Editing Humanistic Judaism

{{short description|Nontheistic alternative to religious Judaism}}
{{Humanism}}
{{Judaism}}
'''Humanistic Judaism''' ({{Langx|he|יהדות הומניסטית|translit=Yahadut Humanistit}}) is a [[Jewish religious movements|Jewish movement]] that offers a [[Nontheism|nontheistic]] alternative to contemporary branches of [[Judaism]]. It defines Judaism as the [[Jewish culture|cultural]] and [[Jewish history|historical]] experience of the [[Jewish people]] rather than a religion, and encourages Jews who are [[Humanism|humanistic]] and [[Jewish secularism|secular]] to celebrate [[Jewish identity|their identity]] by participating in [[Jewish holidays|relevant holidays]] and rites of passage (such as [[Jewish wedding|weddings]] and [[bar and bat mitzvah|bar/bat mitzvahs]]) with inspirational ceremonies that go beyond traditional literature while still drawing upon it.<ref name="KareshHurvitz_Humanistic">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Karesh |given=Sara E. |surname2=Hurvitz |given2=Mitchell M. |year=2005 |entry=Humanistic Judaism |title=Encyclopedia of Judaism |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |page=221 |entry-url={{Google books|id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C|plainurl=y|page=221|keywords=|text=}} |url={{Google books|id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C|plainurl=y}} |isbn=0-8160-5457-6}}</ref><ref name="Cohn-Sherbok">{{cite encyclopedia |entry=Humanistic Judaism |surname=Cohn-Sherbok |given=Dan |author-link=Dan Cohn-Sherbok |title=Encyclopedia of new religious movements |pages=288–289 |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |editor-surname=Clarke |editor-given=Peter B. |editor-link=Peter B. Clarke |place=London; New York |isbn=9-78-0-415-26707-6 |entry-url= |url={{Google books|id=heeCAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |archive-date=2022-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416083049/https://books.google.com/books?id=heeCAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Origins==
In its current form, Humanistic Judaism was founded in either 1963<ref name="KareshHurvitz_Humanistic" /> or 1965<ref name="Cohn-Sherbok" /> (sources differ) by American [[Rabbi]] [[Sherwin Wine]].<ref name="KareshHurvitz_Humanistic" /><ref name="IFSHJ_Homepage">{{cite web | url=http://www.ifshj.org/ | title=International Federation for Secular & Humanistic Judaism | access-date=2010-12-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516082310/http://www.ifshj.org/ | archive-date=2011-05-16 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="nytobit">{{cite news |title=Sherwin Wine, 79, Founder of Splinter Judaism Group, Dies |last=Hevesi |first=Dennis |date=July 25, 2007 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2010-12-16 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/25/us/25wine1.html |archive-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206183744/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/25/us/25wine1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As a rabbi trained in [[Reform Judaism]] with a small, [[Secular Judaism|secular]], non-theistic congregation, he developed a Jewish liturgy that reflected his and his congregation's philosophical viewpoints by combining Jewish culture, history, and identity with [[humanistic]] outlooks while excluding all prayers and references to a god of any kind. This congregation developed into the [[Birmingham Temple]] in [[Farmington Hills, Michigan]]. It was soon joined by a previously Reform congregation in [[Illinois]] and a group in [[Westport, Connecticut]].

In 1969, all three congregations were organizationally united with other groups under the umbrella of the [[Society for Humanistic Judaism]] (SHJ). The SHJ had 10,000 members across 30 congregations in the United States and Canada in 1994; however, there are many congregations that identify with Humanistic Judaism's teachings but are not members of the SHJ.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Niebuhr|first=Gustav|date=June 30, 1994|title=Humanist Synagogue Tests Reform Judaism|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/05/17/humanist-synagogue-tests-reform-judaism/1ac3f620-73ab-4cfb-aebb-8057245f5ad2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809115340/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/05/17/humanist-synagogue-tests-reform-judaism/1ac3f620-73ab-4cfb-aebb-8057245f5ad2/|archive-date=August 9, 2022|access-date=|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

As of 2020, the [[Pew Research Center]] estimated that Humanistic Judaism, along with [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionism]] and other smaller denominations, constituted 4% of the United States's 7.5 million Jews.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Alper |first1=Becka A. |last2=Cooperman |first2=Alan |display-authors=etal |date=2021-05-11 |title=Jewish Americans in 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/jewish-americans-in-2020/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809115335/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/jewish-americans-in-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism]] (IISHJ), founded in 1986, is the academic and intellectual center of Humanistic Judaism. It currently has two centers of activity: the original in [[Jerusalem]] and another in [[Lincolnshire, Illinois]]. Rabbi [[Adam Chalom]] is the dean of the IISHJ's American site. The IISHJ offers professional training programs for spokespersons, educators, leaders (also referred to in Hebrew as ''madrikhim/ot'' or Yiddish as ''vegvayzer''), and rabbis, in addition to its publications, public seminars, and colloquia for lay audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-18 |title=Mission |url=https://iishj.org/about-us/mission/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419024905/https://iishj.org/about-us/mission/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Principles of belief and practice==
According to the SHJ,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-18 |title=Secular Humanistic Judaism |url=https://iishj.org/about-us/secular-humanistic-judaism/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=[[International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism]] |publisher= |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307020222/https://iishj.org/about-us/secular-humanistic-judaism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the philosophical foundation of Humanistic Judaism includes the following ideas:

* Judaism is the culture of the Jewish people, which includes many religious and secular traditions.
* A Jew is any person who chooses to identify with the faith and culture of the Jewish people.
* After [[the Holocaust]], it is clear that the meaning of [[Jewish history]] is that Jews must be responsible for their own fate.
* Every person is entitled to be the master of their own life, subject to the final authority of his or her own conscience.
* The power to achieve human survival, happiness, and dignity is a human power.

Humanistic Judaism presents a far more radical departure from traditional Jewish religion than [[Mordecai Kaplan]], the co-founder of [[Reconstructionist Judaism]], ever envisioned. Kaplan redefined God and other traditional religious terms so as to make them consistent with the [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalist]] outlook, but continued to use traditional prayer language. Wine rejected this approach as confusing, since participants could ascribe to these words whatever definitions they favored.{{sfn|Wine|1985|p=}} Wine strove to achieve philosophical consistency and stability by creating rituals and ceremonies that were purely non-theistic.  Services were created for [[Shabbat]], [[Rosh Hashanah]], [[Yom Kippur]], and other Jewish holidays and festivals, often with reinterpretation of the meaning of the holiday to bring it into conformity with [[Secular humanism|secular humanistic]] philosophy.<ref name="festivals">{{cite book | title=Festivals, folklore & philosophy: A secularist revisits Jewish traditions | publisher=Sholom Aleichem Club | author=Rosenfeld, Max | year=1997 | isbn=978-0961087029}}</ref>

Humanistic Judaism was developed as a possible answer to the problem of retaining Jewish identity and continuity among non-religious Jews. Recognizing that congregational religious life was thriving, Wine believed that secular Jews who had rejected theism would be attracted to an organization that provided all the same forms and activities as the religious branches of Judaism, but which expressed a purely secular humanistic viewpoint. In terms of social issues, the SHJ has [[Society for Humanistic Judaism#Social equality|outlined its stance]] in a series of ongoing statements.

==See also==
{{Portal|Judaism}}
* [[Hillelism]]
* [[History of the Jews in Metro Detroit]]
* ''[[Jews and Buddhism]]''
* [[Jewish Buddhists]]
* [[Jewish secularism]]
* [[List of Humanistic synagogues]]
* [[List of Jewish atheists and agnostics]]
* [[Reconstructionist Judaism]]
* [[Secular humanism]]
* [[Felix Adler (professor)|Felix Adler]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |surname=Malkin |given=Yaakov |author-link=Yaakov Malkin |translator=Shmuel Gertel |title=Judaism Without God?: Judaism as Culture, Bible as Literature |publisher=The Library of Secular Judaism |place= |year=2007 |url={{Google books|id=0wARAQAAIAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=9789659115105}}
* {{cite book |surname=Wine |given=Sherwin |author-link=Sherwin Wine |title=Judaism Beyond God: A Radical New Way to be Jewish |publisher=[[Society for Humanistic Judaism]] |place=Farmington Hills, Mi |year=1985 |isbn=9780912645087 |url={{Google books|id=nLXXAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809115335/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Judaism_Beyond_God/KHNltAEACAAJ?hl=en |archive-date=2022-08-09 |url-status=live}}
* Chalom, Adam, and Jodi Kornfield ed. ''Contemporary Humanistic Judaism Beliefs, Values, Practices'' ([[Jewish Publication Society]]), 2025

==External links==
* [http://www.shj.org/ Society for Humanistic Judaism]
* [http://www.iishj.org/ International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism]
* [http://www.ifshj.net/ International Federation for Secular & Humanistic Judaism]
* [http://www.humanisticrabbis.org/ Association of Humanistic Rabbis]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/subdivisions/humanistic.shtml BBC - Religions - Judaism: Humanistic Judaism]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050819114028/http://lcshj.org/ Leadership Conference of Secular and Humanistic Jews]
* [http://www.israelijudaism.org.il/ Israel program of International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism]
* [http://www.tkasim.org.il/ Portal of Jewish Secular Rites in Israel]
* [http://www.citycongregation.org/ The City Congregation for Humanistic Judaism - New York City]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/604423 Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West]
* [http://humanisticjudaism.org.uk/ Humanistic Judaism UK]
* [https://humanists.uk/2022/01/27/jewish-and-humanist-secular-jews-who-helped-shape-the-humanist-movement-in-britain/ Jewish and humanist: secular Jews who helped shape the humanist movement in Britain]

{{Jews and Judaism}}

[[Category:Humanistic Judaism| ]]
[[Category:Jewish secularism]]
[[Category:Subcultures of religious movements|Judaism, Humanistic]]
[[Category:Secular humanism]]