Editing Homomonument

{{Short description|Memorial in Amsterdam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox monument
| name          = Homomonument
| native_name   =
| image         = Homomonumentwestermarkt.jpg
| image_size    = 300px
| caption       = View from above
| location      = [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
| mapframe      =
| designer      = Karin Daan
| type          =
| material      = [[granite]]
| length        =
| width         =
| height        =
| weight        =
| visitors_num  =
| visitors_year =
| begin         =
| complete      = 5 September 1987
| dedicated     =
| open          =
| restore       =
| dismantled    =
| dedicated_to  =
| map_name      = Netherlands Amsterdam Central
| map_text      =
| map_width     =
| map_relief    =
| coordinates   ={{coord|52|22|28|N|04|53|05.5|E|region:EU_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website       =
| extra_label   =
| extra         =
}}
The '''Homomonument''' is a [[memorial]] in the centre of [[Amsterdam]], the capital of the [[Netherlands]]. It commemorates all [[gay|gay men]] and [[lesbians]] who have been persecuted because of their sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orangias |first=Joe Joe, Jeannie Simms, & Sloane French |title=The Cultural Functions and Social Potential of Queer Monuments: A Preliminary Inventory and Analysis |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=705–726 |date=2017 |doi=10.1080/00918369.2017.1364106 |pmid=28777713 |s2cid=33573843 }}</ref> Opened on 5 September 1987, it was the first monument in the world to commemorate gays and lesbians who were killed by the German [[Nazi Germany|Nazi regime]].<ref name="Dunford2010">{{cite book |first=Martin |last=Dunford |title=The Rough Guide to The Netherlands |publisher=Penguin |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84836-882-8 |page=73}}</ref>

The monument takes the form of three large [[pink triangle]]s made of granite, set into the ground, which together compose a larger triangle. It is located on the bank of the [[Keizersgracht|Keizersgracht canal]], near the historic [[Westerkerk]] church. The Homomonument was designed to "inspire and support lesbians and gays in their struggle against denial, oppression and [[discrimination]]."

During the Netherlands' annual [[Remembrance of the Dead|Remembrance Day]] ceremony on 4 May, wreaths are laid on the monument to commemorate LGBT victims of persecution. A day later, on [[Liberation Day (Netherlands)|Liberation Day]], the monument becomes the site of a street party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.homomonument.nl/agenda/|title=Homomonument|website=Homomonument|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518201251/http://www.homomonument.nl/agenda/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Symbolism ==
The Homomonument is an abstract composition of three pink triangles made of granite. The symbol has historical roots; the pink triangle was a [[Nazi concentration camp badge|cloth badge]] used in Nazi concentration camps to identify men who had been jailed for homosexuality, which also included bisexual men and transgender women.<ref name="tgdor">{{Cite web|url=http://tgdor.org/holocaust.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820132817/http://tgdor.org/holocaust.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2008|title=2008 Houston Transgender Day of Remembrance: Transgenders and Nazi Germany|last=Williams|first=Cristan|website=tgdor.org|access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref> It is estimated that 100,000 men were arrested and half of these spent time imprisoned during Nazi rule.{{sfn|Whisnant|2016|p=240}} Subsequently, the pink triangle became a symbol of the emancipation of the LGBT community and its struggle for its rights.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Waxman |first1=Olivia B. |title=How the Nazi Regime's Pink Triangle Symbol Was Repurposed for LGBTQ Pride |url=https://time.com/5295476/gay-pride-pink-triangle-history/ |access-date=22 August 2018 |magazine=TIME |date=31 May 2018 |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906095907/http://time.com/5295476/gay-pride-pink-triangle-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, the Homomonument not only commemorates the victims of World War II, but all homosexual men and women who have been persecuted and murdered.<ref name="four">{{cite web |url=http://www.4en5mei.nl/oorlogsmonumenten/zoeken/monument-detail/_rp_main_elementId/1_10674 |title=Amsterdam, Homomonument |language=nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416085714/http://www.4en5mei.nl/oorlogsmonumenten/zoeken/monument-detail/_rp_main_elementId/1_10674 |archivedate=16 April 2009 |website=National Day of Remembrance Committee of the Government of the Netherlands}}</ref><ref name="five">{{cite web |url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/homomonument.html |title=Homomonument |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131005232502/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/homomonument.html |archive-date=5 October 2013 |website=An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture}}</ref> The monument also honours those who have fought for the freedom and human rights of LGBTQ members.<ref name="two">{{cite web |title=Homomonument |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/hwhy.htm |website=Homomonument Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909151805/http://www.homomonument.nl/hwhy.htm |archive-date=9 September 2010}}</ref> The designer of the monument, artist [[:nl:Karin Daan|Karin Daan]], described the symbolism of the monument as follows:<ref name="four" />
{{blockquote|I think the best part is that the monument integrates itself into the place like an [[embroidery]], and from above it is clearly visible how the triangle is intertwined with the urban and social space, that, for example, when taxi drivers stand in the middle of the monument, they are hardly aware of it. I think that is the most beautiful component of the Homomonument: we are there, proud and strong as granite, the monument binds us together here and now, but we are just as intertwined with the city and society in a larger time and space.}}

