Editing Homemaking

{{short description|Act of overseeing the organizational, financial, day-to-day operations of a house or estate}}
{{redirect |Housework|other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Homework|Homemaker tableware|Home construction}}
[[File:Good housekeeping 1908 08 a.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Good Housekeeping]]'' is one of several [[magazines]] related to homemaking.]]
[[File:Title page of OUR HOME CYCLOPEDIA, printed 1889.jpg|thumb|right|Title page of ''Our Home Cyclopedia: Cookery and Housekeeping,'' published in Detroit, Michigan, in 1889]]
'''Homemaking''' is mainly an [[American English|American]] and [[Canadian English|Canadian]] term for the management of a [[home]], otherwise known as '''housework''', '''[[housekeeping]]''', '''housewifery''' or '''household management'''. It is the act of overseeing the organizational, day-to-day operations of a house or estate, and the managing of other domestic concerns. A person in charge of the homemaking, who is not employed outside the home, in the US and Canada, is called a '''homemaker''', a term for a [[housewife]] or a [[stay-at-home dad]]. Historically, the role of homemaker was often assumed by women. The term "homemaker", however, may also refer to a [[social worker]] who manages a household during the incapacity of the housewife or househusband.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/homemaker |title=homemaker - definition of homemaker by The Free Dictionary |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2015-07-02}}</ref> Home health workers assume the role of homemakers when caring for elderly individuals. This includes preparing meals, giving baths, and any duties the person in need cannot perform for themselves.

Homemaking can be the full-time responsibility of one spouse, partner, or parent, shared with children or extended family, or shared or traded between spouses/partners as one or both work outside the home. It can also be outsourced partially or completely to paid help. In previous decades, there were a number of mandatory courses available for students to learn the skills of homemaking. In high school, courses included [[cooking]], [[nutrition]], [[home economics]], [[family and consumer science]] (FACS), and [[food and cooking hygiene]]. {{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

== Marriage ==

=== 19th century ===
In North America, early 19th-century ideals required homemaking be the responsibility of the woman; "the wife is properly supposed to be the light and centre of the home."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35963?msg=welcome_stranger|title=Courtship and Marriage, and the Gentle Art of Home-Making|last=Swan|first=Annie S.|date=2011-04-25|language=en}}</ref> Traditional wives who stayed home and did not work for pay were required by social ideals to create and maintain a peaceful space to provide to her husband and children. For women in a pre-modern environment, "it is the duty and privilege and solemn responsibility, which make this art of home-making more interesting and important to her than any other art in the world."<ref name=":1" /> Author of these statements, Annie Swan was not alone in the late 1800s viewpoint that women were encouraged, if not required, to maintain the home solely themselves. In 1875, [[Harper's Bazaar]] published an article outlining the duties of a housewife and the esteemed respect those duties deserve: "but if one only staid to think how countless and how onerous those duties really are, more respect would be paid to the faithful effort to perform them, and an added reverence extended to the mother who is also the housekeeper."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=hearth;idno=4732809_1428_052|title=Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition, History|website=hearth.library.cornell.edu|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> Harper's Bazaar recognizes that women do the majority of the work within the home, pointing out that the work is detailed and at many times, difficult.

=== 20th century ===
The 20th century began with similar homemaking roles as the 19th; however, the century concluded with a much different perception. In the late 1990s, [[marriage]] consisted in most cases of both wife and husband participating in homemaking. Darlene Piña and Vern Bengtson who are [[anthropologist]]s and professors at the [[University of Southern California]], extensively researched marriage dynamics and household labor in the late twentieth century. They concluded that "all wives benefit equally by their husbands' greater involvement in household labor."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Piña|first1=Darlene L.|last2=Bengtson|first2=Vern L.|date=1993|title=The Division of Household Labor and Wives' Happiness: Ideology, Employment, and Perceptions of Support|journal=Journal of Marriage and Family|volume=55|issue=4|pages=901–912|doi=10.2307/352771|issn=0022-2445|jstor=352771}}</ref> The division of labor within the home promotes a healthy relationship between husband and wife. Concluding, that likelihood of increased happiness within marriage is vastly improved when homemaking is shared with the husband. West and Zimmerman, concluded an analysis of over 487 couples and found that "women were rewarded for performing feminine behaviors, such as housework, whereas men receive positive reinforcement for engaging in masculine tasks, such as breadwinning."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Mattering and wives' perceived fairness of the division of household labor|issue=6|pages=976–986|journal=Social Science Research|volume=39|doi=10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.04.004|date=November 2010|last1=Kawamura|first1=Sayaka|last2=Brown|first2=Susan L.}}</ref>

