostat>{{cite web
|url=https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-2041.01
|title=Summary Report for:15-2041.01 – Biostatisticians
|access-date=April 11, 2018
|publisher=[[Occupational Information Network]]
}}</ref> 
*Carpenter (with Conventional and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Certified Public Accountant|CPA (Certified Public Accountant)]] (with Conventional and Enterprising)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
*[[Chemistry]]/[[Chemist]] (with Realistic and Conventional)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" /> 
*[[Professional degrees of public health|Community Health Workers/Masters in Public Health]] (with Social and Enterprising)<ref name=com>{{cite web
|url=https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/21-1094.00
|title=Summary Report for:21-1094.00 – Community Health Workers
|access-date=April 11, 2018
|publisher=[[Occupational Information Network]]
}}</ref>
*[[Computer engineering]]/[[Computer science]]/Information technology/[[Computer programming|Computer programmer]] (with Realistic and Conventional)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown"/> 
*[[List of counseling topics#Therapeutic modalities|Counselor]] (with Social and Artistic)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown"/>
*Dentist (with Realistic and Social)<ref name=del/>
*[[Dietitian]]/[[Nutritionist]] (with Social and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*Doctor (Medical school/[[Medical research]]) (with Social)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" /> 
*Engineer (with Realistic and Conventional)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
*[[Financial analyst]] (with Conventional and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*[[Professional degrees of public health|Epidemiology/Masters in Public Health]] (with Social)<ref name=ep>{{cite web
|url=https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-1041.00
|title=Summary Report for: 19-1041.00 – Epidemiologists
|access-date=April 11, 2018
|publisher=[[Occupational Information Network]]
}}</ref> 
*Lawyer (with Enterprising and Social)<ref name=del/>
*Nurse (with Realistic, Conventional, and Social)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
*[[Paralegal]] (with Conventional and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*Pharmacist (with Social and Conventional),<ref name=del/> 
*[[Physical therapy]] (with Social and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Physics]]<ref name=Georgetown/>
*Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers (with Artistic)<ref name=onewrit/>
*Professor/Research – PhD<ref name="Georgetown"/>
*[[Psychology]]/[[Psychologist]] (with Social and Artistic); [[Art therapist]]/[[Dance therapy]]/Drama therapy/[[Music therapy]]/[[Narrative therapy]]/[[Culinary arts|Culinary therapy]]<ref name = from>{{cite web
|url=https://www.thechicagoschool.edu/insight/from-the-magazine/michael-kocet-culinary-therapy/
|title=From cooking to counseling
|access-date=May 31, 2020
|last=Vaughn
|first=Shamontiel
|date=October 31, 2017
|publisher=[[The Chicago School of Professional Psychology]]
}}</ref><ref name = well>{{cite web
|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/minding-the-body/201505/kitchen-therapy-cooking-mental-well-being
|title=Kitchen Therapy: Cooking Up Mental Well-Being
|access-date=May 31, 2020
|last=Andrews
|first=Linda
|date=May 19, 2015
|publisher=[[Psychology Today]]
}}</ref><ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
*Social Work (with Social)<ref name=del/>
*[[Speech-language pathology]]/[[Orofacial myofunctional disorders#Myofunctional therapy|Myofunctional therapist]] (With Social and Artistic)<ref name=speech/>
*[[Sports medicine]]/[[Wilderness medicine (practice)|Wilderness medicine]] (with Social and Realistic)<ref name=sm/>
*Surgeon (with Realistic and Social)<ref name=del/>
*[[Technical writer]], [[Proofreader]], [[Copy editing|Copy Editor]] (with Artistic and Conventional)<ref name=del/><ref name=tw>{{cite web
|url=https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/27-3042.00
|title=Summary Report for:27-3042.00 – Technical Writers
|access-date=July 28, 2018
|publisher=[[Occupational Information Network]]
}}</ref><ref name=onetproof>{{cite web
|url=https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-9081.00
|title=Summary Report for:43-9081.00 – Proofreaders and Copy Markers
|access-date=January 14, 2020
|publisher=[[Occupational Information Network]]
}}</ref>
*[[Tutor]] (with Social)<ref name=onettut>{{cite web
|url=https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/25-3099.02
|title=Summary Report for: 25-3099.02 – Tutors
|access-date=June 16, 2017
|publisher=[[Occupational Information Network]]
}}</ref> 
*[[Veterinarian]] (with Realistic and Social)<ref name=del/>
*[[Web developer]] (with Conventional, Realistic, and Artistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Zoologist|Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists]] (with Realistic)<ref name=del/>

