Editing Human spaceflight programs

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|a chronological list of human spaceflights, including crews, dates and mission summaries|List of human spaceflights}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2020}}

'''Human spaceflight programs''' have been conducted, started, or planned by multiple countries and companies. Until the 21st century, human spaceflight programs were sponsored exclusively by governments, through either the military or civilian space agencies. With the launch of the privately funded [[SpaceShipOne]] in 2004, a new category of human spaceflight programs – [[commercial astronaut|commercial human spaceflight]] – arrived. By the end of 2022, three countries (Soviet Union/Russia, United States and China) and one private company (SpaceX) had successfully launched humans to Earth orbit, and two private companies (Scaled Composites and Blue Origin) had launched humans on a suborbital trajectory.

The criteria for what constitutes [[human spaceflight]] vary. The [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] defines spaceflight as any flight over {{convert|100|km|mi|sp=us}}. In the United States professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of {{convert|80|km|mi|sp=us}} are awarded the [[United States Astronaut Badge]]. This article follows the FAI definition of spaceflight.

==Successful programs==
{{See also|List of government space agencies#List of space agencies with human spaceflight capability}}
Programs in this section are sorted by the years when the first successful crewed spaceflight took place.

===Vostok program (USSR, 1956–1964)===
[[Image:Vostok spacecraft.jpg|thumb|300px|Model of Vostok spacecraft with third stage of launcher]]
The [[Vostok program]] was a project that succeeded in putting a person into orbit for the first time. Sergei Korolev and Konstantin Feoktistov began, in June 1956, crewed spacecraft research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/project/vostok.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191704/http://www.astronautix.com/project/vostok.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|title=Vostok|website=www.astronautix.com}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The program developed the [[Vostok spacecraft]] from the [[Zenit spy satellite]] project and adapted the [[Vostok rocket]] from an existing [[ICBM]] design. Just before the first release of the name Vostok to the press, it was a classified word. By August/September 1958 a division had been formed devoted to producing the first Vostok craft. The official approval (decree) for the Vostok was delayed until 22 May 1959 by competition with photo reconnaissance programs.

Vostok 1 was the first [[human spaceflight]]. The [[Vostok 3KA]] spacecraft was launched on April 12, 1961, taking into space [[Yuri Gagarin]], a [[astronaut|cosmonaut]] from the [[Soviet Union]]. The Vostok 1 mission was the first time anyone had journeyed into [[outer space]] and the first time anyone had entered into [[Orbit (celestial mechanics)|orbit]].

There were six Vostok flights in total, including the June, 1963 [[Vostok 6]] mission flown by [[Valentina Tereshkova]], the first woman in space. Another seven Vostok flights (Vostok 7 to 13) were originally planned, going through to April 1966, but these were canceled and the components recycled into the [[Voskhod program]], which was intended to achieve more Soviet [[Timeline of space exploration|firsts in space]].

===Project Mercury (USA, 1959–1963)===<!--considering how wrong the vostok timeline was, this could probably use checking as well-->
[[Image:Mercury Capsule2.png|thumb|left|Mercury capsule with escape tower]]

[[Project Mercury]] was the first human spaceflight program of the United States. It ran from 1959 through 1963 with the goal of putting a human in orbit around the Earth. [[John Glenn]]'s [[Mercury-Atlas 6]] flight on 20 February 1962 was the first Mercury flight to achieve this goal. Prior to that, the [[Mercury-Redstone 3]] mission brought the first American into space, [[Alan Shepard]]. It featured the first manual pilot control of the spacecraft and the landing with pilot still within it.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burgess|first=Colin|title=Freedom 7: The Historic Flight of Alan B. Shepard Jr.|location=New York; London|publisher=Springer|year=2014|series=Springer-Praxis books in space exploration|isbn=978-3-319-01155-4|oclc=902685533}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sparrow |first1=Giles |title=Spaceflight : the complete story, from Sputnik to Curiosity |date=2019 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited |location=New York |isbn=978-1465479655 |page=82 |edition=Second [American]}}</ref>

Early planning and research was carried out by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]], and the program was officially conducted by the newly created [[NASA]].

Because of their small size it was said that the Mercury spacecraft capsules were worn, not ridden. With {{convert|1.7|m3}} of habitable volume, the capsule was just large enough for the single crew member. Inside were 120 controls: 55 electrical switches, 30 fuses and 35 mechanical levers. The spacecraft was designed by [[Maxime Faget|Max Faget]] and NASA's Space Task Group.

NASA ordered 20 production spacecraft, numbered 1 through 20, from [[McDonnell Aircraft|McDonnell Aircraft Company]], [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. Five of the twenty spacecraft, #10, 12, 15, 17, and 19, were not flown. Spacecraft #3 and #4 were destroyed during uncrewed test flights. [[Mercury-Redstone 4|Spacecraft #11]] sank and was recovered from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean after 38 years. Some spacecraft were modified after initial production (refurbished after launch abort, modified for longer missions, etc.) and received a letter designation after their number, examples 2A, 15B. Some spacecraft were modified twice; for example, spacecraft 15 became 15A and then 15B.

===North American X-15 (USA, 1954–1968)===
[[Image:X-15 in flight.jpg|thumb|left|X-15 in flight]]
The [[North American Aviation|North American]] [[North American X-15|X-15]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]] was part of the [[X-plane (aircraft)|X-series]] of [[experimental aircraft]], initiated with the [[Bell X-1]], that were made for the [[USAF]], NASA, and the [[USN]]. The X-15 set speed and altitude records in the early 1960s, reaching the [[Kármán line|edge of outer space]] and returning with valuable data used in [[aircraft]] and [[spacecraft]] design. It currently holds the world record for the fastest speed ever reached by a crewed aircraft.<ref name="Fastest">[http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/research/x15/ "Aerospaceweb.org | Aircraft Museum X-15".] Aerospaceweb.org, 24 November 2008.</ref>

During the X-15 program, 13 of the flights (by eight pilots) met the USAF [[human spaceflight|spaceflight]] criteria by exceeding the altitude of {{convert|50|mi}}, thus qualifying the pilots for [[astronaut]] status; some pilots also qualified for NASA [[astronaut wings]].<ref name="Jenkins">Jenkins, Dennis R. ''Space Shuttle: The History of the National Space Transportation System: The First 100 Missions, 3rd edition''. Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-9633974-5-1}}.</ref><ref name="NASA">[http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/aug/HQ_05233_X-15_pilots_honored.html "NASA astronaut wings award ceremony".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413033113/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/aug/HQ_05233_X-15_pilots_honored.html |date=2018-04-13 }} NASA Press Release, 23 August 2005.</ref>
{{clear}}

===Voskhod program (USSR, 1964–1965)===

The [[Voskhod program]] ({{langx|ru|Восход}}, ''"ascent"'', ''"dawn"'') was a Soviet human spaceflight project. Voskhod development was a follow-on to the [[Vostok program]], recycling components left over from that program's cancellation following its first six flights. The two missions flown used the [[Voskhod spacecraft]] and [[Voskhod rocket|rocket]].

The Voskhod spacecraft was basically a Vostok spacecraft that had a backup, solid fuel retrorocket added to the top of the descent module. The heavier weight of the craft was made possible by improvements to the [[R-7 Semyorka]]-derived booster. The ejection seat was removed and two or three crew couches were added to the interior at a 90-degree angle to that of the Vostok crew position. However, the position of the in-flight controls was not changed, so the crew had to crane their heads 90 degrees to see the instruments.

While the Vostok program was dedicated towards understanding the effects of space travel and microgravity on the human body, Voskhod's two flights were aimed towards spectacular "firsts". Cosmonaut [[Alexei Leonov]] made the first [[Extra-vehicular activity|EVA]] ("spacewalk") during [[Voskhod 2]], which became the main success of the program, while putting the first multi-person crew into orbit during [[Voskhod 1]] was the objective that initially motivated it. Once both goals were realized, the program was abandoned. This followed the change in Soviet leadership, which was less concerned about stunt and prestige flights, and allowed the Soviet designers to concentrate on the [[Soyuz program]].

===Project Gemini (USA, 1965–1966)===

[[Image:Gemini 6 7.jpg|right|250px|Gemini spacecraft on orbit]]
[[Project Gemini]] was the second human spaceflight program conducted by NASA. It operated between Projects Mercury and Apollo, with 10 crewed flights occurring in 1965 and 1966. Its objective was to develop techniques for advanced space travel, notably those necessary for Project Apollo, whose objective was to land humans on the Moon. Gemini missions included the first American [[Extra-vehicular activity|extravehicular activity]], and new orbital maneuvers including [[Space rendezvous|rendezvous and docking]].

Gemini was originally seen as a simple extrapolation of the Mercury program, and thus early on was called ''Mercury Mark II''. The actual program had little in common with Mercury and was [[Big Gemini|superior to even Apollo in some ways]]. This was mainly a result of its late start date, which allowed it to benefit from much that had been learned during the early stages of the Apollo project (which, despite its later launch dates, actually began before Gemini).

===Soyuz program (USSR/Russia, 1967–ongoing)===
[[Image:Soyuz rocket ASTP.jpg|thumb|left|Soyuz rocket on launch pad.]]

The [[Soyuz program]] ({{langx|ru|Союз}}, {{IPA|ru|sɐˈjus|pron}}, meaning "Union") is a human spaceflight program that was initiated by the Soviet Union in early 1967. It was originally part of a [[Moon landing]] program intended to put a Soviet [[astronaut|cosmonaut]] on the Moon. All experimental or unsuccessful starts received the status of satellites of a series [[Kosmos (satellite)|Kosmos]], and flights of the Lunar orbital ships around the Moon – the name [[Zond program|Zond]]. Both the [[Soyuz spacecraft]] and the [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz rocket]] are part of this program, which is now the responsibility of the [[Russian Federal Space Agency]].