== History ==
{{multiple image
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The idea of perpetuating the memory of homosexual victims of World War II appeared at the very beginning of the organized Dutch [[gay movement]]. In 1961, activist Jef Last suggested a 'monument to the unknown gay': "No one knows how many there were, no statistics indicate how many of them were beaten to death in those camps or starved or otherwise succumbed. No flame burns for unknown homophiles".<ref name="four" /> However, this idea was not further developed until the 1970s, when the visibility and openness of the marginalized and stigmatized gay community became important political goals for many gay rights organizations.<ref name="five" />

In 1970, a year before the complete decriminalization of homosexuality in the Netherlands,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/netherlands,2.html |title = The Netherlands  |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121010203620/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/netherlands,2.html |archivedate = 10 October 2012 |website=An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture}}</ref> a group of gay activists were arrested for trying to lay a wreath at the [[National Monument (Amsterdam)|National Monument]] to the Victims of World War II on [[Dam Square]], Amsterdam. The flowers were removed from the memorial by the police and declared insulting to the memory of the dead. This incident angered the LGBT community and catalyzed the struggle for the recognition of victims of repression. Throughout the 1970s, similar wreath-placing demonstrations were executed with varying success, as activists pushed for the inclusion of homosexuals in the public's [[collective memory]] of Hitler's "social purification" campaigns.<ref name="five" />

In the spring of 1979, during a period of rapid growth of the gay rights movement, the initiative to build a monument to persecuted homosexuals entered a qualitatively new stage when the Homomonument Foundation was founded. Its main goal was the implementation of the memorial project.<ref name="eight">{{cite web |title=Initiative |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/hinitiative.htm |website=Homomonument Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909151810/http://www.homomonument.nl/hinitiative.htm |archive-date=9 September 2010}}</ref> One of the founders of the fund was [[Pacifist Socialist Party]] member Bob van Schijndel. Pointing to the fact that a monument to the [[Romani people|Romani]] victims of the Nazi [[Romani genocide|genocide]] was opened in Amsterdam in 1978, van Schijndel proposed a similar memorial which would be dedicated to the homosexuals who suffered during the Nazi rule.<ref name="four" /> The founders of the fund also included representatives of the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]], the [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|People's Party]] and the [[Christian Democratic Appeal|Christian Democratic Party]] of the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sites.nps.nl/jerome/templates/hetrozerijk/welcome.cfm?contentpage=/jerome/index.cfm/site/Hetrozerijk/pageid/EEC65FDC-508B-E1CA-3AC6F419E8A6F7BC/objectid/C872153C-D601-40DB-695EF26B7D0C00C2/index.cfm?c=RozeRijkNieuws |title=Het Homomonument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232710/http://sites.nps.nl/jerome/templates/hetrozerijk/welcome.cfm?contentpage=/jerome/index.cfm/site/Hetrozerijk/pageid/EEC65FDC-508B-E1CA-3AC6F419E8A6F7BC/objectid/C872153C-D601-40DB-695EF26B7D0C00C2/index.cfm?c=RozeRijkNieuws |archive-date=26 September 2007 |website=Homologie}}</ref>

In 1980, artists were invited to submit designs and a jury was assembled consisting of experts in the fields of art and design. The following year, out of 137 designs submitted to the competition, the jury chose the design by Karin Daan.<ref name="Dunford2010"/> With the triangle on the water as its central point, Daan expanded the design to make her work as monumental as possible without disrupting its surroundings. The government of Amsterdam allocated a place for the erection of the monument, but construction did not begin for another seven years. Many organizations and individuals made donations for the monument, with individual contributions from the [[Dutch Parliament]], the government of [[Ruud Lubbers]], the city of Amsterdam and the province of [[North Holland]].<ref name="ten">{{cite web |title=Homomonument |url=http://www.pinkpoint.org/homomonument.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122102218/http://www.pinkpoint.org/homomonument.htm |archive-date=22 November 2011 |url-status=usurped |date=12 January 2008}}</ref>

