Editing Hugo Wolf

{{Short description|Austrian composer (1860–1903)}}
{{for|the Swiss cabin manufacturer|Hugo Wolf F/A-18C simulator}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hugo Wolf
| image = Hugo Wolf.jpg
| caption = Photograph of Hugo Wolf 
| birth_place = [[Slovenj Gradec|Windischgrätz]], [[Duchy of Styria]] (today Slovenj Gradec, [[Slovenia]])
| birth_date =  {{birth date|1860|03|13|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1903|02|22|1860|03|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
}}
[[File:Musik Meile Wien, Hugo Wolf (27).jpg|thumb|Star on ''Musik Meile Vienna'']]

'''Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf''' ({{IPAc-en|v|ɔː|l|f}}; {{IPA|de|vɔlf|lang}}; 13 March 1860 – 22 February 1903)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keller |first1=James M. |title=Chamber Music: A Listener's Guide |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-020639-0 |page=489 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ms0dDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Hugo+Wolf%22+march+13&pg=PA489 |access-date=3 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> was an Austrian [[composer]], particularly noted for his art songs, or [[Lieder]]. He brought to this form a concentrated expressive intensity which was unique in late [[Romantic music]], somewhat related to that of the [[Second Viennese School]] in concision but diverging greatly in technique.

Though he had several bursts of extraordinary productivity, particularly in 1888 and 1889, [[depression (mood)|depression]] frequently interrupted his creative periods, and his last composition was written in 1898, before he suffered a mental collapse caused by [[syphilis]].

== Life ==
=== Early life (1860–1887) ===
Hugo Wolf was born in [[Windischgraz|Windischgrätz]] in the [[Duchy of Styria]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Geburts- und Tauf-Buch |date=1857–1879 |page=15 |url=https://data.matricula-online.eu/sl/slovenia/maribor/slovenj-gradec/02547/?pg=15 |access-date=April 20, 2024}}</ref> (now [[Slovenj Gradec]], [[Slovenia]]), then a part of the [[Austrian Empire]]. [[Herbert von Karajan]] was related to him on his maternal side.<ref name="KarajanFamily">{{cite web
   |url        = http://www.karajan.co.uk/family.html
   |title        = Herbert Von Karajan-Karajan Family
   |publisher        = Karajan Family
   |access-date        = 14 March 2012
   |archive-date        = 26 February 2012
   |archive-url        = https://web.archive.org/web/20120226030037/http://www.karajan.co.uk/family.html
   |url-status        = dead
   }}</ref><ref name="Lapajne2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/2500 |title=The Shared Slovenian Ancestors of Herbert von Karajan and Hugo Wolf |date=4 April 2008 |access-date=5 May 2008 |author=Branka Lapajne}}</ref> He spent most of his life in [[Vienna]], becoming a representative of a "New German" trend in [[Lieder]], a trend which followed from the expressive, [[chromatic scale|chromatic]] and dramatic musical innovations of [[Richard Wagner]].

A [[child prodigy]], Wolf was taught [[piano]] and [[violin]] by his father beginning at the age of four, and once in primary school studied piano and [[music theory]] with Sebastian Weixler. Subjects other than music failed to hold his interest; he was dismissed from the first secondary school he attended as being "wholly inadequate", left another over his difficulties in the compulsory Latin studies, and after a falling-out with a professor who commented on his "damned music", quit the last. From there, he went to the [[University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna|Vienna Conservatory]], much to the disappointment of his father, who had hoped his son would not try to make his living from music. Once again, however, he was dismissed after two years<ref>{{Cite book |last=Illing |first=Robert |title=Pergamon Dictionary of Musicians and Music |publisher=Pergamon Press |year=1963 |volume=1: Musicians |location=Oxford |pages=130}}</ref> for "breach of discipline", although the oft-rebellious Wolf would claim he quit in frustration over the school's conservatism.

