Editing Horned lizard

{{short description|Genus of reptiles}}
{{about|the North American horned lizard|the Australian horned lizard|thorny devil}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Horned lizard
| image = Horned lizard 032507 kdh.jpg
| image_caption = [[Regal Horned Lizard|Regal horned lizard]]
| taxon = Phrynosoma
| authority = [[Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann|Wiegmann]], 1828
| type_species = ''[[Phrynosoma orbiculare|Lacerta orbiculare]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
}}
'''''Phrynosoma''''', whose members are known as the '''horned lizards''', '''horny toads''', or '''horntoads''', is a [[genus]] of North American [[lizard]]s and the [[type genus]] of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Phrynosomatidae]]. Their [[common name]]s refer directly to their horns or to their flattened, rounded bodies (squat bodied), and blunt snouts.

The [[Genus|generic name]] ''Phrynosoma'' means "toad-bodied". In common with true toads ([[amphibian]]s of the family [[Bufonidae]]), horned lizards tend to move sluggishly, often remain motionless, and rely on their remarkable camouflage to avoid detection by predators.  They are adapted to arid or semiarid areas. The spines on the lizard's back and sides are modified [[reptile scale]]s, which prevent water loss through the skin, whereas the horns on the head are true horns (i.e., they have a bony core). A [[Bladder#Reptiles|urinary bladder]] is absent.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=75h9DwAAQBAJ&dq=Squamata+Sauria+kidneys+bladder&pg=PA624 Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery]</ref> Of the 21 species of horned lizards, 15 are native to the USA. The largest-bodied and most widely distributed of the American species is the [[Texas horned lizard]].

==Defenses==
[[File:Phrynosoma orbiculare 1.jpg|thumb|left|Mexican Plateau horned lizard (''Phrynosoma orbiculare'') near Xalapa de Enríquez, Veracruz, Mexico, showing blood squirted from the eye as defensive behavior (20 April 2011)]]
Horned lizards use a variety of means to avoid [[predation]]. Their coloration generally serves as [[camouflage]]. When threatened, their first defense is to remain motionless to avoid detection. If approached too closely, they generally run in short bursts and stop abruptly to confuse the predator's visual acuity. If this fails, they puff up their bodies to cause them to appear more horned and larger so that they are more difficult to swallow.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Winton | first=W. M. | title=Habits and Behavior of the Texas Horned Lizard, ''Phrynosoma cornutum'', Harlan. I | journal=Copeia | publisher=JSTOR | issue=36 | date=1916-10-24 | volume=36 | pages=81–84 | issn=0045-8511 | doi=10.2307/1436504 | jstor=1436504 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/85685 }}</ref>

At least eight species (''P. asio'', ''P. cornutum'', ''P. coronatum'', ''P. ditmarsi'', ''P. hernandesi'', ''P. orbiculare'', ''P. solare'', and ''P. taurus'') are also able to [[Autohaemorrhaging|squirt an aimed stream of blood]] from the corners of the eyes for a distance up to {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Middendorf III et al., 2001"/><ref name="Sherbrooke & Middendorf III, 2001"/><ref name="Sherbrooke & Middendorf III, 2004"/><ref name=hodges/> They do this by restricting the blood flow leaving the head, thereby increasing blood pressure and rupturing tiny vessels around the [[eyelid]]s.  The blood not only confuses predators but also tastes foul to [[dog|canine]] and [[Felinae|feline]] predators. It appears to have no effect against predatory [[bird]]s. Only three closely related species (''P. mcallii'', ''P. modestum'', and ''P. platyrhinos'') are certainly known to either be unable to squirt blood or only do it extremely rarely.<ref name="Sherbrooke & Middendorf III, 2001"/>

While previous thought held that compounds were added to the blood from glands in the ocular sinus cavity, current research has shown that the chemical compounds that make up the defense are already in the circulating blood.<ref name="Sherbrooke & Middendorf III, 2001"/><ref name="Sherbrooke & Middendorf III, 2004"/> It is possible that their diet of large quantities of venomous [[harvester ant]]s could be a factor; however, the origin and structure of the chemicals responsible are still unknown. The blood-squirting mechanism increases survival after contact with canine predators;<ref name="Sherbrooke & Middendorf III, 2004"/> the trait may provide an evolutionary advantage. Ocular autohemorrhaging has also been documented in other lizards,<ref name="Sherbrooke, 2000"/> which suggests blood-squirting could have evolved from a less extreme defense in the ancestral branch of the genus. Recent phylogenic research supports this claim, so the species incapable of squirting blood apparently have lost the adaptation for reasons yet unstudied.<ref name="Leaché and McGuire (2006)"/>