The basic [[Soyuz spacecraft]] design was the basis for many projects, many of which never came to light. Its earliest form was intended to travel to the Moon without employing a huge booster like the [[Saturn V]] or the Soviet [[N1 rocket|N-1]] by repeatedly docking with upper stages that had been put in orbit using the same rocket as the Soyuz. This and the initial civilian designs were done under the Soviet Chief Designer [[Sergei Korolev|Sergei Pavlovich Korolev]], who did not live to see the craft take flight. Several military derivatives actually took precedence in the Soviet design process, though they never came to pass.

The launch vehicles used in the Soyuz [[expendable launch system]] are manufactured at the [[Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center]] (TsSKB-Progress) in [[Samara, Russia]]. As well as being used in the Soyuz program as the launcher for the crewed [[Soyuz spacecraft]], Soyuz launch vehicles are now also used to launch robotic [[Progress spacecraft|Progress supply spacecraft]] to the [[International Space Station]] and commercial launches marketed and operated by TsSKB-Progress and the [[Starsem]] company.  There were 11 Soyuz launches in 2001 and 9 in 2002. Currently, Soyuz vehicles are launched from the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] in [[Kazakhstan]] and the [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome]] in northwest Russia. Since 2009 Soyuz launch vehicles are also being launched from the [[Guiana Space Centre]] in [[French Guiana]].<ref name=sitehw>{{cite web |url=http://www.arianespace.com/news-soyuz-vega/2008/2008-10-03-Vega-Soyuz.asp |title=The Spaceport's new Soyuz launch site is ready for installation of its mission equipment |date=October 3, 2008 |publisher=[[Arianespace]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415214124/http://www.arianespace.com/news-soyuz-vega/2008/2008-10-03-Vega-Soyuz.asp |archive-date=April 15, 2009 }}</ref>

===Apollo Program (USA, 1961–1975)===
[[File:Apollo 15 Lunar Rover and Irwin.jpg|thumb|[[Lunar Roving Vehicle]] used on Apollos 15–17]]

The [[Apollo Program]] was undertaken by NASA during the years 1961–1975 with the goal of conducting crewed [[Moon landing]] missions. In 1961, [[President of the United States|President]] [[John F. Kennedy]] announced a goal of landing a man on the Moon by the end of the decade.  It was accomplished on July 20, 1969, by the landing of astronauts [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]], with [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]] orbiting above during the [[Apollo 11]] mission. Five other Apollo missions also landed [[astronaut]]s on the [[Moon]], the last one in 1972. These six Apollo spaceflights are the only times humans have landed on another [[celestial body]].<ref>[https://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/missions.htm 30th Anniversary of Apollo 11, Manned Apollo Missions], NASA, 1999.</ref>

Apollo was the third human spaceflight program undertaken by NASA, the [[space agency]] of the United States. It used [[Apollo spacecraft]] and [[Saturn (rocket family)|Saturn]] launch vehicles, which were later used for the [[Skylab|Skylab program]] and the joint American-Soviet [[Apollo-Soyuz Test Project]]. These later programs are thus often considered to be part of the overall Apollo program.

The goal of the program, as articulated by President Kennedy, was accomplished with only two major failures. The first failure resulted in the deaths of three astronauts, [[Gus Grissom]], [[Ed White (astronaut)|Ed White]] and [[Roger Chaffee]], in the [[Apollo 1]] launchpad fire. The second was an in-space explosion on [[Apollo 13]], which badly damaged the spacecraft on the moonward leg of its journey. The three astronauts aboard narrowly escaped with their lives, thanks to the efforts of flight controllers, project engineers, backup crew members and the skills of the astronauts themselves.

===Space Shuttle (USA, 1972–2011)===
[[Image:STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg|thumb|Space Shuttle ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'' launches at the start of [[STS-120]]]]
NASA's [[Space Shuttle]], officially called "Space Transportation System" (STS), was a United States government crewed launch vehicle, retired from service in 2011. The winged [[Space Shuttle orbiter]] was launched vertically, usually carrying five to seven [[astronaut]]s (although eight have been carried) and up to {{cvt|50,000|lb}} of payload into [[low Earth orbit]]. When its mission was complete, the shuttle could independently move itself out of orbit (by means of making a 180-degree turn and firing its main engines, thus slowing it down) and [[atmospheric reentry|re-enter]] the Earth's atmosphere. During descent and landing, the orbiter acted as a [[Glider (aircraft)|glider]] and made a completely unpowered  [[runway]] landing.

The Space Shuttle was the only winged spacecraft to achieve orbit and land with crew aboard, and the first of a small number of reusable space vehicles to make multiple flights into orbit (subsequently followed by the [[X-37B]], [[SpaceX Dragon 1|Cargo Dragon]], and [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]]). [[List of Space Shuttle missions|Its missions]] involved carrying large payloads to various low-Earth orbits (including segments to be added to the [[International Space Station]]), providing crew rotation for the International Space Station, and performing service missions to the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]. The orbiter could also recover [[satellite]]s and other payloads from orbit and return them to [[Earth]], but its use in this capacity was rare. However, the Space Shuttle was used to return large payloads from the ISS to Earth, as the Russian [[Soyuz spacecraft]] has limited capacity for return payloads. Each vehicle was designed with a projected lifespan of 100 launches, or 10 years' operational life.

===China Manned Space Program (China, 1992–ongoing)===
[[File:Shenzhou spacecraft assembly.jpg|thumb|left|[[Shenzhou spacecraft]] of China]]
China was the first Asian country and third nation in the world, after the USSR and USA, to send humans into space. During the [[Space Race]] between the two superpowers, which culminated with [[Apollo 11]] landing humans on the Moon, [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Zhou Enlai]] decided on 14 July 1967 that China should not be left behind, and initiated their own crewed space program: the top-secret Project 714, which aimed to put two people into space by 1973 with the [[Shuguang spacecraft|Shuguang]] spacecraft. Nineteen [[PLAAF]] pilots were selected for this goal in March 1971. The Shuguang-1 spacecraft, to be launched with the [[CZ-2A]] rocket, was designed to carry a crew of two. The program was officially cancelled on 13 May 1972 for economic reasons.

A second, short-lived crewed program was based on the successful implementation of landing technology by [[Fanhui Shi Weixing|FSW satellite]]s. It was announced a few times in 1978 with the publishing of some details, including photos, but then was abruptly canceled in 1980. It has been argued that the second crewed program was created solely for propaganda purposes, and was never intended to produce results.<ref name=Astronautix>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/chie1978.htm|title=Chinese Crewed Capsule 1978|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=2009-05-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AG9KTvIj?url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/chie1978.htm|archive-date=2012-08-28}} {{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/articles/chidoors.htm |title=Encyclopedia Astronautica Index: 1 |access-date=2009-05-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AG9L3TY1?url=http://www.astronautix.com/articles/chidoors.htm |archive-date=2012-08-28 }}</ref>

In 1992, under [[China Manned Space Program]] (CMS), also known as "Project 921", authorization and funding was given for the first phase of a third, successful attempt at crewed spaceflight. To achieve independent human spaceflight capability, China developed [[Shenzhou spacecraft]] and [[Long March 2F]] rocket dedicated for human spaceflight in the next few years, along with critical infrastructures like new launch site and flight control center being built. The first uncrewed spacecraft, ''[[Shenzhou 1]]'', was launched on 20 November 1999 and recovered the next day, marking the first step of the realization of China's human spaceflight capability. Three more uncrewed missions were conducted in the next few years in order to verify the key technologies.  On 15 October 2003 ''[[Shenzhou 5]]'', China's first crewed spaceflight mission, put [[Yang Liwei]] in orbit for 21 hours and returned safely back to [[Inner Mongolia]], making China the third nation to launch a human into orbit independently.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shenzhou V |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouv/ |website=China Manned Space |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref>

===SpaceShipOne / SpaceShipTwo (USA, 2004–ongoing)===
[[File:SpaceShipOne Flight 15P photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|300px|right]]
[[Virgin Galactic]] is a company within [[Richard Branson|Sir Richard Branson]]'s [[Virgin Group]], which is developing a privately funded spacecraft called [[SpaceShipOne]] and [[SpaceShipTwo]], in conjunction with [[Scaled Composites]] to offer [[sub-orbital spaceflight]]s and later [[orbital spaceflight]]s to the paying public. SpaceShipOne reached space with a pilot in three test flights in 2004.

[[Scaled Composites Tier One|Tier One]] is [[Scaled Composites]]' program of [[suborbital]] [[human spaceflight]] using the [[Reusable launch system|reusable spacecraft]] [[Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne|SpaceShipOne]] and its launcher [[Scaled Composites White Knight|White Knight]]. The craft are designed by [[Burt Rutan]], and the project is funded 20 million US Dollars by [[Paul Allen]].  In 2004 it made the [[SpaceShipOne flight 15P|first privately funded human spaceflight]] and won the 10 million US Dollars [[Ansari X Prize]] for the first non-governmental reusable crewed spacecraft.

The objective of the project is to develop technology for low-cost routine access to space.  Tier One is not itself intended to carry paying passengers, but it is envisioned that there will be commercial spinoffs, initially in [[space tourism]].  The company [[Mojave Aerospace Ventures]] was formed to manage commercial exploitation of the technology.  A deal with [[Virgin Galactic]] could see routine space tourism, using a spacecraft based on Tier One technology.