The idea of creating a monument was pointedly criticized by a number of political and public figures, who either did not recognize the fact of repression, considering the persecution of homosexuals to be legal, or argued that the creation of a monument to a separate small group was unjustifiable. Former Foreign Minister of the Netherlands [[Joseph Luns]] compared homosexuals to [[kleptomaniac]]s. In opposition to him, supporters of the monument noted that its construction would not make sense if there were no people in society who caused suffering to gays and lesbians, complicating their lives.<ref name="eleven">{{cite web |last1=Hafkamp |first1=Hans |title=Het Homomonument, veel méér dan een vlam voor de onbekende homo |trans-title=The Homomonument, much more than a flame for the unknown gay |url=http://www.gaynews.nl/article04.php?sid=535 |website=gaynews.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924220030/http://www.gaynews.nl/article04.php?sid=535 |archive-date=24 September 2017 |language=nl |date=26 September 2003}}</ref>{{sfn|Bartels|2003|pp=127}} The Daan design also drew criticism from some gay activists, who wanted the monument to have a more imposing design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/patronage_2,9.html|url-status=dead|title=Patronage II: The Western World since 1900|last=Richard G. Mann|website=An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture|language=en|accessdate=26 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627015353/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/patronage_2,9.html|archivedate=27 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="fourteen">{{cite web |author1=R. J. Preece |title=Homomonument, Amsterdam (2000) |url=http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Homomonument-Amsterdam-2000 |website=artdesigncafe.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528182447/http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Homomonument-Amsterdam-2000 |archive-date=28 May 2011 |date=11 January 2011}}</ref>

The first stone was laid on 28 April 1987, at Westermarkt.<ref name="ten" /> The opening ceremony of the Homomonument took place on 5 September 1987. It became the [[List of LGBT monuments and memorials|first gay monument]] of its kind in the world.<ref name="Dunford2010" /><ref name="four" /> Because of this, the Netherlands became known as the most tolerant Western nation,<ref name="eleven" /> since the act of erecting a monument meant the recognition of the injustice of the past.<ref name="five" />

== Construction ==
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The Homomonument was erected on the Westermarkt square on the banks of the [[Keizersgracht]] canal, near the historic [[Westerkerk|Westerkerk church]]. The memorial is a composition of three [[equilateral triangle]]s of pink granite with edge lengths of 10 meters, which are interconnected by thin lines of similar material, thus forming one large equilateral triangle with a side length of 36 meters. Karin Daan designed the monument to be as imposing as possible without disturbing the environment, fitting it as closely as possible into the historic urban landscape.<ref name="fifteen">{{cite web |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/hlocation.htm |title=Location |website=homomonument.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206033159/http://www.homomonument.nl/hlocation.htm |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref>

The Homomonument embodies three ideas and three times: the memory of the past, opposition to discrimination and repression in the present, and parting words for the future. The first triangle is located on the embankment of the Keizersgracht canal. Four gradually tapering steps broken in the centre lead down from the pavement to a platform resting on the water. The top of the triangle, projecting into the canal, points to Dam Square, where the National Monument to the Victims of World War II is located. Four pontoons protect the monument from possible damage by passing ships. This triangle symbolizes the present time. Here people can often be seen sitting on the steps, and on the platform resting near the water, flowers are regularly laid and candles are lit.<ref name="fifteen" />

The second triangle is made in the form of a podium, rising 60 centimetres above the surface of the square. It symbolizes the future. The outward-facing peak points to the headquarters of the LGBT organization "[[COC Nederland|COC]]" at Rosenstraat 14. The abbreviation "COC" originally stood for "Cultuur en Ontspannings-Centrum" (with nid. – "Centre for culture and recreation") and was conceived as a neutral-sounding front for an LGBT organization. Founded in 1946, it is the oldest LGBT organization in the world.<ref name="sixteen">{{cite book |last1=Bosia |first1=Michael J. |last2=McEvoy |first2=Sandra M. |last3=Rahman |first3=Momin |title=The Oxford handbook of global LGBT and sexual diversity politics |date=2020 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-067374-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NfODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309145724/https://books.google.com/books?id=9NfODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |url-status=live }}</ref> Near the triangle, there is an information kiosk called "Pink Point", which sells literature and souvenirs related to the gay life of the Netherlands. The podium itself is often used as a stage for various events.<ref name="fifteen" />