To avoid being picked up by the head or neck, a horned lizard ducks or elevates its head and orients its cranial horns straight up, or back. If a predator tries to take it by the body, the lizard drives that side of its body down into the ground so the predator cannot easily get its lower jaw underneath.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

==Population decline==
[[File:Phrynosoma douglasii 4220.JPG|thumb|upright|''[[Phrynosoma douglasii]]'']]
A [[University of Texas]] publication notes that horned lizard populations continue to disappear throughout their distribution despite protective legislation. Population declines are attributed to a number of factors, including the fragmentation and loss of habitat from real estate development and road construction, the planting of non-native grasses (both suburban and rural), conversion of native land to pastureland and agricultural uses, and pesticides. Additionally predation by domestic dogs and cats place continued pressure upon horned lizards.<ref name=Pianka>{{cite web|last1=Pianka|first1=Eric|last2=Hodges|first2=Wendy|title=Horned Lizards, Part 2|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~varanus/phryno2.html|website=uts.cc.utexas.edu|publisher=University of Texas|access-date=March 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426033805/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~varanus/phryno2.html|archive-date=April 26, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Fire ants (''[[Solenopsis invicta]]''), introduced from South America via the nursery industry's potted plants, pose a significant threat to all wildlife including horned lizards. ''Phrynosoma'' species do not eat fire ants. Fire ants kill many species of wildlife, and are fierce competitors against the native ants, which horned lizards require for food (with their specialized nutritional content). Fire ants have given all ants a bad reputation, and human attempts to eradicate ants, including invasive species and the native species on which the lizards prey, contribute to the continued displacement of native ant species and the decline of horned lizards.<ref name=Pianka/>

The Texas horned lizard (''[[Phrynosoma cornutum]]'') has disappeared from almost half of its geographic range. Their popularity in the early to mid-20th-century pet trade, where collectors took thousands from the wild populations to sell to pet distributors, without provision for their highly specialized nutritional needs (primarily formic acid from harvester ants), resulted in certain death for almost all the collected lizards. In 1967, the state of Texas passed protective legislation preventing the collection, exportation, and sale of ''Phrynosoma'', and by the early 1970s, most states enacted similar laws to protect and conserve horned lizards in the USA. As recently as the early 2000s, though, the state of [[Nevada]] still allowed commercial sale of ''Phrynosoma'' species. Despite limited federal protection in [[Mexico]], horned lizards are still offered in Mexican "pet" markets throughout the country.<ref name=Pianka/>

In 2014, the [[Center for Biological Diversity]] in Tucson petitioned the [[Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation]] to have the Texas horned lizard put on the endangered species list due to the massive decline of its population in Oklahoma, where it was once plentiful. The center said it may later seek protection for the animal on a federal level; it also said that reptiles in general are dying off at up to 10,000 times their historic extinction rate, greatly due to human influences.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsok.com/article/5378004/center-for-biological-diversity-wants-texas-horned-lizard-declared-an-endangered-species-in-Oklahoma|title=Center for Biological Diversity wants Texas horned lizard declared an endangered species in Oklahoma|last=Godfrey|first=Ed|work=[[The Daily Oklahoman]]|date=December 20, 2014|access-date=November 5, 2018}}</ref>