After eight months with his family, he returned to Vienna to teach music. Though his fiery temperament was not ideally suited to teaching, Wolf's musical gifts, as well as his personal charm, earned him attention and patronage. Support of benefactors allowed him to make a living as a composer, and a daughter of one of his greatest benefactors inspired him to write to Vally ("Valentine") Franck, his first love, with whom he was involved for three years. During their relationship, hints of his mature style would become evident in his Lieder. Wolf was prone to depression and wide mood swings, which would affect him all through his life. When Franck left him just before his 21st birthday, he was despondent. He returned home, although his family relationships were also strained; his father was still convinced his son was a ne'er-do-well. His brief and undistinguished tenure as second [[Kapellmeister]] at [[Salzburg]] only reinforced this opinion: Wolf had neither the temperament, the conducting technique nor the affinity for the decidedly non-Wagnerian repertoire to be successful, and within a year had again returned to Vienna to teach in much the same circumstances as before.

[[File:Postcard-1910 Hugo Wolf.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Hugo Wolf (1885)]]

Wagner's death in February 1883 was another deeply moving event in the life of the young composer. The song "Zur Ruh, zur Ruh" was composed shortly afterward and is considered to be the best of his early works; it is speculated that it was intended as an elegy for Wagner. Wolf often despaired of his own future in the ensuing years, in a world from which his idol had departed, leaving tremendous footsteps to follow and no guidance on how to do so. This left him often extremely temperamental, alienating friends and patrons, although his charm helped him retain them more than his actions merited. His songs had meanwhile caught the attention of [[Franz Liszt]], whom he respected greatly, and who like Wolf's previous mentors advised him to pursue larger forms; advice he this time followed with the symphonic tone poem ''Penthesilea''. His activities as a critic began to pick up. He was merciless in his criticism of the inferior works he saw taking over the musical atmosphere of the time;<ref>Andreas Dorschel, 'Arbeit am Kanon. Zu Hugo Wolfs Musikkritiken', in ''Musicologica Austriaca'' XXVI (2007), pp. 43-52.</ref> those of [[Anton Rubinstein]] he considered particularly odious. But he was as fervent in his support of Liszt, [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]] and [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]], whose genius he recognized. Known as "Wild Wolf" for the intensity and expressive strength of his convictions, his vitriol made him some enemies. He composed little during this time, and what he did write he couldn't get performed; the [[Rosé Quartet]] (led by Vienna Philharmonic concertmaster Arnold Rosé) would not even look at his D minor Quartet after it was picked apart in a column, and the premiere of ''Penthesilea'' was met by the Vienna Philharmonic, when they tried it out under their celebrated conservative conductor Hans Richter, with nothing but derision for 'the man who had dared to criticize "Meister Brahms"', as Richter himself caustically put it.

He abandoned his activities as a critic in 1887 and began composing once more; perhaps not unexpectedly, the first songs he wrote after his compositional hiatus (to poems by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], [[Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff|Joseph von Eichendorff]] and [[Joseph Viktor von Scheffel]]) emphasized themes of strength and resolution under adversity. Shortly thereafter, he completed the terse, witty one-movement ''[[Italian Serenade (Wolf)|Italian Serenade]]'' for string quartet which is regarded as one of the finest examples of his mature instrumental compositional style. Only a week later his father died, leaving him devastated, and he did not compose for the remainder of the year.

=== Maturity (1888–1896) ===
1888 and 1889 proved to be amazingly productive years for Wolf, and a turning point in his career. After the publication of a dozen of his songs late the preceding year, Wolf once again desired to return to composing; he travelled to the vacation home of the Werners, family friends whom Wolf had known since childhood, in [[Perchtoldsdorf]] (a short train ride from Vienna), to escape and compose in solitude. Here he composed the ''[[Eduard Mörike|Mörike]]-Lieder'' at a frenzied pace. A short break, and a change of house, this time to the vacation home of more longtime friends, the Ecksteins, and the ''[[Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff|Eichendorff]]-Lieder'' followed, then the 51 ''[[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]-Lieder'', spilling into 1889. After a summer holiday, the ''[[Spanisches Liederbuch (Wolf)|Spanisches Liederbuch]]'' was begun in October 1889;<ref>{{Britannica|1940977|Spanisches-Liederbuch}}</ref> though Spanish-flavoured compositions were in fashion in the day, Wolf sought out poems that had been neglected by other composers.