The model finally developed into [[SpaceShipTwo]], [[Virgin Galactic]]'s second generation suborbital vehicle. On 10 October 2010, VSS ''Enterprise'', the first SpaceShipTwo spaceplane, made its first crewed gliding test flight. By October 2014 SpaceShipTwo had conducted 54 test flights.<ref name="space20141008">{{cite news |url= http://www.space.com/27376-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-test-flight.html |title= Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Aces Glide Test Flight |work=Space.com |date=8 October 2014 |access-date=8 October 2014 |last=Wall |first=Mike}}</ref> On October 31, 2014, SpaceShipTwo VSS ''Enterprise'' suffered an in-flight breakup during a powered flight test,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bakersfieldcalifornian.com/local/x1143260271/SpaceShipTwo-experiences-in-flight-anomaly|title=SpaceShipTwo disaster: Industry mourns pilot but vows to keep ... - BakersfieldCalifornian.com|work=The Bakersfield Californian|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023044651/http://www.bakersfieldcalifornian.com/local/x1143260271/SpaceShipTwo-experiences-in-flight-anomaly |archive-date=2015-10-23}}</ref><ref name = nbc_premature_deploy>{{Cite news|url = http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/virgin-voyage/spaceshiptwo-feather-tail-system-deployed-prematurely-ntsb-n239721|work = NBC News|title = SpaceShipTwo 'Feather' Tail System Deployed Prematurely: NTSB|date = 2 November 2014|first = Alan|last = Boyle}}</ref> resulting in a crash killing one pilot and injuring the other. The second SpaceShipTwo, [[VSS Unity]], made first flight tests in 2016.<ref name="VG first flight">{{cite news|title=Update from Mojave: VSS Unity's First Flight Test Completed – Virgin Galactic|url=http://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-vss-unitys-first-flight-test-completed/|access-date=16 September 2016|publisher=virgingalactic.com|date=9 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912061403/http://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-vss-unitys-first-flight-test-completed/|archive-date=12 September 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[VSS Unity]] made [[VSS Unity VP-03|its first spaceflight]] (according to the U.S. definition of space) on December 13, 2018. Marking the end of the "shuttle gap." VSS Unity made its second spaceflight on February 22, 2019.

===Commercial Crew Program (USA, 2011–ongoing)===
The [[Commercial Crew Program]] is an economic stimulus program funds technology development related to human spaceflight by private companies. In September 2014 NASA awarded contracts to [[SpaceX]] and [[Boeing]] to build crewed spacecraft for low Earth orbit operations. [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Dragon 2]], the capsule developed by SpaceX, is listed under "successful programs" as it first launched humans to space in May 2020.

==== Dragon 2 (USA, 2010–ongoing) ====
[[File:The SpaceX Crew Dragon as it approached the International Space Station (iss063e021563).jpg|thumb|left|Dragon 2 on its first crewed flight, approaching the ISS]]
The [[SpaceX Dragon 2]] is a development of the robotic Dragon cargo spacecraft which has been re-supplying the International Space Station since 2010. The spacecraft is able to carry a crew of four astronauts to the International Space Station, with a planned maximum capacity of seven.<ref name=tss20140321b>{{cite AV media|people=Gwynne Shotwell |date=2014-03-21 |title=Broadcast 2212: Special Edition, interview with Gwynne Shotwell |medium=audio file |url=http://archived.thespaceshow.com/shows/2212-BWB-2014-03-21.mp3 |access-date=2014-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322013556/http://archived.thespaceshow.com/shows/2212-BWB-2014-03-21.mp3 |archive-date=2014-03-22 |format=mp3 |time=24:05–24:45 and 28:15–28:35 |publisher=The Space Show |id=2212 |quote=''we call it v2 for Dragon. That is the primary vehicle for crew, and we will retrofit it back to cargo.'' |url-status=dead }}</ref>
It includes a set of four side-mounted [[Reaction control system|thruster pods]] with two [[SuperDraco]] engines each as [[LAS (Launch Abort System)|Launch Abort System]] (LAS).

To develop Dragon 2, SpaceX did a "pad abort" [[flight test|test]] in May 2015. A one-week [[Crew Dragon Demo-1|uncrewed orbital flight to the ISS]] occurred in March 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/03/eom-spacex-crew-dragons-inaugural-station/|title=End Of Mission: SpaceX, NASA wrapping Crew Dragon's inaugural flight to Station – NASASpaceFlight.com|date=8 March 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref> an [[SpaceX Dragon 2#In-flight abort test|in-flight abort test]] was successfully conducted on 19 January 2020. A [[Crew Dragon Demo-2|crewed demonstration mission to the ISS]] launched on 30 May 2020.<ref name="nsf_june19">{{cite web |last1=Gebhardt |first1=Chris |title=Station mission planning reveals new target Commercial Crew launch dates |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/06/station-planning-new-crew-launch-dates/ |website=NASA Spaceflight |date=20 June 2019 |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> The first operational crewed mission, [[SpaceX Crew-1|Crew-1]], flew to the ISS in November 2020 for a six month stay.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/11/16/astronauts-ride-spacex-crew-capsule-in-landmark-launch-for-commercial-spaceflight/|title=Astronauts fly with SpaceX in landmark launch for commercial spaceflight|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=16 November 2020|access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref> Dragon 2 has flown [[Inspiration4]], the first purely private mission to Earth orbit.

====Starliner (USA, 2010–ongoing)====
[[File:CST-100 mock-up scene.jpg|thumbnail|right|Starliner mock up]]
The [[Boeing Starliner]] is a class of [[space capsule]]s under construction by [[Boeing]] to transport crew to the [[International Space Station]],<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=20295&item=849 |title=Boeing Submits Proposal for NASA Commercial Crew Transport System |publisher=Boeing |first1=Edmund G. |last1=Memi |first2=Adam K. |last2=Morgan |date=September 23, 2009}}</ref> and to private space stations such as the proposed [[Bigelow Commercial Space Station|Bigelow Aerospace Commercial Space Station]].<ref name=baocc20100715>{{cite web|url=http://bigelowaerospace.com/orbital-complex-construction.php |title=Orbital Complex Construction |publisher=Bigelow Aerospace |access-date=July 15, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710092025/http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/orbital-complex-construction.php |archive-date=July 10, 2010 }}</ref> The Starliner is to support larger crews of up to seven people. The Starliner is designed to be able to remain on-orbit for up to seven months and for reusability for up to ten missions.

Starliner made an [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test|uncrewed test flight]] in December 2019 but failed to reach the ISS. [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2|Another uncrewed flight]] was launched in May 2022,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/oft-2/|title=NASA, Boeing Prepare to Replace Starliner Service Modules Ahead of Upcoming Orbital Flight Test-2|publisher=NASA|date=18 January 2022|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> followed by final certification [[Boeing Crewed Flight Test|crewed demonstration flight]] to get Starliner operational in June 2024.

===New Shepard (USA, 2006–ongoing)===
The [[New Shepard]] is a [[reusable launch system]] capable of [[VTVL|vertical-takeoff, vertical-landing]] (VTVL), [[suborbital]] crewed spacecraft by [[Blue Origin]], a company owned by [[Amazon.com]] founder and businessman [[Jeff Bezos]], flying humans to space since 2021. It is a commercial system for suborbital [[space tourism]].<ref name=TechZone360-2015-05-07>{{cite news |url= http://www.techzone360.com/topics/techzone/articles/2015/05/07/403021-will-jeff-bezos-speed-past-virg-galactic-tourist.htm |title= Will Jeff Bezos Speed Past Virgin Galactic to Tourist Space? |date= 7 May 2015 |author= Doug Mohney |publisher= TechZone360 }}</ref>
The name New Shepard makes reference to the first [[United States]] [[astronaut]] in space, [[Alan Shepard]].<ref name=BBC-2015-04-30>{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32530121 |title= Jeff Bezos conducts New Shepard flight |author= Jonathan Amos |date= 30 April 2015 |publisher= BBC News }}</ref>

The first flight of the New Shepard vehicle was conducted on 29 April 2015 during which an altitude of {{convert|93500|m|sp=us|sigfig=3}} was attained. While the [[flight test|test]] itself was deemed a success and the capsule was correctly recovered via parachute landing, the booster stage [[VTVL|landing]] failed because hydraulic pressure was lost during the descent.<ref name=bo20150429>{{cite news |last1=Bezos |first1=Jeff |title=First Developmental Test Flight of New Shepard |url=https://www.blueorigin.com/news/press_release/blue-origin-completes-acceptance-testing-of-be-3-engine-for-new-shepard-sub/ |access-date=27 April 2015 |work=Blue Origin |date=2015-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430154042/https://www.blueorigin.com/news/press_release/blue-origin-completes-acceptance-testing-of-be-3-engine-for-new-shepard-sub |archive-date=2015-04-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=sn20150439>
{{cite news |last1=Foust|first1=Jeff |title=Blue Origin's New Shepard Vehicle Makes First Test Flight |url=http://spacenews.com/blue-origins-new-shepard-vehicle-makes-first-test-flight/ |access-date=1 May 2015 |work=Space News |date=2015-04-30 }}</ref> Twelve subsequent flights (through January 2019), including two in-flight abort tests, took place with safe landings of both capsule and booster with two additional vehicles. New Shepard first flew humans to space on 20 July 2021 with the [[Blue Origin NS-16|NS-16]] mission.

==Successful space station programs==

(Dates refer to periods when stations were inhabited by crews.)