==Species and subspecies==

The following 21 species (listed alphabetically by scientific name) are recognized as being valid by the [[Reptile Database]], three species of which have recognized [[subspecies]]:<ref>{{EMBL genus|genus=Phrynosoma}} www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Common Name !! Scientific Name !! Subspecies  !!Distribution
|-
|[[File:Gfp-mexican-west-coast-giant-horned-lizard (crop 1).jpg|120px]] ||[[Giant horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma asio'' {{small|[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1864}} ||  ||southern Mexico
|-
| ||[[Baur's short-horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma bauri'' {{small|[[species:Richard R. Montanucci|Montanucci]], 2015}} (disputed; may be conspecific with ''P. hernandesi'') || ||United States ( southern Wyoming and Nebraska south through eastern Colorado to northern New Mexico)
|-
|[[File:Phrynosoma blainvillii 131129535.jpg|120px]] ||[[San Diego horned lizard]] or Blainville's horned lizard  ||''Phrynosoma blainvillii'' {{small|[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1839}} || ||United States (southern and central California), Mexico (northern Baja California).
|-
|[[File:Phrynosoma braconnieri.jpg|120px]] ||[[Short-tailed horned lizard]] ||''Phrynosoma braconnieri'' {{small|[[Auguste Duméril|A.H.A. Duméril]], 1870}} || || Mexico (Puebla and Oaxaca)
|-
|[[File:Phrynosoma hernandesi - Flickr - aspidoscelis (11).jpg|120px]] ||[[Great Plains short-horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma brevirostris'' {{small|([[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1858)}} (disputed; may be conspecific with ''P. hernandesi'') || || Canada and the United States
|-
| ||[[Cedros Island horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma cerroense'' {{small|[[Leonhard Stejneger|Stejneger]], 1893}} || || Mexico (Cedros Island)
|-
|[[File:Phrynosoma cornutum - Flickr - aspidoscelis (4).jpg|120px]] ||[[Texas horned lizard]] ||''Phrynosoma cornutum'' {{small|([[Richard Harlan|Harlan]], 1825)}} || ||United States (southeast Colorado, central and southern areas of Kansas, central and western areas of Oklahoma and Texas, southeast New Mexico, and extreme southeast Arizona), Mexico (eastern Sonora, most of Chihuahua, northeast Durango, northern Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí, and throughout most of Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas.)
|-
|[[File:09-036 Horned Lizard (Phyrnosoma coronatum) (3481417849).jpg|120px]] ||[[Coast horned lizard]] || ''[[Coast horned lizard|Phrynosoma coronatum]]'' {{small|([[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville]], 1835)}} ||
*Cape horned lizard, ''P. c. coronatum'' {{small|(Blainville, 1835)}}
*California horned lizard, ''P. c. frontale'' {{small|[[J. Van Denburgh|Van Denburgh]], 1894}}
*Central peninsular horned lizard, ''P. c. jamesi'' {{small|[[Karl Patterson Schmidt|Schmidt]], 1922}}
|| Mexico (Baja California Sur )
|-
| ||[[San Luis Valley short-horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma diminutum'' {{small|Montanucci, 2015}} (disputed; may be conspecific with ''P. hernandesi'') || ||United States (Colorado)
|-
| ||Ditmars' horned lizard or [[rock horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma ditmarsi'' {{small|Stejneger, 1906}} || || Mexico (Sonora), United States (Arizona)
|-
|[[File:Phrynosoma douglasii 4244.JPG|120px]] ||[[Pygmy short-horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma douglasii'' {{small|([[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Bell]], 1828)}} || ||northwestern United States and adjacent southwestern Canada
|-
| ||[[Sonoran horned lizard]], Goode's desert horned lizard || ''Phrynosoma goodei'' {{small|Stejneger, 1893}} ||  ||United States (Arizona) and Mexico ([[Sonora]])
|-
|[[File:Phrynosoma hernandesi - Flickr - aspidoscelis (11).jpg|120px]] ||[[Greater short-horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma hernandesi'' {{small|Girard, 1858}} || || southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico
|-
|[[File:Flat-Tailed Horned Lizard (5162160076).jpg|120px]] ||[[Flat-tail horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma mcallii'' {{small|([[Edward Hallowell (herpetologist)|Hallowell]], 1852)}} || ||United States and Mexico
|-
|[[File:Phrynosoma modestum - Flickr - aspidoscelis (18).jpg|120px]] ||[[Roundtail horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma modestum'' {{small|Girard, 1852}} || || United States( Texas, New Mexico eastern Arizona, southeastern Colorado), northcentral Mexico

|-
|[[File:Lagarto Cornudo Camaleón Cornudo Iv (233411137).jpeg|120px]] ||[[Mexican Plateau horned lizard]] or Chihuahua Desert horned lizard || ''Phrynosoma orbiculare'' {{small|([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)}} ||
*''P. o. bradti'' {{small|[[species:Samuel B. Horowitz|Horowitz]], 1955}}
*''P. o. cortezii'' {{small|(A.H.A. Duméril & [[Marie Firmin Bocourt|Bocourt]], 1870)}}
*''P. o. dugesii'' {{small|(A.H.A. Duméril & Bocourt, 1870)}}
*''P. o. orbiculare'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}
*''P. o. orientale'' {{small|Horowitz, 1955}}
||Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla, and Veracruz.)
|-
| ||[[Desert short-horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma ornatissimum'' {{small|(Girard, 1858)}} (disputed; may be conspecific with ''P. hernandesi'') || || Canada and the United States
|-
|[[File:Desert Horned Lizard.jpg|120px]] ||[[Desert horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma platyrhinos'' {{small|Girard, 1852}} ||
*Southern desert horned lizard, ''P. p. calidiarum'' {{small|(Cope, 1896)}}
*[[Northern desert horned lizard]], ''P. p. platyrhinos'' {{small|Girard, 1852}} 
|| southern Idaho in the north to northern Mexico
|-
| ||[[Guerreran horned lizard]] ||''Phrynosoma sherbrookei'' [[species:Adrián Nieto-Montes de Oca|Nieto-Montes de Oca]], [[species:Diego Miguel Arenas-Moreno|Arenas-Moreno]], [[species:Elizabeth Beltrán-Sánchez|Beltrán-Sánchez]] & [[species:Adam D. Leaché|Leaché]], 2014 || ||Mexico.
|-
|[[File:Horned lizard 032507 kdh.jpg|120px]] ||[[Regal horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma solare'' {{small|Gray, 1845}} || ||Arizona and Mexico
|-
|[[File:Mexican horned lizard, Phrynosoma taurus.jpg|120px]] ||[[Mexican horned lizard]] || ''Phrynosoma taurus'' {{small|[[Alfredo Dugès|Dugès]], 1873}} || ||Mexico (Guerrero and Puebla)
|-
|}