In contrast, a study performed by [[Adam Hochschild|Hochschild]] in 1989, concluded that even when wives contributed more than 50% of the household income they often still performed more household labor than their husbands. Hochschild's study directly debunked the previous theory that women performed housework because they contributed significantly less to household income. Instead, the results of the study indicated that even in marriage dynamics where women contributed more than half of the [[household income]], they still completed the vast majority of homemaking tasks.

Married women who are economically and emotionally dependent on their husbands are less likely to report the division of [[household]] labor as unfair. This significant group of married women felt that household labor reinforced their female gender identity and connection to femininity.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

=== 21st century ===
Sex and gender continue to shape the division of household responsibilities in the United States in the twenty-first century. According to the 2018 [[American Time Use Survey]], 84 percent of women and 69 percent of men reported that they spent some time performing household duties, which included "housework, cooking, lawn care, or household management." Women reported spending an average of 2.6 hours a day on household activities, and men 2.0 hours. On a surveyed day, 49% percent of women and 20% of men reported doing housework.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/news.release/atus.nr0.htm|title=American Time Use Survey Summary|website=www.bls.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-07-12}}</ref>

[[File:Alebasi24 files nov trd 19.jpg|thumb]]
Men and women's perception of household responsibilities differ. [[Pew Research Center]]'s 2014 [[Religious Landscape Study]] found that fathers were more likely than mothers to say that chores were evenly split between both partners (56% vs. 46%). When asked, 50% of mothers reported they handled more responsibilities around the house than their partners; only 12% of fathers reported they did more household tasks. Despite this difference in perception, a majority of married U.S. adults (56%) said that sharing household chores as "very important" to a successful marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/30/sharing-chores-a-key-to-good-marriage-say-majority-of-married-adults/|title=Sharing chores a key to good marriage, say majority of married adults|last=Geiger|first=A. W.|date=30 November 2016|website=Pew Research Center|access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref>

In a 2008 article, social scientists Susan L. Brown and Sayaka Kawamura reported that the unequal distribution in housework was attributed mainly to time availability. They concluded: "wives typically work fewer hours than their husbands, [so] they have more time available to perform household tasks."<ref name=":0" />

==Housekeeping==
[[File:dyson.cleaner.dc07.arp.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[vacuum cleaner]]]]
[[Housekeeping]] by the homemaker is the care and control of property, ensuring its maintenance, proper use and appearance. In a private home a [[maid]] or [[Housekeeper (domestic worker)|housekeeper]] is sometimes employed to do some of the housekeeping. Housework is work done by the act of housekeeping. Some housekeeping is housecleaning and some housekeeping is home chores. Home chores are housework that needs to be done at regular intervals.<ref>Gove, Philip et al. 1961. ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language'' Unabridged. Springfield, Massachusetts: G & C Merriam Company</ref> Housekeeping includes the budget and control of expenditures, preparing meals and buying food, paying the heat bill, and cleaning the house.<ref>Ansley, Clark et al. 1935. ''The Columbia Encyclopedia in One Volume''. Morningside Heights, NY: Columbia University Press.</ref>

===Cooking===
{{main|Cooking}}
{{See also|List of food preparation utensils|Diet (nutrition)|Cuisine|Cookbook}}
Most modern-day houses contain sanitary facilities and a means of [[Cooking|preparing food]]. A [[kitchen]] is a room or part of a room used by the homemaker for [[cooking]], [[food preparation]] and [[food preservation]]. In the West, a modern kitchen is typically equipped with a [[stove]], an oven, a [[sink]] with hot and cold running water, a [[refrigerator]] and [[kitchen cabinet]]s. Many homemakers use a [[microwave oven]], a [[dishwasher]] and other electric appliances like [[blender]] and convection [[cooker]] and automatic appliances like [[rice cooker]]s. The main function of a kitchen is cooking or preparing food but it may also be used for [[dining]] for a casual meal such as [[lunch]].

