Editing Hubei

{{Short description|Province in Central China}}
{{Distinguish|Hebei}}
{{Expand Chinese|date=June 2021|topic=geo}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Hubei
| native_name        = {{lang|zh|湖北}}
| settlement_type    = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| official_name = Province of Hubei
| translit_lang1     = Name
| translit_lang1_type = {{nobold|Chinese}}
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|zh|湖北省}} ({{tlit|zh|Húběi shěng}})
| translit_lang1_type1 = {{nobold|Abbreviation}}
| translit_lang1_info1 = HB{{\}}{{linktext|lang=zh|鄂}} ({{tlit|zh|È}})
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Xiling Gorge 2016 2.jpg
| photo2a = Yellow Crane Tower, 2013 photo.jpg
| photo2b = 三峡大坝.jpg
| photo3a = 赤壁图片-用于中文维基百科咸宁市条目.jpg
| photo3b = 武当山紫霄殿格子门.JPG
| photo4a = Enshi grand canyon.jpg
| position = center | size = 270
}}
| image_caption = Clockwise: {{hlist|class=inline|[[Xiling Gorge]]|[[Three Gorges Dam]]|[[Wudang Mountains]]|[[Enshi Grand Canyon]]|[[Chibi, Hubei|Red Cliffs]]|[[Yellow Crane Tower]]}}
| image_map          = Hubei in China (+all claims hatched).svg
| mapsize            = 275px
| map_caption        = Location of Hubei in China
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = China
| seat_type          = Capital {{nwr|{{nobold|(and largest city)}}}}
| seat               = [[Wuhan]]
| parts_type         = Divisions
| parts_style        = para
| p1                 = 13 [[List of administrative divisions of Hubei|prefectures]]
| p2                 = 102 counties
| p3                 = 1235 townships
| government_type    = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| governing_body     = [[Hubei Provincial People's Congress]]
| leader_title       = [[Party Secretary of Hubei|Party Secretary]]
| leader_name        = [[Wang Zhonglin (politician)|Wang Zhonglin]]
| leader_title1      = [[Hubei Provincial People's Congress|Congress]] director
| leader_name1       = [[Wang Menghui]] (titular)
| leader_title2      = [[Governor of Hubei|Governor]]
| leader_name2       = [[Li Dianxun]] (acting)
| leader_title3      = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] chairman
| leader_name3       = [[Sun Wei (born 1961)|Sun Wei]]
| leader_title4      = [[National People's Congress]] Representation
| leader_name4       = 112 deputies
| area_footnotes     = <ref name=mofcom>{{cite web|title=Hubei Survey |url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/zt_business/lanmub/200704/20070404609936.htm |publisher=Ministry Of Commerce |date= 25 April 2007 |quote= Hubei {...} an area of 185,900 square km. |access-date=8 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406185510/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/zt_business/lanmub/200704/20070404609936.html |archive-date=6 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2013-03/26/content_2362487.htm |script-title=zh:湖北 |trans-title=Hubei |language=zh |publisher=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China |date=26 March 2013 |script-quote=zh:全省国土总面积18.59万平方公里 |access-date=7 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708151501/http://www.gov.cn/test/2013-03/26/content_2362487.htm |archive-date=8 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 185900
| area_rank          = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|13th]]
| elevation_max_m    = 3105
| elevation_max_point = [[Shennong Peak]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2021 |title=Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3) |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]}}</ref>
| population_total   = 58,300,000
| population_as_of   = 2021
| population_rank    = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|10th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population density|12th]]
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic composition
| demographics1_info1  = {{ubl
 | [[Han Chinese|Han]]: 95.6%
 | [[Tujia people|Tujia]]: 3.7%
 | [[Hmong people|Miao]]: 0.4%
}}
| demographics1_title2 = Languages and dialects
| demographics1_info2 = [[Southwestern Mandarin]], [[Lower Yangtze Mandarin]], [[Gan Chinese|Gan]], [[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]]
| demographics_type2   = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{nobold|(2023)}}<ref name="GDPdata">{{cite web |url=http://www.hubei.gov.cn/zwgk/hbyw/hbywqb/202403/t20240327_5135745.shtml |script-title=zh: 2023年湖北省国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=hubei.gov.cn |date=March 27, 2024 |access-date=June 19, 2024}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = {{CNY|5,580 billion}} ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|7th]]; US$792 billion)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = {{CNY|95,538}} ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|9th]]; US$13,558)
| iso_code           = CN-HB
| blank4_name_sec2   = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{normal|(2022)}}
| blank4_info_sec2   = 0.794<ref name="SHDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices (8.0)- China |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Global Data Lab}}</ref> ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI|10th]]){{snd}}{{color|#090|high}}
| website            = {{URL|hubei.gov.cn}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| upright= 0.3
| image=Hubei (Chinese characters).svg
| c = 湖北
| l="North of [[Dongting Lake|(Dongting) Lake]]"
| psp = Hupeh
| p = Húběi
| bpmf = {{bpmfsp|ㄏㄨˊ|ㄅㄟˇ}}
| w = {{tonesup|Hu2-pei3}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|h|u|2|b|ei|3}}
| wuu = Wu<sup>入</sup> poh<sup>平</sup>
| h = Fù-pet
| j = Wu4-bak1
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|w|u|4|.|b|ak|1}}
| y = Wùh-bāk
| poj = Ô͘-pak
| tl = Ôo-pak
| buc = Hù-báe̤k
| xej = خُ‌بُوِ
}}

'''Hubei'''{{efn|{{zh|c=湖北}}; {{IPAc-en|h|uː|'|b|eɪ}} {{respell|hoo|BAY}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Hubei |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518055407/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Hubei |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |title=Hubei |dictionary=Lexico UK English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>}} is a [[province of China|province]] in [[Central China]]. It has the [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|seventh-largest economy]] among Chinese provinces, the second-largest within Central China, and the third-largest among inland provinces. Its provincial capital at [[Wuhan]] serves as a major political, cultural, and economic hub for the region.

Hubei is associated with the historical [[state of E]] that existed during the [[Western Zhou dynasty]] ({{circa|1045}}{{snd}}771&nbsp;BCE). Its name means 'north of the lake', referring to [[Dongting Lake]].<ref>{{in lang|zh}} [http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html Origin of the Names of China's Provinces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427100058/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html |date=2016-04-27 }}, ''[[People's Daily Online]]''.</ref> It borders [[Henan]] to the north, [[Anhui]] and [[Jiangxi]] to the east, [[Hunan]] to the south, and [[Chongqing]] and [[Shaanxi]] to the west. The high-profile [[Three Gorges Dam]] is located at [[Yichang]] in the west of the province.