===Salyut stations (USSR, 1971–1986)===
<!-- Commented out: [[Image:Salyut 7 from Soyuz T-13.jpg|left|250px|thumb|[[Salyut 7]], the final Salyut station to be launched, as seen from the departing [[Soyuz T-13]] spacecraft]] -->
The [[Salyut]] program was the world's first [[space station]] program undertaken by the [[Soviet Union]], which consisted of a series of four crewed scientific research space stations and two crewed military reconnaissance space stations over a period of 15 years from 1971 to 1986. Two other Salyut launches failed.  Salyut was, on the one hand, designed to carry out long-term research into the problems of living in space and a variety of astronomical, biological and Earth-resources experiments, and on the other hand this civilian program was used as a cover for the highly secretive military [[Almaz]] stations, which flew under the Salyut designation. [[Salyut 1]], the first station in the program, became the world's first crewed space station. Salyut broke several [[spaceflight records]], including several mission duration records, the first ever orbital handover of a space station from one crew to another, and various spacewalk records. The program went through various changes.

*[[Salyut 1]]/DOS-1 (1971, 1 crew and 1 failed docking)
*[[Salyut 2]]/Almaz/OPS-1 (1973, failed shortly after launch)
*[[Salyut 3]]/Almaz/OPS-2 (1974, 1 crew and 1 failed docking)
*[[Salyut 4]]/DOS-4 (1975–1976, 2 crews)
*[[Salyut 5]]/Almaz/OPS-3 (1976–1977, 2 crews and 1 failed docking)
*[[Salyut 6]]/DOS-5 (1977–1981, 16 crews (5 long duration, 11 short duration) and 1 failed docking)
*[[Salyut 7]]/DOS-6 (1982–1986, 10 crews (6 long duration, 4 short duration) and 1 failed docking)

===Skylab (USA, 1973–1974)===
[[File:Skylab (SL-4).jpg|thumb]]
[[Skylab]] was launched and operated by [[NASA]] and was the [[United States]]' first space station. Skylab orbited Earth from 1973 to 1979, and included a workshop, a solar observatory, and other systems. It was launched uncrewed by a modified [[Saturn V]] rocket, with a weight of {{convert|169,950|lb}}. Three crewed missions to the station, conducted between 1973 and 1974 using the [[Apollo command and service module]] (CSM) atop the smaller [[Saturn IB]], each delivered a three-astronaut crew. On the last two crewed missions, an additional Apollo / Saturn IB stood by ready to rescue the crew in orbit if it was needed.

===''Mir'' (USSR/Russia, 1986–2001)===
[[File:Mir Space Station viewed from Endeavour during STS-89.jpg|thumb|left]]
''[[Mir]]'' was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986&nbsp;to&nbsp;1996. It had a greater mass than any previous spacecraft. Until 21 March 2001 it was the largest [[artificial satellite]] in orbit, succeeded by the [[International Space Station]] after ''Mir''{{'s}} [[Orbital decay|orbit decayed]]. The station served as a [[microgravity]] [[research]] [[laboratory]] in which crews conducted [[experiment]]s in [[biology]], [[human biology]], [[physics]], [[astronomy]], [[meteorology]] and spacecraft systems with a goal of developing technologies required for permanent occupation of space.

''Mir'' was the first continuously inhabited long-term research station in orbit and set the record for the longest continuous human presence in space at 3,644 days until 23 October 2010 when it was surpassed by the [[International Space Station|ISS]].<ref name="Mirrecord">{{cite news|last=Jackman|first=Frank|title=ISS Passing Old Russian Mir In Crewed Time|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=space&id=news/asd/2010/10/28/11.xml|newspaper=Aviation Week|date=29 October 2010}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It holds the record for the longest single human spaceflight, with [[Valeri Polyakov]] spending 437 days and 18 hours on the station between 1994 and 1995. ''Mir'' was occupied for a total of twelve and a half years out of its fifteen-year lifespan, having the capacity to support a resident crew of three, or larger crews for short term visits. ''Mir'' had [[List of Mir Expeditions|28 long duration crews]].

===International Space Station (USA, Russia, Japan, Europe, Canada, 1998–ongoing)===
The [[International Space Station]] (ISS) is a [[space station]] in [[low Earth orbit]]. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest artificial body in orbit and can often be seen with the [[naked eye]] from Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/sightings/help.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010428060835/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/sightings/help.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2001 |title=NASA Sightings Help Page |publisher=Spaceflight.nasa.gov |date=30 November 2011 |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> The ISS consists of pressurized modules, external trusses, [[solar arrays]] and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]] and [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]] rockets as well as American [[Space Shuttle]]s.<ref name="ISSBook">{{cite book |isbn=978-0-387-78144-0 |date=17 June 2008 |publisher=Springer-Praxis |author=John E. Catchpole |title=The International Space Station: Building for the Future}}</ref>

The [[International Space Station program|ISS program]] is a joint project among five participating space agencies: [[NASA]], [[Russian Federal Space Agency|Roscosmos]], [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency|JAXA]], [[European Space Agency|ESA]], and [[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]].<ref name="ISSRG">{{cite book |author=Gary Kitmacher |title=Reference Guide to the International Space Station |publisher=[[Apogee Books]] |location=Canada |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-894959-34-6 |issn=1496-6921 |pages=71–80}}</ref><ref name="PartStates">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/esaHS/partstates.html |title=Human Spaceflight and Exploration—European Participating States |access-date=17 January 2009 |publisher=European Space Agency (ESA) |year=2009}}</ref> The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements.<ref name="ESA-IGA">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/International_Space_Station/International_Space_Station_legal_framework |title=International Space Station legal framework |publisher=European Space Agency (ESA) |access-date=21 February 2015 |date=19 November 2013}}</ref> The station is divided into two sections, the [[Russian Orbital Segment]] (ROS) and the [[US Orbital Segment|United States Orbital Segment]] (USOS), which is shared by many nations. The American portion of ISS was funded until 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/nasa-space-station-operation-extended-by-obama-until-2024-at-least/2014/01/08/9819d5c8-788e-11e3-8963-b4b654bcc9b2_story.html |title=NASA: International space station operation extended by Obama until at least 2024 |last=Achenbach |first=Joel |work=washingtonpost.com |date=8 January 2014 |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1003/11station/ |title=Space station partners set 2028 as certification goal |last=Clark |first=Stephen |date=11 March 2010 |publisher=Spaceflight Now |access-date=1 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/canada-s-space-station-commitment-renewed-1.1140350 |work=CBC News |title=Canada's space station commitment renewed |date=29 February 2012}}</ref> Roscosmos has also endorsed the continued operation of ISS through 2024,<ref name=sn20150225>{{cite news |last1=de Selding |first1=Peter B. |title=Russia — and Its Modules — To Part Ways with ISS in 2024 |url=http://spacenews.com/russia-and-its-modules-to-part-ways-with-iss-in-2024/ |access-date=26 February 2015 |work=Space News |date=25 February 2015}}</ref> but have proposed subsequently using elements of the Russian Orbital Segment to construct a new Russian space station called [[Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex|OPSEK]].<ref name="moscow20141117">{{cite news |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russia-may-be-planning-national-space-station-to-replace-iss/511299.html |title=Russia May Be Planning National Space Station to Replace ISS |work=The Moscow Times |first=Matthew |last=Bodner |date=17 November 2014 |access-date=3 March 2015}}</ref>

As of May 2022 there have been [[List of International Space Station Expeditions|66 long duration crews]].

=== Tiangong program (China, 2010–ongoing) ===
[[File:Chinese Tiangong Space Station.jpg|thumb|Chinese Tiangong Space Station]]

In 2011, China launched the [[Tiangong 1]] target spacecraft and ''[[Shenzhou 8]]'' uncrewed spacecraft. The two spacecraft completed China's first automatic rendezvous and docking on 3 November 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shenzhou VIII |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouviii/ |website=China Manned Space |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> About 9 months later, ''Tiangong 1'' completed the first manual rendezvous and docking with ''[[Shenzhou 9]]'', which carried China's first female astronaut ''[[Liu Yang (astronaut)|Liu Yang]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shenzhou IX |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/shenzhouix/ |website=China Manned Space |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref>

In September 2016, ''[[Tiangong 2]]'' was launched into the orbit. It was a space laboratory with more advanced functions and equipment than ''Tiangong 1''. A month later, ''[[Shenzhou 11]]'' was launched and docked with ''Tiangong 2''. Two astronauts entered ''Tiangong 2'' and stationed for about 30 days and verified the viability of astronauts' medium-term stay in space.<ref name="spacelab">{{cite web |title=Space Laboratory Missions |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/missions/space_laboratory_missions/ |website=China Manned Space |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> In April 2017, China's first cargo spacecraft, ''[[Tianzhou 1]]'' docked with ''Tiangong 2'' and completed multiple in-orbit propellant refueling tests.<ref name="spacelab"/>

The goal of the next phase of [[China Manned Space Program]] is to build China's own space station, [[Tiangong Space Station|''Tiangong'']].<ref>{{cite web |title=China launches new Long March-5B rocket for space station program |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/news/202005/t20200506_46488.html |website=China Manned Space |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617054112/http://en.cmse.gov.cn/news/202005/t20200506_46488.html |archive-date=17 June 2021 |date=5 May 2020}}</ref> The first module of ''Tiangong'', the [[Tianhe core module|''Tianhe'' core module]], was launched into orbit by China's most powerful rocket [[Long March 5B]] on 29 April 2021.<ref name="third step">{{cite web |title=Core Module Tianhe Launch a Complete Success -- Construction of China Space Station in Full Swing |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/news/202105/t20210528_48002.html |website=China Manned Space |access-date=26 July 2021 |date=30 April 2021}}</ref> It was later visited by multiple cargo and crewed spacecraft and demonstrated China's capability of sustaining Chinese astronauts' long-term stay in space.

