Editing Howell Cobb

{{Short description|American politician (1815–1868)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = Howell Cobb
|image        = Howell Cobb-crop.jpg
|office       = President of the [[Provisional Congress of the Confederate States|Confederate States Provisional Congress]]
|term_start   = February 4, 1861
|term_end     = February 18, 1862
|predecessor  = Position established
|successor    = Position abolished
|office1      = 22nd [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]]
|president1   = [[James Buchanan]]
|term_start1  = March 7, 1857
|term_end1    = December 8, 1860
|predecessor1 = [[James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)|James Guthrie]]
|successor1   = [[Philip Francis Thomas|Philip Thomas]]
|office2      = 40th [[List of Governors of Georgia|Governor of Georgia]]
|term_start2  = November 5, 1851
|term_end2    = November 9, 1853
|predecessor2 = [[George W. Towns|George Towns]]
|successor2   = [[Herschel Vespasian Johnson|Herschel Johnson]]
|office3      = 19th [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]
|term_start3  = December 22, 1849{{efn|multi-ballot election; voting lasted 19 days (The total vacancy was over eight months; Congress simply didn't vote or do any work until December.)}}
|term_end3    = March 3, 1851
|predecessor3 = [[Robert Charles Winthrop|Robert Winthrop]]
|successor3   = [[Linn Boyd]]
|office4     = Leader of the [[House Democratic Caucus#Caucus Leader|House Democratic Caucus]]
|term_start4  =December 4, 1843
|term_end4  = March 4, 1845
|predecessor4 = [[John Winston Jones]]
|successor4   = [[Linn Boyd]]
|state5       = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|district5    = {{ushr|GA|6|6th}}
|term_start5  = March 4, 1855
|term_end5    = March 3, 1857
|predecessor5 = [[Junius Hillyer]]
|successor5   = [[James Jackson (congressman)|James Jackson]]
|term_start6  = March 4, 1845
|term_end6    = March 3, 1851
|predecessor6 = Constituency established
|successor6   = [[Junius Hillyer]]
|state7       = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|district7    = {{ushr|GA|AL|at-large}}
|term_start7  = March 4, 1843
|term_end7    = March 3, 1845<br />Seat 5
|predecessor7 = [[James Archibald Meriwether|James Meriwether]]
|successor7   = Constituency abolished
|birth_date   = {{birth date|1815|9|7}}
|birth_place  = [[Jefferson County, Georgia|Cherry Hill]], Georgia, U.S.
|death_date   = {{death date and age|1868|10|9|1815|9|7}}
|death_place  = {{nowrap|[[New York City]], New York, U.S.}}
|party        = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (Before 1851; 1853–1868)<br />[[Union Party (United States, 1850)|Constitutional Union]] (1851–1853){{efn|Not to be confused with [[Constitutional Union Party (United States)|Constitutional Union Party]] of 1860, the Constitutional Union Party in Georgia was a brief merger of the Democratic and Whig state parties.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Paul |date=1945 |title=Party Organization in Georgia Politics 1825–1853 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40576991 |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=206–207 |jstor=40576991 }}</ref>}}
|relatives    = {{hlist|[[Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb|Thomas Cobb]] (brother)|[[Sarah Johnson Cocke]] (niece)}}
|education    = [[University of Georgia]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
|allegiance   = {{flag|Confederate States}}
|branch       = {{army|CSA}}
|rank         = [[File:Confederate States of America General-collar.svg|35px]] [[Major general (United States)|Major General]]
|serviceyears = 1861–1865
|commands     = Cobb's Brigade<br />District of Georgia and Florida
|unit         = [[Army of Northern Virginia]]
|battles      = [[American Civil War]]
}}
'''Howell Cobb''' (September 7, 1815 – October 9, 1868) was an American and later Confederate political figure. A southern Democrat, Cobb was a five-term member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] and the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House]] from 1849 to 1851. He also served as the [[List of governors of Georgia|40th governor of Georgia]] (1851–1853) and as a [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|secretary of the treasury]] under [[President of the United States|President]] [[James Buchanan]] (1857–1860).

Cobb is, however, best known as one of the founders of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]], having served as the President of the [[Provisional Congress of the Confederate States]] where delegates of the Southern [[Slavery in the United States|slave]] states declared that they had seceded from the [[United States]] and created the [[Confederate States of America]].