== History ==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}
The Hubei region was home to sophisticated [[Neolithic]] cultures.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zhang |first1=Chi (張弛) |chapter=The Qujialing-Shijiahe Culture in the Middle Yangzi River Valley |title=A Companion to Chinese Archaeology |editor-first=Anne P. |editor-last=Underhill |location=Chichester |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2013 |pages=510–34 |isbn=978-1-4443-3529-3 |doi=10.1002/9781118325698}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Flad |first1=Rowan K. |last2=Chen |first2=Pochan |title=Ancient Central China: Centers and Peripheries along the Yangzi River |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-521-72766-2}}</ref> By the [[Spring and Autumn period]] (770–476 BC), the territory of today's Hubei formed part of the powerful [[Chu (state)|State of Chu]]. Chu, nominally a tributary state of the [[Zhou dynasty]], was itself an extension of the Chinese civilization that had emerged some centuries before in the north; but Chu also represented a culturally unique blend of northern and southern culture, and it developed into a powerful state that controlled much of the middle and lower [[Yangtze River]], with its power extending northwards into the [[North China Plain]].<ref>Constance A. Cook and John S. Major, eds. Defining Chu: Image and Reality in Ancient China, (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1999); Lothar von Falkenhausen, Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000–250 BC): The Archaeological Evidence (Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, 2006), 262–88.</ref>

[[File:Chinese silk, 4th Century BC.JPG|thumb|left|Detail of an embroidered silk gauze ritual garment from a 4th-century BC, [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou era]] tomb at Mashan, [[Jiangling County]], Hubei]]
During the [[Warring States period]] (475–221 BC) Chu became the major adversary of the upstart [[Qin (state)|State of Qin]] to the northwest (in present-day [[Guanzhong]], [[Shaanxi]] province), which began to assert itself by outward expansionism. As wars between Qin and Chu ensued, Chu lost more and more land: first its dominance over the [[Sichuan Basin]], then (in 278 BC) its heartland, which correspond to modern Hubei.<ref>《[[Han Feizi|韩非子]]·初见秦》：秦与荆人战，大破荆，袭郢，取洞庭、五渚、江南。荆王君臣亡走，东服于陈。</ref><ref>《[[Records of the Grand Historian|史记]]·卷七十三·白起王翦列传》：其明年，攻楚，拔郢，烧夷陵，遂东至竟陵。楚王亡去郢，东走徙陈。</ref> In 223 BC Qin chased down the remnants of the Chu regime, which had fled eastwards [[Qin's wars of unification|during Qin's wars of uniting China]].<ref>《[[Records of the Grand Historian|史记]]·卷七十三·白起王翦列传》：王翦果代李信击荆。荆闻王翦益军而来，乃悉国中兵以拒秦。王翦至，坚壁而守之，不肯战。荆兵数出挑战，终不出。王翦日休士洗沐，而善饮食抚循之，亲与士卒同食。久之，王翦使人问军中戏乎？对曰：“方投石超距。”于是王翦曰：“士卒可用矣。”荆数挑战而秦不出，乃引而东。翦因举兵追之，令壮士击，大破荆军。至蕲南，杀其将军项燕，荆兵遂败走。秦因乘胜略定荆地城邑。岁馀，虏荆王负刍，竟平荆地为郡县。。</ref>

Qin founded the [[Qin dynasty]] in 221 BC, the first unified dynasty in [[China proper|China]]. The Qin dynasty was succeeded in 206 BC by the [[Han dynasty]], which established the province ([[zhou (political division)|''zhou'']]) of [[Jingzhou province|Jingzhou]] in today's Hubei and [[Hunan]]. The Qin and Han played an active role in the extension of farmland in Hubei, maintaining a system of river dikes to protect farms from summer floods.<ref>Brian Lander. State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central Yangzi Region . T'oung Pao 100.4-5 (2014): 325–362.</ref> Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in the beginning of the 3rd century, Jingzhou was ruled by regional warlord [[Liu Biao]]. After his death in 208, Liu Biao's realm was surrendered by [[Liu Cong (Han dynasty)|his successors]] to [[Cao Cao]], a powerful warlord who had conquered nearly all of north China; but in the [[Battle of Red Cliffs]] (208 or 209), warlords [[Liu Bei]] and [[Sun Quan]] drove Cao Cao out of Jingzhou. Liu Bei then took control of Jingzhou and appointed Guan Yu as administrator of Xiangyang (in modern [[Xiangyang, Hubei]]) to guard Jing province; he went on to conquer Yizhou (the Sichuan Basin), but lost Jingzhou to Sun Quan; for the next few decades Jingzhou was controlled by the [[Eastern Wu|Wu Kingdom]], ruled by Sun Quan and his successors.<ref>《[[Records of the Three Kingdoms|三国志]]·吴书·卷54/周瑜鲁肃吕蒙传·吕蒙传》：蒙入据城，尽得羽及将士家属，皆抚慰，约令军中不得干历人家，有所求取。蒙麾下士，是汝南人，取民家一笠，以覆官铠，官铠虽公，蒙犹以为犯军令，不可以乡里故而废法，遂垂涕斩之。于是军中震栗，道不拾遗。蒙旦暮使亲近存恤耆老，问所不足，疾病者给医药，饥寒者赐衣粮。羽府藏财宝，皆封闭以待权至。羽还，在道路，数使人与蒙相闻，蒙辄厚遇其使，周游城中，家家致问，或手书示信。羽人还，私相参讯，咸知家门无恙，见待过于平时，故羽吏士无鬬心。会权寻至，羽自知孤穷，乃走麦城，西至漳乡，众皆委羽而降。权使朱然、潘璋断其径路，即父子俱获，荆州遂定。</ref>
[[File:TRIBU TRES GARGANTAS-CHINA (35461639914).jpg|alt=|thumb|Three Gorges area]]
The incursion of northern nomadic peoples into the region at the beginning of the 4th century ([[Invasion and rebellion of the Five Barbarians|Five Barbarians' rebellion]] and [[Disaster of Yongjia]]
([[:zh:永嘉之乱|永嘉之乱]])) began nearly three centuries of division into a nomad-ruled (but increasingly Sinicized) north and a [[Han Chinese]]-ruled south. Hubei, to the south, remained under southern rule for this entire period, until the unification of China by the [[Sui dynasty]] in 589. In 617 the [[Tang dynasty]] replaced Sui, and later on the Tang dynasty placed present-day Hubei under the jurisdiction of several [[circuit (political division)|circuits]]: [[Jiangnanxi Circuit]] in the south; [[Shannandong Circuit]] (山南东道) in the west, and [[Huainan Circuit]] in the east. After the Tang dynasty disintegrated in the early 10th century, Hubei came under the control of several regional regimes: [[Jingnan]] in the center, [[Wu (Ten Kingdoms)|Yang Wu]] and its successor [[Southern Tang]] to the east, the [[Five Dynasties]] to the north and Shu to Shizhou (施州, in modern [[Enshi City|Enshi]], [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hubei.gov.cn/2018/local/2018gk/201810/t20181001_1348527_1.shtml |title=湖北省情概况·历史沿革 |date=2019-04-24 |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=HuBei China (HuBei Government's official website) |language=zh-hans |archive-date=2022-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023155435/http://www.hubei.gov.cn/2018/local/2018gk/201810/t20181001_1348527_1.shtml |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

The [[Song dynasty]] reunified the region in 982 and placed most of Hubei into [[Jinghubei Circuit]], a longer version of Hubei's current name. [[Mongol]]s conquered the region in 1279, and under [[Yuan dynasty|their rule]] the province of [[Huguang]] was established, covering Hubei, Hunan, and parts of [[Guangdong]] and [[Guangxi]].{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} During the Mongol rule, in 1331, Hubei was devastated by an outbreak of the [[Black Death]], which reached [[England]], [[Belgium]], and [[Italy]] by June 1348, and which, according to Chinese sources, spread during the following three centuries to decimate populations throughout Eurasia.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bubonic Plague in Nineteenth-century China |author=Benedict, C.A. |journal=Modern China |isbn=978-0-8047-2661-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/bubonicplagueinn00bene |url-access=registration |year=1996 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=107–155 |publisher=Stanford University Press |doi=10.1177/009770048801400201 |pmid=11620272 |s2cid=220733020 |access-date=2016-01-05}}</ref>