According to CMS announcement, all missions of Tiangong Space Station are scheduled to be carried out by the end of 2022.<ref name="CSSplan">{{cite web |title=空间站天和核心舱飞行任务新闻发布会召开 |url=http://www.cmse.gov.cn/ztbd/xwfbh/202106/t20210622_48281.html |website=China Manned Space |accessdate=2021-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713065620/http://www.cmse.gov.cn/ztbd/xwfbh/202106/t20210622_48281.html |archivedate=2021-07-13 |date=2021-04-29 |url-status=live |language=zh}}</ref> Once the construction is completed, ''Tiangong'' will enter the application and development phase, which is poised to last for no less than 10 years.<ref name="CSSplan"/>

==Space programs currently in development==
Programs in this section are sorted by the years when their development started.

===Dream Chaser (USA, 2004–ongoing)===
[[File:Dream Chaser pre-drop tests.6.jpg|thumb|Dream Chaser flight vehicle at NASA's [[Dryden Flight Research Center]], Edwards Air Force Base for tow tests on taxi and runways|right]]
The [[Dream Chaser]] was originally intended to serve as an American reusable [[human spaceflight|crewed]] [[suborbital]] and [[orbital spaceflight|orbital]] [[lifting body|lifting-body]] [[spaceplane]] being developed and privately funded by [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]] (SNC) Space Systems. It is now planned to be a robotic cargo transport to the ISS. The Dream Chaser was designed to carry up to seven people to and from [[low Earth orbit]] prior to the decision to transition to a robotic platform. The vehicle would launch vertically on an [[Atlas V]] rocket and [[VTHL|land horizontally]] on conventional runways. On 26&nbsp;October 2013, the first glide flight occurred. An initial orbital test flight of the Dream Chaser orbital test vehicle was planned for 1&nbsp;November 2016,<ref name=bbc20140124>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25878042 Dream Chaser mini-shuttle given 2016 launch date]. '''BBC News'''. (24 January 2014)</ref> which was not met.  On 3&nbsp;February 2015, the Sierra Nevada Corporation's (SNC) Space Systems and [[OHB System]] AG (OHB) in Germany announced the completion of the initial Dream Chaser for European Utilization (DC4EU) study.<ref>Completion of the initial DC4EU study (2015-03-02). "http://www.sncorp.com/AboutUs/NewsDetails/749"</ref>

===Indian Human Spaceflight Programme (India, 2007–ongoing)===
The [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] (HSP) of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) plans to develop and launch a crewed spacecraft, named ''[[Gaganyaan]],'' to [[low Earth orbit]] no earlier than 2025.<ref name='launch 2022'>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-to-take-indian-astronaut-to-space-by-2022-pm-modi/article24695817.ece Gaganyaan mission to take Indian astronaut to space by 2022: PM Modi]. ''The Hindu''. 15 August 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Surendra Singh|date=Feb 17, 2021|title=Gaganyaan manned mission not before 2023: Minister {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-manned-mission-not-before-2023-minister/articleshow/81013233.cms|access-date=2021-10-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

===SPICA  (Denmark, 2008–ongoing)===
'''Copenhagen Suborbitals''' is an amateur crowd-funded, human space programme. Since its beginning in 2008, Copenhagen Suborbitals has flown five home-built rockets and two mock-up space capsules. Their stated goal is to have one of the members fly into space (above 100&nbsp;km), on a [[sub-orbital spaceflight]], in a space capsule on the Spica rocket.

[[HEAT 1X Tycho Brahe]] was the first rocket and spacecraft combination built by [[Copenhagen Suborbitals]], a Danish organization attempting to perform the first amateur suborbital crewed spaceflight. The vehicle consisted of a motor named HEAT-1X and a spacecraft Tycho Brahe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://copenhagensuborbitals.com/history/spacecraft-2/tycho-brahe/ |title=Tycho Brahe - Copenhagen Suborbitals |access-date=2016-10-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009165559/https://copenhagensuborbitals.com/history/spacecraft-2/tycho-brahe/ |archive-date=2016-10-09 }}</ref>

In 2014, Copenhagen Suborbitals settled on the basic design for their first crewed rocket and space capsule. The rocket will be named Spica, and will stand 12–14 m tall with a diameter of 950&nbsp;mm. It will be powered by the BPM-100 engine class, using liquid oxygen as oxidizer and ethanol as fuel, producing 100 kilonewtons of thrust.

=== Orel (Russia, 2009–ongoing) ===
Formerly called PPTS (Prospective Piloted Transport System) and Federation ({{langx|ru| Федерация}}, ''Federatsiya'') [[Orel (spacecraft)|Orel]] is a new multi-task Russian spacecraft for LEO, ISS and lunar missions. The spacecraft, when revealed in 2015, resembled NASA's [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] capsule and had a set of soft-landing type legs similar to the plans for [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Dragon 2]] at that time. An uncrewed flight is planned in 2024.<ref name="ria-20220226">{{cite web |url=https://ria.ru/20220226/orel-1775215819.html |title=Первый пуск корабля "Орел" перенесли на 2024 год |trans-title=The first launch of the "Orel" spaceship was postponed to 2024 |work=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=26 February 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022 |language=ru}}</ref>

===New Glenn (USA, 2012–ongoing)===
[[New Glenn]] is an orbital launch vehicle under development by [[Blue Origin]]. The company expects a first flight no earlier 2023.<ref name="sn-20220323">{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/vulcan-centaur-on-schedule-for-first-launch-in-2022-as-new-glenn-slips/ |title=Vulcan Centaur on schedule for first launch in 2022 as New Glenn slips |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=23 March 2022 |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> Like [[New Shepard]], the first stage is designed to land vertically to be reusable. It can launch either a cargo or a crew capsule to space.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/bezos-announces-new-booster-florida-rocket-plant/ |title=Jeff Bezos plans to boost humans into space from Cape Canaveral |publisher=CBS News |date=2015-09-15|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref>

===Starship (USA, 2012-ongoing)===
The [[SpaceX Starship]] is a [[reusable launch vehicle|fully reusable]] [[super heavy-lift launch vehicle]]<ref name="sx20190930">{{cite web |title=Starship |work=SpaceX |url=https://www.spacex.com/starship |access-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930163150/https://www.spacex.com/starship |archive-date=30 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> under development by [[SpaceX]] since 2012,<!-- engine development started in 2012; ship development in 2016 --> as a self-funded [[private spaceflight]] project.<ref name=ars20200305>{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/03/inside-elon-musks-plan-to-build-one-starship-a-week-and-settle-mars/ |title=Inside Elon Musk's plan to build one Starship a week—and settle Mars |last=Berger|first=Eric |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=5 March 2020 |access-date=6 March 2020 |quote= ''Musk tackles the hardest engineering problems first. For Mars, there will be so many logistical things to make it all work, from power on the surface to scratching out a living to adapting to its extreme climate. But Musk believes that the initial, hardest step is building a reusable, orbital Starship to get people and tons of stuff to Mars. So he is focused on that.''}}</ref><ref name="engadget20181120">{{cite news |last1=Lawler |first1=Richard |title=SpaceX BFR has a new name: Starship |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/11/20/starship-bfr-spacex/ |access-date=21 November 2018 |work=Engadget |date=20 November 2018}}</ref><ref name=ars20190929>{{cite news |last=Berger|first=Eric |url=https://arstechnica.com/features/2019/09/after-starship-unveiling-mars-seems-a-little-closer/ |title=Elon Musk, Man of Steel, reveals his stainless Starship |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=29 September 2019 |access-date=30 September 2019}}</ref>

The second stage of the Starship<ref name=cummings20200611a>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/KEnz8V97Qck Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200621174239/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEnz8V97Qck&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEnz8V97Qck&t=2100 |title=Human Landing System: Putting Boots Back on the Moon |last=Cummings|first=Nick |publisher=[[American Astronautical Society]] |via=[[YouTube]] |date=11 June 2020 |access-date=12 June 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{rp|16:20–16:48}} is designed as a long-duration [[Cargo spacecraft|cargo]] and passenger-carrying spacecraft. In 2020 and 2021 it was tested without a booster stage as part of the [[Starship development history|development program]] to get launch and landing working and iterate on a variety of design details, particularly with respect to the vehicle's [[atmospheric reentry]].{{r|ars20190929}}<ref name=musk2018119>{{cite tweet|user=elonmusk|number=1064741356080222209 |title=Starship is the spaceship/upper stage & Super Heavy is the rocket booster needed to escape Earth's deep gravity well (not needed for other planets or moons)|first=Elon|last=Musk|date=19 November 2018|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>

===Iranian crewed spaceship project (Iran, 2015–ongoing)===

The [[Iranian crewed spacecraft]] is a proposal by the Iranian Aerospace Research Institute of [[Iranian Space Research Center]] (ISRC) to put an astronaut into space. The details of the design were published by the institute in its "Astronaut" publication in February 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/newsletter/1393/9311v.pdf |title=A review to the next generation crewed spaceship of Iran |date=February 2015 |access-date=9 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923173642/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/newsletter/1393/9311v.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> A mock up of the spaceship was displayed on 17 February 2015 during the ceremony of the national day of space of Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2015/02/17/657512/iran-unveils-mock-up-of-manned-spacecraft|title=Iran Unveils Mock-Up of Manned Spacecraft - Science news|website=Tasnim News Agency}}</ref> The head of the institute announced that the spaceship will be launched to space in about a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tasnimnews.com/English/Home/Single/657512 |title=Iran Unveils Mock-Up of Manned Spacecraft |date=17 February 2015 |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/politics/121912-iran-displays-manned-spacecraft-prototype |title=Iran displays manned spacecraft prototype |date=18 February 2015 |access-date=9 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221092159/http://tehrantimes.com/politics/121912-iran-displays-manned-spacecraft-prototype |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> The spaceship is supposed be able to carry a single astronaut to a 175&nbsp;km height and return him to the Earth. The spaceship is designed under the code name "Class E Kavoshgar" project. Through December 2022, no further details have been published and no crewed launches have occurred.