Wolf himself saw the merit of these compositions immediately, raving to friends that they were the best things he had yet composed (it was with the aid and urging of several of the more influential of them that the works were initially published). It was now that the world outside Vienna would recognize Wolf as well. Tenor [[Ferdinand Jäger]], whom Wolf had heard in ''[[Parsifal]]'' during his brief summer break from composing, was present at one of the first concerts of the Mörike works and quickly became a champion of his music, performing a recital of only Wolf and [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] in December 1888. His works were praised in reviews, including one in the ''[[Münchener Allgemeine Zeitung]]'', a widely read German newspaper. (The recognition was not always positive; [[Johannes Brahms|Brahms]]'s adherents, still smarting from Wolf's merciless reviews, returned the favor—when they would have anything to do with him at all. Brahms's biographer [[Max Kalbeck]] ridiculed Wolf for his immature writing and odd tonalities; another composer refused to share a program with him, while [[Amalie Materna]], a [[Richard Wagner|Wagnerian]] singer, had to cancel her Wolf recital when allegedly faced with the threat of being on the critics' blacklist if she went on.)

Only a few more settings, completing the first half of the ''[[Italienisches Liederbuch (Wolf)|Italienisches Liederbuch]]'', were composed in 1891 before Wolf's mental and physical health once again took a downturn at the end of the year; exhaustion from his prolific past few years combined with the effects of syphilis and his depressive temperament caused him to stop composing for the next several years. Continuing concerts of his works in Austria and Germany spread his growing fame; even Brahms and the critics who had previously reviled Wolf gave favorable reviews. However, Wolf was consumed with depression, which stopped him from writing—which only left him more depressed. He completed orchestrations of previous works, but new compositions were not forthcoming, and certainly not the opera which he was now fixated on composing, still convinced that success in the larger forms was the mark of compositional greatness.

Wolf had scornfully rejected the libretto to ''[[Der Corregidor]]'' when it was first presented to him in 1890, but his determination to compose an opera blinded him to its faults upon second glance. Based on ''[[The Three-Cornered Hat]]'', by [[Pedro Antonio de Alarcón]], the darkly humorous story about an adulterous love triangle is one that Wolf could identify with: he had been in love with Melanie Köchert, married to his friend Heinrich Köchert, for several years. (It is speculated that their romance began in earnest in 1884, when Wolf accompanied the Köcherts on holiday; though Heinrich discovered the affair in 1893 he remained Wolf's patron and Melanie's husband.) The opera was completed in nine months and was initially met with success, but Wolf's musical setting could not compensate for the weakness of the text, and it was doomed to failure; it has not yet been successfully revived.

A renewal of creative activity resulted in Wolf's completion of the ''Italienisches Liederbuch'' with two dozen songs written in March and April 1896, the composition of three ''Michelangelo Lieder'' in March, 1897 (a group of six had been projected) and preliminary work during that year on an opera, ''Manuel Venegas''.<ref>Erik Sams, ''The Songs of Hugo Wolf'', Oxford University Press, 1961.</ref>

=== Final years (1897–1903) ===
[[File:Hugo Wolf 1902.jpg|thumb|Wolf in 1902]]
Wolf's last concert appearance, which included his early champion Jäger, was in February 1897. Shortly thereafter Wolf slipped into syphilitic insanity, with only occasional spells of wellbeing. He left sixty pages of an unfinished opera, ''Manuel Venegas'', in 1897, in a desperate attempt to finish before he lost his mind completely; after mid-1899 he could make no music at all and once even tried to drown himself, after which he was placed in a Vienna asylum at his own insistence. Melanie visited him faithfully during his decline until his death on 22 February 1903, and Melanie died by suicide in 1906.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sams|first=Eric|editor-first1=Susan |editor-last1=Youens |date=2001|title=Wolf, Hugo|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52073|access-date=February 26, 2021|website=Grove Music Online|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52073|isbn=9781561592630 }}</ref>

Wolf is buried in the [[Zentralfriedhof]] (Central Cemetery) in Vienna, along with many other notable composers.