The [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644) drove out the Mongols in 1368. Their version of Huguang province was smaller, and corresponded almost entirely to the modern provinces of Hubei and Hunan combined. Hubei lay geographically outside the centers of the Ming power. During the last years of the Ming, today's Hubei was ravaged several times by the rebel armies of [[Zhang Xianzhong]] and [[Li Zicheng]]. The [[Manchu]] [[Qing dynasty]] which took control of much of the region in 1644, soon split Huguang into the modern provinces of Hubei and Hunan. The Qing dynasty, however, continued to maintain a [[Viceroy of Huguang]], one of the most well-known viceroys being [[Zhang Zhidong]] (in office between 1889 and 1907), whose modernizing reforms made Hubei (especially [[Wuhan]]) into a prosperous center of commerce and industry. The [[Huangshi]]/[[Daye, Hubei|Daye]] area, south-east of Wuhan, became an important center of mining and metallurgy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

In 1911, the [[Wuchang Uprising]] took place in modern-day Wuhan. The uprising started the [[Xinhai Revolution]], which overthrew the Qing dynasty and established the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. In 1927 Wuhan became the seat of a government established by left-wing elements of the [[Kuomintang]], led by [[Wang Jingwei]]; this government later merged into [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s government in [[Nanjing]]. During [[World War II]] the eastern parts of Hubei were conquered and occupied by [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], while the western parts remained under Chinese control.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

During the [[Cultural Revolution]] in the 1960s, Wuhan saw fighting between rival [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guard]] factions. In July 1967, civil strife struck the city in the [[Wuhan Incident]] ("July 20th Incident"), an armed conflict between two hostile groups who were fighting for control over the city at the height of the Cultural Revolution.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Thomas W. Robinson |jstor=652320 |title=The Wuhan Incident: Local Strife and Provincial Rebellion During the Cultural Revolution |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |date=1971 |issue=47 |pages=413–18}}</ref>

As the fears of a nuclear war increased during the time of [[Sino-Soviet border conflict]]s in the late 1960s, the [[Xianning]] prefecture of Hubei was chosen as the site of [[Underground Project 131|Project 131]], an underground military-command headquarters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xjqmx.gov.cn/llb/printpage.asp?ArticleID=660 |script-title=zh:神秘131工程:60年代修建的防核地下指挥部 |trans-title=Mysterious Project 131: An underground nuclear command headquarters constructed in the 1960s |website=xjqmx.gov.cn |language=zh-hans |access-date=2020-03-16 |archive-date=2011-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521032923/http://www.xjqmx.gov.cn/llb/printpage.asp?ArticleID=660 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:武汉·黄鹤楼 - panoramio.jpg|alt=|thumb|220x220px|Yellow Crane Tower]]
The province—and Wuhan in particular—suffered severely from the [[1954 Yangtze River Floods]]. Large-scale dam construction followed, with the [[Gezhouba Dam]] on the [[Yangtze River]] near [[Yichang]] started in 1970 and completed in 1988; the construction of the [[Three Gorges Dam]], further upstream, began in 1993. In the following years, authorities resettled millions of people from western Hubei to make way for the construction of the dam. A number of smaller dams have been constructed on the Yangtze's tributaries as well.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

The [[Xianning Nuclear Power Plant]] is planned in Dafanzhen, Tongshan County, Xianning, to host at least four 1,250-megawatt (MW) AP1000 pressurized-water reactors.
Work on the site began in 2010; plans envisaged that the first reactor would start construction in 2011 and go online in 2015. However, construction of the first phase had yet to start {{as of | 2018 | lc = on}}.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

On 1 December 2019, the first case of [[COVID-19]] in the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] was identified in the city of [[Wuhan]]. In January 2020, the [[SARS-CoV-2]] virus was officially identified, leading local and federal governments to implement massive [[quarantine]] zones across Hubei province, especially in the capital [[Wuhan]] (the epicenter of the outbreak). Authorities partially or fully locked down 15 cities, directly affecting 57 million people. Following severe outbreaks in numerous other countries, including in different areas of the world, the [[World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic|World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 a pandemic]] in March 2020. However, after more than eight weeks, the lockdown on most cities in the province was lifted.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

== Geography ==
[[File:Danjiangkou, Shiyan, Hubei, China - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|[[Wudang Mountains]] in [[Danjiangkou]], Hubei]]
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2014}}
The [[Jianghan Plain]] takes up most of central and southern Hubei, while the west and the peripheries are more [[mountain]]ous, with ranges such as the [[Wudang Mountains]], the [[Jing Mountains]], the [[Daba Mountains]], and the [[Wu Mountains]] (in rough north-to-south order). The [[Dabie Mountains]] lie to the northeast of the Jianghan Plain, on the border with [[Henan]] and [[Anhui]]; the Tongbai Mountains lie to the north on the border with [[Henan]]; to the southeast, the [[Mufu Mountains]] form the border with [[Jiangxi]]. The highest peak in Hubei is [[Shennong Peak]], found in the [[Daba Mountains]] of the [[forestry]] area of [[Shennongjia]]; it has an altitude of 3105&nbsp;m.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=Hubei Shennongjia |url=http://world-heritage-datasheets.unep-wcmc.org/datasheet/output/site/hubei-shennongjia |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Qing river.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|[[Qing River]] in [[Changyang Tujia Autonomous County]], southwestern Hubei]]
The two major rivers of Hubei are the [[Yangtze River]] and its left tributary, the [[Hanshui River|Han River]]; they lend their names to the [[Jianghan Plain]] – Jiang representing the Yangtze and han representing the Han River. The Yangtze River enters Hubei from the west via the [[Three Gorges]]; the eastern half of the [[Three Gorges]] ([[Xiling Gorge]] and part of [[Wu Gorge]]) lie in western Hubei, while the western half is in neighbouring [[Chongqing]]. The Han River enters the province from the northwest. After crossing most of the province, the two great rivers meet at the center of Wuhan, the provincial capital.

Among the notable tributaries of the Yangtze within the province are the [[Shen Nong Stream]] (a small northern tributary, severely affected by the Three Gorges Dam project); the [[Qing River|Qing]], a major waterway of southwestern Hubei; the [[Huangbo River|Huangbo]] near [[Yichang]]; and the [[Fushui River]] in the southeast.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Thousands of lakes dot the landscape of Hubei's Jianghan Plain, giving Hubei the name of "Province of Lakes"; the largest of these lakes are [[Liangzi Lake]] and [[Hong Lake]]. The numerous hydrodams have created a number of large reservoirs, the largest of which is the [[Danjiangkou Reservoir]] on the Han River, on the border between Hubei and [[Henan]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Hubei has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'' or ''Cwa'' under the [[Köppen climate classification]]), with four distinct seasons. Winters are cool to cold, with average temperatures of {{convert|1|to|6|°C|°F}} in January, while summers are hot and humid, with average temperatures of {{convert|24|to|30|°C|°F}} in July; punishing temperatures of {{convert|40|°C}} or above are widely associated with Wuhan, the provincial capital. The mountainous districts of western Hubei, in particular [[Shennongjia]], with their cooler summers, attract numerous visitors from Wuhan and other lowland cities.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Besides the capital [[Wuhan]], other important cities are [[Jingmen]]; [[Shiyan]], a center of automotive industry and the gateway to the [[Wudang Mountains]]; [[Yichang]], the main base for the gigantic hydroelectric projects of southwestern Hubei; and [[Shashi District|Shashi]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