===Artemis program (USA, 2017–ongoing)===
{{Main|Artemis program}}
[[File:Artemis-Program-Patch-NoArrowhead.svg|thumb|upright]]

The Artemis program is an ongoing crewed spaceflight program carried out by [[NASA]], U.S. [[Private spaceflight|commercial spaceflight companies]], and international partners such as [[European Space Agency|ESA]],<ref name="Artemis home">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/specials/moontomars/index.html|title=NASA: Moon to Mars|website=NASA|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805055135/https://www.nasa.gov/specials/moontomars/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> with the goal of landing "the first woman and the next man" on the [[lunar south pole]] region by 2025. Artemis would be the first step towards the long-term goal of establishing a sustainable presence on the Moon, laying the foundation for private companies to build a lunar economy, and eventually sending humans to [[Mars]].

[[Artemis I]] was the first mission of the Artemis Program and was the first integrated flight of the [[Space Launch System]] and the [[Orion (spacecraft)]]. During the mission, an uncrewed Orion capsule spent 10 days in a {{cvt|40,000|mi|km}} [[distant retrograde orbit]] around the Moon before returning to Earth.<ref>{{cite web|title=Orion Will Go the Distance in Retrograde Orbit During Artemis I|first=Laura |last=Rochon|date=April 18, 2022|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/orion-will-go-the-distance-in-retrograde-orbit-during-artemis-i|publisher=NASA|access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref>

[[Artemis II]], the first crewed mission of the program, is planned to launch four astronauts in May 2024<ref name="sn-20211109">{{cite web|last=Foust|first=Jeff|url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-human-lunar-landing-to-at-least-2025/|title=NASA delays human lunar landing to at least 2025|publisher=SpaceNews|date=November 9, 2021 |access-date=April 4, 2022}}</ref> on a [[free-return trajectory|free-return]] flyby of the Moon at a distance of {{Convert |4,000|mi|km|sp=us}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-important-step-on-long-term-return-to-the-moon-missions-to|title=NASA's First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-term Return to the Moon, Missions to Mars|last=Hambleton|first=Kathryn|date=2018-08-27|website=NASA|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Space Launch System Departure Trajectory Analysis for Cislunar and Deep-Space Exploration|first1=Andrew |last1=Heaton|first2=Dr. Rohan |last2=Sood|date=August 10, 2020 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20205005206/downloads/20205005206%20OCR%20reupload.pdf|page=7
|publisher=NASA|access-date=January 28, 2023}}</ref>

After Artemis II, the Power and Propulsion Element of the [[Lunar Gateway]] and three components of an expendable lunar lander are planned to be delivered on multiple launches from commercial [[launch service provider]]s.<ref name="a3-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/nasa-moon-missions-before-2024.html|date=May 23, 2019|title=NASA Has a Full Plate of Lunar Missions Before Astronauts Can Return to Moon|author= Hanneke Weitering|website=[[Space.com]] |quote=And before NASA sends astronauts to the moon in 2024, the agency will first have to launch five aspects of the lunar Gateway, all of which will be commercial vehicles that launch separately and join each other in lunar orbit. First, a power and propulsion element will launch in 2022. Then, the crew module will launch (without a crew) in 2023. In 2024, during the months leading up to the crewed landing, NASA will launch the last critical components: a transfer vehicle that will ferry landers from the Gateway to a lower lunar orbit, a descent module that will bring the astronauts to the lunar surface, and an ascent module that will bring them back up to the transfer vehicle, which will then return them to the Gateway.}}</ref>

[[Artemis III]] is planned to be the maiden flight of the SLS Block 1B and will use the minimalist Gateway and expendable lander to achieve the first crewed lunar landing of the program. The flight is planned to touch down on the [[lunar south pole]] region, with two astronauts staying there for about one week.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-outlines-plans-for-lunar-lander-development-through-commercial-partnerships/|title=NASA outlines plans for lunar lander development through commercial partnerships|date=21 July 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Grush|2019| loc="Now, for Artemis 3 that carries our crew to the Gateway, we need to have the crew have access to a lander. So, that means that at Gateway we're going to have the Power and Propulsion Element, which will be launched commercially, the Utilization Module, which will be launched commercially, and then we'll have a lander there.}}{{sfn|Grush|2019| loc="The direction that we have right now is that the next man and the first woman will be Americans, and that we will land on the south pole of the Moon in 2024."}}<ref name="a3-2">{{Cite web|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|title=For Artemis Mission to Moon, NASA Seeks to Add Billions to Budget| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/science/trump-nasa-moon-mars.html| website=[[The New York Times]]| access-date=25 May 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525034839/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/science/trump-nasa-moon-mars.html |archive-date=25 May 2019 |date=25 May 2019| quote=Under the NASA plan, a mission to land on the moon would take place during the third launch of the Space Launch System. Astronauts, including the first woman to walk on the moon, Mr. Bridenstine said, would first stop at the orbiting lunar outpost. They would then take a lander to the surface near its south pole, where frozen water exists within the craters.| url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref>

===Commercial space stations (planned)===
*[[Bigelow Commercial Space Station]] (USA): A Bigelow inflatable module was attached to the ISS on April 8, 2016, where it will remain for a testing period of two years. Any independent Bigelow Commercial space station will have to await the development of commercially available human rated orbital spacecraft. The first of these are expected to be the SpaceX [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Dragon 2]] and the Boeing [[CST-100 Starliner]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/30277-bigelow-aerospace-private-space-station.html|title=Inflatable Habitats: From the Space Station to the Moon and Mars?|first=Mike Wall 2015-08-18T12:11:30Z|last=Spaceflight|website=Space.com|date=18 August 2015}}</ref>
*[[Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station]] (Russia)<ref name=sdc20101112>
[http://www.space.com/news/commercial-space-station-space-race-101110.html In Race for Private Space Stations, It's U.S. Versus Russia], ''[[Space.com]]'', 2010-11-12, accessed 2010-11-13.</ref>

==Programs canceled before crewed launch==
Programs in this section are sorted by the years when their development started.

===Man In Space Soonest (USA, 1957–1958)===
[[Man In Space Soonest]] was a [[United States Air Force]] program to put an American astronaut in orbit. It was canceled when NASA was formed in August 1958.

===Dyna-Soar (USA, 1957–1963)===
The X-20 [[Dyna-Soar]] (Dynamic Soarer) was a [[United States Air Force]] program to develop a crewed [[spaceplane]] that could be used for a variety of military missions, including reconnaissance, bombing, space rescue, satellite maintenance, and sabotage of enemy satellites. The program ran from 24 October 1957 to 10 December 1963 and was canceled just after spacecraft construction had begun.

===Manned Orbital Development System (USA, 1962–1963)===
The [[Manned Orbital Development System]] was a project by the Air Force [[Space System Division]] (SSD). It was to begin working on plans to use [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] hardware as the first step in a new [[USAF|US Air Force]] man-in-space program called MODS (Manned Orbital Development System), a type of military space station that used [[Gemini spacecraft]] as ferry vehicles. MODS was effectively superseded when the [[Manned Orbital Laboratory]] was announced in December 1963.

===Soviet Orbital Station 1 (Soviet Union 1962–1965)===
Western nickname "Battlestar Khrushchev" a nuclear-armed monolith station, about 5 times the volume of Salyut 1 and as heavy as Skylab. The station was designed for a crew of 6 and proceeded to mock-up stage before cancellation.

===Manned Orbiting Laboratory (USA, 1963–1969)===
The [[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] ('''MOL''') was part of the [[United States Air Force]]'s [[crewed spaceflight]] program, a successor to the canceled [[X-20 Dyna-Soar]] project.  It was announced to the public on the same day that the Dyna-Soar program was canceled, 10 December 1963. the program was redirected in the mid-1960s and developed as a [[space station]] used for [[reconnaissance]] purposes.  The space station used a spacecraft that was derived from [[NASA]]'s [[Gemini program]]. The project was canceled on 10 June 1969 before there were any crewed flights.

===Spiral program (Soviet Union, 1965 – late 1970s)===
In accordance with the quinquennial plan of the Soviet air forces, the [[Spiral program]] to develop a 2-stage launcher plane began in 1965 and was entrusted to OKB-155 A.I.Mikojan whose chief of the engineering and design department was Lozino Lozinsky (55 years). The project received the name of SPIRAL and was to prepare the Soviet Union for a war in space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buran-energia.com/spiral/spiral-project-desc.php|title=SPIRAL project Description|website=www.buran-energia.com}}</ref>

===TKS (Soviet Union, 1970–1991)===
The [[TKS (spacecraft)|TKS spacecraft]] (Russian: Транспортный корабль снабжения, Transportnyi Korabl Snabzheniia, Transport Supply Spacecraft, GRAU index 11F72) was a Soviet spacecraft conceived in the late 1960s for resupply flights to the military [[Almaz]] space station. The spacecraft was designed for both crewed and autonomous uncrewed cargo resupply flights, but was never used operationally in its intended role – only four test missions were flown (including three that docked to Salyut space stations) during the program. The Functional Cargo Block (FGB) of the TKS spacecraft later formed the basis of several space station modules, including the Zarya FGB module on the [[International Space Station]].