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Jefferson County, Georgia]] in 1815, son of Sarah (''née'' Rootes) and John A. Cobb.<ref>[John Cobb's brother Henry Cobb was the father of Susan Amanda Cobb first wife of Florida Civil War Governor  [[John Milton (Florida politician)]].]</ref> Cobb was of [[Welsh people|Welsh American]] ancestry.<ref>A memorial volume of the ''Hon. Howell Cobb, of Georgia'', edited by Samuel Boykin, p. 14</ref> He was raised in [[Athens, Georgia|Athens]] and attended the [[University of Georgia]], where he was a member of the [[Phi Kappa Literary Society]]. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and became solicitor general of the western judicial circuit of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Cobb was a [[United States Electoral College|presidential elector]] in the [[1836 United States presidential election in Georgia|1836 presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d11DAQAAMAAJ |title=The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography |publisher=[[James T. White & Co.]] |year=1898 |volume=I |location=New York, N.Y. |pages=226 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

He married Mary Ann Lamar on May 26, 1835. She was a daughter of Colonel Zachariah Lamar, of Milledgeville, from a prominent family with broad connections in the South.<ref>A Standard History of Georgia and Georgians, Volume 3, L. L. Knight, Lewis Publishing Co., 1917, p. 1339</ref> Her relatives include [[Texas]] President [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]] and Georgia resident [[Gazaway Bugg Lamar]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} They would have eleven children, the first in 1838 and the last in 1861. Several did not survive childhood, including their last, a son who was named after Howell's brother, [[Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb]].

==Career==

===Congressman===
{{Further|Presidency of John Tyler|Presidency of James K. Polk|28th United States Congress|29th United States Congress|30th United States Congress}}

[[File:Lucy May Stanton, Howell Cobb, 1912, Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Lucy May Stanton]], ''Howell Cobb'', 1912, Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives]]

Cobb was elected as [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]] to the [[28th Congress|28th]], [[29th Congress|29th]], [[30th Congress|30th]] and [[31st Congress]]es. He was chairman of the [[U.S. House Committee on Mileage]] during the 28th Congress, and [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]] during the [[31st Congress]].

He sided with President [[Andrew Jackson]] on the question of [[Nullification Crisis|nullification]] (i.e. compromising on import tariffs), and was an effective supporter of President [[James K. Polk]]'s administration during the [[Mexican–American War]]. He was an ardent advocate of extending [[slavery]] into the [[Historical regions of the United States|territories]], but when the [[Compromise of 1850]] had been agreed upon, he became its staunch supporter as a Union Democrat.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brooks|first1=R. P.|title=Howell Cobb and the Crisis of 1850|journal=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|date=December 1917|volume=4|issue=3|pages=279–298|doi=10.2307/1888593|jstor=1888593}}</ref> He joined Georgia Whigs [[Alexander Stephens]] and [[Robert Toombs]] in a statewide campaign to elect delegates to a state convention that overwhelmingly affirmed, in the [[Georgia Platform]], that the state accepted the Compromise as the final resolution to the outstanding slavery issues. On that issue, Cobb was elected [[governor of Georgia]] by a large majority.

===Speaker of the House===
{{Main|31st United States Congress|Zachary Taylor#Presidency (1849–1850)|Presidency of Millard Fillmore}}

After 63 ballots,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jenkins|first1=Jeffery A.|last2=Stewart|first2=Charles Haines|title=Fighting for the speakership the House and the rise of party government|date=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N.J.|isbn=9781400845460|page=167}}</ref> he became Speaker of the House on December 22, 1849, at the age of 34.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Holman|title=Prologue to Conflict : The Crisis and Compromise of 1850|date=2015|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|isbn=978-0813191362|page=42}}</ref> In 1850—following the July 9 death of [[Zachary Taylor]] and the accession of [[Millard Fillmore]] to the [[President of the United States|presidency]]—Cobb, as Speaker, would have been [[United States presidential line of succession|next in line to the presidency]] for two days due to the resultant [[Vice President of the United States#Vacancies|vice presidential vacancy]] and a [[president pro tempore]] of the Senate vacancy, except he did not meet the minimum eligibility for the presidency of being 35 years old. The Senate elected [[William R. King]] as president pro tempore on July 11.