== Administrative divisions ==
{{Main|List of administrative divisions of Hubei|List of township-level divisions of Hubei}}
Hubei is divided into thirteen [[Administrative divisions of China#Prefectural level|prefecture-level divisions]] (of which there are twelve [[Prefecture-level city|prefecture-level cities]] (including a [[Sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China|sub-provincial city]]) and one [[autonomous prefecture]]), as well as three directly administered [[County-level city|county-level cities]] (all [[Sub-prefecture-level city|sub-prefecture-level cities]]) and one directly administered county-level forestry area. At the end of 2017, the total population was 59.02 million.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2018/indexch.htm |script-title=zh:中国统计年鉴—2018 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China]] |date=2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"
! colspan="9" |Administrative divisions of Hubei
|-
| colspan="9" style="font-size:larger" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Hubei.svg|width=750|link=|font-size=85%}}
{{Image label|x=1125|y=605|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Wuhan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1245|y=760|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Huangshi]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=410|y=190|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Shiyan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=525|y=570|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Yichang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=675|y=310|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Xiangyang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1210|y=665|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Ezhou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=810|y=495|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Jingmen]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1030|y=490|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Xiaogan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=800|y=750|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Jingzhou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1295|y=590|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Huanggang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1105|y=820|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Xianning]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=950|y=330|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Suizhou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=180|y=680|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi<br />Tujia and Miao AP]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=940|y=680|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Xiantao]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=800|y=665|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Qianjiang, Hubei|Qianjiang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=870|y=605|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Tianmen]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=365|y=375|scale=750/1500|text='''[[Shennongjia]]<br />Frsty. Dist.'''}}
{{Image label|x=1100|y=100|scale=750/1500|text=<span style="color: #CCFF99;">'''█'''</span> <span style="color: grey;">'''Provincial administered<br />county-level divisions'''</span>}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 |publisher=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |access-date=2015-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113603/http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Area in km<sup>2</sup><ref name="nj2013">{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |script-title=zh:《深圳统计年鉴2014》 |url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm |access-date=2015-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512184740/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm |archive-date=2015-05-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Population 2010<ref>{{cite book |author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China |author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China |script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 |date=2012 |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |location=Beijing |isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2 |edition=1}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Seat
!! scope="col" colspan="4" | Divisions<ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |script-title=zh:《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 |date=August 2014 |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-7130-9}}</ref>
|-
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[District (China)|Districts]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|Counties]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China|Aut. counties]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[County-level city|CL cities]]*
|- style="font-weight: bold"
! 420000 !! Hubei Province
| 185,900.00 || 57,237,740 || [[Wuhan]] city || 39 || 35 || 2 || 27
|- bgcolor="#98FB98"
! 420100 !! [[Wuhan]] city
| 8,549.09 || 9,785,392 || [[Jiang'an District]] || 13 ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 420200 !! [[Huangshi]] city
| 4,582.85 || 2,429,318 || [[Xialu District]] || 4 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
|-
! 420300 !! [[Shiyan]] city
| 23,674.41 || 3,340,843 || [[Maojian District]] || 3 || 4 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
|-
! 420500 !! [[Yichang]] city
| 21,227.00 || 4,059,686 || [[Xiling District]] || 5 || 3 || 2 || 3
|-
! 420600 !! [[Xiangyang]] city
| 19,724.41 || 5,500,307 || [[Xiangcheng District, Xiangyang|Xiangcheng District]] || 3 || 3 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 3
|-
! 420700 !! [[Ezhou]] city
| 1,593.54 || 1,048,672 || [[Echeng District]] || 3 ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 420800 !! [[Jingmen]] city
| 12,192.57 || 2,873,687 || [[Dongbao District]] || 2 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 2
|-
! 420900 !! [[Xiaogan]] city
| 8,922.72 || 4,814,542 || [[Xiaonan District]] || 1 || 3 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 3
|-
! 421000 !! [[Jingzhou]] city
| 14,068.68 || 5,691,707 || [[Shashi District]] || 2 || 2 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 4
|-
! 421100 !! [[Huanggang]] city
| 17,446.63 || 6,162,072 || [[Huangzhou District]] || 1 || 7 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 2
|-
! 421200 !! [[Xianning]] city
| 9,749.84 || 2,462,583 || [[Xian'an District]] || 1 || 4 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
|-
! 421300 !! [[Suizhou]] city
| 9,614.94 || 2,162,222 || [[Zengdu District]] || 1 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
|-
! 422800 !! [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi Autonomous Prefecture]]
| 24,061.25 || 3,290,294 || [[Enshi City|Enshi]] city ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 6 ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 2
|- style="background:lightgrey; height: 2pt"
| colspan="12" |
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 429004 !! [[Xiantao]] city**
| 2,538.00 || 1,175,085 || ''[[Shazui Subdistrict]]'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 429005 !! [[Qianjiang, Hubei|Qianjiang]] city**
| 2,004.00 || 946,277 || [[Yuanlin Subdistrict, Qianjiang|''Yuanlin Subdistrict'']] ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 429006 !! [[Tianmen]] city**
| 2,622.00 || 1,418,913 || ''[[Shazui Subdistrict|Jingling Subdistrict]]'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
! 429021 !! [[Shennongjia]] Forestry District **
| 3,253.00 || 76,140 || ''[[Songbai, Hubei|Songbai]] town'' ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  ||bgcolor="grey"|  || 1
|-
| colspan="12" | {{legend|#98FB98|[[Sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China|Sub-provincial cities]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> – including Forestry district<br />
<nowiki>**</nowiki> – Directly administered county-level divisions
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-font:90%; width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
! colspan="5" |Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
|-
! English !! Chinese !! Pinyin
|-
| '''Hubei Province''' || {{lang|zh|湖北省}} || '''Húběi Shěng'''
|-
| [[Wuhan]] city || {{lang|zh|武汉市}} || Wǔhàn Shì
|-
| [[Huangshi]] city || {{lang|zh|黄石市}} || Huángshí Shì
|-
| [[Shiyan]] city || {{lang|zh|十堰市}} || Shíyàn Shì
|-
| [[Yichang]] city || {{lang|zh|宜昌市}} || Yíchāng Shì
|-
| [[Xiangyang]] city || {{lang|zh|襄阳市}} || Xiāngyáng Shì
|-
| [[Ezhou]] city || {{lang|zh|鄂州市}} || Èzhōu Shì
|-
| [[Jingmen]] city || {{lang|zh|荆门市}} || Jīngmén Shì
|-
| [[Xiaogan]] city || {{lang|zh|孝感市}} || Xiàogǎn Shì
|-
| [[Jingzhou]] city || {{lang|zh|荆州市}} || Jīngzhōu Shì
|-
| [[Huanggang]] city || {{lang|zh|黄冈市}} || Huánggāng Shì
|-
| [[Xianning]] city || {{lang|zh|咸宁市}} || Xiánníng Shì
|-
| [[Suizhou]] city || {{lang|zh|随州市}} || Suízhōu Shì
|-
| [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi Autonomous Prefecture]] || {{lang|zh|恩施自治州}} || Ēnshī Zhōu
|-
| [[Xiantao]] city || {{lang|zh|仙桃市}} || Xiāntáo Shì
|-
| [[Qianjiang, Hubei|Qianjiang]] city || {{lang|zh|潜江市}} || Qiánjiāng Shì
|-
| [[Tianmen]] city || {{lang|zh|天门市}} || Tiānmén Shì
|-
| [[Shennongjia]] Forestry District || {{lang|zh|神农架林区}} || Shénnóngjià Línqū
|}The thirteen [[Prefectures of the People's Republic of China|Prefecture]] and four directly administered [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#County level|county-level divisions]] of Hubei are subdivided into 103 [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#County level|county-level divisions]] (39 [[District of China|districts]], 24 [[county-level cities]], 37 [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]], 2 [[autonomous counties]], 1 forestry district; the directly administered county-level divisions are included here). Those are in turn divided into 1234 [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|township-level divisions]] (737 [[Town (China)|towns]], 215 [[Townships of the People's Republic of China|townships]], nine [[ethnic township]]s, and 273 [[Subdistricts of China|subdistricts]]).{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