==Music==
Wolf's greatest musical influence was [[Richard Wagner]], who, in an encounter after Wolf first came to the Vienna Conservatory, encouraged the young composer to persist in composing and to attempt larger-scale works, cementing Wolf's desire to emulate his musical idol. His antipathy to [[Johannes Brahms]] was fueled equally by his devotion to Wagner's musical radicalism and his loathing of Brahms' musical "conservatism".

He is best known by his lieder, his temperament and inclination leading him to more intimate, subjective and terse musical utterances. Although he initially believed that mastering the larger forms was the hallmark of a great composer (a belief his early mentors reinforced), the smaller scale of the art song proved to provide an ideal creative outlet for his musical expression and came to be regarded as the genre best suited to his peculiar genius. Wolf's lieder are noted for compressing expansive musical ideas and depth of feeling, fed by his skill at finding the just right musical setting for the poetry that inspired him. Though Wolf himself was obsessed with the idea that to compose only short forms was to be second-rate, his organization of lyrics of particular poets (Goethe; Mörike; Eichendorff; Heyse and Geibel in the Spanish and Italian Songbooks) into semicyclical anthologies, finding connections between texts not explicitly intended by the poets he set and his conceptions of individual songs as dramatic works in miniature, mark him as a talented dramatist despite having written only one not particularly successful opera, ''Der Corregidor''.

Early in his career Wolf modelled his lieder after those of [[Franz Schubert]] and [[Robert Schumann]], particularly in the period around his relationship with Vally Franck; in fact, they were good enough imitations to pass off as the real thing, which he once attempted, though his cover was blown too soon. It is speculated that his choice of lieder texts in the earlier years, largely dealing with sin and anguish, were partly influenced by his contracting [[syphilis]]. His love for Vally, not fully requited, inspired highly chromatic and philosophical lieder that could be regarded as successors to Wagner's [[Wesendonck Lieder]] cycle. Others were as distant from those in mood as possible; lighthearted and humorous. The rarely heard symphonic poem ''Penthesilea'', based on the [[Penthesilea (Kleist)|tragedy]] by [[Heinrich von Kleist]], is tempestuous and highly colored as well. Although Wolf admired Liszt, who had encouraged him to complete the work, he felt Liszt's own music too dry and academic and strove for color and passion.

The year 1888 marked a turning point in his style as well as his career, with the Mörike, Eichendorff and Goethe sets drawing him away from Schubert's simpler, more diatonic lyricism and into "Wölferl's own howl". Mörike in particular drew out and complemented Wolf's musical gifts, the variety of subjects suiting Wolf's tailoring of music to text, his dark sense of humor matching Wolf's own, his insight and imagery demanding a wider variety of compositional techniques and command of [[text painting]] to portray. In his later works he relied less on the text to give him his musical framework and more on his pure musical ideas themselves; the later Spanish and Italian songs reflect this move toward "[[absolute music]]".

Wolf wrote hundreds of [[lieder]], three [[opera]]s, [[incidental music]], choral music, as well as some rarely heard orchestral, [[chamber music|chamber]] and piano music. His most famous instrumental piece is the ''[[Italian Serenade (Wolf)|Italian Serenade]]'' (1887), originally for string quartet and later transcribed for orchestra, which marked the beginning of his mature style.