===Governor of Georgia===
In 1851, Cobb left the House to serve as the [[Governor of Georgia]], holding that post until 1853.  He published ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pXYTAQAAMAAJ A Scriptural Examination of the Institution of Slavery in the United States: With its Objects and Purposes]'' in 1856.<!--exists both at google books and archive.org, not sure which is preferred--><ref>[[New International Encyclopedia|NIE]]</ref>

===Return to Congress and Secretary of the Treasury===
{{Further|34th United States Congress|Presidency of Franklin Pierce|Presidency of James Buchanan}}
[[File:COBB, Howell-Treasury (BEP engraved portrait).jpg|thumb|left|175px|[[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] portrait of Cobb as Secretary of the Treasury]]

He was elected to the [[34th United States Congress|34th Congress]] before being appointed as [[Secretary of the Treasury]] in [[James Buchanan|Buchanan]]'s Cabinet. He served for three years, resigning in December 1860.  At one time, Cobb was Buchanan's choice for his successor.<ref>[[#Klein|Klein (1962)]], pp. 11.</ref>

[[File:Buchanan Cabinet.jpg|thumb|right|President [[James Buchanan]] and Cabinet, 1859. Photograph by [[Mathew Brady]]]]

===A Founder of the Confederacy===
In 1860, Cobb ceased to be a [[Southern Unionist|Unionist]], and became a leader of the [[secession]] movement,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} not surprising since he once owned 1000 slaves.<ref name="Larson">{{cite web |last1=Larson |first1=Erik |title=A President Called 'Aunt Fancy' |url=https://www.delanceyplace.com/view-archives.php?p=5095 |website=Delanceyplace.com |access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref> He was president of a convention of the seceded states that assembled in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], on February 4, 1861. Under Cobb's guidance, the delegates drafted a constitution for the new Confederacy. He served as president of several sessions of the [[Confederate Provisional Congress]], and swore in [[Jefferson Davis]] as president of the Confederacy before resigning to join the military when war erupted.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=Ruby Sellers|title=Howell Cobb, President of the Provisional Congress of the Confederacy|journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly|date=1962|volume=46|issue=1|pages=20–33|jstor=40578354}}</ref>

===American Civil War===
{{Main|American Civil War|Georgia in the American Civil War}}

[[File:General Howell Cobb, C.S.A. (9241073518).jpg|thumb|left|General Howell Cobb]]

Cobb joined the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate army]] and was commissioned as [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] of the 16th Georgia Infantry. He was appointed a [[Brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]] on February 13, 1862, and assigned command of a [[brigade]] in what became the [[Army of Northern Virginia]]. Between February and June 1862, he represented the Confederate authorities in negotiations with Union officers for an agreement on the exchange of [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]]. His efforts in these discussions contributed to the [[Dix-Hill Cartel]] accord reached in July 1862.<ref>''Official Records,'' Series II, Vol. 3, pp. 338–340, 812–813, Vol. 4, pp. 31–32, 48.</ref>

Cobb saw combat during the [[Peninsula Campaign]] and the [[Seven Days Battles]]. Cobb's brigade played a key role in the fighting during the [[Battle of South Mountain]], especially at [[Crampton's Gap]], where it arrived at a critical time to delay a Union advance through the gap, but at a bloody cost. His men also fought at the subsequent [[Battle of Antietam]].

In October 1862, Cobb was detached from the [[Army of Northern Virginia]] and sent to the District of Middle Florida. He was promoted to [[Major general (United States)|major general]] on September 9, 1863, and placed in command of the District of Georgia and Florida. He suggested the construction of a [[prisoner-of-war camp]] in southern Georgia, a location thought to be safe from Union incursions. This idea led to the creation of the infamous [[Andersonville prison]].

When [[William T. Sherman]]'s armies entered Georgia during the 1864 [[Atlanta Campaign]] and subsequent [[Sherman's March to the Sea|March to the Sea]], Cobb commanded the Georgia Reserve Corps as a general. In the spring of 1865, with the Confederacy clearly waning, he and his troops were sent to [[Columbus, Georgia]] to help oppose [[Wilson's Raid]]. He led the hopeless [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] resistance in the [[Battle of Columbus, Georgia]] on Easter Sunday, April 16, 1865.