''Note'': In the above list, a [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial authority]] or [[Trinomen|trinomial authority]] in parentheses indicates that the species or subspecies was originally described in a genus other than ''Phrynosoma''.
[[File:Horned lizards.jpg|240px|thumb|Comparison of ''P. modestum'' and ''P. platyrhinos'']]

== Horned lizard (''Phrynosoma'') gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="100px">
File:Coast Horned Lizard (9096387129).jpg|Blainville's horned lizard (''P. blainvillii)''
File:Phrynosoma braconnieri.jpg|Short-tailed horned lizard (''P. braconnieri)'', Oaxaca, Mexico (20 May 2013).
File:Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum), Armstrong County, Texas, USA (28 April 2013).jpg|Texas horned lizard (''P. cornutum''), Armstrong County, Texas, USA (28 April 2013)
File:HORNED LIZARD, COAST (phrynosoma coronatum) (6-14-08) cerro alto north ridge, slo co, ca -01 (2579107136).jpg|Coast horned lizard (''P. coronatum''), San Luis Obispo County, California, USA (June 14, 2008)
File:09-035 Horned Lizard (Phyrnosoma coronatum) (3481418737).jpg|Coast horned lizard (''P. coronatum'') (25 April 2009)
File:Greater short-horned lizard on Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge (27558656089).jpg|Greater short-horned lizard (''P. douglassi brevirostre''), Sweetwater County, Wyoming, USA (15 June 2016).
File:Phrynosoma douglasii 4226.JPG|Pygmy short-horned lizard (''P. douglasii)'', Washington, USA (5 June 2014)
File:Mountain short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi), Culberson County, Texas, USA (19 May 2018).jpg|Mountain short-horned lizard (''P. hernandesi)'', Culberson County, Texas, USA (19 May 2018)
File:Flat-Tailed Horned Lizard (5162160076).jpg|Flat-tailed horned lizard (''P. mcallii)'' (9 November 2010)
File:Roundtail Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma modestum), Municipality of Tula, Tamaulipas, Mexico (15 August 2004).jpg|Round-tail horned lizard (''P. modestum''), Municipality of Tula, Tamaulipas, Mexico (15 August 2004)
File:Mountain horned lizard (Phrynosoma orbiculare orientale), Municipality of Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, Mexico (24 September 2009).jpg|Mountain horned lizard (''P. orbiculare orientale''), Municipality of Miquihuana, Tamaulipas, Mexico (24 September 2009)
File:Desert Horned Lizard in Mojave Desert.png|Desert horned lizard (''P. platyrhinos''), San Bernardino County, California, USA (9 July 2019)
File:Horned lizard 032507 kdh.jpg|Regal horned lizard (''P. solare''), Apache Junction, Arizona, USA (25 March 2007)
</gallery>

==Symbol==
Texas designated the Texas horned lizard (''Phrynosoma cornutum'') as the official [[state reptile]] in 1993.<ref>[http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Texas/Texas_Horned_Lizard.html Texas Horned Lizard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401070209/http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Texas/Texas_Horned_Lizard.html |date=2015-04-01 }}. State Symbols USA. Retrieved on 2016-10-25.</ref> Wyoming’s state reptile is the “Horn Toad”, the greater short-horned lizard (''Phrynosoma hernandesi'').<ref name="Wyoming 2011">{{cite web | url = http://soswy.state.wy.us/SecretaryDesk/StateInfo_Symbols.aspx | title = State symbols | access-date = January 22, 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Wyoming Secretary of State's Office | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110906001152/http://soswy.state.wy.us/SecretaryDesk/StateInfo_Symbols.aspx | archive-date = September 6, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Mason Lee. 2022">Mason Lee. 2022. ''[https://www.uwyo.edu/barnbackyard/_files/documents/magazine/2022/winter/0122hornedlizard.pdf Wyoming’s surprising state reptile has spikes, shoots blood from eyes—]''. Barnyards & Backyards. 6-7 pp. University of Wyoming.
</ref>