===Buran program (Soviet Union, 1976–1993)===
The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Buran program]] was a reusable [[spaceplane]] project begun in 1976 at [[TsAGI]] as a response to the United States [[Space Shuttle program]]. It had only one orbital flight, an uncrewed test, before cancellation. In the process it became the first spaceplane to land autonomously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/history.htm|title=Краткая история создания "Бурана"|website=www.buran.ru}}</ref>

===Shuguang (China, 1968–1972)===
The [[Shuguang spacecraft|Shuguang program]] was the first Chinese crewed space program with plans to launch two astronauts by 1973.

=== Piloted FSW program (China, 1978–1980) ===
The [[Fanhui Shi Weixing#Crewed flights|Piloted FSW program]] was the second Chinese crewed space program based on the successful achievement of landing technology (third in the world after USSR and USA) by [[Fanhui Shi Weixing|FSW satellite]]s.

===Saenger (Germany, 1985)===
The [[Saenger (spacecraft)|Saenger]] was a proposed two stage to orbit vehicle. Air-breathing hypersonic first stage and delta wing second stage. The German Hypersonics Program and its Saenger II reference vehicle received most of the domestic funding for spaceplane development in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/saengerii.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801095741/http://www.astronautix.com/s/saengerii.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 1, 2016|title=Saenger II|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> In 1995, the project was discontinued primarily due to concerns of development costs and limited gains in price and performance compared to the existing space launch systems such as the [[Ariane 5]] rocket.<ref name=EAArticle>{{cite web | url = http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/saegerii.htm | title = Saenger II | publisher = Encyclopedia Astronautica | access-date = 11 September 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140805140549/http://astronautix.com/lvs/saegerii.htm | archive-date = 5 August 2014 }}</ref>

===HOTOL (UK, 1986–1988)===
[[HOTOL]], for Horizontal Take-Off and Landing, was a 1980s British design for a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) spaceplane that was to be powered by an airbreathing jet engine. Development was being conducted by a consortium led by Rolls-Royce and British Aerospace (BAe).

===Zarya (Russia, 1986–1989)===
The [[Zarya (spacecraft)|Zarya]] spacecraft was a secret Soviet project of the late 1980s aiming to design and build a large, crewed, vertical takeoff, vertical landing (VTVL) reusable space capsule,<ref name=bbc20090429>{{cite news |last=Zak|first=Anatoly |title=Russia mulls rocket power 'first' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8024590.stm |access-date=2011-10-11 |newspaper=BBC News |date=2009-04-29 |quote=''RKK Energia, ... in the 1980s ... worked on a highly classified project to develop a large crewed capsule, called Zarya ("Dawn"), for a wide range of civilian and military missions.''}}</ref> a much larger replacement for the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)]]. The project was shelved in 1989, shortly before the Soviet Union's collapse.

=== Rockwell X-30 (USA, 1986–1993) ===
The [[Rockwell X-30]] was an advanced technology demonstrator project for the National Aero-Space Plane (NASP), part of a United States project to create a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) spacecraft and passenger spaceliner. See also [[List of X-planes]].

===Hermes (ESA, 1987–1993)===
[[Hermes (spaceplane)|Hermes]] was a proposed spaceplane designed by the French Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) in 1975, and later by the European Space Agency (ESA). It was superficially similar to the American Boeing X-20 [[Dyna-Soar]] and the larger [[Space Shuttle]].

=== MAKS (Russia, 1988–1991) ===
The [[MAKS (spacecraft)|MAKS]] (Russian: МАКС (Многоцелевая авиационно-космическая система), Multipurpose aerospace system) was a Soviet air-launched reusable launch system project with orbiter that was proposed in 1988 but canceled in 1991.

=== HOPE-X (Japan, 1980s–2003) ===
[[HOPE-X]] was a Japanese experimental spaceplane project designed by a partnership between NASDA and NAL (both now part of JAXA), started in the 1980s. It was positioned for most of its lifetime as one of the main Japanese contributions to the International Space Station, the other being the Japanese Experiment Module. The project was eventually canceled in 2003, by which point test flights of a sub-scale testbed had flown successfully.[[NASA]]

=== RAKS (Russia, 1993–?) ===
The Russian Aerospace Aircraft ([[RAKS]]) is being created within the framework of the research work (SRW) "Orel" commissioned by the Russian Aerospace Agency since 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buran.ru/htm/raks.htm|title=РАКС|website=www.buran.ru}}</ref>{{update inline|date=March 2019}}

=== Kankoh-maru (Japan, 1995) ===
The [[Kankoh-maru]] (観光丸? Kankōmaru) is the name of a proposed vertical takeoff and landing (VTVL), single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO), reusable launch system (rocket-powered spacecraft).

=== Ansari X Prize (World, 1996–2004) ===
The [[Ansari X Prize]] was a space competition in which the X Prize Foundation offered a US$10,000,000 prize for the first non-government organization to launch a reusable crewed spacecraft into space twice within two weeks. Twenty-six teams from around the world participated, ranging from volunteer hobbyists to large corporate-backed operations. Won by [[Scaled Composites]]' Tier One project. The other companies stopped work or as [[ARCA Space Corporation]] switched to other, more immediate purposes.

===Venturestar (USA, 1996–2001)===
[[VentureStar]] was a single-stage-to-orbit reusable launch system proposed by [[Lockheed Martin]] and funded by the U.S. government. The goal was to replace the [[Space Shuttle]] by developing a reusable [[spaceplane]] that could launch satellites into orbit at a fraction of the cost.

===Fuji (Japan, 2001)===
[[Fuji (Spacecraft)|Fuji]] (ふじ) was a crewed spacecraft of the space capsule kind, proposed by Japan's National Space Development Agency (NASDA) Advanced Mission Research Center in December 2001. The Fuji design was ultimately not developed.

===Hopper (ESA, 2000)===
[[Hopper (spacecraft)|Hopper]] was a proposed European Space Agency orbital and reusable launch vehicle. The shuttle prototype [[spaceplane]] was one of several proposals for a European reusable launch vehicle (RLV) planned to cheaply ferry satellites into orbit by 2015. There have been no launches.

===Kliper (Russia, 2004–2007)===
[[Kliper]] (Russian: Клипер, Clipper) was a partly reusable crewed spacecraft concept, proposed in the early 2000s by RSC Energia. Due to lack of funding from the ESA and RSA, the project was indefinitely postponed by 2006.

===Project Constellation (USA, 2004–2010)===
{{See also|List of Constellation missions}}
[[Project Constellation]], [[NASA]]'s intended successor to the Space Shuttle, is a program to develop new [[spacecraft|crafts]] and respective [[:wikt:launcher|delivery systems]] for increased [[space mission|operation]] in space. It is primarily intended to facilitate missions for [[International Space Station]] resupply, [[lunar landing]], etc.

The Constellation program was canceled in 2010 and replaced with the [[Artemis program]] based on the [[Space Launch System]].<ref>[http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/space/os-no-moon-for-nasa-20100126,0,2770904.story "Obama aims to ax moon mission"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129153048/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/space/os-no-moon-for-nasa-20100126,0,2770904.story |date=2010-01-29 }}. Orlando Sentinel, January 27, 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Santini |first=Jean-Louis |title=Obama trims US space ambitions |publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=January 31, 2010 |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100131/ts_alt_afp/usspacepolitics |access-date=January 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204201200/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100131/ts_alt_afp/usspacepolitics |archive-date=February 4, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="BBC cancels Moon return">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8489097.stm|access-date=March 7, 2010|title=Obama cancels Moon return project | work=BBC News | date=February 1, 2010 | first=Jonathan | last=Amos}}</ref><ref name=FY2011_budget>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2011/assets/trs.pdf |access-date=March 7, 2010 |title=Terminations, Reductions, and Savings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305131136/http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2011/assets/trs.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2010 }}</ref><ref name="WashPost eliminates funds">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/31/AR2010013101058.html|title=NASA budget for 2011 eliminates funds for crewed lunar missions|newspaper=Washington Post|date=February 1, 2010|access-date=February 1, 2010 | first=Joel | last=Achenbach}}</ref>

===XCOR Lynx (USA, 2008–2016)===
[[File:Lynx spaceplane mockup.jpg|thumb|right]]
The [[XCOR Lynx]] is a [[suborbital]] [[HTHL|horizontal-takeoff, horizontal-landing]] (HTHL),
[[rocket-powered aircraft|rocket-powered]] [[spaceplane]] under development by the California-based company [[XCOR Aerospace]] to compete in the emerging suborbital spaceflight market. The Lynx is projected to carry one pilot, a ticketed passenger, and/or a payload above 100&nbsp;km altitude. The Mark I test model will reach only {{convert|200,000|ft|km}}; the Mark II production model will be sub-orbital.

According to a September 2015 report, the first flight of the Lynx spaceplane was proposed to be in the second quarter of 2016 from Midland, Texas,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mrt.com/business/article/MSDC-president-Lynx-will-launch-from-Midland-7413115.php|title=MSDC president: Lynx will launch from Midland this fiscal year|date=8 September 2015|website=Midland Reporter-Telegram}}</ref> but the company halted spaceplane development in May 2016 and refocused on its LOX/H2 engine technology.<ref name=sn20160531>
{{cite news |last=Foust|first=Jeff |url=http://spacenews.com/xcor-lays-off-employees-to-focus-on-engine-development/ |title=XCOR lays off employees to focus on engine development |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=2016-05-31 |access-date=2016-07-13 |quote=''has decided to focus the majority of its resources on the final development of the revolutionary liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen (LH2) program. This innovative propulsion technology has applications to upper stage liquid hydrogen engines suitable for the Atlas V, Delta IV, and the planned NASA Space Launch System (SLS). ... XCOR's problem is — and has always been — funding. There wasn't enough of it to keep the Lynx staff. ''}}</ref>

[[Unilever]]'s [[Axe Apollo Space Academy]] marketing campaign which was launched in 2013 was also affected by the cancellation of the XCOR Lynx. The campaign included an astronaut selection contest where 23 winners would be given suborbital spaceflights on board the Lynx.