During Sherman's March to the Sea, the army camped one night near Cobb's plantation.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seibert|first1=David|title=Howell Cobb Plantation|url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/baldwin/howell-cobb-plantation|website=GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref> When Sherman discovered that the house he planned to stay in for the night belonged to Cobb, whom Sherman described in his ''Memoirs'' as "one of the leading rebels of the South, then a general in the Southern army," he dined in Cobb's slave quarters,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGbkHUePtVwC&q=%22Let+Christians+use+all+their+influence+to+have+justice+done+to+the%22&pg=PA211|title=The Soul of Battle: From Ancient Times to the Present Day, How Three Great Liberators Vanquished Tyranny|date=1999|publisher=The Free Press|location=New York City|first=Victor Davis|last=Hanson|page=211|isbn=9780684845029|author-link=Victor Davis Hanson|access-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref> confiscated Cobb's property and burned the plantation,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mitchell|first1=Robert B.|date=November 2014|title=Terrible beyond endurance|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fth&AN=97505154&site=eds-live&scope=site|journal=America's Civil War|volume=27|issue=5|page=37|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> instructing his subordinates to "spare nothing."<ref>{{cite web | title = Memoirs, ch.21 | publisher = William Tecumseh Sherman | url = http://www.sonofthesouth.net/union-generals/sherman/memoirs/general-sherman-march-sea.htm | access-date = May 20, 2010 }}</ref>

In the closing days of the war, Cobb fruitlessly opposed General [[Robert E. Lee]]'s eleventh hour proposal to enlist slaves into the Confederate Army. Fearing that such a move would completely discredit the Confederacy's fundamental justification of slavery, that black people were inferior, he said, "You cannot make soldiers of slaves, or slaves of soldiers. The day you make a soldier of them is the beginning of the end of the Revolution. And if slaves seem good soldiers, then our whole theory of slavery is wrong."<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref>

Cobb surrendered to the U.S. at [[Macon, Georgia]] on April 20, 1865.

==Later life and death==

[[File:Postbellum-Cobb.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Cobb in his postbellum days]]

Following the end of the Civil War, Cobb returned home and resumed his law practice. Despite pressure from his former constituents and soldiers, he refused to make any public remarks on [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] policy until he received a presidential pardon, although he privately opposed the policy. Finally receiving the pardon in early 1868, he began to vigorously oppose the [[Reconstruction Acts]], making a series of speeches that summer that bitterly denounced the policies of [[Radical Republicans]] in the U.S. Congress.

That autumn, Cobb vacationed in New York City, and died of a heart attack there. His body was returned to [[Athens, Georgia]], for burial in [[Oconee Hill Cemetery]].<ref>"Howell Cobb", ''New Georgia Encyclopedia''</ref>

==Legacy==
As a former Speaker of the House, his portrait had been on display in the US Capitol. The portrait was removed from public display in the Speaker's Lobby outside the House Chamber after an order issued by the Speaker of the House, [[Nancy Pelosi]] on June 18, 2020, during the [[George Floyd protests]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/06/pelosi-orders-confederate-portraits-removed-capitol.html|title=Portraits of Confederate House Speakers Removed From Capitol|website=slate.com|date=June 19, 2020|access-date=June 19, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/18/880253813/confederate-speaker-portraits-to-be-removed-from-the-capitol-on-juneteenth|title=Confederate Speaker Portraits To Be Removed From The U.S. Capitol On Juneteenth|website=www.npr.org|date=June 18, 2020|access-date=June 19, 2020|last1=Snell|first1=Kelsey}}</ref>

== Cobb family ==
The Cobb family included many prominent Georgians from both before and after the Civil War era. Cobb's uncle and namesake, also [[Howell Cobb (Elder)|Howell Cobb]], had been a U.S. Congressman from 1807 to 1812, and then served as an officer in the [[War of 1812]].