=== Urban areas ===
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"
! colspan="6" | Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
|-
!#!!City!!style ="background-color: #aaaaff;"|Urban area<ref name ="2010PRCcensus" />!!style ="background-color: #aaffaa;"|District area<ref name ="2010PRCcensus" />!!style ="background-color: #ffaaaa;"|City proper<ref name ="2010PRCcensus">{{cite book |author={{lang|zh-hans|国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编}} |date=2012 |script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6}}</ref>!!Census date
|-
|1||'''[[Wuhan]]'''||7,541,527||9,785,388||9,785,388||2010-11-01
|-
|2||[[Xiangyang]]{{efn|name=Xiangyang|Formerly known as Xiangfan PLC until 2 December 2010.}}||1,433,057||2,199,690||5,500,307||2010-11-01
|-
|3||[[Yichang]]||1,049,363||1,411,380||4,059,686||2010-11-01
|-
|4||[[Jingzhou]]||904,157||1,154,086||5,691,707||2010-11-01
|-
|5||[[Shiyan]]{{efn|name=Shiyan|New district established after census: [[Yunyang District|Yunyang (Yunxian County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||724,016||767,920||3,340,841||2010-11-01
|- bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
|(5)||Shiyan {{small|(new district)}}{{efn|name=Shiyan}}||173,085||558,355||{{small|''see Shiyan''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|6||[[Huangshi]]||691,963||691,963||2,429,318||2010-11-01
|-
|7||[[Tianmen]]||612,515||1,418,913||1,418,913||2010-11-01
|-
|8||[[Ezhou]]||607,739||1,048,668||1,048,668||2010-11-01
|-
|9||[[Xiaogan]]||582,403||908,266||4,814,542||2010-11-01
|-
|10||[[Xiantao]]||553,029||1,175,085||1,175,085||2010-11-01
|-
|11||[[Hanchuan]]||468,868||1,015,507||{{small|''see Xiaogan''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|12||[[Daye]]||449,998||909,724||{{small|''see Huangshi''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|13||[[Zaoyang]]||442,367||1,004,741||{{small|''see Xiangyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|14||[[Zhongxiang]]||439,019||1,022,514||{{small|''see Jingmen''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|15||[[Qianjiang, Hubei|Qianjiang]]||437,757||946,277||946,277||2010-11-01
|-
|16||[[Jingmen]]||426,119||632,954||2,873,687||2010-11-01
|-
|17||[[Suizhou]]||393,173||618,582||2,162,222||2010-11-01
|-
|18||[[Xianning]]||340,723||512,517||2,462,583||2010-11-01
|-
|19||[[Enshi City|Enshi]]||320,107||749,574||{{small|''part of [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi Prefecture]]''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|20||[[Macheng]]||302,671||849,090||{{small|''see Huanggang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|21||[[Yingcheng]]||302,026||593,812||{{small|''see Xiaogan''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|22||[[Honghu]]||278,685||819,446||{{small|''see Jingzhou''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|23||[[Guangshui]]||272,402||755,910||{{small|''see Suizhou''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|24||[[Songzi]]||271,514||765,911||{{small|''see Jingzhou''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|25||[[Wuxue]]||270,882||644,247||{{small|''see Huanggang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|26||[[Huanggang]]||267,860||366,769||6,162,069||2010-11-01
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
|(27)||[[Jingshan, Hubei|Jingshan]]{{efn|name=Jingshan|Jingshan County is currently known as Jingshan CLC after census.}}||266,341||636,776||{{small|''see Jingmen''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|28||[[Anlu]]||237,409||568,590||{{small|''see Xiaogan''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|29||[[Zhijiang, Hubei|Zhijiang]]||218,396||495,995||{{small|''see Yichang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|30||[[Shishou]]||213,851||577,022||{{small|''see Jingzhou''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|31||[[Laohekou]]||212,645||471,482||{{small|''see Xiangyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|32||[[Chibi, Hubei|Chibi]]||202,542||478,410||{{small|''see Xianning''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|33||[[Yicheng, Hubei|Yicheng]]||201,945||512,530||{{small|''see Xiangyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|34||[[Lichuan, Hubei|Lichuan]]||195,749||654,094||{{small|''part of [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Enshi Prefecture]]''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|35||[[Danjiangkou]]||190,021||443,755||{{small|''see Shiyan''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|36||[[Dangyang]]||183,823||468,293||{{small|''see Yichang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|37||[[Yidu]]||176,233||384,598||{{small|''see Yichang''}}||2010-11-01
|}
{{notelist}}
{{Largest cities
|largest = Most populous
|country = Hubei
|kind = cities
|stat_ref = Source: ''China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018'' Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development]] of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) |url=http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |date=2019 |title=中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 |trans-title=China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 |language=zh |location=Beijing |publisher=China Statistic Publishing House}}</ref>
|list_by_pop =

|city_1 = Wuhan
|pop_1 = 9,180,000
|img_1 = 三阳路&武汉长江公铁隧道（4）.jpg

|city_2 = Xiangyang
|pop_2 = 1,325,700
|img_2 = 襄阳古城 - panoramio (2).jpg

|city_3 = Yichang
|pop_3 = 931,300
|img_3 = Yichang skyline 5.jpg

|city_4 = Jingzhou
|pop_4 = 870,500
|img_4 = 荆州城东门外的护城河.jpg

|city_5 = Huangshi
|pop_5 = 859,900

|city_6 = Shiyan
|pop_6 = 734,400

|city_7 = Xiaogan
|pop_7 = 573,800

|city_8 = Jingmen
|pop_8 = 571,700

|city_9 = Suizhou
|pop_9 = 502,500

|city_10 = Ezhou
|pop_10 = 459,700

|city_11 = Qianjiang, Hubei{{!}}Qianjiang
|pop_11 = 437,400

|city_12 = Xianning
|pop_12 = 413,200

|city_13 = Xiantao
|pop_13 = 405,000

|city_14 = Hanchuan
|pop_14 = 345,900

|city_15 = Huanggang
|pop_15 = 338,000

|city_16 = Zaoyang
|pop_16 = 320,000

|city_17 = Guangshui
|pop_17 = 319,300

|city_18 = Daye
|pop_18 = 303,900

|city_19 = Tianmen
|pop_19 = 299,200

|city_20 = Wuxue
|pop_20 = 293,000
}}

== Politics ==
{{further|Governor of Hubei|Party Secretary of Hubei}}
Like all [[Politics of China|governing institutions in mainland China]], Hubei has a parallel party-government system,<ref name="PoliticalSystem2">{{cite web |last1=Lawrence |first1=Susan |last2=Martin |first2=Michael |date=20 March 2013 |title=Understanding China's Political System |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108131300/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Federation of American Scientists |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> in which the [[Party Secretary of Hubei|CCP Hubei Provincial Committee Secretary]] outranks the [[Governor of Hubei|Governor]].<ref>{{cite news |date=23 January 2007 |script-title=zh:党委书记权力究竟有多大？ |trans-title=How much power does a Party Secretary really have? |url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702211524/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html |archive-date=2 July 2018 |access-date=29 April 2018 |publisher=[[People's Daily]] Press |language=zh-cn |script-work=zh:人民论坛}}</ref> The  [[Hubei Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Hubei Provincial Committee]] acts as the top policy-formulation body, and has control over the Hubei Provincial People's Government.