=== OPSEK (Russia, 2009–2017) ===

The [[Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex]] (abbreviated OPSEK)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/opsek.html |title=Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex, OPSEK |access-date=2016-04-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322085643/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/opsek.html |archive-date=2016-03-22 }}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8064060.stm|title=Russia 'to save its ISS modules'|date=2009-05-22|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2009-07-04}}</ref> was a proposed third-generation modular [[space station]] in [[Low Earth orbit]]. OPSEK would initially consist of modules from the [[Russian Orbital Segment]] of the [[International Space Station]] (ISS) from 2024. It would then add new modules to it. It was canceled in 2017.

== Summary ==
{{sticky header}}
{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash sticky-header-multi" style="font-size:small;"
|+ Summary of human spaceflight programs
! rowspan="2" | Program
! rowspan="2" | Organization
! rowspan="2" | Destination
! colspan="4" | Missions
! rowspan="2" | Astronauts <br> flown
! rowspan="2" | First crewed flight
! rowspan="2" | Last crewed flight
! rowspan="2" | Status
! rowspan="2" | Picture
|-
! Successful
! Partial <br> failure
! Failure
! Total 
|-
| [[Vostok programme|Vostok]]
| {{flagicon|USSR}} [[Soviet space program]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Low Earth orbit]]
| 3
| 3
| 1
| 7
| 12
| [[Vostok 1|12 April 1961]]
| [[Vostok 6|16 June 1963]]
| {{yes|Successful (1956–1963)}}
| [[File:Vostok spacecraft replica2.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[Project Mercury]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[NASA]]
| 11
| 1
| 3
| 15
| 6
| [[Mercury-Redstone 3|5 May 1961]]
| [[Mercury-Atlas 9|15 May 1963]]
| {{yes|Successful (1958–1963)}}
| [[File:Glenn62.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[North American X-15]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States Air Force|USAF]] and [[NASA]]
| [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital]]
| 13
| 0
| 0
| 13
| 1{{efn|Of thirteen flights, only two piloted by [[Joseph A. Walker]] exceeded the {{cvt|100|km}} altitude ([[Kármán line]]). Eight pilots flew above {{cvt|80|km}}, thereby qualifying as astronauts according to the [[United States Armed Forces|US Armed Forces']] definition of the space border.}}
| [[X-15 Flight 62|17 July 1962]]
| [[List of X-15 flights#List of flights|21 August 1968]]
| {{yes|Successful (1958–1963)}}
| [[File:X-15 flying.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[Voskhod programme|Voskhod]]
| {{flagicon|USSR}} Soviet space program
| rowspan="2" | [[Low Earth orbit]]
| 4
| 0
| 1
| 5
| 2
| [[Voskhod 1|12 October 1964]]
| [[Voskhod 2|18 March 1965]]
| {{yes|Successful (1964–1966)}}
| [[File:Voskhod-2 airlock and spacesuit.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[Project Gemini]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} NASA
| 10
| 2
| 0
| 12
| 16
| [[Gemini 3|23 March 1965]]
| [[Gemini 12|11 November 1966]]
| {{yes|Successful (1961–1966)}}
| [[File:Buzz Aldrin photographed in hatch of the Gemini 12 spacecraft.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[Soyuz programme|Soyuz]]
| {{flagicon|USSR}} Soviet space program and {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Roscosmos]]
| [[Low Earth orbit]], [[Salyut programme|Salyut 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7]], [[Mir]], [[International Space Station|ISS]]
| 153
| 0
| 2
| 155
| 170
| [[Soyuz 1|23 April 1967]]
| [[Soyuz MS-27|8 April 2025]]
| {{operational|Active (1967–present)}}
| [[File:Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft2edit1.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[Apollo program|Apollo]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} NASA
| [[Moon]]
| 26
| 0
| 1
| 27
| 30
| [[Apollo 7|11 October 1968]]
| [[Apollo 17|7 December 1972]]
| {{yes|Successful (1961–1975)}}
| [[File:NASA Apollo 17 Lunar Roving Vehicle.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[Space Shuttle]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} NASA
| [[Low Earth orbit]], [[Spacelab]], [[International Space Station|ISS]]
| 134
| 0
| 1
| 135
| 355
| [[STS-1|12 April 1981]]
| [[STS-135|8 July 2011]]
| {{yes|Successful (1972–2011)}}
| [[File:Space Shuttle Discovery Over Tarfaya in Morocco - NASA International Space Station 03-07-11.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[China Manned Space Program]]
| {{flagicon|CHN}} [[China Manned Space Agency|CMSA]]
| [[Low Earth orbit]], [[Tiangong-1]], [[Tiangong-2]], [[Tiangong space station|Tiangong]]
| 34
| 1
| 0
| 35
| 26
| [[Shenzhou 5|15 October 2003]]
| [[Shenzhou 20|24 April 2025]]
| {{operational|Active (1992–present)}}
| [[File:Shenzhou-13 spacewalk.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[SpaceShipTwo]]
| {{flagicon|UK}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[Virgin Galactic]]
| [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital]]
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 2
| [[SpaceShipOne|21 June 2004]]
| [[SpaceShipTwo|8 June 2024]]
| {{operational|Active (2003–present)}}
| ''Unavailable''
|-
| [[Commercial Crew Program|Commercial Crew]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[NASA]], [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security|Boeing]], [[SpaceX]]
| [[International Space Station|ISS]]
| 10
| 0
| 0
| 10
| 36
| [[SpaceX Crew-1|15 November 2020]]
| [[SpaceX Crew-10|14 March 2025]]
| {{operational|Active (2011–present)}}
| [[File:The SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour approaches the International Space Station (iss065e002722).jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[New Shepard]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Blue Origin]]
| [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital]]
| 27
| 0
| 0
| 27
| 52
| [[Blue Origin NS-16|20 July 2021]]
| [[Blue Origin NS-31|14 April 2025]]
| {{operational|Active (2006–present)}}
| [[File:New Shepard mock up at Oshkosh Airventure 2017.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[Dream Chaser]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sierra Space]]
| [[International Space Station|ISS]]
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| TBD 2025
| {{NA}}
| {{pending|Under-development (2004–present)}}
| [[File:Dream Chaser pre-drop tests.7.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Human Space Flight Centre|HSFC]]
| [[Low Earth orbit]], [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station]]
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| [[Gaganyaan-1|TBD 2025]]
| {{NA}}
| {{pending|Under-development (2007–present)}}
| [[File:Gaganyan Crew module.png|60px|center]]
|-
| [[Copenhagen Suborbitals]]
| {{flagicon|DEN}} Copenhagen Suborbitals
| [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital]]
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| TBD
| {{NA}}
| {{pending|Under-development (2008–present)}}
| [[File:TychoDeepSpaceAndLaunchEscapeSystem.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[Orel (spacecraft)|Orel]]
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Roscosmos]]
| [[Low Earth orbit]], [[International Space Station|ISS]], [[Moon]]
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| TBD
| {{NA}}
| {{pending|Under-development (2009–present)}}
| [[File:PPTS-new-2015.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[New Glenn]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Blue Origin]]
| [[Low Earth orbit]], [[International Space Station|ISS]], [[Moon]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 1
| 0
| TBD
| {{NA}}
| {{pending|Under-development (2012–present)}}
| [[File:New Glenn launch signals new era for Space Launch Complex 36 (8832113).jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[SpaceX Starship]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[SpaceX]]
| [[Low Earth orbit]], [[International Space Station|ISS]], [[Moon]], [[Mars]]
| 4
| 0
| 4
| 8
| 0
| TBD
| {{NA}}
| {{pending|Under-development (2012–present)}}
| [[File:SpaceX Starship ignition during IFT-5.jpg|60px|center]]
|-
| [[Iranian crewed spacecraft]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iranian Space Agency]]
| [[Low Earth orbit]]
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| TBD
| {{NA}}
| {{pending|Under-development (2015–present)}}
| ''Unavailable''
|-
| [[Artemis program|Artemis]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[NASA]] and partners 
| [[Moon]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 2
| 0
| [[Artemis II|April 2026]]
| {{NA}}
| {{pending|Under-development (2017–present)}}
| [[File:Artemis 1 - Orion and ESM approach Moon.jpg|60px|center]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal | Spaceflight }}

* [[Human spaceflight]]
* [[List of crewed spacecraft]]
* [[List of private spaceflight companies]]
* [[List of human spaceflights]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 1961–1970|1961-1970]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 1971–1980|1971-1980]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 1981–1990|1981-1990]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 1991–2000|1991-2000]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 2001–2010|2001-2010]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 2011–2020|2011-2020]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 2021–present|2021-present]]

== References ==
;Notes
{{notelist}}
;References
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite web|title=NASA administrator on new Moon plan: 'We're doing this in a way that's never been done before'|first1=Loren|last1=Grush|date=May 17, 2019|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/17/18627839/nasa-administrator-jim-bridenstine-artemis-moon-program-budget-amendment|publisher=The Verge|access-date=January 13, 2023}}

{{Crewed spacecraft}}
{{Future spaceflights}}
{{Public sector space agencies}}
{{Space exploration lists and timelines}}
{{Solar System}}
{{US human spaceflight programs}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2014}}

[[Category:Human spaceflight|*]]
[[Category:Spaceflight timelines]]
[[Category:Solar System]]