Cobb's younger brother, [[Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb]], was also a politician and soldier and was killed in the Civil War. [[Thomas Willis Cobb]], a member of the United States Congress and namesake of Georgia's [[Cobb County, Georgia|Cobb County]], was a cousin.  His niece [[Mildred Lewis Rutherford|Mildred Lewis "Miss Millie" Rutherford]] was a prominent educator, [[white supremacy]] advocate, and leader in the [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]]. Howell Cobb's daughter, Mrs. Alexander S. (Mary Ann Lamar Cobb) Erwin, was responsible for creating the [[United Daughters of the Confederacy]]'s [[Southern Cross of Honor]] in 1899, which was awarded to Confederate Veterans.<ref name="Alexander">{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=David T. |title=Southern Cross of Honor: Whitehead & Hoag wins contract |url=https://www.coinworld.com/news/us-coins/2012/11/southern-cross-of-honor.all.html |access-date=January 24, 2019 |work=Coin World |date=November 30, 2012}}</ref> His son, [[Andrew J. Cobb]], served as a justice of the Georgia Supreme Court.<ref>"Judge Cobb Dies Of Heart Attack Following Stroke", ''The Atlanta Constitution'' (March 28, 1925), p. 1.</ref>

{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Georgia (U.S. state)|Politics|American Civil War}}
* [[List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession]]
* [[List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)]]

'''Notelist'''

{{notelist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Cobb, Howell|volume=6|page=606}}
* {{bioguide}}
{{CongBio|C000548}} Retrieved on 2009-04-17
* Brooks, R. P. "Howell Cobb and the Crisis of 1850." The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 4, no. 3 (1917): 279–298. [https://doi.org/10.2307/1888593 online].
* Davis, Ruby Sellers. "Howell Cobb, President of the Provisional Congress of the Confederacy." The Georgia Historical Quarterly 46, no. 1 (1962): 20–33. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/40578354 online].
* Eicher, John H., and [[David J. Eicher]], ''Civil War High Commands.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-3641-1}}.
* Sifakis, Stewart. ''Who Was Who in the Civil War.'' New York: Facts On File, 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-8160-1055-4}}.
* Simpson, John Eddins. "Howell Cobb's Bid for the Presidency in 1860." The Georgia Historical Quarterly 55, no. 1 (1971): 102–113. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/40579191 online].
* Simpson, John E. "Prelude to Compromise: Howell Cobb and the House Speakership Battle of 1849." ''The Georgia Historical Quarterly'' 58, no. 4 (1974): 389–399. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/40580047].
* {{cite book
 |author=US Department of War
 |title=[[Official Records of the American Civil War|''The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies'']]
 |location=Washington
 |publisher=Government Printing Office
 |date=1880–1901
}}
* [[Ezra J. Warner (historian)|Warner, Ezra J.]] ''Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders.'' Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. {{ISBN|978-0-8071-0823-9}}.

==Further reading==
* Montgomery, Horace, ''Howell Cobb's Confederate Career.'' (Tuscaloosa, Alabama: Confederate Publishing, 1959).
* Simpson, John E., ''Howell Cobb: the Politics of Ambition.'' (Chicago, Illinois: Adams Press, 1973).

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category:Howell Cobb |b=no |n=no |q=Howell Cobb |s=no |v=no|voy=no|d=y}}
* [http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_georgia/col2-content/main-content-list/title_cobb_howell.html Howell Cobb entry] at the [[National Governors Association]]
* [http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/cobb.html#329.56.23 Howell Cobb (1815–1868) entry] at [[The Political Graveyard]]
* {{Find a Grave|8962}}
* [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18374 Joseph Emerson Brown letters, W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, The University of Alabama.]
* [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-615 New Georgia Encyclopedia: Howell Cobb (1815–1868)]
* [http://milledgeville.galileo.usg.edu/milledgeville/view?docId=news/srw1868/srw1868-0178.xml&query=howell%20cobb&brand=milledgeville-brand "The Late Howell Cobb"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306085459/http://milledgeville.galileo.usg.edu/milledgeville/view?docId=news/srw1868/srw1868-0178.xml&query=howell%20cobb&brand=milledgeville-brand |date=March 6, 2012 }}, Southern Recorder, November 10, 1868. Atlanta Historic Newspaper Archive. Digital Library of Georgia
* [http://www.treasury.gov/about/history/Pages/hcobb.aspx U.S. Treasury - Biography of Secretary Howell Cobb]
* {{cite web|last1=Cobb|first1=Howell|title=[Letter] 1858 Jan. 20, Treasury Department [to] J[ames] W[harey] Terrell, Qualla Town [i.e., Quallatown], North Carolina|url=http://metis.galib.uga.edu/ssp/cgi-bin/tei-natamer-idx.pl?sessionid=02f30415-2ba1824017-0337&type=doc&tei2id=CM143|website=Southeastern Native American Documents, 1730–1842|publisher=Digital Library of Georgia|access-date=February 21, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

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