[[Cooking]] is the process of preparing [[food]], making, selecting, measuring and combining ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible food. The process encompasses a vast range of methods, tools and combinations of [[ingredient]]s to alter the [[Flavor (taste)|flavor]], appearance, texture, or [[digestion|digestibility]] of food. Factors affecting the outcome include the variability of ingredients, ambient conditions, [[tool]]s, and the skill of the individual doing the actual cooking.

The diversity of cooking worldwide is a reflection of the aesthetic, agricultural, economic, cultural, social and religious diversity of people across the globe. Applying heat to a food usually, though not always, [[chemistry|chemically]] transforms it, thus changing its flavor, texture, consistency, appearance, and nutritional properties. Methods of cooking that involve the boiling of [[liquid]] in a receptacle have been practised at least since the 10th millennium BC, with the introduction of [[pottery]].

===Cleaning===
[[File:The Girl Guides Association in Britain, 1914-1918 Q27921.jpg|thumb|Girl guides cleaning a room, 1917]]
[[Housekeeping|House cleaning]] by the homemaker is the systematic process of making a home neat and clean. This may be applied more broadly than just an individual home, such as a metaphor for a similar "clean up" process applied elsewhere such as at a [[hotel]] or as a procedural reform. In the process of house cleaning general cleaning activities are completed, such as disposing of [[Waste|rubbish]], storing of belongings in regular places, cleaning dirty surfaces, [[dust]]ing and [[Vacuum cleaner|vacuuming]]. The details of this are various and complicated enough that many books have been published on the subject. How-to sites on the internet have many articles on house cleaning. Tools include the [[vacuum cleaner]], [[broom]] and [[mop]]. Supplies such as [[Detergent|cleaning solutions]] and sponges are sold in grocery stores and elsewhere. Professional cleaners can be hired for less frequent or specialist tasks such as cleaning blinds, rugs, and sofas. Professional services are also offered for the basic tasks. Safety is a consideration because some cleaning products are [[toxic]] and some cleaning tasks are physically demanding. ''[[Green cleaning]]'' refers to cleaning without causing pollution or chemicals that may cause bodily harm. The history of house cleaning has links to the advancement of technology.

Outdoor housecleaning chores include removing leaves from rain gutters, washing windows, sweeping doormats, cleaning the pool, putting away lawn furniture, and taking out the trash.<ref>Smallin, Donna. 2006. ''Cleaning Plain & Simple''. Storey Publishing, North Adams, MA.</ref>

===Laundry===
{{see also|Ironing}}
[[File:Waschvollautomat Constructa 1950er.jpg|thumb|left|A 1950s [[washing machine]] from [[Constructa (company)|Constructa]]]]

[[Laundry]] refers to the act of [[washing]] [[clothing]] and [[linen]]s, the place where that washing is done, and/or that which needs to be, is being, or has been laundered. Various chemicals may be used to increase the solvent power of water, such as the compounds in [[soaproot]] or yucca-root used by Native American tribes. [[Soap]], a compound made from [[lye]] (from wood-ash) and [[fat]], is an ancient and very common laundry aid. Modern [[washing machine]]s typically use powdered or liquid [[laundry detergent]] in place of more traditional soap. Once clean, the clothes are dried.

Washing machines and dryers are now fixtures in homes around the world. In some parts of the world, including the US, Canada, and Switzerland, [[apartment building]]s and [[dormitory|dormitories]] often have laundry rooms, where residents share washing machines and dryers. Usually the machines are set to run only when money is put in a [[Currency detector|coin slot]]. In other parts of the world, apartment buildings with laundry rooms are uncommon, and each apartment may have its own washing machine. Those without a machine at home or the use of a laundry room must either wash their clothes by hand or visit a commercial [[laundromat]].

A [[clothes dryer]] is a household appliance that is used to remove moisture from a load of [[clothing]] and other [[textiles]], generally shortly after they are cleaned in a washing machine. Most dryers consist of a rotating [[drum]] called a tumbler through which heated air is circulated to [[evaporate]] the moisture from the load. The tumbler is rotated relatively slowly in order to maintain space between the articles in the load. In most cases, the tumbler is belt-driven by an [[induction motor]]. Using these machines may cause clothes to shrink, become less soft (due to loss of short soft fibers/ lint) and fade. For these reasons, as well as environmental concerns, many people use open air methods such as a [[clothes line]] and [[clotheshorse]].