===A: Artistic (Creators)===
Holland defines the "Artistic Type" as a person who has "a preference for ambiguous, free, unsystematized activities that entail the manipulation of physical, verbal, or human materials to create art forms or products...these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to the acquisition of artistic competencies."<ref name=hollandA>{{cite book
 |last=Holland
 |first=John
 |author-link=
 |date=1997
 |title=Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (Third Edition)'
 |url=
 |location=Florida
 |publisher=PAR
 |page= 23
 |isbn=0-911907-27-0
}}</ref> Sample majors and careers include:

*Architect (with Realistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*[[Broadcast journalism]] (with Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*[[Culinary art]]s (with Realistic and Enterprising)<ref name = awc>{{cite web
|url=https://www.azwestern.edu/sites/default/files/awc/advisement-services/Degrees%20with%20Holland%20codes.pdf
|title=Degrees with Holland Codes
|access-date=February 7, 2018
|publisher=[[Arizona Western College]]
|archive-date=April 13, 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413022313/https://www.azwestern.edu/sites/default/files/awc/advisement-services/Degrees%20with%20Holland%20codes.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
*Entrepreneur (with Social and Enterprising)<ref name=del/> 
*Fashion design (with Realistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*[[Graphic designer]] (with Enterprising and Realistic)<ref name=del/> 
*[[Model (people)]] (with Realistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*Musician (with Enterprising and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Park ranger|Park Naturalist]] (with Social and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
*Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers (with Investigative)<ref name=onewrit>{{cite web
|url=https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/27-3043.05
|title=Summary Report for: 25-3099.02 – Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers
|access-date=June 16, 2017
|publisher=[[Occupational Information Network]]
}}</ref> 
*[[Psychology]]/[[Psychologist]] (with Social and Investigative); [[Art therapist]]/[[Dance therapy]]/Drama therapy/[[Music therapy]]/[[Narrative therapy]]/[[Culinary arts|Culinary therapy]]<ref name=from/><ref name=well/><ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
*Photographer (with Realistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*[[Speech-language pathology]]/[[Orofacial myofunctional disorders#Myofunctional therapy|Myofunctional therapist]] (With Social and Investigative)<ref name=speech/>
*[[Technical writer]], [[Proofreader]], [[Copy editing|Copy Editor]] (with Investigative and Conventional)<ref name=del/><ref name=tw/><ref name=onetproof/>
*[[Trainer (business)]] (with Social and Conventional)<ref name=del/>
*Translator (with Social)<ref name=del/>
*[[Web developer]] (with Conventional, Realistic, and Investigative)<ref name=del/>

===S: Social (Helpers)===
Holland defines the "Social Type" as a person who has "a preference for activities that entail the manipulation of others to inform, train, develop, cure, or enlighten...these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to an acquisition of human relations competencies."<ref name=hollandS>{{cite book
 |last=Holland
 |first=John
 |author-link=
 |date=1997
 |title=Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (Third Edition)'
 |url=
 |location=Florida
 |publisher=PAR
 |page= 24
 |isbn=0-911907-27-0
}}</ref> Sample majors and careers include:

*Archivist/Librarian (with Conventional and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
*[[Certified Financial Planner|CFP (Certified Financial Planner)]]/[[Financial planner|Personal Financial Planner]] (with Conventional and Enterprising)<ref name=fp/>
*Clergy (with Artistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*[[Community organizing|Community Organizer]]<ref name="Georgetown" /> 
*[[Professional degrees of public health|Community Health Workers/Masters in Public Health]] (with Investigative and Enterprising)<ref name=com/>
*[[List of counseling topics#Therapeutic modalities|Counselors (various)]]/[[Adviser]]s (with Investigative, Enterprising, Conventional, and Artistic)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown"/>
**[[School counselor|Guidance/School Counselors]], [[Academic advising|Academic Advisors]], [[Career counseling|Career Counselors]] (see also: [[List of psychotherapies]])<ref name="onetonline.org">[https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/21-1012.00 Educational, Guidance, School, and Vocational Counselors]</ref>
*[[Customer service]] (with Conventional and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*Dentist (with Investigative and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Dietitian]]/[[Nutritionist]] (with Investigative and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*Doctor (Medical school/[[Medical research]]) (with Investigative)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" /> 
*[[Academic administration|Educational administration]] (with Enterprising and Conventional)<ref name=del/> 
*[[Educational consultant]] (with Conventional and Enterprising)<ref name=ec>[https://elmhurstcounseling.com/downloads/HollandCodeDescriptions.pdf Holland Theme Codes]</ref>
*[[Entrepreneur]] (with Enterprising and Artistic)<ref name=del/> 
*[[Professional degrees of public health|Epidemiology/Masters in Public Health]] (with Investigative)<ref name=ep/>
*[[Financial planner|Personal Financial Planner]]/[[Certified Financial Planner]] (with Enterprising and Conventional)<ref name=fp/>
*[[Firefighter]] (with Realistic and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*[[Personal trainer|Fitness Trainer and Aerobics Teacher]] (with Enterprising and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Foreign Service Officer|Foreign Service]]/Diplomacy (with Enterprising and Artistic)<ref name=purdue/>
*[[Human Resources]] (with Conventional and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*Lawyer (with Investigative and Enterprising)<ref name=del/> 
*Nurse (with Realistic, Conventional, and Investigative)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" /> 
*[[Park ranger|Park Naturalist]] (with Realistic and Artistic)<ref name=del/>
*Pharmacist (with Investigative and Conventional)<ref name=del/> 
*[[Physical therapy]] (with Realistic and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
*[[Psychology]]/[[Psychologist]] (with Artistic and Investigative); [[Art therapist]]/[[Dance therapy]]/Drama therapy/[[Music therapy]]/[[Narrative therapy]]/[[Culinary arts|Culinary therapy]]<ref name=from/><ref name=well/><ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
*[[Social justice|Social Advocate]]<ref name="Georgetown" /> 
*Sociology<ref name="Georgetown" /> 
*Social Work<ref name=del/> 
*[[Speech-language pathology]]/[[Orofacial myofunctional disorders#Myofunctional therapy|Myofunctional therapist]] (With Investigative and Artistic)<ref name=speech>{{cite web
|url=https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-1127.00
|title=Speech-Language Pathologists
|access-date=June 21, 2020
|publisher=ONET Online
}}</ref>
*Surgeon (with Realistic and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
*Teacher ([[Early childhood education]], Primary school, Secondary school, [[Teaching English as a second language]], [[Special education]], and [[Substitute teaching]]) (with Artistic)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" /><ref name = rccs>{{cite web
|url=http://www.roguecc.edu/Counseling/HollandCodes/codes.asp?code=S&results=S*14+E*10+I*6+A*5+C*5+R*3
|title=Job Environment: Social
|access-date=December 7, 2015
|publisher=[[Rogue Community College]]
}}</ref>
*[[Sports medicine]]/[[Wilderness medicine (practice)|Wilderness medicine]] (with Investigative and Realistic)<ref name=sm/>
*[[Trainer (business)]] (with Artistic and Conventional)<ref name=del/>
*Translator (with Artistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Tutor]] (with Investigative)<ref name=onettut/> 
*[[Veterinarian]] (with Investigative and Realistic)<ref name=del/>

===E: Enterprising (Persuaders)===
Holland defines the "Enterprising Type" as a person who has "a preference for actives that entail the manipulation of others to attain organization goals or economic gain...these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to an acquisition of leadership, interpersonal, and persuasive competences."<ref name=hollandE>{{cite book
 |last=Holland
 |first=John
 |author-link=
 |date=1997
 |title=Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (Third Edition)'
 |url=
 |location=Florida
 |publisher=PAR
 |page= 25
 |isbn=0-911907-27-0
}}</ref> Sample majors and careers include:

*[[Actuary]] (with Investigative and Conventional)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown"/>
*Architect (with Artistic and Realistic)<ref name=del/> 
*Business (with Social and Conventional)
*[[Broker|Broker or Agent]] (i.e. Automobile broker, Real Estate broker etc.)
*[[Buyer]]<ref name="Georgetown" /> 
*[[Certified Public Accountant|CPA (Certified Public Accountant)]] (with Investigative and Conventional)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
*[[Certified Financial Planner|CFP (Certified Financial Planner)]]/[[Financial planner|Personal Financial Planner]] (with Social and Conventional)<ref name=fp/>
*[[Professional degrees of public health|Community Health Workers/Masters in Public Health]] (with Investigative and Social)<ref name=com/>
*[[Culinary art]]s (with Artistic and Realistic)<ref name = awc/>
*Clergy (with Artistic and Social)<ref name=del/>
*[[Customer service]] (with Conventional and Social)<ref name=del/>
*[[Dietitian]]/[[Nutritionist]] (with Social and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
*[[Academic administration|Educational administration]] (with Social and Conventional)<ref name=del/> 
*[[Educational consultant]] (with Conventional and Social)<ref name=ec/>
*[[Entrepreneur]] (with Social and Artistic)<ref name=del/> 
*Fashion design (with Artistic and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Financial analyst]] (with Investigative and Conventional)<ref name=del/>
*[[Foreign Service Officer|Foreign Service]]/Diplomacy (with Social and Artistic)<ref name=purdue>{{cite web
|url=http://www.pnw.edu/career-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Career-Interests-Academic-Majors.pdf
|title=Purdue Career Center
|access-date=May 15, 2016
|publisher=[[Purdue University]]
}}</ref> 
*[[Firefighter]] (with Social and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Personal trainer|Fitness Trainer and Aerobics Teacher]] (with Realistic and Social)<ref name=del/>
*[[Fundraising]]<ref name="Georgetown" /> 
*[[Graphic designer]] (with Artistic and Realistic)<ref name=del/> 
*[[Human Resources]] (with Conventional and Social)<ref name=del/>
*[[Broadcast journalism]] (with Artistic)<ref name=del/>
*Lawyer (with Investigative and Social)<ref name=del/> 
*Management/[[Management consulting|Management Consultant]]<ref name="Georgetown" /> 
*[[Marketing research|Market Research Analyst]] (with Investigative)<ref name="Georgetown" /> 
*[[Model (people)]] (with Artistic and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
*Musician (with Artistic and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Paralegal]] (with Conventional and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
*Photographer (with Artistic and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Professional degrees of public health|Public Health Educator/Masters in Public Health]] (with Social)<ref name=ed>{{cite web
|url=https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/21-1091.00
|title=Summary Report for:21-1091.00 – Health Educators
|access-date=April 11, 2018
|publisher=[[Occupational Information Network]]
}}</ref>
*[[Property manager]]/[[Community association manager]] (with Conventional)<ref name=pm>{{cite web
|url=https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9141.00
|title=Summary Report for - Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers
|access-date=December 17, 2020
|publisher=[[Occupational Information Network]]
}}</ref>
*[[Public relations]]/Publicity/Advertising/Marketing (with Artistic)<ref name=del/> 
*Sales (with Conventional and Social)<ref name=del/>

