Editing Human-powered transport

{{short description|Transport of goods and/or people only using human muscles}}
[[File:Sherpa carrying woods.JPG|thumb|[[Sherpa people|Sherpa]] carrying wood to [[Mount Everest]] base camp]]
{{transport}}

'''Human-powered transport''' is the [[transport]] of [[passenger|person(s)]] and/or [[goods]] ([[freight]]) using [[human power|human muscle power]]. Unlike [[animal-powered transport]], human-powered transport has existed since [[time immemorial]] in the form of [[walking]], [[running]] and [[human swimming|swimming]], as well as small vehicles such as [[litter (vehicle)|litter]]s, [[pulled rickshaw|rickshaw]]s, [[wheelchair]]s and [[wheelbarrow]]s. Modern technology has allowed [[mechanical advantage device]]s and [[machine]]s to enhance human-power.

Although [[motor vehicle|motorization]] has increased speed and load capacity, many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost, convenience, leisure, physical exercise and [[environmentalism]]. Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in [[less developed countries|underdeveloped]] or inaccessible regions.

==Modes==
===Non-vehicular===
[[File:Grisfuchsmantel, Düsseldorf, März 2023 (1).jpg|thumb|upright|A person pulling a shopping trolley]]
*[[Crawling (human)]]
*[[Walking]] (233 [[watt]]s at {{cvt|3|mph|km/h|order=flip}})<ref name=":0" />
** [[Walking bus]]
*[[Running]] (1,150 [[watt]]s at {{cvt|10|mph|km/h|order=flip}})<ref name=":0" />
*[[Sprint (running)|Sprinting]] (1,690 [[watt]]s at {{cvt|15|mph|km/h|order=flip}})<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url = http://members.aol.com/BearFlag45/Biology1A/Reviews/energy.html |title = Energy Data & Calculations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310073316/http://members.aol.com/BearFlag45/Biology1A/Reviews/energy.html |archive-date=10 March 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[human swimming|Swimming]]
*[[Climbing]] and [[mountaineering]]
*[[Ice skating]], [[roller skating]], and [[inline skating]]
*[[Cross-country skiing]]

===Human-powered vehicles (HPVs)===
[[File:Stockholm Skateathon 2014 - 03.jpg|thumb|right|[[Skateboard]]s are propelled by pushing (one foot riding on board, one foot pushing on ground) or by gravity]]
[[File:Trikke HPV.JPG|thumb|right|[[Trikke]]s are powered by shifting the rider's body weight]]

====Land vehicles====
{{main|Human-powered land vehicle}}
[[File:Brosen city bicycle.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bicycle]]s are the most efficient type of human-powered vehicle]]

[[File:Red DX Surrey.jpg|thumb|right|Surrey style rental [[quadracycle]] built by the [[International Surrey Company]]]]

[[Skateboards]] have the advantage of being so small and light that users can easily carry them when not skating.

The most efficient and most popular human-powered land vehicle is the [[bicycle]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.exploratorium.edu/cycling/humanpower1.html| title = Science of Cycling: Human Power: page 1<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> Compared to the much more common [[upright bicycle]], the  [[recumbent bicycle]] may be faster on level ground or down hills due to better [[aerodynamics]] while having similar [[power transfer]] efficiency.{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}

The [[velomobile]] has potential to be useful in colder and wetter climates due to increased protection offered against the environment.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ferrari |first1=M. |last2=Bianchi |first2=N. |last3=Doria |first3=A. |last4=Giolo |first4=E. |last5=Fornasiero |first5=E. |last6=Martignoni |first6=C. |last7=Bovi |first7=F. |chapter=Development of a hybrid human-electric propulsion system for a velomobile |date=2013 |title=2013 Eighth International Conference and Exhibition on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER) |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6521591 |publisher=IEEE |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1109/EVER.2013.6521591 |isbn=978-1-4673-5271-0}}</ref> [[Cargo bike]]s are used to transport [[cargo]]. [[Cycle rickshaw]]s can be used as [[taxicab]]s.

In 2016, AeroVelo cyclist Todd Reichert achieved the human-powered speed record of {{convert|142.04|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} with a [[velomobile]] at [[Battle Mountain, Nevada|Battle Mountain]], Nevada.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://recumbents.com/wisil/whpsc2016/results.htm|title = 2016 WHPSC 200 Meter Racing Results|access-date = 2016-09-16|publisher = Wisil.recumbents.com}}</ref>

Dutch cyclist [[Fred Rompelberg]] set a {{convert|268.8|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} speed record at the [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] in [[Utah]] on October 3, 1995, while cycling in the wake of a motor dragster pace-car.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fredrompelberg.com/en/html/algemeen/fredrompelberg/record.asp |title=The formidable record of Fred Rompelberg and its development |publisher=Fredrompelberg.com |access-date=2012-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053025/http://www.fredrompelberg.com/en/html/algemeen/fredrompelberg/record.asp |archive-date=2010-10-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The wake of the pace-car reduced the aerodynamic drag against which Rompelberg pedalled to almost zero.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canosoarus.com/08LSRbicycle/LSR%20Bike01.htm |title=152 MPH Pedal Bicycle - Intro |publisher=Canosoarus.com |date=1985-07-20 |access-date=2012-04-14 |archive-date=2018-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905131623/http://www.canosoarus.com/08LSRbicycle/LSR%20Bike01.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