Wolf was famous for his use of [[tonality]] to reinforce meaning. Concentrating on two tonal areas to musically depict ambiguity and conflict in the text became a hallmark of his style, resolving only when appropriate to the meaning of the song. His chosen texts were often full of anguish and inability to find resolution, and thus so too was the tonality wandering, unable to return to the home key. Use of [[deceptive cadence]]s, chromaticism, [[Consonance and dissonance|dissonance]], and [[chromatic mediant]]s obscure the harmonic destination for as long as the psychological tension is sustained. His formal structure as well reflected the texts being set, and he wrote almost none of the straightforward [[strophic form|strophic]] songs favoured by his contemporaries, instead building the form around the nature of the work.

==Notable works==
=== Opera===
* ''[[Der Corregidor]]'' (1895)
* ''[[Manuel Venegas]]'' (unfinished, 1897)

===Lieder===
*''Liederstrauß'' (1878), to seven texts by Heine
*''Mörike-Lieder'' (1888), 53 songs to poems by [[Eduard Mörike]]
*''Eichendorff-Lieder'' (1889), to texts by [[Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff]]
*''Goethe-Lieder'' (wr. from 1875, publ. 1889), 51 songs to texts by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]
*''[[Dem Vaterland]]'' (1890), to a text by [[Robert Reinick]]
*''[[Spanisches Liederbuch (Wolf)|Spanisches Liederbuch]]'', to texts by [[Paul Heyse]] and [[Emanuel Geibel]] (1891)
*''[[Italienisches Liederbuch (Wolf)|Italienisches Liederbuch]]'', to texts by Paul Heyse (1892, 1896)
*''Michelangelo Lieder'' (1897), to texts by [[Michelangelo]]

===Instrumental===
*String Quartet in D minor (1878–84)
*''Penthesilea'' (symphonic poem, 1883–85)<ref>{{IMSLP|work=Penthesilea (Wolf, Hugo)|cname=Penthesilea (Wolf, Hugo)}}</ref>
*''[[Italian Serenade (Wolf)|Italian Serenade]]'' (1887, string quartet; orchestrated in 1892)

==Recording projects==
Individual songs have been included in the recorded repertoire of many singers. Significant early Wolf recording artists included [[Elisabeth Schumann]], [[Heinrich Rehkemper]], [[Heinrich Schlusnus]], [[Josef von Manowarda]], [[Lotte Lehmann]], [[Karl Erb]] and others.<ref>R.D. Darrell, ''The Gramophone Shop Encyclopedia of Recorded Music'' (Gramophone Shop, Inc., New York 1936).</ref> Early post-War collections were recorded by [[Suzanne Danco]], [[Anton Dermota]] and [[Gérard Souzay]] (all before 1953), [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]] (1954), [[Hans Hotter]] (1954), [[Erna Berger]] (1956), [[Heinrich Rehfuss]] (1955) and Elisabeth Schumann (1958), and important individual songs by [[Elisabeth Schwarzkopf]], [[Nicola Rossi-Lemeni]], and [[Elisabeth Höngen]].<ref>''A Complete List of HMV, Columbia, Parlophone and MGM Long Playing Records Issued up to and including June 1955'' (EMI, London 1955); ''The Art of Record Buying 1960'' (EMG, London 1960).</ref> [[Gerald Moore]] was a distinguished accompanist in Wolf song recordings. Fischer-Dieskau recorded a large collection of Mörike songs with Moore in March 1959.<ref>(HMV ALP 1618-1619).</ref> Some major projects have attempted more comprehensive coverage.