[[starch|Laundry starch]] is used in the [[laundry|laundering]] of [[clothing|clothes]]. Starch was widely used in [[Europe]] in the 16th and 17th centuries to stiffen the wide collars and [[Ruff (clothing)|ruffs]] of fine linen which surrounded the necks of the well-to-do. During the 19th century and early 20th century, it was stylish to stiffen the collars and sleeves of men's [[shirt]]s and the ruffles of girls' [[petticoat]]s by applying starch to them as the clean clothes were being [[ironing|ironed]]. Aside from the smooth, crisp edges it gave to clothing, it served practical purposes as well. [[dust|Dirt]] and [[sweat]] from a person's neck and wrists would stick to the starch rather than to the fibers of the clothing, and would easily wash away along with the starch. After each laundering, the starch would be reapplied. Today the product is sold in [[Aerosol spray|aerosol cans]] for home use. Kitchen starch used as a thickening agent for food can also be applied to laundered fabrics (requires boiling).

==Maintenance==
{{main|Maintenance, repair and operations}}
Homemakers that follow [[predictive maintenance]] techniques determine the condition of in-service equipment in order to predict when maintenance should be performed. This approach offers cost savings over routine or time-based maintenance, because tasks are performed only when warranted. Homemakers that follow [[preventive maintenance]] methods ensure that household equipment and the house are in satisfactory operating condition by providing for inspection, detection, and correction of incipient failures either before they occur or before they develop into major defects.

===Home maintenance===
{{main|Home repair|Home improvement|Home automation| Handyman}}
[[Home maintenance]] involves the diagnosis and resolution of problems in a home, and is related to home maintenance to avoid such problems. Many types of maintenance are "[[Do it yourself]]" (DIY) projects. Maintenance is not necessarily the same as [[home improvement]], although many improvements can result from repairs or maintenance. Often the costs of larger repairs will justify the alternative of investment in full-scale improvements. It may make just as much sense to upgrade a home system (with an improved one) as to repair it or incur ever-more-frequent and expensive maintenance for an inefficient, obsolete or dying system. For a DIY project, also useful is the established limits on time and money investments before a repair (or list of repairs) become overwhelming and discouraging, and less likely to ever be completed.

===Lawn maintenance===
{{main|Lawn care | Gardening}}
Homemakers that have a lawn responsibility adhere to seasonal [[lawn care]] practices, which vary to some extent depending on the [[climate zone]] and type of [[grass]] that is grown (whether cool season or warm season varieties). Various recognized method used by homemakers in lawn care are observed in any area. In spring or early summer, homemakers seed, sod, or sprig a yard when the ground is warmer. In summer lawn mowers are used at high cutting for cool season grass, and lower cutting for warm season lawns. In autumn, lawns are mown by homemakers at a lower height and thatch build-up that occurs in warm season grasses are removed.<ref>Lawn experts are divided in their opinions on this.</ref> Homemakers do add sandy [[loam]] and apply fertilizer, containing some type of wetting agent. Cool season lawns are planted in the autumn with adequate rainfall. Lawn care in the winter is minimal, requiring only light feedings of organic material, such as green-waste compost, and minerals to encourage earthworms and beneficial microbes.

==Management==
Household management by the homemaker is the act of overseeing the [[organizing (management)|organizational]], financial, and day-to-day operations of a house or estate. It differs from [[housekeeping]], which consists of the physical maintenance and cleaning of a house.

===House organization===
House organization<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Home Decor Archives |url=https://livingcraze.com/category/home-decor/ |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=LivingCraze |language=en-US}}</ref> or home organization includes [[interior design]] to make the home aesthetically pleasing by arranging furniture, plants, blinds, and so forth. [[De-cluttering]] means removing unnecessary things from the house.