Greg Kolodziejzyk set two world records recognized by both the [[International Human Powered Vehicle Association]] and Guinness (TM) World Records on July 17, 2006, on a race track in [[Eureka, California]]. The first record is for the most distance traveled in 24 hours by human power {{convert|1041|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and the second for the world's fastest {{convert|1000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} time trial (23 hours, 2 minutes).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.adventuresofgreg.com/| title = Greg Kolodziejzyk website}}</ref>
Both records were broken on August 6, 2010, by Christian von Ascheberg who drove {{convert|1000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} in 19 hours, 27 minutes and managed to go {{convert|1219|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} in 24 hours with his Milan SL [[Velomobile]]. In the same race he also raised the 12-hour record to {{convert|664.97|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, which is an average of {{convert|55.41|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}.
<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.conti-online.com/generator/www/de/en/continental/bicycle/general/news/pr_2010_08_06_rekorde_en.html
 |title=Three new world records on Continental Grand Prix tires |publisher=conti-online.com |date=2010-08-06 |access-date=2013-01-02}}</ref>
 
In 1969, artists in a small [[Northern California]] town began the [[Kinetic sculpture race]] which has grown to a {{convert|42|mi|km|abbr=on}}, three-day all terrain, human-powered sculpture race and county wide event. It is held every year on the last weekend in May.

The [[Shweeb]] system is a proposed transit network using recumbent bicycle technology to power pods suspended from monorails.  A test built in [[Rotorua]], [[New Zealand]] is open to the public as a leisure attraction.  In September 2010 the system was chosen to receive funding from Google as part of project 10<sup>100</sup>.  There are no active proposals for its implementation.

====Aircraft====
{{main|Human-powered aircraft}}

=====Fixed wing=====
[[File:Daedalus Project's Light Eagle.jpg|thumb|right|[[MIT Daedalus]] human powered aircraft]]

The ''[[Enea Bossi, Sr.#Pedaliante|Pedaliante]]'' flew short distances fully under human power in 1936, but the distances were not significant enough to win the prize of the Italian competition for which it was built. The flights were deemed to be a result of the pilot's significant strength and endurance, and not attainable by a typical human. Additional attempts were made in 1937 and 1938 using a catapult system, launching the plane to a height of {{convert|9|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. With the catapult launch, the plane successfully traveled the {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} distance outlined by the competition, but was declined the prize due to the takeoff method.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ihpva.org/HParchive/PDF/32-v10n1-1992.pdf| title = Pedaliante}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pdf.aiaa.org/jaPreview/JA/1970/PVJAPRE44154.pdf |title=Man-Powered Flight - Achievements to Date With a New Suggestion |access-date=2008-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201233/http://pdf.aiaa.org/jaPreview/JA/1970/PVJAPRE44154.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883606,00.html?iid=chix-sphere | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001003646/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883606,00.html?iid=chix-sphere | url-status = dead | archive-date = October 1, 2007 | magazine=Time | title=Transport: Icarus to Bossi | date=8 February 1937}}</ref>

The first officially authenticated regularly feasible take-off and landing of a human-powered aircraft (one capable of powered takeoffs, unlike a [[glider aircraft|glider]]) was made on 9 November 1961 by [[Derek Piggott]] in [[Southampton University]]'s Man Powered Aircraft ([[SUMPAC]]).

Perhaps the best-known human-powered plane is the [[Gossamer Albatross]], which flew across the [[English Channel]] in 1979.

The current distance and duration record recognized by the [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale|FAI]], a straight distance of {{convert|115.11|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-10|title=Kanellos Kanellopoulos (GRE) (385)|url=https://www.fai.org/record/385|access-date=2020-12-04|website=www.fai.org|language=en}}</ref> in 3 hours and 54 minutes,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-10|title=Kanellos Kanellopoulos (GRE) (384)|url=https://www.fai.org/record/384|access-date=2020-12-04|website=www.fai.org|language=en}}</ref> was achieved on 23 April 1988 from [[Heraklion]] on [[Crete]] to [[Santorini]] in a [[MIT Daedalus]] 88 piloted by Greek cyclist [[Kanellos Kanellopoulos]].

The current speed record recognized by the [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale|FAI]] is held by [[Musculair|Musculair 2]], built by Günther Rochelt, which was flown at {{convert|44.32|km/h|mph}} by Holger Rochelt in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-10|title=Holger Rochelt (FRG) (389)|url=https://www.fai.org/record/389|access-date=2020-12-04|website=www.fai.org|language=en}}</ref>

=====Helicopters=====
{{main|Human-powered helicopter}} 
The first officially observed human-powered helicopter to have left the ground was the [[Da Vinci III]] in 1989. It was designed and built by students at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo in California, USA. It flew for 7.1 seconds and reached a height of {{convert|8|in|cm|0|abbr=on}}. The second was the Yuri I in 1994, designed and built by students at Nihon University in Japan. It flew for 19.46 seconds and reached an altitude of {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. On 13 June 2013, the [[AeroVelo Atlas]] was the first to complete a flight that lasted 64 seconds and reached an altitude of 3.3 meters, thus winning the [[Sikorsky Prize]].