The third triangle is located flush with the paving stones of the square. It symbolizes the past. Around the perimeter of the slab is engraved a line from the poem "To the Young Fisherman" by the Dutch Jewish poet [[Jacob Israël de Haan]], who was allegedly homosexual: "Such a boundless craving for friendship" ({{langx|nl|Naar Vriendschap Zulk een Mateloos Verlangen}}), which, according to the plan of Karin Daan, describes the driving force in relationships between people. The apex, outside the large triangle, points to the [[Anne Frank House|home]] of [[Anne Frank]], a Jewish girl whose [[The Diary of a Young Girl|diaries]] written during the German occupation of the Netherlands combined millions of human tragedies associated with the Nazi genocide in the story of one child.<ref name="fifteen" />

<gallery widths="150" heights="200" perrow="4" mode="packed">
Ac.homomonument.jpg|Triangle of the past
Amsterdam-Homomonument-01.jpg|Triangle of the present
Amsterdam-Homomonument-04.jpg|Triangle of the future
</gallery>

The three historical sites which the monument points to were chosen to further emphasize the context in which the memorial itself and its symbols exist. The plate, placed on the canal fence on both sides (so that it can be seen both from land and from the water), contains an inscription in three languages (Dutch, English and French):<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hannah |first1=Dorita |last2=Harsløf |first2=Olav |title=Performance design |date=2008 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum |location=Copenhagen |isbn=978-87-635-0784-4 |page=267 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lfCR23MmMAC&dq=Homomonument+Commemorates+all+women+and+men+ever+oppressed+and+persecuted+because+of+their+homosexuality.++Supports+the+International+Lesbian+and+Gay+Movement+in+their+struggle+against+contempt%2C+discrimination+and+oppression.+Demonstrates+that+we+are+not+alone.+Calls+for+permanent+vigilance.++Past%2C+present+and+future+are+represented+by+the+3+triangles+on+this+square.+Designed+by+Karin+Daan%2C+1987.&pg=PA267 |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309145724/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Performance_Design/5lfCR23MmMAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Homomonument+Commemorates+all+women+and+men+ever+oppressed+and+persecuted+because+of+their+homosexuality.++Supports+the+International+Lesbian+and+Gay+Movement+in+their+struggle+against+contempt,+discrimination+and+oppression.+Demonstrates+that+we+are+not+alone.+Calls+for+permanent+vigilance.++Past,+present+and+future+are+represented+by+the+3+triangles+on+this+square.+Designed+by+Karin+Daan,+1987.&pg=PA267&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{blockquote|
Homomonument
Commemorates all women and men ever oppressed and persecuted because of their homosexuality.

Supports the International Lesbian and Gay Movement in their struggle against contempt, discrimination and oppression. Demonstrates that we are not alone.
Calls for permanent vigilance.

Past, present and future are represented by the 3 triangles on this square. Designed by Karin Daan, 1987.
}}

In 1991, the bridge over the Keizersgracht canal, located north of the Homomonument, was renamed in honour of the anti-fascist, [[Dutch resistance|resistance]] fighter, gay activist, and long-term leader of the COC Niek Engelschman.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bridge 106 |url=https://www.bridgesofamsterdam.com/bridges/106/ |website=Bridges of Amsterdam |access-date=26 January 2022 |date=17 July 2016 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126142028/https://www.bridgesofamsterdam.com/bridges/106/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Current situation ==
[[File:Homomonument Pulse memorial.jpg|thumb|Memorial to victims of the [[Orlando nightclub shooting]] on Homomonument. June 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.parool.nl/amsterdam/honderden-amsterdammers-herdenken-orlando~a4319579/|title=Honderden Amsterdammers herdenken Orlando – Amsterdam – PAROOL|website=Het Parool|date=13 June 2016|language=nl-NL|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518200542/https://www.parool.nl/amsterdam/honderden-amsterdammers-herdenken-orlando~a4319579/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Every year, on the [[Remembrance of the Dead|National Day of Remembrance]] on 4 May, the Homomonument hosts an official ceremony to commemorate the gays and lesbians who were victims of [[Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany|Nazi repression]], as well as those who are still being persecuted for their sexual orientation around the world. The event, which brings together hundreds of people, is attended by various officials, representatives of political parties, and public organizations, many of whom make speeches. The ceremony begins at 8 pm and includes the laying of flowers, the lowering of the [[Flag of the Netherlands|Dutch flag]], and the traditional [[Moment of silence|two minutes of silence]] followed by the national anthem "[[Wilhelmus]]". Previously, the use of official paraphernalia was prohibited, but this position was later changed.<ref name="seventeen">{{cite web |title=Remembrance |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/hremembrance.htm |website=homomonument.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909151828/http://www.homomonument.nl/hremembrance.htm |archive-date=9 September 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On the [[Koningsdag|King's Day]] on 27 April and [[Liberation Day (Netherlands)|Liberation Day]] on 5 May, colourful Pink Triangle festivals are held at Westermarkt, which include dances, concerts, performances by artists, [[drag queen]]s, and so on. These festivities, according to the organizers, should testify to the connection between the past and the present and be a guarantee that history will not be forgotten and will not lose its relevance.<ref name="eighteen">{{cite web |title=Celebration |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/celebration.htm |website=homomonument.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209074645/http://www.homomonument.nl/celebration.htm |archive-date=9 February 2012}}</ref>