===Hugo Wolf Society edition===
In September 1931 the Hugo Wolf Society was formed under the aegis of the United Kingdom's [[His Master's Voice (British record label)|His Master's Voice]] supervised by Walter Legge<ref>[[Elisabeth Schwarzkopf]], ''On and Off the Record'' (Faber and Faber 1982), p. 215.</ref> for the recording of a substantial proportion of the song repertoire. These were to be issued to subscribers in limited editions.<ref name="Hugo Wolf Society Publications 1936">Hugo Wolf Society Publications (HMV, Hayes 1931-1936).</ref> The artists participating were restricted to those under contract to this company. Each volume consisted of six His Master's Voice red-label discs (unobtainable separately) and retailed new at $15.00 Am. The Wolf Society recordings were re-released in 1981.<ref>E. Schwarzkopf, ''On and Off the Record'', p. 215.</ref> <br />
* Volume I, entirely performed by [[Elena Gerhardt]] accompanied by [[Coenraad V. Bos]], presented a selection mainly from the Spanish and Italian songbooks and the Mörike songs. For many years this scarce set<ref>It became rare because HMV claimed that to reissue it would betray the original terms of the limited edition. This was deplored, on behalf of the singer, by [[Desmond Shawe-Taylor (music critic)|Desmond Shawe-Taylor]] ('Elena Gerhardt and the Gramophone', in E. Gerhardt, ''Recital'' (London, Methuen 1953), 168) and by Gerald Moore (''Am I Too Loud?'' (Harmondsworth 1966), 93).</ref> was regarded as a collector's prize, and forms a distinct corpus within her recorded art. Later volumes always included more than one singer. 
* Volume II: 16 of the 51 Goethe songs, all (apart from McCormack's ''Ganymed'') accompanied by Coenraad V. Bos, but with Friedrich Schorr's ''Prometheus'' with the orchestral accompaniment. 
* Volume III: A selection of 17 items, including three Michelangelo songs, three Mörike songs, four from the ''Spanisches Liederbuch'' and six from the ''Italienisches Liederbuch''. All accompanied by Coenraad V. Bos. 
* Volume IV: 30 items from ''Italienisches Liederbuch''. Accompaniments by Coenraad V. Bos, [[Michael Raucheisen]] and [[Hanns Udo Müller]]. 
* Volume V: A selection of 20 songs (mainly Mörike and ''Spanisches Liederbuch''). 
* Volume VI: Settings of Mörike, Robert Reinick, Goethe, Heyse and Geibel, Just and Kerner. 

Artists included [[Alexander Kipnis]] (III, IV, V); [[Herbert Janssen]] (II, V, VI); [[Gerhard Hüsch]] (II, III, IV, V); [[John McCormack (tenor)|John McCormack]] (accompanied by [[Edwin Schneider]]) (II); [[Alexandre Trianti]] (II, III); [[Ria Ginster]] (IV, V); [[Friedrich Schorr]] (II); [[Elisabeth Rethberg]] (IV, V); [[Tiana Lemnitz]] (VI); [[Helge Roswaenge]] (VI); [[Marta Fuchs]] (VI) and [[Karl Erb]] (VI).<ref>See E. Sackville-West and D. Shawe-Taylor, ''The Record Year 2'' (Collins, London 1953), 683-693. Also a listing in the His Master's Voice ''Recorded Music'' Catalogue (Hayes, Middlesex: 1943-44), p. 290.</ref> Each volume was accompanied by a booklet containing a short essay by [[Ernest Newman]] (I: ''Words and Music in Hugo Wolf'', II: ''Wolf's Goethe Songs'', III: ''A Note of Wolf as Craftsman'', IV: ''The Italienisches Liederbuch'') together with German texts, English translations (by Winifred Radford) and notes on each song (by Newman).<ref name="Hugo Wolf Society Publications 1936"/>

===DGG Hugo Wolf Lieder Edition===
A Hugo Wolf Lieder Edition was recorded by [[Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau]] and [[Daniel Barenboim]] during the 1970s for [[Polydor Records|DGG]], each volume containing three records. Volume I (1974): Mörike Lieder (Paris Grand Prix du Disque). Volume II (1976): Lieder on poems by [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], [[Heinrich Heine|Heine]] and [[Nikolaus Lenau|Lenau]]. Volume III (1977): Lieder on poems by Eichendorff, Michelangelo, [[Robert Reinick]], [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Byron]], [[August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben|Hoffmann von Fallersleben]], [[Joseph Viktor von Scheffel]], etc. The accompanying volumes include essays by Hans Jancik, texts of the poems, and translations by [[Lionel Salter]] (English) and Jacques Fournier and others (French).<ref>Hugo Wolf Lieder Publications (Deutsche Grammophon, 1974-1977).</ref>