===C: Conventional (Organizers)===
Holland defines the "Conventional Type" as a person who has "a preference for actives that entail the explicit, ordered, systematic manipulation of data (keeping records, filing materials, reproducing materials, organizing business machines and data processing equipment to attain organizational or economic goals)...these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to an acquisition of clerical, computational, and business system competencies."<ref name=hollandC>{{cite book
 |last=Holland
 |first=John
 |author-link=
 |date=1997
 |title=Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (Third Edition)'
 |url=
 |location=Florida
 |publisher=PAR
 |page= 26-7
 |isbn=0-911907-27-0
}}</ref> Sample majors and careers include:
*[[Actuary]] (with Investigative and Enterprising)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown"/>
*Archivist/Librarian (with Social and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
*[[Professional degrees of public health|Biostatistics/Masters in Public Health]] (with Investigative)<ref name=biostat/>
*Carpenter (with Realistic and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
*[[Chemistry]]/[[Chemist]] (with Investigative and Realistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Certified Financial Planner|CFP (Certified Financial Planner)]]/[[Financial planner|Personal Financial Planner]] (with Social and Enterprising)<ref name=fp/>
*[[Certified Public Accountant|CPA (Certified Public Accountant)]] (with Investigative and Enterprising)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
*[[Computer engineering]]/[[Computer science]]/Information technology/[[Computer programming|Computer programmer]] (with Investigative and Realistic)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown"/>
*[[Customer service]] (with Enterprising and Social)<ref name=del/>  
*[[Academic administration|Educational administration]] (with Social and Enterprising)<ref name=del/> 
*[[Educational consultant]] (with Social and Enterprising)<ref name=ec/>
*Engineer (with Investigative and Realistic)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
*[[Financial analyst]] (with Investigative and Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*[[Financial planner|Personal Financial Planner]]/[[Certified Financial Planner]] (with Social and Enterprising)<ref name=fp>{{cite web
|url=https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-2052.00
|title=Summary Report for:13-2052.00 – Personal Financial Advisors
|access-date=April 30, 2018
|publisher=ONET
}}</ref> 
*[[Human Resources]] (HR) (with Enterprising and Social)<ref name=del/>
*[[Mathematics education|Maths teacher]] (with Social)<ref name="Georgetown" /> 
*Nurse (with Realistic, Social, and Investigative)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown" />
*[[Office administration]] (with Enterprising)<ref name=del/>
*[[Paralegal]] (with Enterprising and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
*[[Pharmacist]] (with Social and Investigative),<ref name=del/> 
*[[Property manager]]/[[Community association manager]] (with Enterprising)<ref name=pm/>
*[[Real estate broker|Real Estate Agent]] (with Enterprising)<ref name=del/><ref name="Georgetown"/>
*Statistician (with Realistic and Investigative)<ref name=del/>
*[[Technical writer]], [[Proofreader]], [[Copy editing|Copy Editor]] (with Artistic and Investigative)<ref name=del/><ref name=tw/><ref name=onetproof/>
*[[Trainer (business)]] (with Social and Artistic)<ref name=del/>
*[[Web developer]] (with Artistic, Realistic, and Investigative)<ref name=del/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*Eikleberry, Carol; Pinsky, Carrie. ''The Career Guide for Creative and Unconventional People'' (Fourth Edition). Ten Speed Press, 2015.
*{{cite book|last1=Gottfredson|first1=Gary D.|last2=Holland|first2=John L.|title=Dictionary of Holland Occupational Codes|edition=3rd|publisher=Psychological Assessement Resources, Inc.|date=1996}}
*[[John L. Holland|Holland, John L]]. ''Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (Third Edition)''. PAR Psychological Assessment Resources Inc., 1997.
*Streufert, Billie. "[http://college.usatoday.com/2015/09/26/how-facebook-can-help-you-select-a-major-or-career/ How Facebook can help you select a major or career]", [[USA Today]], September 26, 2015.
*"[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/04/10/education/edlife/10Coach-Graphic.html?mcubz=0&mcubz=0 Find Your Field]", ''[[New York Times]]'', April 7, 2016

==External links==
===Free tests===
*[http://www.mynextmove.org/explore/ip O*NET Interest Profiler (Holland Codes Quiz)] – [[Occupational Information Network]] (O*NET): [[United States Department of Labor|US Department of Labor]]/[[Employment and Training Administration]] 
*[http://www.roguecc.edu/Counseling/HollandCodes/test.asp Student Services: Holland Codes Quiz] – [[Rogue Community College]]

===Free career databases===
*[http://www.onetonline.org/find/descriptor/browse/Interests/ O*NET Holland Codes Interests Matched to Careers]– [[Occupational Information Network]] (O*NET): [[United States Department of Labor|US Department of Labor]]/[[Employment and Training Administration]] 
*[https://labor.delaware.gov/divisions/oolmi/publications/delaware-career-compass/ Delaware Department of Labor@Delaware Career Compass]-[[Delaware#Law and government|State of Delaware]]

===Free college majors databases===
*[https://www.cocc.edu/departments/cap/career-services/holland-code-and-college-majors.aspx Holland Code and College Majors: College majors classified by Holland Themes] – [[Central Oregon Community College]] 
*[https://www.cocc.edu/departments/cap/career-services/college-majors-and-holland-s-codes.aspx College Majors and Holland Codes] – [[Central Oregon Community College]] 
*[https://www.cwu.edu/campus-notices/sites/cts.cwu.edu.campus-notices/files/documents/holland-code-handout.pdf Holland Code Handout] - [[Central Washington University]]
*[https://www.ou.edu/univcoll/about/majors/exploration_resources/hollandthemes/_jcr_content/contentpar/download/file.res/OU%20Majors%20by%20Hollands%20Code%20(logo).pdf Major and Career Exploration] - [[University of Oklahoma]]
*[https://www.washburn.edu/student-life/career-services/major-path/majors-interest-codes.html Majors With Interest Codes]- [[Washburn University]]

[[Category:Motivational theories]]
[[Category:Career development]]
[[Category:Higher education]]
[[Category:Personality typologies]]
[[Category:Personality tests]]