The Homomonument, as the first monument of its kind, has gained worldwide fame and is a popular tourist attraction in Amsterdam. People from all over the world come to it to lay flowers and take pictures.<ref name="fourteen" /><ref name="nineteen">{{cite web |title=Individual |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/vindividual.htm |website=homomonument.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523161236/http://www.homomonument.nl/vindividual.htm |archive-date=23 May 2011}}</ref>

The Homomonument underwent restoration in 2003.<ref name="four" /> On 24 October 2006, the mayor of Amsterdam, [[Job Cohen]], and the chairman of the LGBT organization COC, Frank van Dalen, inaugurated a model Homomonument in the [[Madurodam]] miniature park in [[The Hague]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mini-homomonument Madurodam onthuld |trans-title=Mini gay monument unveiled in Madurodam |url=https://www.coc.nl/geloof-cultuur/mini-homomonument-madurodam-onthuld |website=[[COC Nederland]] |access-date=26 January 2022 |language=nl |date=23 October 2006 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126142031/https://www.coc.nl/geloof-cultuur/mini-homomonument-madurodam-onthuld |url-status=live }}</ref> Another monument in memory of LGBT victims of repression and persecution was dedicated in Barcelona, Spain in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catalannewsagency.com/news/society-science/barcelona-unveiled-first-monument-repressed-gay-and-lesbian-people |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423182317/http://www.catalannewsagency.com/news/society-science/barcelona-unveiled-first-monument-repressed-gay-and-lesbian-people |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2012 |title=Barcelona unveiled the first monument to repressed gay and lesbian people |website=Catalan News Agency |access-date=12 February 2013 }}</ref> which was modeled after the Homomonument.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/03/barcelona-gay-lesbian-monument_n_803878.html |title=Barcelona Gay And Lesbian Monument Plans Outlined |date=3 January 2011 |access-date=12 February 2013 |newspaper=Huffington Post |archive-date=12 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112051214/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/03/barcelona-gay-lesbian-monument_n_803878.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Today, the Westermarkt has become one of the centres of life for the Dutch LGBT community. Various events are often held here, including rallies, photo exhibitions, flash mobs, open lectures, weddings, celebrations, and other events. The Homomonument Foundation coordinates and funds these events.<ref name="twentyone">{{cite web |title=Support |url=http://www.homomonument.nl/donatiesen.htm |website=homomonument.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206033526/http://www.homomonument.nl/donatiesen.htm |archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Literature ==
* {{cite book |last1=Whisnant |first1=Clayton J.|authorlink=Clayton J. Whisnant |title=Queer Identities and Politics in Germany: A History, 1880–1945 |date=2016 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-1-939594-10-5}}
* {{cite book |title=Dansen op het homomonument |trans-title=Dancing on the Homomonument |first=Thijs |last=Bartels |date=2003 |isbn=978-90-73341-17-3  |language=nl |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Shorer Books}}
* {{cite book |title=The Homomonument |first=Pieter |last=Koenders |date=1987 |isbn=978-90-90-01755-6 |ref=Koenders |language=en |location=Amsterdam |publisher=  Stichting Homomonument}}
* {{cite book |title=Om nooit te vergeten: Amsterdamse monumenten en gedenktekens ter herinnering aan de Tweede Wereldoorlog |trans-title=Never to forget: Amsterdam monuments and memorials in memory of the Second World War |first=Mies |last=Bouhuys |date=1995 |isbn=978-90-6868-124-6 |language=nl |location=Bussum |publisher=Uitgeverij Thoth}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Homomonument in Amsterdam}}
* {{Official website|http://www.homomonument.nl/ }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060428001602/http://home.wanadoo.nl/inspiritus/Homomonument.htm Homomonument page at Inspiritus]

{{LGBT monuments and memorials}}

[[Category:1987 in LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:1987 sculptures]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Holocaust commemoration]]
[[Category:LGBTQ in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:LGBTQ monuments and memorials in Europe]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to the victims of Nazism]]