== Economy ==
[[File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg|alt=|thumb|222x222px|The [[Three Gorges Dam]] on the Yangtze River]]
Hubei is often called the "Land of Fish and Rice" ({{lang|zh-cn|鱼米之乡}}). Important agricultural products in Hubei include [[cotton]], [[rice]], [[wheat]], and [[tea]], while industries include [[automobiles]], metallurgy, machinery, power generation, textiles, foodstuffs and high-tech commodities.<ref name="thechinaperspective.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/hubei-province/ |title=China Economy @ China Perspective |access-date=2011-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630092219/http://www.thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/hubei-province/ |archive-date=2017-06-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Mineral]] resources that can be found in Hubei in significant quantities include [[borax]], [[hongshiite]], [[wollastonite]], [[garnet]], [[marlstone]], [[iron]], [[phosphorus]], [[copper]], [[gypsum]], [[rutile]], [[rock salt]], [[gold]] amalgam, [[manganese]] and [[vanadium]]. The province's recoverable reserves of [[coal]] stand at 548 million tons, which is modest compared to other Chinese provinces. Hubei is well known for its mines of fine turquoise and green faustite.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Hubei was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the [[Third Front (China)|Third Front]] campaign.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Lan |first=Xiaohuan |title=How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2024 |isbn=978-981-97-0079-0 |translator-last=Topp |translator-first=Gary |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6}}</ref>{{Rp|page=298}}
[[File:VM 5278 Muyu hills tea fields.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|222x222px|Tea plantations on the western slopes of the [[Muyu, Hubei|Muyu]] Valley]]
Since completion in 2012, the [[Three Gorges Dam]] in western Hubei provides plentiful [[hydroelectricity]], with an average annual power production of 95 Twh. Existing hydroelectric stations include [[Gezhouba Dam|Gezhouba]], [[Danjiangkou]], [[Geheyan]], [[Hanjiang Dam|Hanjiang]], [[Duhe]], [[Huanglongtan]], [[Bailianhe]], [[Lushui]] and [[Fushui]].

Hubei is the [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|7th-largest provincial economy]] of China, the second largest in the [[Central China]] region after [[Henan]], the third largest in the [[South Central China]] region after [[Guangdong]] and Henan and the third largest among inland provinces after [[Henan]] and [[Sichuan]]. {{As of|2021}}, Hubei's [[Gross domestic product#Nominal GDP and adjustments to GDP|nominal GDP]] was US$787 billion (CNY 5 trillion). Its GDP (nominal) per capita exceeded US$13,000, making it the [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|richest landlocked province]], the richest province in the [[Central China]] region, and 2nd richest province in [[South Central China]] region after [[Guangdong]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=Decoding China's 2021 GDP Growth Rate: A Look at Regional Numbers |url=https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-2021-gdp-performance-a-look-at-major-provinces-and-cities/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=China Briefing News}}</ref>

=== Economic and Technological Development Zones ===
* Hubei Jingzhou Chengnan Economic Development Zone was established in 1992 under the approval of Hubei Government. Three major industries include textile, petroleum and chemical processing, with a combined output accounts for 90% of its total output. The zone also enjoys a well-developed transportation network—only {{convert|6|km}} to the airport and {{convert|4|km}} to the railway station.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/hubei-jingzhou-chengnan-economic-development-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Hubei Jingzhou Chengnan Economic Development Zone |access-date=2010-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113200807/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/hubei-jingzhou-chengnan-economic-development-zone |archive-date=2010-11-13 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Wuhan]] East Lake High-Tech Development Zone is a national level high-tech development zone. Optical-electronics, telecommunications, and equipment manufacturing are the core industries of Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone (ELHTZ) while software outsourcing and electronics are also encouraged. ELHTZ is China's largest production centre for optical-electronic products with key players like Changfei Fiber-optical Cables (the largest fiber-optical cable maker in China), Fenghuo Telecommunications and Wuhan Research Institute of Post and Telecommunications (the largest research institute in optical telecommunications in China). Wuhan ELHTZ represents the development centre for China's laser industry with key players such as HUST Technologies and Chutian Laser being based in the zone.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/wuhan-donghu-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone |access-date=2010-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526030744/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/wuhan-donghu-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone |archive-date=2015-05-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Wuhan]] Economic and Technological Development Zone is a national level industrial zone incorporated in 1993.<ref name="rightsite1">{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/wuhan-economic-technological-development-zone/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526031505/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/wuhan-economic-technological-development-zone |url-status=dead |title=RightSite.asia &#124; Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone |archive-date=May 26, 2015}}</ref> Its size is about 10–25 square km and it plans to expand to 25–50 square km. Industries encouraged in Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone include automobile production/assembly, biotechnology/pharmaceuticals, chemicals production and processing, food/beverage processing, heavy industry, and telecommunications equipment.
* [[Wuhan]] Export Processing Zone was established in 2000. It is located in Wuhan Economic & Technology Development Zone, planned to cover land of {{convert|2.7|km2|abbr=on}}. The first {{convert|0.7|km2|abbr=on}} area has been launched.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/wuhan-export-processing-zone/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526024518/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/wuhan-export-processing-zone |url-status=dead |title=RightSite.asia &#124; Wuhan Export Processing Zone |archive-date=May 26, 2015}}</ref>
* [[Wuhan]] Optical Valley (Guanggu) Software Park is in Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone. Wuhan Optics Valley Software Park is jointly developed by East Lake High-Tech Development Zone and Dalian Software Park Co., Ltd.<ref name="RightSite.asia">{{Cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/wuhan-optical-valley-software-park/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Wuhan Optical Valley (Guanggu) Software Park |access-date=2010-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111083111/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/wuhan-optical-valley-software-park |archive-date=2015-01-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> The planned area is {{convert|0.67|km2|abbr=on}} with total floor area of 600,000 square meters. The zone is {{convert|8.5|km|2|abbr=on}} from the 316 National Highway and is {{convert|46.7|km|2|abbr=on}} from the Wuhan Tianhe Airport.
* [[Xiangyang]] New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|title       = Historical population
|footnote    = Wuhan (Hankou) part of Hubei Province until 1927; dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Hubei Province.
|1912<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:1912年中国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html |access-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032922/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>  |29,590,000
|1928<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:1928年中国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm |access-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032924/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> |26,699,000
|1936–37<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:1936-37年中国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm |access-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032925/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> |25,516,000
|1947<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:1947年全国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm |access-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913053600/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm |archive-date=13 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> |20,976,000
|1952<ref name="use">{{cite book |title=The Universal Standard Encyclopedia |publisher=Unicorn Publishers Inc. |year=1955 |quote=pop. (1952 est.) 21,470,000. |location=New York |volume=12 |page=4482 |editor=Joseph Laffan Morse}}</ref> |21,470,000
|1954<ref name="census1954">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=2009-08-05}}</ref> |27,789,693
|1964<ref name="census1964">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |script-title=zh:第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |archive-date=2012-09-14}}</ref> |33,709,344
|1982<ref name="census1982">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |archive-date=2012-05-10}}</ref> |47,804,150
|1990<ref name="census1990">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |archive-date=2012-06-19}}</ref> |53,969,210
|2000<ref name="census2000">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |script-title=zh:现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |archive-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> |59,508,870
|2010<ref name="census2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |archive-date=2013-07-27}}</ref> |57,237,740
|2020 |57,752,557
}}
[[Han Chinese]] form the dominant ethnic group in Hubei. A considerable [[Hmong people|Miao]] and [[Tujia people|Tujia]] population live in the southwestern part of the province, especially in [[Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture]].