===Oxford Lieder Festival edition===
The first project to record every song by Wolf was commenced in 2010, the 150th anniversary of the composer's birth, by [[Stone Records]] and the [[Oxford Lieder Festival]]. This series of live recordings, featuring a wide variety of singers and [[Oxford Lieder Festival]]'s artistic director [[Sholto Kynoch]] at the piano, was completed in 2023 with the release of the 11th disc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stonerecords.co.uk/album/hugo-wolf-the-complete-songs-vol-11-goethe-lieder-part-2/|title=Hugo Wolf – the complete songs – vol.11: Goethe Lieder part 2 – Stone Records}}</ref>

===Austrian Radio Anniversary edition===
In 2010 Austrian Radio and the Departure Centre for Creative Design in Vienna marked Hugo Wolf's anniversary with a recital series in which 188 of the songs were performed against visuals created by leading designers. The series was intended to bring Lieder to a new audience and was held at the initiative of baritone [[Wolfgang Holzmair]], who was joined by a team of Austrian singers and pianists. The concerts were released on DVDs the following year, and in 2012 [[Bridge Records]] released the Spanish and Italian songbooks on CDs.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* Bukowski, Charles, ''Hugo Wolf went mad while eating an onion...'' in ''The Pleasures of the Damned: Poems 1951 – 1983'', ed. John Martin, New York, 2007
* Andreas Dorschel, ''Hugo Wolf. In Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten'', 2nd ed. (Rowohlt, Reinbek, 1992) (rowohlts bildmonographien 344). In German.
* [[Ernest Newman|Newman, Ernest]], ''Hugo Wolf'' (Methuen, London, 1907).
* Sams, Eric and [[Susan Youens]], 'Hugo Wolf', [[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|Grove Music]] Online ed. L. Macy, [http://www.grovemusic.com (subscription access)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041031/http://www.grovemusic.com/ |date=2008-05-16 }}
* Thompson, Douglas S. "Musical Structure and Evocation of Time in Hugo Wolf's 'Ein Stundlein wohl vor Tag'." T''he National Association of Teachers of Singing Journal'' 65, No. 01, September/October (2008)
* [[Frank Walker (musicologist)|Walker, Frank]], ''Hugo Wolf: A Biography'' (J M Dent & Sons, London 1951). Includes extensive Bibliography (mainly biographical), pp.&nbsp;448–461, and list of compositions, pp.&nbsp;462–492.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hugo Wolf}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Hugo Wolf |sopt=t}}
* [http://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_settings.html?ComposerId=6218 The LiederNet Archive]
*{{ChoralWiki}}
* {{IMSLP|id=Wolf, Hugo|cname=Hugo Wolf}}
* [https://musescore.com/openscore-lieder-corpus/sets?order=title&text=Wolf,%20Hugo Free digital scores by Hugo Wolf] in the [https://musescore.com/openscore-lieder-corpus/sets OpenScore Lieder Corpus]
* [[Slovenj Gradec|Slovenj_Gradec Hugo Wolf's Birthplace]]
* [http://www.hugowolfquartett.com/ Hugo Wolf Quartett] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517005243/http://www.hugowolfquartett.com/ |date=2017-05-17 }}

{{Hugo Wolf}}
{{Romantic music}}
{{Slovenj Gradec |state=collapsed}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Wolf, Hugo}}
[[Category:Hugo Wolf| ]]
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1903 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Austrian classical composers]]
[[Category:19th-century Austrian male musicians]]
[[Category:Austrian male opera composers]]
[[Category:Austrian opera composers]]
[[Category:Austrian people of Slovenian descent]]
[[Category:Austrian Romantic composers]]
[[Category:Austrian string quartet composers]]
[[Category:Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery]]
[[Category:Composers from Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Deaths from syphilis]]
[[Category:Lieder composers]]
[[Category:People from Slovenj Gradec]]
[[Category:People from the Duchy of Styria]]