====De-cluttering====
Household de-cluttering involves putting things in their proper place after they have been used. "Cleaning up your mess" might involve removing glasses, eating utensils or gadgets i.e. toys from the living room if you have eaten a meal there in front of the television. If several people have done that over a few days and not removed their glasses, dishes and utensils from the living room, the living room is considered to be "cluttered" with dishes. The dishes are out of place because they belong in the kitchen, washed and put away in the cupboards. That is the most common example of clutter in a modern North American household.{{Citation needed|reason=a claim like that ought to be backed up by a source|date=March 2025}}

There is another definition of clutter, which refers to having simply too many things and not enough room for all of it. Sometimes as happens in Asian households, the items are necessary, but the home is simply too small, and ingenious methods are needed to organize everything to minimize unsightly clutter. Removing unneeded or no longer necessary objects from a household or home is also an aspect of de-cluttering. Objects can be [[Gift|given away]] to friends or [[Charitable organization|charitable]] organizations, [[selling|sold]] as [[second-hand]], [[Recycling|recycled]] or [[Waste management|thrown away]].

Extreme forms of an inability to de-clutter is a behavioral aspect of [[compulsive hoarding]]. On the other end, a society that relies overly much on generating and then disposing of [[waste]] is referred to as a [[throw-away society]].

===Household purchasing===
{{Main|Purchasing | Household budget | Shopping}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|2=section|date=May 2025|reason=this section has several concepts unrelated to household purchasing}} 
Household purchasing refers to a homemaker's efforts to acquire goods or services to accomplish the goals of the household. Though there are several households{{where|date=May 2025}} that attempt to set standards in the purchasing process, processes can vary greatly between households. Typically the word "purchasing" is not used interchangeably with the word "[[procurement]]", since procurement typically includes other concepts. Homemakers decide the market goods that the household will buy, such as the [[groceries]] which have been bought at a [[grocer]]'s or supermarket.

Another important purchase handled by homemakers is the power source used for appliances. Home or other building heating may include boilers, [[Furnace (house heating)|furnace]]s, and [[water heating|water heaters]]. [[Compressed natural gas]] is used in [[rural]] homes without connections to [[plumbing|piped]]-in [[public utility]] services, or with portable [[Grill (cooking)|grills]]. However, due to being less economical than [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]], LPG (Propane) is the dominant source of rural gas for natural gas-powered ranges and/or ovens, natural gas-heated [[clothes dryer]]s, [[HVAC|heating]]/[[air conditioning|cooling]] and [[central heating]]. The amount of usages is determined by factors such as [[natural gas prices]].

===Servants===
{{main|Maid|Butler|Domestic worker}}
Homemakers may manage household workers or "[[domestic worker]]s".

==Work strategies==
{{main|Household|Employment}}
In [[sociology]], ''household work strategy'' is the [[division of labour]] between members of a household, whether implicit or the result of explicit decision–making, with the alternatives weighed up in a simplified type of [[cost-benefit analysis]].<ref name="essex-pahl">[http://www.essex.ac.uk/Sociology/people/staff/pahl.shtm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204011627/http://www.essex.ac.uk/Sociology/people/staff/pahl.shtm|date=December 4, 2008}}</ref><ref name="DivisionsLabour">''Divisions of Labour'' Ray Pahl (1984)</ref> It is a plan for the relative deployment of household members' time between the three domains of [[employment]]:
# in the ''[[market economy]]'', including home-based self-employment second jobs, in order to obtain money to buy goods and services in the market;
# ''domestic production work'', such as cultivating a vegetable patch or raising chickens, purely to supply food to the household; and
# ''domestic consumption work'' to provide goods and services directly within the household, such as cooking meals, child–care, household repairs, or the manufacture of clothes and gifts.
Household work strategies may vary over the life-cycle, as household members age, or with the economic environment; they may be imposed by one person or be decided collectively.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-householdworkstrategy.html|title=Household work strategy|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=2015-07-02}}</ref>

==Household production==
"Household production" is an economic category for activities including homemaking. It is defined as "the production of the goods and services by the members of a household, for their own consumption, using their own capital and their own [[unpaid work|unpaid labor]]. Goods and services produced by households for their own use include accommodation, meals, clean clothes, and child care. The process of household production involves the transformation of purchased intermediate commodities into final consumption commodities. Households use their own capital and their own labor."<ref>{{cite web|author=Ironmonger, D. |url=http://ideas.repec.org/p/mlb/wpaper/759.html |title=Household Production and the Household Economy |publisher=Ideas.repec.org |date=2000-02-02 |access-date=2015-07-02}}</ref>