On October 18, 2009, Chinese officials began to relocate 330,000 residents from the Hubei and [[Henan]] provinces that will be affected by the Danjiangkou Reservoir on the [[Han River (Hanshui)|Han river]]. The reservoir is part of the larger [[South-North Water Transfer Project]].<ref>[http://www.philly.com/inquirer/world_us/20091019_In_the_World.html China to resettle 330,000 people] [[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021135706/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/world_us/20091019_In_the_World.html |date=2009-10-21}}</ref>
{{clear}}

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Hubei<ref name="Wang2015">China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: [https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2015-09-25 }}</ref>{{NoteTag|The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)<ref name="Wang2015" /> in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i.e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into [[Chinese lineage associations|lineage "churches"]] and [[ancestral shrine]]s). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.}}
|label1 = [[Chinese ancestral religion]]
|value1 = 6.5
|color1 = FireBrick
|label2 = [[Christianity]]
|value2 = 0.58
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = Other religions or not religious people{{NoteTag|This may include:
* [[Buddhism|Buddhists]];
* [[Confucianism|Confucians]];
* [[Chinese folk religion|Deity worshippers]];
* [[Taoism|Taoists]];
* Members of [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]];
* Small minorities of [[Muslim]]s;
* People not bounded to nor practicing any institutional or diffuse religion.}}
|value3 = 92.92
|color3 = Honeydew
}}

The predominant religions in Hubei are [[Chinese folk religion]]s, [[Taoism|Taoist traditions]] and [[Chinese Buddhism]]. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 6.5% of the population believes and is involved in [[Chinese ancestral religion|cults of ancestors]], while 0.58% of the population identifies as Christian, declining from 0.83% in 2004.<ref name="Wang2015" /> The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 92.92% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in [[Chinese folk religion|worship of nature deities]], Buddhism, [[Confucianism]], Taoism, [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]].

{|
|<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%">
File:Jingzhou Taihui Guan 2014.04.20 14-20-48.jpg|Taihui Taoist Temple in [[Jingzhou]]
File:Wuhan Baotong Si 2012.11.21 11-29-10.jpg|Baotong Buddhist Temple in [[Wuhan]]
File:Xiangyang Guangde Si 2013.08.23 11-27-24.jpg|Guangde Buddhist Temple in [[Xiangyang]]
File:Worship at an ancestral temple in Hong'an, Hubei, China.jpg|[[Ancestral shrine]] in [[Hong'an County|Hong'an]], [[Huanggang]]
File:Xianning-temple-under-construction-9740.jpg|Rural Buddhist community temple in [[Xianning]]
</gallery>
|}

== Culture ==
[[File:Hubei Provincial Museum.JPG|thumb|[[Hubei Provincial Museum]]]]
[[File:Hubei-Museum-of-Art-0142.jpg|thumb|Hubei Museum of Art]]
[[File:Hubei Provincial Library.jpg|thumb|Hubei Provincial Library]]

People in Hubei speak [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] dialects; most of these dialects are classified as [[Southwestern Mandarin]] dialects, a group that also encompasses the Mandarin dialects of most of southwestern China.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Perhaps the most celebrated element of [[Hubei cuisine]] is the [[Wuchang bream]], a freshwater [[bream]] that is commonly steamed.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Types of traditional [[Chinese opera]] popular in Hubei include [[Han opera|Hanju]] and [[Chuju (Chinese opera)|Chuju]] ({{zh|c=楚剧 |p=Chǔ Jù |labels=no}}).

The [[Shennongjia]] area is the alleged home of the ''[[Yeren]]'', a wild undiscovered [[Hominidae|hominid]] that lives in the forested hills.

The people of Hubei are given the uncomplimentary nickname "[[Nine-headed Bird]]s" by other Chinese, from a [[Chinese mythology|mythological]] creature said to be very aggressive and hard to kill. ''"In the sky live nine-headed birds. On the earth live Hubei people."'' ({{zh|s=天上九头鸟，地上湖北佬<!--|t=天上九頭鳥，地上湖北佬-->|p=Tiānshàng jiǔ tóu niǎo, dìshàng Húběi lǎo |labels=no}})

[[Wuhan]] is one of the major culture centers in China.

Hubei is thought to be the province that originated the card game of ''[[dou dizhu]]''.

== Education ==
As of 2022, Hubei hosts 130 institutions of higher education, ranking sixth together with [[Hunan]] (130) among all Chinese provinces after [[Jiangsu]] (168), [[Guangdong]] (160), [[Henan]] (156), [[Shandong]] (153), and [[Sichuan]] (134).<ref>{{Cite web |title=全国普通高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=hudong.moe.gov.cn}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202206/t20220617_638352.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}}</ref> The [[Huazhong University of Science and Technology]](HUST), [[Wuhan University]] and many other institutions in Wuhan make it a hub of higher education and research in China. Wuhan is the city that has the largest college student population in the world (1.3 million) studying in its 89 universities.

=== Universities ===
[[File:Garden At Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan (263978353).jpeg|alt=|thumb|Garden At Huazhong Agricultural University]]
{{See also|List of universities and colleges in Hubei}}

* [[Huazhong University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Wuhan University]]
* [[Central China Normal University]] (Huazhong Normal University)
* [[Wuhan University of Technology]]
* [[Huazhong Agricultural University]]
* [[Hubei University of Technology]]
* [[Zhongnan University of Economics and Law]]
* [[China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)|China University of Geosciences]]
* [[Jianghan University]]
* [[Hubei University]]
* [[Hubei University of Economics]]
* [[Hubei University of Education]]
* [[China Three Gorges University]] (yichang)
* [[Wuhan Institute of Technology]]
* [[Wuhan University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Yangtze University]]
* [[South-Central University for Nationalities]]
* [[Hubei Institute of Fine Arts]]
* [[Wuhan Technology and Business University]]
* [[Wuhan Technical College of Communications]]

== Transportation ==
[[File:Wuhan-boat-0157.jpg|thumb|Boats on the [[Yangtze River]] in [[Wuhan]]]]
Prior to the construction of China's national railway network, the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]] and [[Hanshui]] Rivers had been the main transportation arteries of Hubei for many centuries, and still continue to play an important transport role.