=====Airships and balloons=====
French inventors have built man-powered [[airship]]s and [[balloons]]. [[Solar balloon]]s and [[solar airships]] are new types of balloons and airships.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pagesperso-orange.fr/ballonsolaire/en-index.htm| title = Hot air balloons}}</ref> Because lift is supplied through buoyancy, human power can be devoted to thrust.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zeppy.org/news.htm |title=Man-powered airship |access-date=2008-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928154633/http://www.zeppy.org/news.htm |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://papalima.free.fr/motoballon/gazairship/Gazairship.htm| title = Another man-powered airship}}</ref>

====Watercraft====
{{main|Human-powered watercraft}}
[[Image:Punt-pedalo.jpg|thumb|right|A Punt Pedalo]]
[[Image:Vaillancourt.jpg|right|thumb|[[Birch bark|Birchbark]] [[canoe]]]]
Human-powered watercraft include prehistoric, historic and well-known traditional and sporting craft such as canoes, rowing boats and [[galley]]s. The term ''human-powered boat'' is often used for more modern craft using propellers and water wheels for propulsion. These can be more efficient than paddles or oars and especially allow the use of the leg muscles which are generally stronger than arm muscles, even for non-athletes. Competitive rowing boats use sliding seats to engage the legs for propulsion with an oar for this reason, but require considerable skill to use efficiently. In addition, there is little skill required for forward propulsion while looking forwards and craft such as [[pedalo]]s are popular at resorts.

=====Hydrofoils=====
Hydrofoils have less water resistance at the highest speeds attainable by humans and are thus usually faster than displacement boats on short courses. The world speed record on water was set 27 October 1991 by MIT professor Mark Drela who pedalled a [[human-powered hydrofoil]], "[[Decavitator]]", to {{cvt|9.53|m/s|km/h kn mi/h}} over a 100-meter course in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, US.

=====Submarines=====
In 1989, the first human-powered International Submarine Race (ISR) was held in Florida with 17 craft. Since then nine more races have been held. The races themselves have been moved from the waters of Florida to the  [[David Taylor Model Basin]] at the [[Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center]] in Bethesda, Maryland, and are held biennially. At the 9th ISR in 2007 (in which 23 submarines participated) several new records were set: A single-person craft, [[Omer5]] achieved a record speed of {{cvt|8.035|kn|km/h|order=flip}} breaking the Omer team's previous record of {{cvt|7.19|kn|km/h|order=flip}} set by Omer 4 in 2004. Also Omer 6 snatched up a record for non-propeller driven craft with a speed of {{cvt|4.642|kn|km/h|order=flip}} .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isrsubrace.org/ |title=International Submarine Races |publisher=Isrsubrace.org |access-date=2012-04-14 |archive-date=2012-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504145250/http://www.isrsubrace.org/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

* [[Active mobility]]
* [[Adirondack guideboat]]
* [[Animal locomotion]]
* [[List of bicycle and human powered vehicle museums|Bicycle and human powered vehicle museums, list of]]
* [[Carfree city]]
* [[Carrying on the head]]
* [[Erden Eruç]]
* [[Energy efficiency in transportation]]
* [[Jason Lewis (adventurer)|Jason Lewis]]
* [[Rowing]]
* [[Utility cycling]]

{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wisil.recumbents.com/wisil/hpvrecords.htm Human Powered Vehicle Records]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110214173720/http://www.asme.org/Events/Contests/HPV/Human_Powered_Vehicle.cfm Human Powered Vehicle Challenge] - American Society Of Mechanical Engineers

===Air===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070208100531/http://www.aoe.vt.edu/design/hpa/ Human Powered Aircraft Group] - Virginia Tech
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060924001803/http://www.humanpoweredhelicopters.org/ Human Powered Helicopters] - History, technology, people
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/43097551 Human powered blimp]

===Land===
* [http://www.rose-hulman.edu/hpv/ Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Human Powered Vehicle Team ] - Videos, photos, links, and other information about human powered land vehicles

===Water===
* [http://www.humanpoweredboats.com/ Human Powered Boats] - Events, photos, links
* [http://www.human-powered-hydrofoils.com Human Powered Hydrofoils]  from 1953 to 2005
* [http://lancet.mit.edu/decavitator/ ''Decavitator'' Human-Powered Hydrofoil] - videos, documentation
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130625195100/http://www.hps.aoe.vt.edu/overview.html Human Powered Submarine of Virginia Tech]

{{commons category|Human-powered transport}}
{{Human-powered vehicles}}

[[Category:Human-powered transport| ]]