The "[[TCU Horned Frogs|TCU Horned Frog]]" is the mascot of [[Texas Christian University]] in Fort Worth, Texas. The "Horned Toad" is also the mascot for Coalinga High School in Coalinga, California. This school is located in Western Central California and its arid region is home to the San Diego Horned Lizard, which is protected. The City of Coalinga hosts an annual "Horned Toad Derby" on Memorial day weekend which features horned toad races, a carnival and parade.

<gallery>
File:Superfrog.jpg|The TCU mascot is commonly known as Super Frog to TCU fans and students. He is usually present at TCU sporting events.
File:HornedToad.png|Horned lizard on a necktie at El Paso, Texas, in 1940
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Middendorf III et al., 2001">{{cite journal|author1=Middendorf III, G.A. |author2=Sherbrooke, W.C. |author3=Braun, E.J. |year=2001|title=Comparison of Blood Squirted from the Circumorbital Sinus and Systemic Blood in a Horned Lizard, ''Phrynosoma cornutum''|journal=The Southwestern Naturalist|volume=46|issue=3|doi=10.2307/3672440|jstor=3672440|pages=384–387}}</ref>
<ref name="Sherbrooke & Middendorf III, 2001">{{cite journal|author1=Sherbrooke, W.C.  |author2=Middendorf III, G.A. |year=2001|title=Blood-Squirting Variability in Horned Lizards (''Phrynosoma'')|jstor=1448403 |doi=10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[1114:BSVIHL]2.0.CO;2|journal=Copeia|volume= 2001|issue=4|pages=1114–1122|s2cid=86061329 |url=http://yubawatershedinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Blood-squirting.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Sherbrooke & Middendorf III, 2004">{{cite journal|author1=Sherbrooke, W.C.  |author2=Middendorf III, G.A. |year=2004|title=Responses of Kit Foxes (''Vulpes macrotis'') to Antipredator Blood-Squirting and Blood of Texas Horned Lizards (''Phrynosoma cornutum'')|jstor=1448486|doi=10.1643/CH-03-157R1|journal=Copeia|volume= 2004|issue=3|pages=652–658|s2cid=55365586 |url=https://works.bepress.com/george-middendorf/13/download/ }}</ref>
<ref name=hodges>{{cite journal|author=Hodges, W.L. |year=2004|jstor=3672697|doi=10.1894/0038-4909(2004)049<0267:DBSIPD>2.0.CO;2|title=Defensive blood squirting in ''Phrynosoma ditmarsi'' and a high rate of human-induced blood squirting in ''Phrynosoma asio''|journal=The Southwestern Naturalist|volume= 49|issue=2|pages=267–270|s2cid=85923959 }}</ref>
<ref name="Sherbrooke, 2000">{{cite journal|author=Sherbrooke, W. C.|year=2000|title=''Sceloporus jarrovii'' (Yarrow's spiny lizard) Ocular Sinus Bleeding|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305612339|journal=Herpetological Review|volume= 31|pages= 243}}</ref>
<ref name="Leaché and McGuire (2006)">{{cite journal|author1=Leache, A. D.  |author2=J. A. McGuire|year= 2006|title= Phylogenetic relationships of hores lizards (''Phrynosoma'') based on nuclear and mitochondrial data: evidence for a misleading mitochondrial gene tree|url=https://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/mcguire/Leache%20&%20McGuire.MPE.2006.pdf|pmid=16488160|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume= 39|issue= 3|pages= 628–644|doi= 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.016}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Phrynosoma}}
{{Commons category|Phrynosoma}}
* [http://www.digimorph.org/resources/horned.phtml Horned lizard skulls and info at Digimorph.org]
* [http://www.hornedlizards.org/ Horned Lizard Conservation Society]
* [http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~varanus/phryno.html Horned Lizards at UTexas.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429110851/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~varanus/phryno.html |date=2011-04-29 }}
* [http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/mclizard.htm Argentine ants linked to declines in coastal horned lizards]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714155703/http://depts.washington.edu/natmap/projects/waterville/ Horned Toads - A field study of Short-horned Lizards by students of Waterville Elementary School]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q288720}}

[[Category:Phrynosoma]]
[[Category:Symbols of Wyoming]]
[[Category:Lizards of North America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann]]