Historically, Hubei's overland transport network was hampered by the lack of bridges across the [[Yangtze River]], which divides the province into northern and southern regions. The first bridge across the Yangtze in Hubei, the [[Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge]] was completed in 1957, followed by the Zhicheng Bridge in 1971. {{As of|2014|October}}, Hubei had [[Yangtze River bridges and tunnels|23 bridges and tunnels]] across the Yangtze River, including nine bridges and three tunnels in Wuhan.

=== Rail ===
The [[Jingguang railway|railway from Beijing]] reached Wuhan in 1905, and was later extended to Guangzhou, becoming the first north-to-south railway mainline to cross China. A number of other lines crossed the province later on, including the [[Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway]] and [[Beijing–Kowloon railway]], respectively, in the western and eastern part of the province.

The first decade of the 21st century has seen a large amount of new railway construction in Hubei. The [[Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway]], roughly parallel to the original Wuhan-Guangzhou line, opened in late 2009, it was subsequently extended to the north, to Beijing becoming the [[Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway]]. An east-west high-speed corridor connecting major cities along the Yangtze, the [[Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu passenger railway]] was gradually opened between 2008 and 2012, the [[Wuhan–Yichang railway]] section of it opening in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:汉宜高铁拟本月开通 届时每日将开行20对列车 |url=http://roll.sohu.com/20120510/n342830481.shtml |language=zh |date=10 May 2012}}</ref> The [[Wuhan–Xiaogan intercity railway]] was opened in December 2016 and it was extended when the [[Wuhan–Shiyan high-speed railway]] opened in November 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hb.chinanews.com/news/2016/1201/266267.html |script-title=zh:武孝城际铁路正式开通 市民可以坐城铁赶飞机 |trans-title=Wuhan–Xiaogan intercity railway officially opens; city residents can take the line to catch flights |language=zh |website=chinanews.com Hubei |date=2016-12-01 |access-date=2019-12-19 |archive-date=2017-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109191244/http://www.hb.chinanews.com/news/2016/1201/266267.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=IRG>{{cite web |title=Wuhan – Shiyan high speed line opens |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/high-speed/wuhan-shiyan-high-speed-line-opens/55242.article |website=Railway Gazette International |access-date=1 December 2019 |date=29 November 2019}}</ref>

=== Air ===
Hubei's main airport is [[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport]]. [[Yichang Sanxia Airport]] serves the Three Gorges region. There are also passenger airports [[Xiangyang Airport|in Xiangyang]], [[Enshi Airport|Enshi]], and [[Jingzhou]] ([[Shashi Airport]], named after the city's [[Shashi District]]).

== Tourism ==
The province's best-known natural attraction (shared with the adjacent [[Chongqing]] municipality) is the scenic area of the [[Three Gorges]] of the Yangtze. Located in the far west of the province, the gorges can be conveniently visited by one of the numerous tourist boats (or regular passenger boats) that travel up the Yangtze from [[Yichang]] through the [[Three Gorges]] and into the neighboring [[Chongqing]] municipality.

The [[Daba Mountains|mountains of western Hubei]], in particular in [[Shennongjia]] District, offer a welcome respite from Wuhan's and Yichang's summer heat, as well as skiing opportunities in winter. The tourist facilities in that area concentrate around [[Muyu, Hubei|Muyu]] in the southern part of [[Shennongjia]], the gateway to Shennongjia National Nature Reserve ({{lang|zh-hans|神农架国家自然保护区}}). Closer to the provincial capital, Wuhan, is the [[Mount Jiugong]] (''Jiugongshan'') national park, in [[Tongshan County, Hubei|Tongshan County]] near the border with [[Jiangxi]].

A particular important site of both natural and cultural significance is [[Mount Wudang]] (''Wudangshan'') in the northwest of the province. Originally created early in the [[Ming dynasty]], its building complex has been listed by [[UNESCO]] since 1994 as a [[World Heritage Site]].

Other historic attractions in Hubei include:
*The old [[Jingzhou]] City

[[File:Muraille Est de Jingzhou.JPG|thumb|East side of Jingzhou old city wall]]

*The Xianling Mausoleum, built by the [[Ming dynasty]] [[Jiajing Emperor]] for his parents at their [[fief]] near [[Zhongxiang]]<ref>Eric N. Danielson, "[http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/articles.php?searchterm=016_mingancestor.inc&issue=016 The Ming Ancestor Tomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230125814/http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/articles.php?searchterm=016_mingancestor.inc&issue=016 |date=2014-12-30 }}"</ref>
*The [[Yellow Crane Tower]] in [[Wuhan]]
*The [[Hubei Provincial Museum]] in Wuhan, with extensive archaeological and cultural exhibits and performance presentations of ancient music and dance. This is one of the best places to learn about the ancient [[state of Chu]], which flourished in the territory of present-day Hubei during the [[Eastern Zhou dynasty]] and developed its own unique culture, quite distinct from that of the [[Shang dynasty|Shang]]/[[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] civilization of northern China.

The province also has historical sites connected with China's more recent history, such as the [[Wuchang Uprising]] Memorial in Wuhan, [[Underground Project 131|Project 131]] site (a Cultural-Revolution-era underground military command center) in [[Xianning]], and the National Mining Park ({{lang|zh-Hans|国家矿山公园}}) in [[Huangshi]].<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-09/22/content_7046446.htm "Mining for tourism in Hubei"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011211155/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2008-09/22/content_7046446.htm |date=2008-10-11 }}, By Li Jing (China Daily). Updated: 2008-09-22</ref>

== Sports ==
[[File:Hustfields.jpg|thumb|University Stadium of [[Huazhong University of Science and Technology]] in Wuhan]]

Professional sports teams in Hubei include:

* [[Wuhan Three Towns F.C.]] plays in [[Chinese Super League]], the highest level football league in China.

== Sister State/Twinning ==
Following a July 1979 State of Ohio Trade Mission to China, Hubei and [[Ohio]] formed a sister province-state relationship.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Lampton |first=David M. |title=Living U.S.-China relations: From Cold War to Cold War |date=2024 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8 |location=Lanham, MD |pages= |author-link=David M. Lampton}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=111–113}} The pairing was based on the fact that both Hubei and Ohio are located in national heartlands, are large industrial areas and transportation hubs, and have significant agricultural sectors.<ref name=":05" />{{Rp|page=113}}

In 2005, Hubei province signed a twinning agreement with [[Telemark]] county of Norway, and a "Norway-Hubei Week" was held in 2007.

== See also ==
* [[1954 Yangtze River floods]]
* [[List of prisons in Hubei]]
* [[Major national historical and cultural sites (Hubei)|Major national historical and cultural sites in Hubei]]
*[[COVID-19 pandemic]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* [http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/hubei.htm Economic profile for Hubei] at [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council|HKTDC]]
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Hubei}}
{{Wiktionary|Hubei|Hupeh|Hupei}}
{{Wikivoyage|Hubei}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090917031326/http://www.hubei.gov.cn/ Hubei Government official website]
* [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Hubei Google Maps Hubei]

{{Geographic location
|Centre    = Hubei
|North     = [[Henan]]
|Northeast = 
|East      = [[Anhui]]
|Southeast = [[Jiangxi]]
|South     = [[Hunan]]
|Southwest = 
|West      = [[Chongqing]]
|Northwest = [[Shaanxi]]
}}

{{Hubei topics}}
{{Hubei}}
{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Authority control}}

<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Hubei| ]]
[[Category:Central China|.]]
[[Category:Provinces of the People's Republic of China]]