There are efforts to construct estimates of the value of household production in a way analogous to [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]], though the category is not usually included in GDP.<ref>U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. [https://www.bea.gov/help/faq/1297 Why isn't household production included in GDP?], bea.gov, April 2018</ref> Goods and services created by households are generally consumed within the same country, and hence contribute in a "Domestic Consumption" category in [[national accounts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/business-english/domestic-consumption|title=Domestic Consumption|publisher=Dictionary.cambridge.org|access-date=2015-07-02}}</ref>

==Wages for housework==
The [[Wages for housework|International Wages for Housework Campaign]] was a global, social movement co-founded in 1972 in [[Padua]], Italy, by author and activist [[Selma James]]. The Campaign was formed to raise awareness of how housework and [[childcare]] are the base of all industrial work and to stake the claim that these unavoidable tasks should be compensated as paid, wage labor.<ref>{{cite journal|last=James|first=Selma|title=Is Transformation Possible? They Say We Can't. We Must.|jstor=20838923|journal=Off Our Backs|volume=38|issue=1|publisher=Off Our Backs. Inc|page=42|year=2008}}</ref> The demands for the Wages for Housework formally called for economic compensation for domestic work but also used these demands to more generally call attention to the affective labors of women, the reliance of capitalist economies on exploitative labor practices against women, and leisure inequality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nplusonemag.com/more-smiles-more-money|title=More Smiles? More Money|work=nplusonemag.com|access-date=2015-07-02|date=2013-07-25}}</ref>

==Effects of technology and advertising==
[[List of home appliances|Many home appliances]] have been invented that make housework faster or more effective compared to before the industrial revolution.  These include:
*[[Washing machine]]
*[[Clothes dryer]]
*[[Dishwasher]]
*[[Sewing machine]]
*[[Vacuum cleaner]]
*[[Small electrics]] like the [[electric mixer]], [[blender]], [[toaster]], and [[coffee maker]]
*[[Microwave oven]]
*[[Refrigerator]], reducing the number of grocery trips or the amount of food preservation work to do

[[Utilities]] can potentially eliminate work like gathering and chopping firewood, shovelling coal, fetching water from outdoors, and heating cold tap water.

Historian [[Ruth Schwartz Cowan]] estimated that homemakers in the 1800s performed about 50–60 hours of work per week, and that this is the same as the 1990s.  She says that, rather than reducing the amount of time devoted to housework, labor-saving devices have been used to make the same amount of time do more work, such as by vacuuming a rug instead of sweeping it, or washing fabrics more frequently.  Modern parents also more frequently transport their children to after-school activities, and doctors no longer make house calls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uh.edu/engines//epi1088.htm |title=No. 1088: Housework |website=Uh.edu |date=2004-08-01 |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Housing}}
*[[Handyman]]
*[[Scientific management]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*Lopata, H. Z. (1994). Circles and settings: Role changes of American women. SUNY series in gender and society. Albany: State University of New York Press. "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IEJf_oKBmDMC&pg=PA137 Homemaker]''" Page 137+.
*Arnold, E. (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZnrAf_6qnsC Voices of American homemakers]. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
*Goldstein, Carolyn M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6uIWFfewB3QC ''Creating Consumers: Home Economists in Twentieth-Century America''] Univ of North Carolina Press, 2012. {{ISBN|9780807872383}}
*Harvey, L. S. (1920). [https://archive.org/details/onehundredbestn00grozgoog Food facts for the home-maker]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin company.
*Frederick, C. (1919). [https://archive.org/details/householdengineer00fredrich Household engineering]; Scientific management in the home. Chicago: American school of home economics.
*Snedden, D. (1919). [https://archive.org/details/vocationalhomema01sned Vocational homemaking education]: Some problems and proposals. New York City: Teachers College, Columbia University.
*Kinne, H., & Cooley, A. M. (1914). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oL4ZAAAAYAAJ Shelter and clothing]: A textbook of the household arts. New York: Macmillan.

==Further reading==
*"Friendly Visiting Among the Poor"; by Mary Ellen Richmond. "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RgUdAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64 The Homemaker]''", Pages 64ff.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Home economics]]
[[Category:Personal care and service occupations]]
[[Category:Family]]
[[Category:Marriage]]
[[Category:Parenting]]
[[Category:Unpaid work]]
[[Category:Work]]